8/12/2019 Abdoulaye 2009 - Two Types of Temporal When Clauses in Hausa

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Two types of temporal when clauses in Hausa 1

ByMahamane L. Abdoulaye

Abdou Moumouni University, Niamey and Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto

Abstract:

Hausa has sim le tem oral !lauses, introdu!ed by the !on"un!tion d #$hen%, that

many resear!hers derive from tem oral relative !lauses introdu!ed by lookcin d

#time that%, throu&h the deletion of the seudo head $ord lookcii #time%. 'his

a er sho$s that this analysis, ho$ever natural it may a ear, is inade(uate.

)ndeed, the t$o tem oral !lauses have different uses, $hi!h $ould not be sur risin&

if sim le tem oral !lauses are derivationally inde endent from tem oral relative

!lauses, as ro osed in this a er.

1. Introduction

'here are in Hausa t$o ty es of tem oral when !lauses. 'he first ty e has the stru!ture of relative

!lauses $hile the se!ond ty e sho$s no immediate !onne!tion to relative !lauses. 'he t$o ty es

of tem oral !lauses are illustrated in the follo$in&*

+1 a. Sun kaawoo ma-n zyaa Ra lookci-n d mu-ke kalacii.- ./ L brin& to01 visit time0D that 1 02) meal

#'hey visited us $hen $e $ere havin& a meal.%

1 Hausa +/hadi! is s oken mainly in Ni&er and Ni&eria. Most data in this a er are made u e3am le senten!es the

&rammati!ality of $hi!h has been !he!ked $ith s eakers of 4atsinan!i diale!t and Standard Hausa. Some of the data

are e3am les ada ted from revious ubli!ations, as indi!ated sometimes in the te3t. Still other e3am les are ada ted

from naturally o!!urrin& utteran!es !olle!ted by the author. 'he trans!ri tion follo$s the Hausa standard ortho&ra hy

$ith some !han&es. Lon& vo$els are re resented as double letters, lo$ tone as &rave a!!ent, and fallin& tone as

!ir!umfle3 a!!ent. Hi&h tone is unmarked. Small !a itals 5 B, D, 4 6 re resent &lottali7ed8laryn&eali7ed !onsonants,

and 5 2 6 re resents an alveolar trill distin!t from a fla 9r:. ;ritten 5f6 is ronoun!ed 9h: +or 9h $ : before 9a: in

4atsinan!i and other $estern diale!ts. 'he abbreviations are* 1,

8/12/2019 Abdoulaye 2009 - Two Types of Temporal When Clauses in Hausa

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meal

#'hey visited us $hen $e $ere havin& a meal.%

'he tem oral !lause in +1a is stru!turally a relative !onstru!tion $here the relative !lause

introdu!ed by d seems to modify the a arent head $ord lookcii #time, moment, eriod%.

Sometimes, instead of lookcii, an alternative $ord may a ear su!h as saa, sadii, yayii,

et!., all meanin& #time, moment, et!.% )n +1b by !ontrast, the tem oral !lause is introdu!ed by the

arti!le d alone $hi!h is here translated as #$hen%. urthermore, the t$o tem oral !lauses differ

in the fa!t that the tem oral relative !lause !an o tionally take the ?relative markin&@, i.e.,

alternate forms of the erfe!tive and im erfe!tive that a ear in relative !lauses and out0of0fo!us

!lauses of fo!us and wh (uestion !onstru!tions +see amon& others Bearth 1 -= Hyman and

;atters 1 C= S!ha!hter 1 - . or this reason, the tem oral relative !lause in +1a has the

relative im erfe!tive mu-ke #1 02)% !ontrastin& $ith the re&ular im erfe!tive mu-na #1 0) >%

found in the sim le tem oral !lause in +1b .