Ability of GEO-CAPE to Detect Lightning NOx and Resulting Upper Tropospheric Ozone Enhancement
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Ability of GEO-CAPE to Detect Lightning NOx and Resulting Upper Tropospheric Ozone Enhancement Conclusions • When NO emissions from lightning were included in a month-long WRF/Chem simulation, the resulting ozone profiles showed better agreement with ozonesondes launched during the DISCOVER-AQ campaign • Significant decreases of monthly mean OLR due to increased O3 from LNOx are seen over the Southeast US • The increased temporal resolution available from a satellite like GEO- CAPE would allow detection of many more lightning-associated elevated NO 2 events, as well as their resulting UT O 3 enhancements • Based on preliminary results, UT O 3 enhancements from lightning should be retrievable, regardless of the wavelength range used LNOx – Control : Monthly Means Lightning is an important source of NO x in the middle and upper troposphere Ozone production downwind of thunderstorms can lead to layers of enhanced ozone at these altitudes Ozone in the upper troposphere has a greater radiative forcing efficiency than in the lower troposphere, making it an important greenhouse gas This work aims to demonstrate the collaborative possibilities between the GOES-R Geostationary Lightning Mapper and GEO-CAPE Background • The WRF/Chem code was modified to allow the model ozone (rather than climatological ozone) to be interactive with the short-wave and long-wave radiation schemes, following the procedure of Martini (2012, PhD dissertation, Univ. of MD). • Two simulations were performed, one with additional NO emissions from lightning (LNO x ), and one without (control). • NLDN Cloud-to-Ground (CG) flash data for July 2011 were obtained from the Global Hydrology and Climate Center (GHCC) lightning team (http://thunder.msfc.nasa.gov / ). Climatological IC-to-CG ratios for July 2011 (Boccippio et al., 2001) were applied to the NLDN-observed CG flashes to calculate Intra-Cloud (IC) flash rates. Both CG and IC flashes were then mapped onto each WRF/Chem model domain on an hourly basis. These flash rates represent a proxy data set for what will be available from the Geostationary Lightning Mapper on GOES-R. Each flash was assumed to produce 500 moles of NO (Ott et al., 2010), and was vertically distributed into the 34 model layers based on: (i) the vertical distribution of lightning channel segments developed from the Northern Alabama Lightning Mapping Array by Bill Koshak at GHCC and (ii) lightning-NO (LNO) dependence on atmospheric pressure. Hourly 3-D LNO emissions were generated for each domain, for the July 2011 period. WRF/Chem simulations • In this highlighted example, LNO x leads to enhanced O 3 at 300 mb over Missouri and southern Illinois • The enhancement travels east towards Indiana and Ohio as the day progresses • Max and min values on maps are for the box drawn on the map [email protected] 3 Domains Coarse Grid 36 km horizontal resolution Nested Grid (case studies only) 12 km horizontal resolution Nested Grid (case studies only) 4 km horizontal resolution Time period 6/27 /11 12 Z – 8/2/11 0Z Case 1 6/30/11 12 Z – 7/5/11 0Z 7/28/11 12 Z – Meteorology Every three days 34 levels up to 50 Simulation Details Meteorology & Physics Option Meteorological initial and boundary conditions NCEP Microphysics Lin et al. scheme Longwave radiation RRTM Shortwave radiation Goddard Surface layer Monin-Obukhov scheme Land surface model unified Noah land-surface model Boundary layer scheme YSU scheme Grell 3D Chemistry Option Chemistry CBM-Z Aerosol module MOSAIC with 8 sectional aerosol bins Chemical initial and boundary conditions MOZART-4 Emissions SMOKE (NEI05 projected to 2012) Biogenic emissions MEGAN Fire emissions The Fire INventory (FINN) Photolysis Fast-J NO x - 300 hPa Difference (ppbv) O 3 – 300 hPa Difference (ppbv) OLR Difference (W m -2 ) mparisons with ozonesondes from DISCOVER-AQ AGL (km) (model – sonde) / sonde (%) • Including the lightning NO emissions improves the agreement between the model and ozonesondes launched during the July 2011 DISCOVER- AQ campaign LNO x – Control (12 km Domain) NO 2 OMI Overpass Time O 3 OMI Overpass Time • The plots on the left show time series of the maximum values of tropospheric column NO 2 and O 3 for the box in the above maps • The OMI overpass time is plotted as a dashed line • Due to its low Earth orbit, OMI misses the largest column NO 2 and O 3 enhancements for this case 8/2011 : Retrieval Sensitivity Acknowledgements Dr. Follette-Cook would like to extend a special thanks to Vijay Natraj and Susan Kulawik for their work generating the averaging kernels used here, as well as their patience in answering my unending series of questions. llette-Cook 1 , K. Pickering 2 , L.Wang 3 , M. Newchurch 3 , V. Natraj 4 , S. Kulawik 4 Alabama - Huntsville 4 JPL 07/04/2011 : Comparison with OMI 15 Z 18 Z 21 Z NO 2 - 300 hPa NO x - 300 hPa O 3 - 300 hPa Difference (ppbv) Difference (ppbv) Difference (ppbv) Spectral Range LNO x Control Difference (DU) WRF/Chem (Truth) 52.88 41.98 10.89 UV (290) 52.83 42.14 10.69 UV (290)-VIS (500) 52.98 42.15 10.83 UV (290)-TIR (900) 52.84 42.04 10.81 UV (290)-VIS (500)-TIR (900) 52.93 42.03 10.90 TIR (900) 52.74 42.12 10.63 Difference Control LNOx WRF/Chem Profiles WRF/Chem and Retrieved Profiles Tropospheric Column (DU) Maximum Tropospheric Column Amount (LNOx Run) LNOx – Control 36 km domain NO x – 300 mb O 3 – 300 mb Difference (ppbv) Difference (ppbv) • A profile with enhanced UT O 3 due to lightning was selected from the WRF/Chem output •Using this profile, six averaging kernels at several different wavelength ranges were generated
description
Ability of GEO-CAPE to Detect Lightning NOx and Resulting Upper Tropospheric Ozone Enhancement. Melanie Follette-Cook 1 , K. Pickering 2 , L.Wang 3 , M. Newchurch 3 , V. Natraj 4 , S. Kulawik 4 1 GESTAR/MSU 2 GSFC 3 U. of Alabama - Huntsville 4 JPL . [email protected]. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of Ability of GEO-CAPE to Detect Lightning NOx and Resulting Upper Tropospheric Ozone Enhancement
Ability of GEO-CAPE to Detect Lightning NOx and Resulting Upper Tropospheric Ozone Enhancement
Conclusions• When NO emissions from lightning were included in a month-long WRF/Chem simulation, the resulting ozone profiles showed better agreement with ozonesondes launched during the DISCOVER-AQ campaign
• Significant decreases of monthly mean OLR due to increased O3 from LNOx are seen over the Southeast US• The increased temporal resolution available from a satellite like GEO-CAPE would allow detection of many more lightning-associated elevated NO2 events, as well as their resulting UT O3 enhancements
• Based on preliminary results, UT O3 enhancements from lightning should be retrievable, regardless of the wavelength range used
LNOx – Control : Monthly Means
Lightning is an important source of NOx in the middle and upper troposphere
Ozone production downwind of thunderstorms can lead to layers of enhanced ozone at these altitudes
Ozone in the upper troposphere has a greater radiative forcing efficiency than in the lower troposphere, making it an important greenhouse gas
This work aims to demonstrate the collaborative possibilities between the GOES-R Geostationary Lightning Mapper and GEO-CAPE
Background
• The WRF/Chem code was modified to allow the model ozone (rather than climatological ozone) to be interactive with the short-wave and long-wave radiation schemes, following the procedure of Martini (2012, PhD dissertation, Univ. of MD).• Two simulations were performed, one with additional NO emissions from lightning (LNOx), and one without (control). • NLDN Cloud-to-Ground (CG) flash data for July 2011 were obtained from the Global Hydrology and Climate Center (GHCC) lightning team (http://thunder.msfc.nasa.gov/). Climatological IC-to-CG ratios for July 2011 (Boccippio et al., 2001) were applied to the NLDN-observed CG flashes to calculate Intra-Cloud (IC) flash rates. Both CG and IC flashes were then mapped onto each WRF/Chem model domain on an hourly basis. These flash rates represent a proxy data set for what will be available from the Geostationary Lightning Mapper on GOES-R. Each flash was assumed to produce 500 moles of NO (Ott et al., 2010), and was vertically distributed into the 34 model layers based on: (i) the vertical distribution of lightning channel segments developed from the Northern Alabama Lightning Mapping Array by Bill Koshak at GHCC and (ii) lightning-NO (LNO) dependence on atmospheric pressure. Hourly 3-D LNO emissions were generated for each domain, for the July 2011 period.
WRF/Chem simulations
• In this highlighted example, LNOx
leads to enhanced O3 at 300 mb over Missouri and southern Illinois • The enhancement travels east towards Indiana and Ohio as the day progresses• Max and min values on maps are for the box drawn on the map
3 Domains Coarse Grid 36 km horizontal resolution
Nested Grid (case studies only) 12 km horizontal resolution
Nested Grid (case studies only) 4 km horizontal resolution
Time period 6/27 /11 12 Z – 8/2/11 0ZCase 1 6/30/11 12 Z – 7/5/11 0ZCase 2 7/28/11 12 Z – 7/31/11 0Z
Meteorology re-initialization Every three days
Vertical 34 levels up to 50 hPa
Simulation DetailsMeteorology & Physics Option
Meteorological initial and boundary conditions NCEP
Microphysics Lin et al. schemeLongwave radiation RRTMShortwave radiation Goddard
Surface layer Monin-Obukhov scheme
Land surface model unified Noah land-surface model
Boundary layer scheme YSU schemeCumulus parameterization Grell 3D
Chemistry OptionChemistry CBM-ZAerosol module MOSAIC with 8 sectional aerosol binsChemical initial and boundary conditions MOZART-4Emissions SMOKE (NEI05 projected to 2012) Biogenic emissions MEGANFire emissions The Fire INventory (FINN) Photolysis Fast-J
NOx - 300 hPa
Difference (ppbv)
O3 – 300 hPa
Difference (ppbv)
OLR
Difference (W m-2)
Comparisons with ozonesondes from DISCOVER-AQ
AGL
(km
)
(model – sonde) / sonde (%)
• Including the lightning NO emissions improves the agreement between the model and ozonesondes launched during the July 2011 DISCOVER-AQ campaign
LNOx – Control (12 km Domain)
NO2
OMI Overpass Time
O3
OMI Overpass Time
• The plots on the left show time series of the maximum values of tropospheric column NO2 and O3 for the box in the above maps• The OMI overpass time is plotted as a dashed line• Due to its low Earth orbit, OMI misses the largest column NO2 and O3 enhancements for this case
07/28/2011 : Retrieval Sensitivity
AcknowledgementsDr. Follette-Cook would like to extend a special thanks to Vijay Natraj and Susan Kulawik for their work generating the averaging kernels used here, as well as their patience in answering my unending series of questions.
Melanie Follette-Cook1, K. Pickering2, L.Wang3, M. Newchurch3, V. Natraj4, S. Kulawik41GESTAR/MSU 2GSFC 3U. of Alabama - Huntsville 4JPL
07/04/2011 : Comparison with OMI
15 Z
18 Z
21 Z
NO2 - 300 hPa NOx - 300 hPa O3 - 300 hPa
Difference (ppbv) Difference (ppbv) Difference (ppbv)
Spectral Range LNOx Control Difference (DU)WRF/Chem (Truth) 52.88 41.98 10.89UV (290) 52.83 42.14 10.69UV (290)-VIS (500) 52.98 42.15 10.83UV (290)-TIR (900) 52.84 42.04 10.81UV (290)-VIS (500)-TIR (900) 52.93 42.03 10.90TIR (900) 52.74 42.12 10.63VIS (500)-TIR (900) 52.95 42.08 10.86
Difference
Control
LNOx
WRF/Chem Profiles WRF/Chem and Retrieved Profiles
Tropospheric Column (DU)
Maximum Tropospheric Column Amount (LNOx Run)
LNOx – Control 36 km domainNOx – 300 mb O3 – 300 mb
Difference (ppbv) Difference (ppbv)
• A profile with enhanced UT O3 due to lightning was selected from the WRF/Chem output•Using this profile, six averaging kernels at several different wavelength ranges were generated
