New International Economic Order (NIEO)Abhishek Singh

M.Sc, 4th Semester

Roll No. 02

School of Industrial Fisheries

Cochin University of Science and Technology

Actually I don’t understand

What is New Economic Order or New International Economic order (NIEO)????????

New International Economic OrderNew International Economic Order

New International Economic OrderNew International Economic Order

New International Economic Order

New International Economic OrderNew International Economic Order

New International Economic Order (NIEO) has been proposed and gained considerable recognition in the International community. It was an idea which in all its dimensions, embody prescriptions for the various ailments of the World economy as well as providing genuine basis for its Future Consolidation and Development.

How the term “NIEO” Evolved???

Then lets come-back to the history and do research to know the reasons....

History

Reason For emergence of New Economic Order

• Fisheries production increased from about 14 to 60 million Metric tons after world war II.

• At the beginning of the period, the world production decreased while oil prices rose and access of the resource was stiffened.

• In the second half of the seventies the use of ‘Fishing Licenses” system generalized as a large number of countries claimed a 200 nautical-mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).

Reasons for Rising of fish catches during seventies:

Natural fluctuations of abundance of low-value species. (e.g. Peruvian anchovy, Chilean jack mackerel, Japanese and Latin American Pilchards)

Intensified fishing on Alaska Pollock. Expansion of long-range fleets into the Indian Ocean, the South pacific and

the Southwest Atlantic in search of high-value species (e.g. Tunas, Shrimp and Cephalopods).

Effects of intensified fishing:

This rise in production conceals the overfishing of most valuable demersal resources such as Cod, Hakes, Haddock, Whiting, Octopus, Groupers, Sea Breams, Pacific Ocean Perch, Chinese yellow croaker, large shrimps etc.

The ecological changes of Fishery systems with replacement of large, long-lived species by smaller short-lived ones (in the Gulf of Thailand, in the North Sea, Off West Africa).

FAO convened in Vancouver (Canada) The FAO Technical Conference on Fishery Management and Development, Vancouver, 1972 (Stevenson, 1973), stressed both the problems of overfishing and environmental degradation from non-fishery sources. It also called for new management approaches based on precaution and addressing multispecies problems. It proposed to design the new fisheries management into the broader framework of ocean management.

The main key Issues:

• The resource limitation and despite limited management success, most of the stock had reached the lowest levels ever recorded.

• Overcapitalization (Governmental subsidies)• Need for a better scientific basis for management, for integration of biological

science with economy and for better regional cooperation.• The problems of free access to resources.• Environmental degradation and its impact on fisheries.

The United Nations, at its Special General Assembly on Natural Resources held in May 1st, 1974, adopted A Declaration and a Programme of Action on the Establishment of a “New International Economic Order”.

In December, 1974, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted by an absolute majority a “Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States” (generally known as the Echeverria Charter), a codified version of the NEIO Declaration and a Programme of Action.

In its path towards the “New Economic Order”, the Fisheries Department was guided by…

• F.E. Popper, from Canada (1972-1976)• H.C. Watzinger from Norway (1977-1978)• K.C. Lucas (1978-1981)

The Charter lays down concrete rights of the Developing countries to be for improvement of their economic and social position.

• Guarantee of per manent sovereignty over natural resources.• Right to restrict and supervise foreign capital investments • Non-interference in the affairs of other countries by foreign business enterprises.• Right to nationalize and appropriate foreign assets.• Right to form producer cartels for primary products and• Unlimited expansion of preferential trade agreements for the developing countries.

The fundamental principles of NIEO:

• It advocated the equality of national sovereignty each states.• Disapproval of acquisition of territory by force. • Non-interference in the affairs of other countries fisheries or any other

natural resources.• Permanent sovereignty over natural resources.• Adoption of special measures for the most seriously affected countries. • Promotion of producer cartels .• Restrictions on activities of multinational corporations.

The lined activities of NIEO are..

• Formation of an overall program for raw materials and primary products.• Extending loans to the developing countries for their development

programs,.• Helping and promote industrialization.• Transfer of technology.• Restricting activities of multinational corporations.• Promoting cooperation among the devel oping countries.

Global Claims for access to Resources and markets

Ships from Soviet bloc countries like Poland, together with ships from Asian coastal nations such as Japan, China, the Philippines and Thailand, quickly came to dominate global marine production and Market by the late 1960s.

In 1945, total world fisheries production was about 14 million metric tonnes (MT). Of that amount, about one-third was allocated to production of fishmeal and fish oil, used mainly as a protein supplement for animal feeds. There was very little aquaculture produced and only a modest amount of trade in fishery products.

During the post-war period of rapid expansion of fishing fleets throughout the world, most coastal nations claimed jurisdictions extending 12 nautical miles from shore, an area that encompassed only a fraction of the ocean’s most productive upwelling and continental coastal shelf areas. The post-war global fleet expansion thus brought a huge increase in fishing effort to the near-shore waters of all coastal nations, increasing fisheries production in proportion.

By the 1970s, Global marine

harvests had quadrupled from

the 1945 levels of 14 million MT

to 60 million MT, about a third of

which was consumed by Soviet bloc countries (Christy, 1997).

In 1982, at the conclusion of the UN Conference on the Law of the Sea, the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) was signed. The signing of the Convention was the culmination of several years of negotiation that began at the start of the Third Conference on the Law of the Sea in 1973 and that stretched into much of the 1970s. UNCLOS provided the legal foundation for the immensely important institutional change that led coastal nations to extend jurisdictions from 12 to 200 miles and establish Extended Economic Zones (EEZs).

Since most of the world’s fisheries are found in the upwelling zones and continental shelf areas close to coastal borders, this territorial change effectively brought the bulk of the world’s fisheries under the control of coastal nations. Some of these fisheries came under the control of single nations; others came under joint control (shared or straddling stocks).

Impact of the Conversion of the World’s Commons into this new system of Coastally “Privatized” fisheries:

There was a shuffling of production and changes in the patterns of world trade as a number of the world’s fishing nations found themselves shut out of coastal waters they once exploited.

Some nations like China turned to aquaculture and inland-produced fish to supplement diets.

Japan, for example, rose to dominate world trade in fisheries in the past two decades, currently providing a market for more than a third of the world’s imports.

The new global configuration set off a series of national experiments as nations undertook to learn how to manage the new fisheries suddenly under their control.

Many environmental groups decry lack of progress in management, citing important and highly visible management failures, such as the collapse of the Atlantic cod (Gadus arenosus), Peruvian anchovetta (Engraulis ringens) and New England groundfish fisheries.

A good example of the latter is the Pacific Salmon Treaty(1985) between the USA and Canada over shared salmon stocks.

The Turbot War of 1995 was an international fishing dispute between Canada, (supported by the United Kingdom and Ireland) and Spain (supported by the European Union and Iceland) in which Canada stopped a Galician (Spanish) fishing trawler in international waters and arrested its crew. Canada claimed that European Union factory ships were illegally overfishing Greenland halibut, also known as Greenland turbot.

New tragedy of the Common Sustainable Development of Fisheries Resources

The evolution of fisheries management is conversion to what mightbe called Regulated open access (Homans and Wilen, 1997). In this regime, access is still open to entrants, but participants are obligated to abide by regulations, generally biologically-motivated to hold aggregate harvests at sustainable levels or to maintain a certain spawning biomass.

The draft provisions started being progressively implemented by coastal countries in claiming their EEZs and in their international relations in fisheries.

Shelf areas which remains open to free access, e.g. off Western Sahara, Namibia and the Southwest Atlantic became favourite ground for the foreign fleets.

New high-seas resources were tapped in the seventies; small tropical tunas, oceanic sharks, high-seas horse mackerel, Antarctic krill, Oceanic squids.

Main issues, such as the multiple use of the Oceans and impact on fisheries and the problem of incidental catches of unwanted species was already addressed by ACMRR (Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research) in 1975.

In 1979, the Twentieth FAO Conference adopted a Comprehensive Action Programme of technical assistance for the development and management of fisheries in EEZs. The "EEZ Programme", funded by Noway, became, for more than a decade, the main mechanism of assistance to developing countries in their efforts to master their resources.

The Fishery Policy and Planning Division (FIP) was created the same year to coordinate this effort and made responsible for fishery policy and planning as well as for managing the regional fishery bodies, underlining FAO strategy to channel advice through these bodies.

The work of the regional fishery bodies in management was strengthened by:

(a) Developing or enhancing the terms of reference related to management and

(b) Establishing sub-regional committees with management competence.

E.g. In 1980, two Committees for the Southwest Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal.

Some of the laws helps to Improve New International Economic Orders:

1. The 1982 UN Convention of the Law of the Sea:

Deals with Maximum Sustainable Yield.

2. World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED, 1984-1987)

The concept of sustainable development.

3. “Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD)” in 1990s in Australia

Dealing with environmental, social and economic issues.

4. The UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED, 1992)

Deal with the Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Biodiversity Convention and the UN Fish Stock Agreement.

5. The 1992 UNCED Agenda 21:

Marine and coastal area management and development which is integrated in content precautionary and anticipatory.

6. The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) :

Conservation of biodiversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits.

7. The 1995 Jakarta Mandate on Marine and Coastal Biological Diversity:

The precautionary approach; scientific knowledge; indigenous knowledge and stakeholders’ participation.

8. The 1995 UN Fish Stock Agreement (FSA) :

Aims at long-term conservation and sustainable use of these marine living resources.

9. The 1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries:

Provides a voluntary framework to increase the sustainable contribution of fisheries to development. It combines the provisions of the 1982 Convention, the 1995 Fish Stock Agreement and the By-Catch Reduction.

10. The 2001 Reykjavik:Declaration on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem addressed directly and specifically the issue of introducing more ecosystem considerations into conventional fisheries management.

11. Indian Fisheries Act (1897), which penalizes the killing of fish by poisoning water and by using explosives.

12. India also has enacted the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1974) and the Wild Life Protection Act (1972).

13. The Environment (Protection) Act (1986), being an umbrella act containing provisions for all environment related issues affecting fisheries and aquaculture industry in India.

Some other new Policies to strengthen the NEIO in 2013-2014

• Convention for the Conservation of Salmon in the North Atlantic Ocean (Basic Instrument for the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization – NASCO) Atlantic Salmon Convention Act of 1982 ..(Ireland, from June 4-7, 2013).

• Convention on Future Multilateral Cooperation in the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries (Basic Instrument for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization – NAFO) Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Convention Act of 1995.. (September 23-27, 2013, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada).

• Convention for the Conservation of Anadromous Stocks in the North Pacific Ocean (Basic Instrument for the North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission - NPAFC): The North Pacific Anadromous Stocks Act of 1992. Russia, on October 7-12, 2012.

The next NPAFC Annual Meeting will be hosted by the United States and is scheduled to be held in Portland, Oregon, on May 12-16, 2014.

• International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT): It was signed on. May 14, 1966. ( Cape Town, South Africa. November, 18-25, 2013)

• Convention on the Conservation and Management of Fishery Resources in the Southeast Atlantic Ocean (SEAFO) The objective of the Convention on the Conservation and Management of Fisheries Resources in the South East Atlantic Ocean is to ensure the long-term conservation and sustainable use of the fishery resources. (December 20-25. 2013 Canada)

• Treaty Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Canada Concerning Pacific Salmon (Basic Instrument for the Pacific Salmon Commission – PSC): Pacific Salmon Treaty Act of 1985. January 13-17, 2014, in Portland and February 10-14, 2014, in Vancouver.

Thank you