ABC’s of pH Acids and Bases Revised 10-03-2006. Homeostasis Chemical reaction in the body are very...
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Transcript of ABC’s of pH Acids and Bases Revised 10-03-2006. Homeostasis Chemical reaction in the body are very...
![Page 1: ABC’s of pH Acids and Bases Revised 10-03-2006. Homeostasis Chemical reaction in the body are very sensitive to changes in pH.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56649efa5503460f94c0bee5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ABC’s of pH
Acids and Bases
Revised 10-03-2006
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Homeostasis
• Chemical reaction in the body are very sensitive to changes in pH.
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pH values in Body
• Gastric Juices 1.2 - 3.0• Urine 4.6 – 8.0• Saliva 6.35 - 6.85• Blood 7.35 – 7.45• Spinal Fluid 7.4• Pancreatic Juice 7.1 – 8.2• Bile 7.6 – 8.6
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pH
• pH is based on the relative concentration of hydrogen ions (H+ or H3O+) in a solution.
Water ionizes into H+ and OH-
H2O H3O+ + OH-
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Scientists measure the pH of solutions using a pH meter
The meter reads the H+ ion concentration in solution indicating the pH of the solution.
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Mathematically it is
• pH is based on the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
pH = -log [H+]• Water at 25oC contains 1/10,000,000 mole of H+ ions = 10 -7 moles/liter
pH = -log [10-7]pH = 7
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pH
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logarithmic• a pH of 6 is ten times more acidic than
distilled water.
• Also, a solution that has a pH of 8 is ten times more basic (alkaline) than distilled water.
• Likewise, a solution that has a pH of 4 is 100 times more acidic than one which has a pH of 6.
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• The pH scale is logarithmic (that's what the "p" stands for; the "H" is short for hydrogen);
• therefore, a solution that has a pH of 6 is ten times more acidic than distilled water.
• Also, a solution that has a pH of 8 is ten times more basic (alkaline) than distilled water.
• Likewise, a solution that has a pH of 4 is 100 times more acidic than one which has a pH of 6.
![Page 10: ABC’s of pH Acids and Bases Revised 10-03-2006. Homeostasis Chemical reaction in the body are very sensitive to changes in pH.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56649efa5503460f94c0bee5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Properties of Acids
• Substances with a pH below 7 are acids. • An acid is any substance that ionizes (release charged
particles when dissolved) in water to produce H+ hydrogen ions or free protons in water.
• Acids tend to taste sour. • Change blue litmus paper to red.• React with metals to release hydrogen gas.• Neutralize bases, forming water and salts
• Acidic solutions have concentrations of H3O+ above 1 X 10-7
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Acid Examples
stomach juices hydrochloric acidHCl H+ + Cl-
battery acid sulfuric acidH2SO4 2H+ + SO4
2-
vinegar acetic acidCH3COOH H+ + CH3COO-
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Measuring Acidity
• Added acids increase [H3O+]
• In acid solutions [H3O+] > 1 x 10-7 M
• pH scale measures acidity without using exponential numbers.
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Acid pH Calculations
• [H3O+]=1 x 10-5 M, pH = ?
• 5 (acidic)
• [H3O+]=2.6 x 10-5 M, pH = ?
• 4.59 (acidic)
• [H3O+]=7.8 x 10-3 M, pH = ?
• 2.11 (acidic)
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Properties of Bases
• have a pH greater than 7. • A base is a substance that ionizes in water solution to
produce OH- hydroxide ions. • Bases tend to feel slippery to the skin.• Bases accept protons• Bitter taste• Bases turn red litmus paper blue.• Neutralize acids, forming water and salts.
• Basic solutions have H3O+ concentrations less than 1 X 10-7
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Base ExamplesMilk of Magnesia
Mg (OH)2 2OH- + Mg2+
Mylanta
Mg (OH)2 + Al(OH)3 5OH- + Mg2+ + Al3+
Maalox
Mg (OH)2 + Al(OH)3 5OH- + Mg2+ + Al3+
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Measuring Acidity
• Added bases increase [OH-].
• In basic solutions [OH-] > 1 x 10-7 M
[H3O+] < 1 x 10-7 M
• pH scale measures acidity without using exponential numbers.
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Base pH Calculation [H3O+] to ph
• [H3O+]=1 x 10-10 M, pH = ?
• 10 (basic)
• [H3O+]=6.3 x 10-9 M, pH = ?
• 8.20 (basic)
• What if the number is not 1?
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pH Calculations
• pH to [H3O+]?
– inverse log of negative pH– orange juice, pH 3.5 [H3O+]=?
• [H3O+] = 10-3.5 = 3.2 x 10-4 M
– saliva, pH 6.2 [H3O+]=?
• [H3O+] = 10-6.2 = 6.3 x 10-7 M
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• Strong acids ionize completely in water
• Weak acids ionize only partially in water
• Strong bases ionize completely in water.
• Weak bases ionize only partially in water.
Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
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Neutralization
• Acids and bases can neutralize each other by forming water and salt.
• Salt - a crystalline compound composed of the negative ion of an acid and the positive ion of a base.
H+A- + B+OH- H20 + A-B+ (salt)
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Examples
Stomach acid + Milk of Magnesia H20 + salt
Hydrochloric Acid + Magnesium Hydroxide H20 + salt
2HCl + Mg(OH)2 2H20 + MgCl2
Stomach acid + Mylanta H20 + saltHydrochloric Acid + Magnesium Hydroxide and Aluminum Hydroxide H20 + salt
5HCl + Mg(OH)2 and Al(OH)3 5H20 + MgCl2 + AlCl3
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Buffer
• Buffers act as a reservoir for hydrogen ions, donating or removing them from solution as necessary.
• a solution that can receive moderate amounts of either acid or base without the significant change in its pH.
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Buffer
• A buffer is a mixture of a weak acid with the salt of the acid.
• If small amounts of acid is added, hydronium ions are neutralized by reacting with the salt in solution
• If small amounts of base is added, hydroxide ions are neutralized by reacting with the acid.
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Protein Buffer System
• Intracellular Fluid
• Blood Plasma
• Red Blood Cells– Hemoglobin
• Blood Plasma– Albumin
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Protein Buffer Systems
• carboxyl group (—COOH)
• amino group (—NH2);
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Protein Buffer Systems
• carboxyl group (—COOH)
–Releases H+ ↑pH
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Protein Buffer Systems
• amino group (—NH2);
–Forms NH3+ ↓pH
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20 Amino Acids
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Hemoglobin
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• The protein hemoglobin is an important buffer of H+ in red blood cells. As blood flows through the systemic capillaries, carbon dioxide (CO2) passes from tissue cells into red blood cells, where it combines with water (H2O) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). Once formed, H2CO3 dissociates into H+ and HCO3-.
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• At the same time that CO2 is entering red blood cells, oxyhemoglobin (Hb-O2) is giv ing up its oxygen to tissue cells. Reduced hemoglobin (deoxyhe-moglobin) is an excellent buffer of H+, so it picks up most of the H+. For this reason, reduced hemoglobin usually is written as Hb-H. The following reactions summarize these relations
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Hemoglobin• Brown
• 65,000 Daltons
• 4 sub units
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Hemoglobin
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Carbonic Acid- Bicarbonate
• Carbonic acid – H2CO3
– weak acid
• Bicarbonate ion – HCO3
-
– weak base
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Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
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carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
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Carbonic Acid- Bicarbonate
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Carbonic Acid- Bicarbonate
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carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
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Phosphate Buffering System
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Phosphate Buffering System
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Phosphate Buffering System
• Intracellular Fluid
• Cytosol
• Kidneys
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Exhalation of CO2
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Breathing and pH levels
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Negative Feedback Loop
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Kidney Excretion of H+
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Summary of Mechanisms that Maintain pH of Body FluidsMechanism Comments
Buffer Systems Most consist of a weak acid and the salt of that acid, which functions as a weak base. They prevent drastic changes in body fluid pH.
Proteins The most abundant buffers in body cells and blood. Histidine and cysteine are the two amino acids that contribute most of the buffering capacity of proteins. Hemoglobin inside red blood cells is a good buffer.
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Summary of Mechanisms that Maintain pH of Body Fluids
Mechanism Comments
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate
Important regulator of blood pH. The most abundant buffers in extracellular fluid (ECF).
Phosphates Important buffers in intracellular fluid and in urine.
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Summary of Mechanisms that Maintain pH of Body Fluids
Mechanism Comments
Exhalation of CO2
With increased exhalation of C02, pH rises (fewer H+).
With decreased exhalation of CO2, pH falls (more H+).
Kidneys Renal tubules secrete H+ into the urine and reabsorb HCO3
-
so it is not lost in the urine.
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pH Summary
• Acids dissociate in water to increase the concentration of H+.– pH values lower than 7
• Bases combine with H+ ions when dissolved in water, thus decreasing H+ concentration.– pH values above 7
• Buffers act as a reservoir for hydrogen ions, donating or removing them from solution as necessary.
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Calibration of pH Meter
• Use pH standards
–pH 7
–pH 10
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Calibrate pH Meter
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• Steps:• Turn the pH meter on by pressing the
“on/off” button.• Remove the pH electrode from the green
pH 7 solution and rinse the electrode well with distilled water into the “waste” 600ml beaker.
• .
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• Place the electrode into the orange pH 4 solution, and press “cal”. Observe the digital numbers in the readout window, when the numbers stop changing press the “read” button. The display should now read 4.00
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Rinse Electrode each time
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Calibrate pH Meter
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24 well container
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Read pH of Solutions
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Ammonia
• Predict pH
![Page 65: ABC’s of pH Acids and Bases Revised 10-03-2006. Homeostasis Chemical reaction in the body are very sensitive to changes in pH.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56649efa5503460f94c0bee5/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Apple Juice
• Predict pH
![Page 66: ABC’s of pH Acids and Bases Revised 10-03-2006. Homeostasis Chemical reaction in the body are very sensitive to changes in pH.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56649efa5503460f94c0bee5/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Baking Soda
• Predict pH
![Page 67: ABC’s of pH Acids and Bases Revised 10-03-2006. Homeostasis Chemical reaction in the body are very sensitive to changes in pH.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56649efa5503460f94c0bee5/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Berry Juice
• Predict pH
![Page 68: ABC’s of pH Acids and Bases Revised 10-03-2006. Homeostasis Chemical reaction in the body are very sensitive to changes in pH.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56649efa5503460f94c0bee5/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Bleach
• Predict pH
![Page 69: ABC’s of pH Acids and Bases Revised 10-03-2006. Homeostasis Chemical reaction in the body are very sensitive to changes in pH.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56649efa5503460f94c0bee5/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Grapefruit Juice
• Predict pH
![Page 70: ABC’s of pH Acids and Bases Revised 10-03-2006. Homeostasis Chemical reaction in the body are very sensitive to changes in pH.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56649efa5503460f94c0bee5/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Mylanta
• Predict pH
![Page 71: ABC’s of pH Acids and Bases Revised 10-03-2006. Homeostasis Chemical reaction in the body are very sensitive to changes in pH.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56649efa5503460f94c0bee5/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Phillips’ Milk of Magnesia
• Predict pH
![Page 72: ABC’s of pH Acids and Bases Revised 10-03-2006. Homeostasis Chemical reaction in the body are very sensitive to changes in pH.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56649efa5503460f94c0bee5/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Tomato Juice
• Predict pH
![Page 73: ABC’s of pH Acids and Bases Revised 10-03-2006. Homeostasis Chemical reaction in the body are very sensitive to changes in pH.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062720/56649efa5503460f94c0bee5/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Vinegar
• Predict pH