ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Studying disorders of the brain that disrupt feelings, thinking, mood, ability...
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ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
Studying disorders of the brain that disrupt feelings, thinking, mood, ability to relate to others and behavior
Bio psychosocial Model
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Judgments of abnormality are relative, but psychological disorders clearly exist and need to be classified, explained and treated….
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
• Insanity= legal term • Controversial!!!!• Changes made reflect current syndromes (Internet addiction) and “roads” to medical insurance
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There is a difference between a statistical abnormality and something considered abnormal ….
• Think: An IQ of 145 is statistically abnormal but isn’t considered “abnormal” or undesirable.
• Social nonconformity (failure to conform to social norms) is considered abnormal only if unhealthy
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The “other” criteria…• The behavior is disturbing to others• The behavior violates cultural standards• The behavior is disturbing to the individual• The behavior is irrational or indefensible• The behavior is maladaptive (with underlying
psychological or biological dysfunction that makes it difficult to adapt to the environment)
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BE CAUTIOUS WITH LABELS….LABELS HURT PEOPLE
Do these “labels” cause more harm then good?
David Rosenhan study.
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Anxiety• Anxiety is the body’s reaction to stress• Anxiety is universal=partly genetic (60% of children born to parents suffering panic disorder will also have panic)
• Flight-Fight-Fear-Faint• Each person responds to anxiety differently• All ages • Symptoms: Some we feel, some we cannot feel, some are chronic
• Multiple treatments available- Cultural differences in symptoms and treatments
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Phobia= Intense, irrational fear that interferes with everyday activities.• Fear can be of objects or events• Can have fear of fear (panic)• Most common phobia= Social Phobia (13% in lifetime, 8% within past year)
• Early childhood fears frequently disappear without treatment. (study of 482 children; 40% have 7+ fears)
• Phobias in children that continue until adulthood rarely disappear without treatment
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Agoraphobia= Fear of open spacesGreek translation= fear of the marketplace
Cause is unknownTypically begins after a
stressful experience or change
Begins with panic attack that is not associated with the earlier stressful event
Increases in panicLose freedom to move
around- some become isolated
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Phobia
CausesGenesClassical conditioning
Overactive Limbic system
Misinterpretation of body signals
TreatmentDesensitization Therapy/Counter conditioning
Anxiety medication
Over exposure
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Panic=Intense anxiety NOT activated by an even or object
• Attack comes on suddenly• Attack reaches peak within minutes (lingering effects can
last several hours)• Unpredictable (some exceptions) • Symptoms: racing heart, chest pain, sweating, dizzy, feeling
of unreality, fear of loosing control, tingling, feeling of dying, feel they are loosing mind, oxygen drowning)
• Onset: 25% of population will experience at least one panic attack. Typical onset is mid-late teens, early 20’s.
• Effects more women than men (2x)• 3% of US population has panic diagnosis. (1.2% severe)• Approximately 20% of people with panic will experience
depression during lifetime.
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Panic
Causes• Genetic Influence
(increases with immediate family member)
• Learned-Cognitive & Behavioral
Treatment
Chemical• benzodiazepine (short vs.
long term)• SSRI
Cognitive/Behavior • Talk therapy(change
thinking) with desensitization techniques. (high success rate)
• Acceptance based therapy
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/OCD= Unwanted, repetitive thoughts, ideas, images (obsessions) that cannot be prevented without engaging in specific behaviors (compulsions)
Compulsions= in the beginning they reduce anxiety- stop working
Common Behaviors Need to touch, tap, rub,
count, check, clean Mental rituals Superstitious behavior Excessive list making Trichotillomania Hoarding/collecting
Obsessions= Come from what you care about- cause anxiety
Common Thoughts Germs Dirt Something undone Violence Religion Health May not know where the
anxious thoughts come from
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Who has OCD?Many/most have some symptoms of OCD (1-3% lifetime)
2-3% (1 in 50) are diagnosed with OCDRatio boys/girls about the sameTypically begins in adolescent/young adultsTypically begins after a very stressful eventY-BOCS Checklist (over 16) used for diagnosis
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OCD
Causes
• Brain dysfunction: cingulate gyrus, basil ganglia, thalamus (create trouble regulating impulse control)
• Reduced serotonin • PANDAS (age 3-puberty)• Classical Conditioning• Genes (none identified-
strong family relationship)
Treatment
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Treatment
•SSRI (anti-depressant/anxiety)•Cognitive Behavior Therapy•Psycho Surgery
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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Persistent re-experience of a traumatic event(s) in thoughts/dreams- Natural or unnatural events
Difficulty sleepingOutburst of angerIrritabilityDifficulty concentratingDepressionRecurring nightmaresIntrusive thoughtsAlcohol/drug abuse
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Not all persons that experience trauma develop PTSD- Why?
Social Support (Vietnam vs Sept. 11th)Coping strategiesSome personality characteristics increase likelihood- such as passive, sensitive
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Treatment
•SSRI (anti-depressant/anti anxiety)•Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (based on the idea that anxiety comes from a misinterpretation of bodily sensations AND the person has not found healthy ways of coping to stresses in life)
•Eye Movement Desensitization Therapy
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Dissociative Disorders...Controversial/Rare
Dissociative Identify Disorder (formerly multiple personality disorder)
Dissociative Amnesia
Dissociative fugue
Disorders of identify or sense of self. Involve memory loss and trauma
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Somatoform Disorders
Conversion disorder
Hypochondriasis
Physical symptoms without apparent physical cause