Abdominal Muscles: down and out Diaphragm: down External Intercostals: ribs up and out Inspiration.
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Transcript of Abdominal Muscles: down and out Diaphragm: down External Intercostals: ribs up and out Inspiration.
Abdominal
Muscles: down and
out
Diaphragm: down
External Intercostals: ribs up and
out
InspirationInspiration
Boyle’s Law:
PV = constant
• P = pressure• V = volume
Air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure
http://sciencesquad.questacon.edu.au/activities/model_lung.html
http://www.easyrent.tj/001_lib/002_anatomy_3d/3d_models/human_anatomy/male_systems/Male_Respiratory_3.php
http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/Respiratory%20System.htm
http://www.naturalhealthschool.com/bronchi_trachea.html
Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception. Pg. 31.
• Phonation threshold pressure (PTP): smallest subglottal pressure needed to start self-sustained oscillation
• For low frequency phonation, PTP is around 3-4 cm H20
• Upper and lower parts of the vocal folds do not move as one
• The lower part of the vocal folds moves first, followed by the upper part
• Convergent: lower further apart than upper
• Divergent: upper further apart than lower
Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.
• Vagus (CN X)• Superior laryngeal nerve:
• Cricothyroid (CT)
• Recurrent laryngeal nerve: • Thyroarytenoid (TA)• Posterior Cricoarytenoid (PCA)
• Lateral Cricoarytenoids (LCA)• Interarytenoids (IA)
Blumenfeld, H., 2002, Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases, Sinauer, Inc.
• PCA: • Rocks arytenoids away from midline
• ABducts the vocal folds
• LCA:• Rocks arytenoids toward midline
• ADducts the vocal folds
Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy Physiology Acoustics Perception. Pg. 107.
• Transverse: • Pulls arytenoids toward each other
• ADducts the vocal folds
• Oblique:• Tips one arytenoid (apex) toward the other (body)
• ADducts the vocal folds Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy Physiology Acoustics Perception. Pg. 101.
• CT active and TA passive = increase pitch• Increase length• Increase stiffness
• TA active and CT passive = decrease pitch• Decrease length• Decrease stiffness
• TA and CT contract simultaneously = increase pitch• Increase stiffness
GlottisMouth
Reflected IncidentTransmitted
Pharynx
Impedance
• Vocal tracts have more than one resonance (formant)
• The following equation is used to find the frequency of a specific formant:
Fn = (2n-1)(c/4L)
F = formant n = formant number L = vocal tract length
Source-Filter Theory of Voice ProductionSource = vocal folds (glottis)Filter = vocal tract (pharynx/oral cavity)
“Whereas the glottis produces a sound of many frequencies, the vocal tract selects (filters) a subset of these frequencies for radiation from the mouth.”
Note: This theory states that the vocal folds produce the fundamental frequency (pitch)- the vocal tract does not change the pitch
Quote from: Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.
• As the vocal tract lengthens, the formant frequencies decrease• Shortening leads to an increase in formant frequencies
• Some ways you can influence vocal tract length:• Lengthening: lowering larynx and/or lip rounding• Shortening: raising larynx and/or lip retracting
• Your book states that the larynx can be raised or lowered by as much as 2 cm
• Titze 163
Titze, I.R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.
Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception.
• MOTOR ONLY• Tongue
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/CN+XII
Zemlin, pg 264.
• When the soft palate is lowered (Tensor veli palatini, Palatoglossus), air enters the nose
• Resonance between 300-500 Hz
• Pharyngeal• Pharynx• Soft palate• Gag
• Superior laryngeal• Pharyngeal constrictor
• Larynx
• Recurrent laryngeal• Larynx
Blumenfeld, H., 2002, Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases, Sinauer, Inc.
• Digastricus• Mylohyoid• Geniohyoid
• Connect jaw and hyoid
• Contraction: raise hyoid, depress jaw
Zemlin, pg 240.
Hixon, T.J., et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception.
• Facial Expression• Forehead: Temporal
• Blink: Zygomatic• Nose: Buccal• Lips: Buccal• Jaw: Mandibular & Cervical
http://www.riversideonline.com/health_reference/Nervous-System/AN00084.cfm?RenderForPrint=1
TemporalZygomatic
BuccalMandibular
Cervical