ABENGOA SOLAR Solar Power for a Sustainable World Past, Present, and Future of Solar Thermal...
-
Upload
leah-lindsey -
Category
Documents
-
view
212 -
download
0
Transcript of ABENGOA SOLAR Solar Power for a Sustainable World Past, Present, and Future of Solar Thermal...
ABENGOA SOLARSolar Power for a Sustainable World
Past, Present, and Futureof Solar Thermal
Generation
Bruce KellyAbengoa Solar, Incorporated
Berkeley, CaliforniaJune 2008
22Solar Power for a Sustainable World
ABENGOA Topics
– Solar resource– Solar thermal technologies– Early projects– Current projects– Future plans
33Solar Power for a Sustainable World
ABENGOA Solar Resource
Southwest US, filtered for environmental areas, urban areas, water, and slope < 3%
9,800 TWhe potential
3,800 TWhe US energy consumption
44Solar Power for a Sustainable World
ABENGOA Parabolic Trough
• Type: Glass mirror; single axis tracking; line focus
• Nominal concentration: 80:1
• Heat collection fluid: Synthetic oil
• Peak temperature: 393 C
55Solar Power for a Sustainable World
ABENGOA Central Receiver
Photo by Mike Taylor, SEPA
• Type: Glass mirror, two axis tracking, point focus
• Nominal concentrations: 600 to 1,200:1
• Heat collection fluids: Steam, air, or nitrate salt
• Peak temperatures: 400 to 850 C
66Solar Power for a Sustainable World
ABENGOA Linear Fresnel
Photos taken by Mike Taylor, SEPA
• Type: Glass mirror, single axis tracking, line focus
• Nominal concentration: ~100:1
• Heat collection fluid: Saturated steam
• Peak temperature: ~260 C
77Solar Power for a Sustainable World
ABENGOAParabolic
Trough
88Solar Power for a Sustainable World
ABENGOAParabolic
Trough
• Early projects– Solar Electric Generating Stations (SEGS)– SEGS I and II: 14 and 30 MWe; Daggett– SEGS III through VII: 30 MWe; Kramer
Junction– SEGS VIII and IX: 80 MWe; Harper Lake
• Financed through very favorable combination of investment tax credits, Standard Offers, and PURPA requirements
• All are still in operation
99Solar Power for a Sustainable World
ABENGOAParabolic
Trough• Current projects
– Acciona: 64 MWe Nevada Solar One– Solar Millennium: 50 MWe AndaSol 1
• Nevada Solar One financed through investment tax credit and renewable portfolio standard
• AndaSol 1 financed through Spanish feed-in tariff at ~$0.40/kWhe
• Parabolic trough technology investment to date ~$3,000 million
1010Solar Power for a Sustainable World
ABENGOAParabolic
Trough• Future plans
– Spain: 50 MWe; limited by tariff structure– US: 125 to 250 MWe; economies of scale
• Advanced collector coolants– Direct steam generation, and inorganic
nitrate salt mixtures– 450 to 500 C collector field temperatures– More efficient Rankine cycles– Why not yet? → Direct steam generation
has complex controls, and salt freezes
1111Solar Power for a Sustainable World
ABENGOA Central Receiver
1212Solar Power for a Sustainable World
ABENGOA Central Receiver
• Early projects– France, Spain, Italy, Japan, and United States– 1 to 10 MWe– Receiver coolants: Sodium; nitrate salt;
compressed air; and water/steam
• Design point efficiencies were close to, but annual energy efficiencies were well below, predictions
• Most suffered from lack of operating funds
1313Solar Power for a Sustainable World
ABENGOA Central Receiver
• Current projects– Abengoa: PS10 and PS20– US DOE: Solar Two (1999)
• PS10 and PS20: Saturated steam receivers; high reliability, but below-commercial efficiency
• Solar Two: Nitrate salt receiver, thermal storage, and steam generator; high efficiency, but poor reliability
• Technology investment to date ~$1,000 million
1414Solar Power for a Sustainable World
ABENGOA Central Receiver
• Future plans– Abengoa: Superheated steam;
compressed air; and nitrate salt– SolarReserve: Nitrate salt in South Africa
and US– eSolar: 13 distributed superheated
steam receivers; very small heliostats; central 30 MWe Rankine cycle
– BrightSource: 4 towers; small heliostats; central 100 MWe reheat Rankine cycle
1515Solar Power for a Sustainable World
ABENGOA Central Receiver
• Why not yet?– Superheated steam: Moderate annual
efficiencies; thermal storage may be impractical
– Compressed air: Complex receiver; small plant sizes; thermal storage may be impractical
– Nitrate salt: Less than perfect operating experience; equipment development must occur at commercial scale, with ~$750 million project investment
1616Solar Power for a Sustainable World
ABENGOAPerformance and
Cost
• Annual efficiencies, capital costs, operation and maintenance costs, and levelized energy costs
Parabolic trough
Nitrate salt central receiver
1717Solar Power for a Sustainable World
ABENGOA Parabolic Trough
• Annual solar-to-electric efficiencies
14 to 16 percent gross
12 to 14 percent net
• Capital cost
~$4/We without thermal storage; includes project financing, interest during construction, and owner’s costs
~$5 to $8/We with thermal storage
1818Solar Power for a Sustainable World
ABENGOA Parabolic Trough
• Operation and maintenance cost
$0.02 to $0.04/kWhe
• Levelized energy costs
$0.14 to $18/kWhe with Southwest US direct normal radiation and 30 percent investment tax credit
$0.35 to $0.40/kWhe with southern Spain direct normal radiation and no financial incentives
1919Solar Power for a Sustainable World
ABENGOASalt Central
Receiver• Annual solar-to-electric efficiencies
17 to 19 percent gross
15 to 17 percent net
• Capital cost
~$4/We with minimum thermal storage; includes project financing, interest during construction, and owner’s costs
~$7/We with thermal storage at 70 percent annual capacity factor
2020Solar Power for a Sustainable World
ABENGOASalt Central
Receiver
• Operation and maintenance cost
$0.02 to $0.03/kWhe
• Levelized energy cost
For a commercially mature design (which does not yet exist), a nominal 20 percent below that of a parabolic trough project
2121Solar Power for a Sustainable World
ABENGOA Future Markets
• Capital investment essentially dictated by commodity prices
• Energy price parity with natural gas combined cycle plant is unlikely
• Solar thermal energy is Much better matched to utility peak
demand than wind
Immune to rapid changes in plant output common with photovoltaic projects
2222Solar Power for a Sustainable World
ABENGOA Future Markets
• With 30 percent investment tax credit and property tax exemption, solar energy prices are within $0.02 to $0.03/kWhe of market price referant
• Renewable portfolio standards, plus a modest carbon tax, should provide a commercial, multi-GWe market for solar thermal projects