PROJECT SUMMARY REPORT: 2003-2014NATIONAL GROUNDWATER MONITORING WELLS NETWORK FINDING CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDED SOLUTIONS IN AFGHANISTAN

Prepared by:M. Hassan Saffi, Senior Hydro-geologistAhmad Jawid Hydro-geologist

Reviewed by: Betman Bhandari, WASH Adviser

December, 2013

Paikob-e-Naswar, Wazirabad, PO Box 208, Kabul, AfghanistanPhone: (+93) (020) 220 17 50 Mobile (+93) (0)70 28 82 32E-mail: dacaar@dacaar.org Website: www.dacaar.org

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Table of Contents

Abbreviations...........................................................................................................................................................4

1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................5

2. BACKGROUND OF GROUNDWATER MONITORING WELLS NETWORKS...........................................6

3. MAIN OBJECTIVES...........................................................................................................................................6

4. RATIONALE OF THE STUDY..........................................................................................................................7

5. METHODOLOGY AND MATERIAL...............................................................................................................8

5.1 ON SITE MEASUREMENTS AND WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS PERIOD............................................................................85.2 LOCATION OF WATER POINTS.............................................................................................................................85.3 EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS FOR WATER LEVEL MEASUREMENT.....................................................................................95.4 PHYSICAL PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT DEVICES AND TOOLS.................................................................................105.5 BACTERIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT DEVICES.....................................................................................115.6 CHEMICAL PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT DEVICES................................................................................................115.7 BOTTLE USING FOR TAKEN WATER SAMPLES........................................................................................................125.8 SOIL SAMPLE.................................................................................................................................................125.9 FLOW METER................................................................................................................................................125. 10 EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS FOR GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY..........................................................................................135.11 DATA ANALYSIS RELATED SOFTWARE PACKAGE..................................................................................................13

5.11.1 AquaChem software...........................................................................................................................135.11.2 HydroGeo Analyst software...............................................................................................................145.11.3 Aquifer test software.........................................................................................................................155.11.4 IPI2win software.................................................................................................................................155.11.5 Res2dinvx32 software........................................................................................................................15

5.12. GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM...........................................................................................................155.13 ACQUIRING INFORMATION............................................................................................................................15

6. OUTCOMES OF THE PROJECT.....................................................................................................................15

6.1 NATIONAL GROUNDWATER MONITORING WELLS NETWORK DATABASE (WSG_SWL) AND GEOPHYSICAL DATA INFORMATION SYSTEM.........................................................................................................................................15

6.1.1 Acquisition of data...............................................................................................................................166.1.2 Database and Data Information System.............................................................................................166.1.3 Water Points Information System.......................................................................................................166.1.4 Technical Capacity Building..................................................................................................................16

6.2 ENHANCED DATA MANAGEMENT CAPACITY.......................................................................................................176.3. ENHANCE TECHNICAL SKILLS AND DATA MANAGEMENT CAPACITY......................................................................176.4. ESTABLISH AND DEVELOP WATER QUALITY AND QUANTITY DATA MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION SYSTEM..........186.5. COLLECT HISTORIC AND RECENT GROUNDWATER DATA MANAGEMENT...............................................................196. 6 PROVIDE GROUNDWATER RELATED INFORMATION AND SUPPORT TO INTERESTED STAKEHOLDERS............................20

6.6.1 DACAAR program.................................................................................................................................206.6.2. Supporting NGOs and GO....................................................................................................................206.6.3 Enhancing Capacity of GO and NGO....................................................................................................20

6.7 IDENTIFY CRITICAL AND VULNERABLE AQUIFERS THAT REQUIRE PROTECTION...........................................................206.8 IDENTIFY THE PROBLEMATIC AREAS FROM A WATER QUANTITY PERSPECTIVE THAT REQUIRE FURTHER RESEARCH TO IDENTIFY FEASIBLE ALTERNATIVE WATER RESOURCES.................................................................................................21

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6.9 HIGHLIGHT WATER RELATED PROBLEMS TO SUPPORT DECISION MAKERS AND POLICY MAKERS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF POLICIES STRATEGIC PLAN AND REGULATION REGARDING GROUNDWATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT, PROTECTION AND SUSTAINABILITY...................................................................................................................................................21

7. MAJOR FINDING OF GMW NETWORK AND POLICY RELEVANT OPTIONS....................................21

7.1 GROUNDWATER QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE CONCERNS...............................................................................21Groundwater qualitative concerns................................................................................................................21Groundwater quantitative concerns:.............................................................................................................22

7.2 GROUNDWATER TABLE LOWERING MODEL AND EARLY WARNING SIGNAL..............................................................22

8. DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS....................................................................................................................23

8.1 PRIME ISSUES ON WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION MANAGEMENT.........................................................................24

9. PITFALLS ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT............................................................................24

9.1 KNOWLEDGE AND CAPACITY BUILDING...............................................................................................................249.2 POOR INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT.........................................................................................249.3 POOR INITIATE TECHNICAL OR CONSERVATION MEASURES.....................................................................................259.4 POOR SUPPORTING AND MOTIVATING MEASURES................................................................................................25

10. SOLUTIONS AND POLICY RELEVENT OPTIONS...................................................................................25

10.1 MANAGEMENT INITIATIVE AND IMPROVEMENT.................................................................................................2510.2 ENABLING ENVIRONMENT..............................................................................................................................2610.3 INITIATE TECHNICAL OR CONSERVATION MEASURE.............................................................................................2610.4 BUILDING CAPACITY.....................................................................................................................................2610.5 KNOWLEDGE BUILDING.................................................................................................................................27

11. RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................................................................27

Annex 1 an overview of the National Groundwater Monitoring Wells Network..................................................29

Annex 2 Location And Depth Of National Groundwater Monitoring Wells Network..........................................30

Table of Figures

FIGURE 1GPS (GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM).......................................................................................................8FIGURE 2 WATER LEVEL INDICATOR AND DIVER / DATA LOGGER...........................................................................9FIGURE 3 MODIFIED TUBE WELLS FOR SUSTAINABLE MEASUREMENT...................................................................9FIGURE 4 CONSTRUCTED AND MODIFIED WELL FOR LONG TIME RECORDING USING DIVER / DATA LOGGER.....10FIGURE 5 PHYSICAL PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT DEVICES................................................................................11FIGURE 6 BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS DEVICES...................................................................................................11FIGURE 7 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS MEASUREMENT DEVICES.....................................................................................12FIGURE 8 STERILIZE BOTTLE FOR TAKEN WATER SAMPLES...................................................................................12FIGURE 9TAKEN WATER SAMPLE AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE............................................................13FIGURE 10 WATER FLOW RATE EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS AND FIELD DATA COLLECTION.....................................13FIGURE 11 GEOPHYSICAL EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS AND FIELD DATA COLLECTION..............................................14FIGURE 12 AQUACHEM OR INTEGRATED WATER QUALITY DATA MANAGEMENT................................................15FIGURE 13ILLUSTRATES GROUNDEATER TABLE LOWERING CONCEPTUAL MODEL...............................................24

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Abbreviations

ACF Action Contre La Faim

AGS Afghan Geological Survey

BGR Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources

DACAAR Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan Refugees

DE Deepened Well

DW Dug Well

GAA German Agro Action

GMWs Groundwater Monitoring Wells

MMI Ministry of Mines and Industries

MRRD Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development

MWE Ministry of Water and Energy

SCA Swedish Committee for Afghanistan

SDC Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation

TW Tube Well

USGS United States Geological Survey

WFP World Food Program

ORP Oxidation Reduction Potential

SIDA Swedish International Development AgencySDC Swiss Agency for Development and CooperationGO Government OrganizationNGOs non Government organization

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1. INTRODUCTION

Afghanistan is covered by many rivers such as Amu Daria (North Eastern Basin), Helmand, Hari Rod-Mrghab (Western River Basin), Kabul/Indus (Eastern River Basin) and Northern. The perennial rivers flow marginally and most of small streams only flow for 3-4 months during rainy period and then dry out in the other months of a year. The rainfall is also highly uneven with respect to time and space, which affects the availability of surface water during a year. Therefore, groundwater is the major source and it is also playing a crucial role in food production, drinking water supply, drought mitigation, economic development and environmental security in Afghanistan. It does not, however, have a large potential for development as it is a finite resource and is also extremely vulnerable and sensitive to over-exploitation and contamination.

In Afghanistan, we have only basic knowledge about the geological setting, hydro geological conditions and groundwater resources due to lack of qualitative and quantitative monitoring, management and protection system as well as lack of established quality information system. Therefore, DACAAR has started to conduct long term groundwater monitoring in 21 provinces. We have 228 ground water monitoring wells (GWMWs) in Afghanistan. The GMWs All our monitoring well are covering approximately 80 percent of the river basins of Afghanistan. The depth of these wells ranges between 12-70 m, and most are drilled in the quaternary formation. The GMWs network has provided key information regarding qualitative and quantitative status of groundwater.

The results from the National GMW network data management, evaluation and mapping show that the groundwater storage in Afghanistan has progressively been depleted and the water quality has been deteriorating year by year. The depletion of groundwater and deterioration its water quality is "early warning" of potential threats to groundwater. There is an urgent need to improve groundwater resources by periodic monitoring and implementation of mitigation options by applying efficient and effective water related policies, strategies and regulation.

Reports were provided according to the GMWs network water qualitative and quantitative data analysis, management, assessments and mapping. Presentations were made to the Water Technical Working Group (WTWG), Water and Sanitation Sector Group (WSG), World Water Day and other national and international workshops and conferences for raising awareness and sharing information with water sector stakeholders in Afghanistan. The lack of awareness of groundwater discharge and recharge relationship and effectiveness of water conservation has led to wasteful use of precious groundwater resource and its over exploitation.

Now, the National GMWs network, integrated water resources data management and its information systems (databases) are the only nation-wide data source in Afghanistan. This

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GMWs network has supported water sector stakeholders for efficient and effective implementation of water supply projects and has also supported university students for bachelor and master degree research.

The national GMWs network financially supported by USGS, DANIDA and Royal Norwegian Embassy (RNE), Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)

2. BACKGROUND OF GROUNDWATER MONITORING WELLS NETWORKS

Since 1999, drought and over exploitation of groundwater for a variety of purposes (water supply, irrigation, industries, environmental security and others) have significantly lowered the groundwater table and depleted aquifers. As a result, many of the shallow wells, springs and karezis (traditional irrigation water supply system) have dried up. It created concern regarding the future reliability and sustainability of groundwater resources. Therefore, key water sector stakeholders and collaborators including MMI, MMRD, Kabul University, Polytechnic University, GAA, MWE, OXFAM, SCA, SDC, SOLIDARITY, US Embassy, USGS, USAID, Agromet, ACTED, ACF, AGS and WFP have committed to contribute towards the establishment of a national groundwater monitoring and management system for effective and efficient use of groundwater resources. DACAAR has continued this national program from 2005 to now. DACAAR has taken the following actions to improve the situation:

Collected and recorded 245 GMWs network quantative

Collected and recorded water related historical data (drilled well logs, well hydraulic, properties, water quality, groundwater and surface water investigation, hydrological data, meteorological data and geologic and hydro-geological characteristics).

Installed water points information system (WIS) database (1999) Provided standard formats for data collection Established water quality laboratory for physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis

(2003) Established National Groundwater Monitoring Wells Network throughout Afghanistan

(2004) Installed Integrated Water Quality and Quantity Data Management database (2008) Improved and developed knowledge, technical and management capacity of

groundwater monitoring staffs for data acquisition, graphic analysis, and management, evaluation, mapping and reporting.

3. MAIN OBJECTIVES

The following are the objectives of this program:

1. Select, construct, modify and develop GMWs network within the main river basins of Afghanistan to obtain geo-physical information for the sustainability of water supply project and future planning.

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2. Provide a long-term period of record to assess the impact of sustained groundwater withdrawals.

3. Develop technologies and tools for GMWs network data acquisition.

4. Enhance water related technical and data management capacity, information sharing and dissemination and awareness rising.

5. Establish and develop water quality and quantity data management and information system (database) for groundwater data management, evaluation, visualization mapping and reporting.

6. Collect historical and recent groundwater data for improvement of GMW data evaluation.

7. Provide groundwater related information and support to interested stakeholders

8. Identify critical and vulnerable aquifers that require protection.

9. Identify problematic areas from a water quantity and quality perspective that require further research to identify feasible alternative water resources.

10. Highlight water related problems to support decision makers and policy makers for improvement of policies, strategic plan and regulation regarding groundwater resources development, protection and sustainability.

4. RATIONALE OF THE STUDY

As continue growth of Afghan population and increasing urbanization trends, there is increasing pressure on the groundwater for various purposes (domestic water supply, irrigation, industrial and environmental security) which is basically unsustainable due to low thicknesses and low productivities of the respective aquifers. Frequency of drought and negative impact of climate change, over-exploitation of the natural resources. Fragmented institutional arrangement and inadequate government policies, strategies and regulations will cause further negative consequence to the groundwater quality and quantity. The current vulnerability of the aquifers indicates that future generations in Afghanistan will be faced a severe shortage of drinking water sources and also chances to land subsidence.

Groundwater is important component of water resources management and is playing critically important role in domestic water supply, irrigation, industrial and environmental security. The challenging part is a perception on the side of policy makers and planners who do not have priority on groundwater management in the national action plan. Therefore this program can help to generate information about groundwater and disseminate all stakeholders and collaborators to encourage them to be a part of conservation and management.

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The collected GWSs Network data would be stored, managed, interpreted, graphic visualized, mapped and provided the presentations and reports. The finding from GMWs network would be summarized in the presentations and reports. The information can be used by water sector policy makers and decision makers to craft appropriate policies, strategies and regulation for efficient planning, using, development, conservation and protection of groundwater resources.

5. METHODOLOGY AND MATERIAL

DACAAR has constructed, modified, installed and monitored 228 GMWs network within the River Basins of Afghanistan from March 2005 to June 2013. An overview of the National Groundwater Monitoring Wells network is presented in Annex 1 and location and depth of each monitoring well is presented in Annex 2.

5.1 On site measurements and water quality analysis period

The groundwater level and physical parameters like electrical conductivity (EC), pH, temperature and ORP of each GMW were measured on a monthly basis. All the field water level and EC data from the GMWs network were corrected, revised, processed then recorded in the national groundwater monitoring database for data storage, management, evaluation, and visualization, mapping and reporting.

The water quality (physical, chemical and bacteriological) of the GMWs was sampled and analyzed every sixth months. All the water quality data from the GMWs was corrected, revised, processed then recorded in the Integrated Water Quality Data Management database (AquaChem) for data graphic analysis, management, evaluation, visualization, mapping and reporting.

Findings vulnerable areas from the integrated water qualitative and quantitative data management, evaluation and mapping are significant for innovation and improvement of relevant water policies, strategies and regulations in Afghanistan.

5.2 Location of water points

The well locations were geo-referenced by GPS (Global Position System, see figure 1) for establishing a groundwater monitoring wells database that can be accessed through GIS maps.

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Figure 1GPS (GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM)

5.3 Equipment and tools for water level measurement

The water tables of GMWs network have measured either manually using water level indicator or automatic long time recording using diver/data logger or SEBA (Fig. 2).

Figure 2 WATER LEVEL INDICATOR AND DIVER / DATA LOGGER

The selected groundwater monitoring wells modified for sustainable measurement (modified hand pumps installation on tube wells pipe from top to bottom below water level placed).

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Figure 3 MODIFIED TUBE WELLS FOR SUSTAINABLE MEASUREMENT

The selected groundwater monitoring wells also have drilled, constructed and modified for long time recording using diver/ data logger. These GMWs constructed in the public compound (most of them in the schools) and installed Divers for sustainable monitoring of groundwater.

Figure 4 CONSTRUCTED AND MODIFIED WELL FOR LONG TIME RECORDING USING DIVER / DATA LOGGER

Divers/data loggers (Fig. 5) are reliable instruments for automatic measurement and registration of the ground water level, salinity and temperature over a long time period. The Divers are installed in tube wells and after a while data are up-loaded to a Diver Mate, then downloaded from the Diver Mate to a PC.

The SEBA (Fig.2) water level recorder is a floater operated measuring instrument. The recorder is driven by clockwork using a small electrical motor and batteries. The SEBA water level recorder is a precise measuring instrument requiring careful placing and handling to guarantee long operation.

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5.4 Physical parameters measurement devices and tools

The physical parameters like electrical conductivity, temperature, pH and ORP were measured on site on a monthly basis using pH/conductivity meter dissolved oxygen kit and turbidity meter (Fig.6 ).

Figure 5 PHYSICAL PARAMETERS MEASUREMENT DEVICES

5.5 Bacteriological parameters measurement devices

The bacteriological properties of the groundwater monitoring wells were determined on site using a micro bacteriological field test kit (Fig. 7).

Figure 6 BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS DEVICES

5.6 Chemical parameters measurement devices

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The chemical properties (parameters) of the groundwater monitoring wells were determined every six months using a Photometer 8000 (Fig.8).

Figure 7 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS MEASUREMENT DEVICES

5.7 Bottle using for taken water samples

The Sterilize Bottle is used for taken water samples for chemical analysis (Figure 9)

Figure 8 STERILIZE BOTTLE FOR TAKEN WATER SAMPLES

5.8 Soil sample

The soil samples is taken from the target area and and physically and chemically analysis for suitability of water quality for irrigation agriculture and other purposes (Figure 10 ).

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Figure 9TAKEN WATER SAMPLE AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

5.9 Flow meter

DACAAR measurement of surface water (stream, karesis and spring) flow rate by using flow meter and its tools for field data acquisition, recording and documentation(Fig. 11)

Figure 10 WATER FLOW RATE EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS AND FIELD DATA COLLECTION

5. 10 Equipment and tools for geophysical survey

DACAAR performed a geophysical survey by using SYSCAL Pro resistivity meter and its tools for field data acquisition, recording and documentation (Fig. 11)

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Figure 11 GEOPHYSICAL EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS AND FIELD DATA COLLECTION

5.11 Data analysis related software package

5.11.1 AquaChem software

AquaChem is a software package developed specifically for graphical and numerical analysis and modeling of water quality data for water supply, suitability of water quality for irrigation agriculture. It features a fully customizable database of physical and chemical parameters and provides a comprehensive selection of analysis tools, calculations, and graphs for inter-preting water quality data.

AquaChem's data analysis capabilities cover a wide range of functionalities and calculations including unit conversions, charge balances, sample comparison and mixing, statistical sum-maries, trend analyses, and much more. AquaChem also comprises a customizable database of water quality standards with up to three different action levels for each parameter. Any samples exceeding the selected standard are automatically highlighted with the appropriate action level color for easily identifying and qualifying potential problems (Figure 12)

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Figure 12 AQUACHEM OR INTEGRATED WATER QUALITY DATA MANAGEMENT

5.11.2 HydroGeo Analyst software

Hydro GeoAnalyst (HGA) is the most comprehensive, and yet easy-to-use, environmental data management system, providing data validation, analysis, and visualization. The HGA package integrates a list of flexible and customizable database structures used around the world, complimented by state-of-the-art tools for data interpretation, statistical analysis, GIS mapping, data charting, and two- and three-dimensional visualizations (Fig.14).

Typical applications for HGA include: Regional water well management Contaminant site inventory Contaminant site inventory Geologic cross sections Public access to information Environmental site assessment Monitored natural attenuation Regional aquifer characterization and management Cross-boundary data sharing Aquifer vulnerability mapping

5.11.3 Aquifer test software

Aquifer test software is used for pumping test data analysis and evaluation for finding of aquifer parameters (hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, stortivity and specific yield) for sustainable designing of water supply project.

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5.11.4 IPI2win software

IPI2win software is used for vertical Electrical Sounding(VES) data management and graphic evaluation for finding physical parameters (boundaries of strata, saturated and unsaturated zones, salinity and water level) of subsurface.

5.11.5 Res2dinvx32 software

Res2dinvx32 software is used for electrical profile (electrical resistivity) data management and graphic evaluation for finding physical parameters of subsurface.

5.12. Geographical information system

Geographical information system (GIS) is a set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving, transferring and mapping of water points and GMWs data.

5.13 Acquiring information

a) Characteristics and conditions of water resource.b) Source of water supply.c) Sources of contamination (artificial/man-made and natural contaminations).d) Type of contamination.e) Seasonal/periodic variation of contamination.f) Seasonal/long term water table variation or continuing lowering water table.g) Causing the change of water table and water quality.h) Vulnerable area of water recourses.i) Recharge and discharge trend.

6. OUTCOMES OF THE PROJECT

6.1 National Groundwater Monitoring Wells Network Database (WSG_SWL) and Geophysical Data Information System

The National Groundwater Monitoring Wells (GMWs) Database and data information have been used for data recording, management and evaluation. The drilling well log records, water quantity and quality testing data and information system from the GMWs are significant information for DACAAR as well as water sector for efficient and effective groundwater development, management and protection in Afghanistan.

6.1.1 Acquisition of data

Water quality and quantity data have regularly collected from DACAAR’s GMWs network (2004- July 2013)

Water quality data from DACAAR/WASH projects (DACAAR/WASH, December,2004-July 2013)

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Water quality data from private sectors which were analyzed by DACAAR’s water quality laboratory (2004-July, 2013)

Primary groundwater survey data from Herat, Badghis, Faryab and Ghor provinces which were conducted by DACAAR (2004-08)

Well log design data which were drilled by DACAAR (2003-July, 2013) Physical parameter (water level, electrical conductivity, pH, and temperature) of 25,200 hand

pump wells data which were measured by DACAAR Water Points Inspection Teams. Geophysical survey data which were performed by DACAAR/WASH Meteorological dada which were conducted by Agromit. Hydro-geological study data which have conducted by MRRD, NORPLAN and DACAAR in Faryab

province. Exploration wells water quality and quantity data which were drilled by Ministry of Mine and

Industry (1973-81). Production wells water quality and quantity data which were drilled by Ministry of Water and

Power (1970-90) Previous groundwater investigations which were carried out by different organizations (Ministry

of Water and Power and Ministry of Public Work) in Afghanistan.

6.1.2 Database and Data Information System

The DACAAR water points and National GMWs network database and data information system are significant information about groundwater status (quality and quantity) in Afghanistan.

6.1.3 Water Points Information System

The water points information system (WIS) has used for improved water points data collection, recording, management, evaluation and mapping. DACAAR has installed more than 42,000 water points in Afghanistan. The well log, water quality and quantity data from these water points are significant information for future planning implementation of water supply project in Afghanistan.

6.1.4 Technical Capacity Building

a) Provide standard formats for field data acquisitionb) GMWs monthly reportc) New GMW selection d) Water quality analysise) Well log designf) Groundwater technical surveyg) River water measurementh) Production and observation well pumping test (time drawdown, time recovery) i) Geophysical surveyj) Well pumping test data k) Water points physical field measurement data

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l) Well completion report

6.2 Enhanced Data Management Capacity

Established and improved National GMWs network database (WSG_SWL) Established and developed integrated water quality data management database by

using AquaChem for integrated water quality data management, analysis, evaluation and modeling

Established and developed integrated water quantity data management database (production well data, exploration well data, pumping well data, geophysical investigation, metrological station data and hydrological station) by using HydroGeo Analyst for water quality and quantity data (environmental data system) management, analysis, evaluation, mapping, visualization, reporting and modeling.

Established and developed Aquifer test software for production and exploration wells pumping test data graphical analysis and evaluation.

Updated and improved AquaChem and HydroGeo Analyst based on improvements and developments by the relevant company.

Improved water points database Interpreted geophysical field using Res2 din vx64.exe and IPI2 win software Geological information using arc GIS.10

6.3. Enhance Technical Skills and Data Management Capacity

DACAAR facilitated training of staff in Afghanistan, India and the United Arab Emirates to enhance knowledge, skill and capability of GMW staffs for groundwater monitoring data acquisition, analysis, management, evaluation, mapping and visualization. The most significant of these training courses were:

Integrated water quality and quantity data management, using HydroGeo Analyst and AquaChem, conducted by Schlumberger Water Services in Abu Dhabi, UAE February 4-7, 2008, participation by M. Hassan Saffi Hydro-geologist;

Integrated Aquifer Characterization and Groundwater Modeling using HydroGeoAnalyst conducted by Schlumberger Water Services from October 25-27,2009 in Abu Dhabi, UAE participation by M. Hassan Saffi Hydro-geologist);

Training program on Water quality evaluation Monitoring and Mapping drinking water source from Nov.25 to Dec. 24 2009 in Shriram Institute, Delhi India participation by ShirHabib.

Aquifer test for finding well hydraulic properties conducted by Schlumberger Water Services from February 4-7, 2008 in Abu Dhabi, UAE participated by M. Hassan Saffi Hydro-geologist).

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Hydrogeology and groundwater concept from June1-5,2008, conducted by U.S Geological in Afghan Geological Survey Kabul Afghanistan participated by M. Hassan Saffi Hydro-geologist.

GIS 9.3 and GIS 9.2, Khawaran Institute in Kabul Afghanistan from2 April 2009- 04 June 2009 participated by M. Hassan Saffi Hydro-geologist).

Database(June1-5,2008, conducted by U.S Geological in Afghan Geological Survey Kabul Afghanistan participated by M. Hassan Saffi Hydro-geologist).

Map info and Arc GIS Training from 01 to 30 Dec 2009 in Geo Map Systems (P) Ltd in Somajiguda, Hyderabad, India participated by Ahmad Jawid Hydro-geologist;

Geophysics Training for investigation of groundwater in MRRD Kabul, Afghanistan on 01 to 30 April 2009 participated by Ahmad Jawid Hydro-geologist;

Basic Hydrogeology conducted by Lars Matthes from Technical University Berlin, Invent 11-22 August 2005, Kabul University, Kabul Afghanistan.

6.4. Establish and Develop Water Quality and Quantity Data Management and Information System

The scientific presentations were provided from GMWs network integrated water quality and quantity data analysis, management, assessment and mapping. They are as follows:

Groundwater at risk in Afghanistan 27 May, 2007, Water Technical Working Group (WTWG), DACAAR conference room, Kabul, Afghanistan.

Fluoride Contamination in Afghanistan’s Groundwater 28 April, 2007, WTWG DACAAR conference room, Kabul, Afghanistan.

Arsenic Contamination in Afghanistan’s Groundwater 27 December, 2008 WTWG DACAAR conference room, Kabul, Afghanistan.

Application of Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plant for the areas where groundwater are saline July, 2009, Water Supply and Sanitation (WATSAN) meeting, MRRD conference hall, Kabul, Afghanistan.

Groundwater potential and water quality problem in Faryab province 27 November, 2009, DACAAR training hall, Faryab, Afghanistan.

Water Quality concern in Afghanistan 29 March, 2010 WATSAN meeting MRRD conference hall, Kabul, Afghanistan.

Water quality problem in Afghanistan in world water day, 24 March, 2010, MRRD conference hall, Kabul, Afghanistan.

Groundwater and quality concern in Kabul Basin, 01 May, 2012, Ministry of water and Energy conference room, Kabul, Afghanistan.

Water resources quantities and qualitative problem in Faryab province, 06 October 2012, Faryab provincial conference room, Faryab, Afghanistan.

Water resources potential, quality problem, challenges and solution in Afghanistan, 27 February, 2013, WATSAN meeting MRRD conference hall, Kabul, Afghanistan.

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Water resources potential, quality problem, challenges and solution in the North Afghanistan, 26 March, 2013, Humanitarian North regional meeting, UNICIF Mazar, Balkh Afghanistan

Water resources potential, quality problem, challenges and solution in Afghanistan, 05 June, 2013, Kabul polytechnics university conference hall, Kabul, Afghanistan.

6.5. Collect Historic and Recent Groundwater Data Management

DACAAR has collected historical and recent groundwater and surface water data which were investigated by the government and non government water sector organizations. These data are useful to carry out new research, future planning and implementation of water supply project in Afghanistan. The data is available in DACAAR database and dada information system.

The scientific reports were provided from GMWs network integrated water quality and quantity data analysis, management, assessment and mapping. All reports are available in our website: www.dacaar.org. The following are the main reports:

Groundwater resources at risk in Afghanistan (June 2007) Occurrence of Fluoride contamination in Afghanistan (June 2007) Water resources concern in Qala-i-Nawcentre of Badghis Province (July 2007) Groundwater natural resources and quality concern in Kabul Basin (May 2010) Integrated Groundwater Study Approach in Astana valley, ShirinTagab District of Faryab

Province (June 2010) Integrated Groundwater Study Approach in Jalaier valley, ShirinTagab District of Faryab

Province (June 2010) Quality of water suitable for irrigation in ShirinTagab (in Faryab province) and Sholgara

(in Balkh province) November 2012 Geophysical study in Tangi Returnee camp, Behsud district of Nangrahar province, April

2011. Geophysical study in Cheheldukhtran (Maya Khil) village, ChaharAsib district of Kabul

Province, April 2012. Geophysical study in Sholgara district of Balkh province, August 20011. Geophysical study in Camp Sakhi Town, Nahr-e-Shhi district of Balkh province,

December 2012. Geophysical study in Sarband-i-Haji Talabai village, Sholgara district of Balkh province Water resources potential, quality problem, challenges and solution in Afghanistan, July

2013.

6. 6 Provide Groundwater Related Information and Support to Interested Stakeholders

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National GMWs database and data information system supported Government Organization(GO) and non government organization(NGOs) by providing and dissemination data, presentation, report and training.

6.6.1 DACAAR program

National GMWs database and data information system are supported by DACAAR program . This system becomes valuable in terms of the sustainability of water supply project and making effective and efficient planning and implementation water supply and natural resources management projects.

6.6.2. Supporting NGOs and GO

Supported WSG, UNICEF and Afghan National Standards Authority (ANSA) for making National Drinking Water Standard

Disseminated Data and information Supported 10 students from Kabul University, Balkh and Hirat Universities regarding

access to data and technical advice for their BSc and Master degree Supported MRRD regarding water supply project in Nimroze province

6.6.3 Enhancing Capacity of GO and NGO

Training of Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development (MRRD) Water Quality analysis staffs regarding integrated water quality data management for irrigation and drinking water

Training of Ministry of Agriculture Irrigation and Livestock (MAIL) Water Quality analysis staffs regarding integrated water quality data management for suitability of water quality for irrigation agriculture

Training of Faryab province GO and NGO staffs regarding WQ and GP.

6.7 Identify Critical and Vulnerable Aquifers that Require Protection

DACAAR has provided Geological and Hydro-geological information which were provided by Afghan Geological Survey (AGS), United State Geological Survey and other Government and non-government organizations. Now DACCAR has own Geographical Information System (GIS) based on geological spatial shape data files for Afghanistan. This information is important for the better understanding of geological information on the relationships between water chemistry and rocks.

6.8 Identify the Problematic Areas from a Water Quantity Perspective that Require Further Research to Identify Feasible Alternative Water resources.

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DACAAR identified critical and vulnerable aquifers in Faryab, Kabul, Herat Jallalabad and Mazar-e-Sharif by GMWs network data evaluation, mapping and report. These aquifers are waiting for the protection. For more information please visit DACAAR website: www.dacaar.org.

6.9 Highlight Water Related Problems to Support Decision Makers and Policy Makers for Improvement of Policies Strategic Plan and Regulation Regarding Groundwater Resources Development, Protection and Sustainability.

DACAAR identified problematic areas from a water quantity perspective that require further research to identify feasible alternative water resources by GMWs network data, evaluation, mapping and report. For more information review the report “Water resources potential, quality problem, challenges and solution in Afghanistan, July 2013” which is accessible in the DACAAR Website: www.dacaar.org.

7. MAJOR FINDING OF GMW NETWORK AND POLICY RELEVANT OPTIONS

7.1 Groundwater qualitative and quantitative concerns

The main groundwater qualitative and quantitative concerns are following:

Groundwater qualitative concerns

Salinity contamination Nitrate contamination Sodium and chloride contamination Boron contamination Fluoride contamination Arsenic contamination Chromium contamination Hardness Biological contamination

Groundwater quantitative concerns:

Continuing lowering groundwater table Depletion of groundwater natural storage (no steady state water balance or negative

change in natural storage) Continuing water logging (changing saturation zones to unsaturated zones) Exceeded discharge trend and deteriorating water quality Imbalanced streams/river and aquifer interaction (effluent and influent) Most of kareze, large diameters wells and springs dried up

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Note: The detail information regarding main groundwater qualitative and quantitative concerns can find in the report on " Water resources potential, quality problem, challenges and solution in Afghanistan, July 2013". This report is accessible in the DACAAR website: www.dacaar.org.

7.2 Groundwater Table Lowering Model and Early Warning Signal

The groundwater table lowering has occurred in the following two steps:

The groundwater table dropped due to low recharge, over-pumping and also imbalanced stream and aquifer interaction. As a result the yield of springs and karezes are in decreasing trends. A new equilibrium of water level is reached after digging of karezes and shallow wells.

A new equilibrium of water level is no stable and water table continuously declines due to low recharge and over- pumping. As results, the most springs karezes and shallow wells are dried up. This trend created other equilibrium of the water level, in condition that the karezes and shallow wells are replaced by deep tube wells.

Agriculture activities are vanished in the country where karezes, springs and shallow wells dried out. Other feasible options such as traditional or paddle irrigation and rural water supply system by tube wells for the alternative is basically not possible because of high operation costs and the low productivity. This trend has directly negative impact on socio-economic and environmental sustainability and also contributed in the displacement of inhabitants.

As country population continues to grow up, there is increasing demand in exploiting more volume of groundwater for various purposes, which causes negative consequences on the groundwater quality and quantity. The trends of over-exploitation of groundwater is serious challenge for our socio-economic development and environmental security. This vulnerability of the aquifer may not be reversible and it leads the country towards severe shortage of drinking water.

Current fragment institutional arrangements and management tools, poor formulation of policies and strategies and ineffective regulations cannot solve this alarming situation. It is urgently required to apply effective policies, strategies for sustainable groundwater management, using, development, protection and conservation.

Figure 13 illustrates groundwater table lowering conceptual model and early warning signal which is vital to protect groundwater for further deterioration.

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Figure 13ILLUSTRATES GROUNDEATER TABLE LOWERING CONCEPTUAL MODEL

8. DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS

Promoting the efficient sustainable and beneficial use of water resources.

Maximizing the role of groundwater toward socio-economic development, environmental security and poverty alleviation.

Preventing qualitative and quantitative deterioration status of groundwater bodies.

Transferring information to water sector policy makers and decision makers for efficient and effective use of water resources, conservation and protection.

Promoting new researchers and university students on groundwater issues.

Promoting application of appropriate technologies for groundwater development planning and implementation

Reflecting the importance of the groundwater, and the aspects needing future understanding and improvement.

8.1 Prime issues on water supply and sanitation management

The national coverage to access safe drinking water, environmental sanitation and hygienic practices are relatively lower in the world due to myopic management issues. The following are the prime concerns on water supply and environmental sanitation sector:

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No clear vision and strategies for immediate and future water resources protection plan. Progressively increasing imbalance between availability of water volume and daily

consumption. The government has no specific norms and guidelines or licensing system on the drilling

wells per unit area. Limited technical options for water treatment, availability of drinking water sources and

ground water storage system. Cross contamination in wells due to poor well site selection and construction. Lack of effective operation and maintenance of the water supply system. Provision of safe drinking water in the rural areas is a challenge for millions of rural

inhabitants around the country. Inadequate skilled and well equipped private sectors in the implementation of water

projects. Insufficient awareness raising about water source conservation.

9. PITFALLS ON WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

9.1 Knowledge and capacity building

Poor investment on the production of skilled hydrological and hydro-geological manpower.

Weak integration, coordination, data collection, information sharing and dissemination on water resources management sector.

Poor investment on alternative water sources research, assessment and consultancy services.

Lack of monitoring, management, development, protection and sustainability on water resource sector.

9.2 Poor integrated water resources management

Water resources monitoring system (qualitative and quantitative point of views) Database and data information system National water quality standard(primary and secondary) and national water resources

regulation act (both surface and groundwater) Water safety plan (quality control and quality assurance) Policy relevant research and alternative solution Water resources management, development, protection and sustainability Environmental security

9.3 Poor initiate technical or conservation measures

Groundwater recharge by surface water Rainwater harvesting Installation of desalination plant where the areas have saline water

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9.4 Poor supporting and motivating measures

Low awareness level of the inhabitants on the importance of water(qualitative and quantities)

Encourage public participation No emphasis on public awareness campaigns Poor integrated water resources management instruments Fragment institutional arrangement in water resources management Poor creation of enabling environment for effective policies and strategies for water

resources monitoring, management, development, protection and sustainability. Poor formulation of enforcement legislation.

10. SOLUTIONS AND POLICY RELEVENT OPTIONS

The main solution and policy relevant options are:

10.1 Management initiative and improvement

National water resources monitoring system (qualitative and quantitative) Develop and enhance stream gage meteorological networks to estimates a water

availability Develop a snow/glacier hydrology information system Database and data information system Initiate management where problems are evident regardless of data

limitations. National water quality standard(primary and secondary) or national water resources

regulation act (both surface and groundwater) Water safety plan (quality control and quality assurance) Availability of financial resources. Encouragement of stakeholders participation Mitigate imbalance between availability and supply Water resources management, development, protection and sustainability. Define water resources potential (availability), supply and demand. Define sustainability of water resources for socio-economic development and

environmental security.

10.2 Enabling environment

Establish coordination organization within water sector and moving towards an enabling environment to make policies, strategies and legislation for integrated water resources management.

Reform in within the current institutional framework to implement the policies, strategies and legislation

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Setting up the management tools (data management, evaluation, mapping and visualization)which can help to make policy relevant better decision(required by the institutions to do their job).

10.3 Initiate technical or conservation measure

Groundwater recharge by surface water during peak flowing for aquifer recharge and recovery (directing surface water into pits, trench, boreholes and infiltration basin)

Rain water harvesting Construction of infiltration ponds Construction of water storage infrastructure (cheek dams, trenches and capturing water

by making storage reservoir) Installation of desalination plan where the areas have saline water Raising awareness on efficient water usage Construct standards water wells(improper or non-standard water well construction

promote, facilitate contamination to the groundwater) Promotion of water uses from the non-conventional water resources (rainwater

harvesting, waste water treatment) Formulate regulation Farwell drilling and groundwater abstraction.

10.4 Building capacity

Investment in building of hydro geological expertise Increase the number of water sector professionals Increase investment in water resources management, monitoring infrastructure and

research

10.5 Knowledge building

Initiate practically oriented scientific surface and groundwater studies that focus on groundwater and surface water interaction, availability, recharge characteristic, quality, sustainability and management alternative.

Policy relevant research and alternative solution Water resource data management, assessment, mapping and evaluation and

visualization for future water resources management, development, protection and sustainability.

Technology transfer, research development must take place to transfer this knowledge on to the practical field level of restoring and re-establishing old practices

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Stress on public awareness campaign, role of women, and the community participation towards preserving groundwater from pollution and depletion.

Initiate management where problems are evident regardless of data limitations.

Initiate practically oriented scientific surface and groundwater studies that focus on groundwater and surface water interaction, availability, recharge characteristic, quality, sustainability and management alternative

Develop an aquifer classification system and address vulnerable aquifer from contamination

11. RECOMMENDATIONS

National GMWs network installation experiences, knowledge, technical and data management capacity, standards formats for field data collection, measurement tools and devices, water quality analysis tools and devices, integrated water quality and quantity data management, evaluation, mapping and reporting tools are significant achievements on water resources management sector in Afghanistan. These efforts require more time, capacity and investment. Therefore, it is suggested to empower and expand the National GMWs network to be national wide GMWs networks and integrated water resource data management and information system.

Groundwater resources qualitative and quantitative findings (early warning signals) from National GMWs network can support policy and decision maker to apply effective and efficient policies, strategic plans and regulation for groundwater resources management, development, protection and sustainability.

The National GMWs network database (wsg_SWL) framework shows that the water sector stakeholders contribute their efforts for efficient using of water resources through coordination, data collection, monitoring and management, sharing information, information dissemination and technology transferring. Now, the contribution and coordination efforts for efficient and effective using of water resources are very poor and a cause of failure of most water supply projects in Afghanistan. Therefore, it is suggested to strengthen the coordination and cooperation system for enhancing capacity building, data collection, monitoring and management, sharing information, information dissemination and technology for transferring through applying effective policies, strategies and regulation.

Improper and low quality construction of wells, contributes and promotes contamination of groundwater throughout the nation. Therefore, it is suggested to provide a framework for construction of standard wells to prevent groundwater resources from further contamination.

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GMWs finding shows that the groundwater natural storage has been depleted and water quality is deteriorating. There is also increasing demand due to population growth, agricultural needs, industrialization and socio-economic development and environmental security. Therefore, it is suggested to develop appropriate strategy to protect groundwater resources from further deterioration.

Coping strategies by the cooperation of national and international agencies to be developed for integrated water resources management, evaluation and mapping to adapt the climate change impacts.

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Annex 1 an overview of the National Groundwater Monitoring Wells Network

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Annex 2 Location And Depth Of National Groundwater Monitoring Wells Network

Update List of Groundwater Monitoring Wells July 2013

GWM_ID Province District Village LON LAT Water Point Type WellDepth (m)140 Badghis Qala-e Naw First Area 63.12362 34.98465 TW 35141 Badghis Qala-e Naw Laman 63.10345 34.75230 TW 25150 Badghis Qala-e Naw LamanZadshay 63.11654 34.83383 TW 30152 Badghis AbKamari Arbab Abdul Hamid 63.05374 34.99268 TW 37166 Badghis Qala-e Naw Airport 63.12270 34.99134 DW 35174 Badghis Qala-e Naw Qarghayto 63.15876 34.97461 TW 35202 Badghis Qala-e Naw Tagab Ismail 63.09411 34.96266 TW 35252 Badghis Qala-e Naw Haji Abad 63.12115 35.00038 TW 50116 Baghlan Pul-e Khumri Zamankhil 68.68722 35.99419 TW 27119 Baghlan Doshi Sangisurakh 68.76635 35.75794 DW 23122 Baghlan Doshi Dosti 68.76635 35.75794 DW 23233 Baghlan Doshi Center of Doshi District 68.63688 35.60478 DW 6.4

91 Balkh Mazar-e-sharif Baba Yadgar 67.08112 36.71851 TW 6592 Balkh Sholgara Qadim 66.88485 36.31964 TW 4193 Balkh Balkh Samar Qandyan 66.83037 36.69177 DW 26.2

112 Balkh Balkh Center 66.89885 36.75699 DW 10156 Balkh Char Bolak BadayBalkhi School 66.59397 36.77278 TW 52157 Balkh Char Bolak Abo ShakorBalkhi School 66.67047 36.75317 TW 52234 Balkh Balkh Buryabaf 66.85375 36.84728 TW 21.9235 Balkh Dawlatabad Dawlatabad (Kochai by Taka) 66.82387 36.98364 TW 30.5236 Balkh Sholgara BadamQala 66.94277 36.51996 TW 30.3237 Balkh Sholgara Alqajar 66.91463 36.48776 TW 38238 Balkh Dehdadi Sharif Abad 67.02297 35.60478 DW -239 Balkh Dehdadi Chalgazi 66.99299 36.71695 TW 35240 Balkh Khulm DehHeshan 67.69870 36.76805 TW 55241 Balkh Khulm MasjedBurhan (Tashqurghan) 67.70155 36.69357 TW 56242 Balkh Balkh Shpola (DehBebe) 66.93548 36.78506 TW 25243 Balkh Balkh Charbagh-e Gulshan 66.85640 36.75123 TW 31.2

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244 Balkh Nahr-e Shahi TakhtaPul 67.02088 36.73551 TW 31245 Balkh Nahr-e Shahi Nasaji 67.08484 36.68357 TW 36.7265 Faryab Dawlatabad Jar Qala 64.77626 35.93039 DW 10.5144 Faryab KhwajaSabz Posh Deh Now School 64.84024 36.07253 TW 55146 Faryab Pashtun Kot Khwaja Musa School 64.66569 36.03494 TW 49.5147 Faryab Pashtun Kot Jamshidi School 64.82450 35.88859 TW 50.5148 Faryab Maimana Water Management Department 64.77408 35.91743 TW 52.5149 Faryab ShirinTaqab Fiz Abad Shamsudin School 64.87269 36.29333 TW 51155 Faryab Qaramqul Qaramqul High School 65.08395 36.86487 TW 53162 Faryab Khan-e Charbagh Khan-e Charbagh School 65.22091 37.00222 TW 45163 Faryab Qurghan Qurghan School 65.09017 36.91920 TW 50164 Faryab Qurghan Abo- YosofAndkhoye Primary School 65.09908 36.95268 TW 50179 Faryab Maimana KarizQala School 64.71217 35.98633 TW 50180 Faryab KhwajaSabz Posh QaraShikhi Boy School 64.87395 36.14588 TW 50187 Faryab Pashtun Kot DehAzizanMidal School 64.78183 35.91862 TW 63188 Faryab Maimana Chaghatakmidal School 64.74659 35.95216 TW 63200 Faryab Almar Chaghatak High School 64.15876 35.88084 TW 80201 Faryab Almar Arab Aqsay High School 64.64918 35.87706 TW 78253 Faryab KhwajaSabz Posh Kata Qishlaq School 64.87137 36.02252 TW 60254 Faryab Pashtun Kot BalochPayeen (Ab-RaufNafirFaryabi school) 64.83057 35.89709 TW 59.5256 Faryab Maimana Sayed Ahmad Bena 35.91401 64.78015 TW257 Faryab ShirinTaqab Islam Qala 36.23701 64.86464 TW 70291 Faryab Dawlatabad Abdul Rahman High School 36.42010 64.89516 TW 70

6 Ghazni Jaghatu Qala-I-naw 68.39050 33.71292 TW 23.3189 Ghazni Ghazni DehMeskinMasjedEidGaha 68.41223 33.56161 DW 26.8

46 Hirat Gozara Tezan 62.06575 34.22767 TW51 Hirat Kohsan Kamisary 61.09056 34.66615 TW 29.852 Hirat Ghurian Center 61.50554 34.35254 TW 27.555 Hirat Karukh Agha Sahib 62.58609 34.47787 DW -60 Hirat Enjil Kahdistan 62.30587 34.34260 TW -64 Hirat Enjil GandawParwana 62.08145 34.53142 TW 4367 Hirat Kushk-e Naw Toraghundi 62.28473 35.23199 TW 31.768 Hirat Kushk-e Naw Rabat Sangi 62.13460 34.79738 TW

125 Hirat Karukh RobateSaliman 62.44276 34.32581 DW 35126 Hirat Pashtun Zarghun Marwa1 62.89116 34.24895 DW 21.7

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127 Hirat Obeh Hawashanasi 63.16942 34.38273 DW 46.5151 Hirat Shindand Mughulan 62.27296 33.37397 TW 30165 Hirat Gulran Qashawury 61.95979 34.89442 DW 33167 Hirat Zenda Jan Tahied 61.78894 34.39420 DE 20168 Hirat Enjil Pustay No 1 DACAAR OFFICE 62.21533 34.33501 TW 90175 Hirat Kohsan Haji Alishir 61.19207 34.67484 TW 42181 Hirat Gozara RawzaBagh 62.21219 34.23463 TW 45182 Hirat Adraskan Adraskan School 62.26706 33.64366 TW 35183 Hirat Zenda Jan DehSurkh 61.91280 34.38832 TW 33190 Hirat Enjil (Jagharah) Yahya Khan 62.20037 34.28966 TW 28191 Hirat Enjil KartiSufla 62.19875 34.32457 TW 35192 Hirat Enjil Qafaslan 62.19362 34.30951 TW 35193 Hirat Gozara UrdoBagh 62.21325 34.26608 TW 30194 Hirat Enjil (Kabul iha) Qalwar 62.15604 34.33506 TW 30195 Hirat Enjil Zaman Abad 62.23848 34.33257 TW 45196 Hirat Gozara Qawashan 62.22144 34.25041 TW 45197 Hirat Herat Nine Area 62.17828 34.34866 TW 28198 Hirat Herat Ten Area 62.18818 34.33616 TW 30199 Hirat Kohsan Qala-e Mushi 61.22171 34.64518 TW 42204 Hirat Karukh Qala-e Sharbat 62.64115 34.51348 DE 28205 Hirat Karukh Badghis Road 62.58968 34.49749 TW 54206 Hirat Obeh Muslim Abad 63.14864 34.37229 DE 45207 Hirat Pashtun Zarghun Tuoran Abad 62.90090 34.25907 TW 97208 Hirat Kushk-e Naw Haft Ulya 62.09665 34.88386 DE 25209 Hirat Zenda Jan Tawhed 61.79555 34.40127 TW 85210 Hirat Ghurian Faghdan 61.48573 34.35955 TW 75230 Hirat Enjil Shadi Jan 62.35039 34.28554 TW 34231 Hirat Enjil Qaybatan 62.13463 34.34198 TW 90232 Hirat Enjil Jabrail 62.13958 34.36834 TW 105251 Hirat Kushk-e Naw YakaDokan 62.19063 34.97406 DW 15255 Hirat Obeh Shar-e Naw 63.16403 34.38668 TW 130262 Hirat Enjil Shoqufan 62.09065 34.41768 TW 80263 Hirat Gozara RawzabaghSharghi 62.22209 34.24017 TW 80287 Hirat Zenda Jan Tajika 61.77561 34.38028 TW 72264 Hirat Karukh Machghandak School 62.48703 34.4535 TW 40

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158 Jawzjan Aqcha QaraBoyean School 66.21061 36.85057 TW 53159 Jawzjan Faizabad NasirShaid School 66.45372 36.81622 TW 46248 Jawzjan Shiberghan MasjedQeranchi 65.77058 36.66923 TW 30.7249 Jawzjan Shiberghan Center (KhirKhana Area) 65.75411 36.65196 TW 34250 Jawzjan Shiberghan Marghab 65.75377 36.62891 TW 31.5

1 Kabul ShakarDara Qala-e-MuradBiek 69.07902 34.65884 TW 232 Kabul Kabul Kabul - DACAAR office 69.16004 34.55275 TW 14.64 Kabul Khak-e Jabar Khurdkabul 69.38399 34.38887 TW 52

12 Kabul Bagrami Gulbuta 69.22864 34.47863 TW 40.515 Kabul Mir BachaKot Shekhan 69.12266 34.72940 TW 3216 Kabul DehSabz Kata khel 69.35124 34.60985 TW 44.517 Kabul Char Asiab Chaman 69.17281 34.35407 TW 2618 Kabul Kabul Char Qala 69.10533 34.48651 DE 30

106 Kabul Kabul Kabul University Engineering Faculty 69.12299 34.51930 TW -143 Kabul QaraBagh QurQuol 69.16652 34.84225 TW 21170 Kabul QaraBagh Masjed Omar Farooq 69.16601 34.88995 DW 25185 Kabul Sarobi Gundikaly 69.74276 34.60920 DW 30213 Kabul QaraBagh Bagharak 69.16372 34.81847 TW 35214 Kabul Kalakan MasjedAtafaq 69.14922 34.77303 TW 34229 Kabul Paghman Qala-e Abdul Ali 69.03374 34.51889 DE 28

13 Kapisa Tagab Firozkhel 69.65385 34.79947 TW 40113 Kapisa Mahmud-e Raqi Dehbab Ali Bazar 69.33126 35.04328 DW 21.6114 Kapisa Mahmud-e Raqi QalaeJabar 69.47720 34.94423 DW 10.8211 Kapisa Mahmud-e Raqi Shokhy 69.42187 34.95353 DW 4.5224 Kapisa Nijrab Poor Klay 69.57862 34.96707 DW 8.7

19 Laghman Alingar Qalatak(2) 70.30272 34.75413 TW 18.522 Laghman Alishing Shama Ram 70.12511 34.73947 TW 12.426 Laghman Qarghayi Farman khel 70.21006 34.53532 TW 45.835 Laghman Mehtarlam QalehAkhund 70.21899 34.62350 TW 21

215 Laghman Qarghayi Aziz Khan Kas 70.20771 34.49072 TW 29216 Laghman Qarghayi Zangora Abdul Rashid 70.25169 34.49382 TW 35217 Laghman Qarghayi Kand Hassan Khan 70.20275 34.57478 TW 28218 Laghman Mehtarlam DorKand (Asmat) 70.19842 34.64566 TW 36219 Laghman Mehtarlam Pahlawan Baba 70.22495 34.68685 TW 20

37 Logar Pol-e Alam Oni sayedan 69.00556 33.97439 TW 19

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43 Logar Pol-e Alam Jawzar 69.01970 33.77194 TW 18.4128 Logar Muhammad Agha Surkh Abad 69.08307 34.19126 TW 13.5142 Logar Muhammad Agha Kotakay 69.11441 34.21964 TW 53227 Logar Pol-e Alam MasjedKhwajaPainda Khan Wali 69.20198 33.89422 TW 14

3 Nangarhar Surkh Rod Muslikhel 70.36052 34.43802 DE 17.420 Nangarhar Kama QalehyeAkhund 70.57511 34.41641 TW 16.921 Nangarhar Kot Jabeh 70.64901 34.20007 TW 4123 Nangarhar KuzKonar Qalagay (Malakzai) 70.57033 34.55982 TW 15.524 Nangarhar Lalpur Lalpur 71.04402 34.23229 TW 21.125 Nangarhar BatiKot Ambarkhana 70.81845 34.28256 TW 3027 Nangarhar Khogiani Babakerkhel 70.22153 34.29006 TW 5328 Nangarhar Surkh Rod Sawz Abad 70.38820 34.44563 TW 19.630 Nangarhar Rodat Mazina 70.48627 34.21450 DE 38.531 Nangarhar Chaparhar Terelay 70.41271 34.31956 TW 34.832 Nangarhar Jalalabad Jalalabad 70.45117 34.43425 TW 1433 Nangarhar Surkh Rod Fateh Abad 70.21406 34.35188 TW 4234 Nangarhar PachirWaAgam Sabre Ulya 70.27873 34.20602 DE 41.636 Nangarhar Behsud Sammarkhel 70.55787 34.37573 TW 12.888 Nangarhar Kot PurshaKhail 70.56300 34.12067 TW 23

220 Nangarhar Behsud Malang Jan (Chamyary) 70.96996 34.44817 DW 19.5221 Nangarhar MohmandDara GerdiGhous (MasjedJamy) 70.96996 34.23387 TW 17.3222 Nangarhar MohmandDara 27 Wyala 70.84839 34.24655 TW 25

41 Paktya SayyidKaram Nora khel 69.37737 33.76376 DW 29.542 Paktya Gardez Khataba 69.19266 33.58677 TW 63

186 Parwan Bagram Bagram city 69.25758 34.69792 DW 14212 Parwan Bagram Shaka 69.25027 34.95955 TW 30246 Samangan Hazrat-e Sultan Center of District 67.89364 36.45701 TW 35247 Samangan Hazrat-e Sultan Gadi 67.89185 36.46904 TW 17.5

8 Wardak MaidanShahr Shahabudin 68.86778 34.32021 DW 109 Wardak Sayyidabad Shikhabdul 68.76060 34.08726 DE 25

10 Wardak Nirkh Dehhayat 68.77547 34.36844 DE 42223 Wardak MaidanShahr Kochi Ha 68.79218 34.44884 TW -282 Baghlan Baghlan Kocha-e-Haji Nezam 68.77253 36.23368 TW 25283 Baghlan BaghlaniJadid BalaZaiBala 68.7542 36.18475 TW 35284 Baghlan Baghlan FabrikaQand, KotiSherkat 68.68694 36.12546 TW 9.7

35

285 Baghlan Baghlan MasjedSafidGerdab 68.89074 36.36433 TW 36286 Baghlan Baghlan Sarak-e-EshanQol 68.78017 36.23779 TW277 Kunduz Kunduz AngorBagh 68.88502 36.66554 TW 29278 Kunduz Aliabad Masjed Kabuli Qeshlaq 68.90825 36.49768 TW 33279 Kunduz Kunduz Mullah Sardar 68.87803 36.77214 TW 27280 Kunduz Kunduz Kocha-e-Abdul Rahman 68.8814 36.73735 TW 33281 Kunduz Kunduz MasjedEbrahimKhalilulah 68.88591 436.7224 TW 26267 Kunar Chawki Baber 70.94994 34.70764 TW 27269 Kunar NurGul Mia Qala 70.77468 34.62309 TW 25270 Kunar Narang Bar Narang 71.06879 34.76793 DW 16.1275 Kunar Asad Abad Kara Mar Manoo 71.12821 34.87052 TW 120266 Nangarhar KuzKonar Bazar Khiwa 70.59361 34.57944 TW 18276 Logar Pol-e Alam Bazar 69.01541 34.00895 TW 35

56 Badghis Ghormach Ab I Garmak 63.83602 35.73567 TW 2275 Badghis Qadis Moqama 63.53416 34.73255 TW 2989 Badghis Qadis DarahBom 63.46245 35.12768 TW

139 Badghis Qala-e Naw ZirTangi 63.02522 35.19443 DW 18154 Badghis Moquor Sanjitak 63.23637 34.98492 TW 26203 Badghis Qala-e Naw BaghDashty 63.1627 34.97381 TW 60115 Baghlan Doshi Calagi 68.78835 35.83504 TW 32117 Baghlan BaghlaniJadid Gerdab 68.89073 36.36446 TW 42118 Baghlan BaghlaniJadid Pashaiha 68.78039 36.23768 TW 28120 Baghlan BaghlaniJadid Gelawgir 68.92041 36.41742 TW 62121 Baghlan Pul-e Khumri Poza EshanQul 68.65024 36.09195 DE 15.8123 Baghlan BaghlaniJadid Baghlan Hospital 68.75075 36.18349 TW 32124 Baghlan Pul-e Khumri KhwajaAlwan 68.55503 36.10606 TW 35

94 Balkh Chimtal Palo 66.7936 36.65803 DW 425 Ghazni Ghazni Arbaba 68.43911 33.54383 TW 607 Ghazni QaraBagh Walikay 68.09195 33.16115 TW 56

171 Ghazni Ghazni Qarabagh Bus Station 68.41882 33.55265 DW 2545 Ghor Pasaband Astarghana 65.12406 33.65857 DW 81.247 Ghor Taiwara ShahrSokhta 64.34017 33.50787 DW 9.948 Ghor LalWaSarjangal Kara 66.31619 34.67457 DW 8.653 Ghor Chaghcharan Ahangaran 65.0678 34.4712 TW 4654 Ghor LalWaSarjangal Espideyual 66.45639 34.47528 DW 8

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44 Hirat Kushk-e Kohna Shulyji 62.6562 34.78552 DW 11.363 Hirat Shindand Samizai 62.19654 33.18905 TW70 Hirat Adraskan Zulm Abad 62.15838 33.55578 TW 20.472 Hirat Gulran Kariz I Kar 61.65043 35.01271 TW 40.273 Hirat Pashtun Zarghun Salimi 62.49703 34.25212 TW77 Hirat Pashtun Zarghun Marwa 2 62.90203 34.24429 DW 13.279 Hirat Shindand Qalai Pain 61.9313 33.26911 TW85 Hirat Chesht-e Sharif Sargaz 64.05972 34.34393 DW 12.487 Hirat Obeh Center 63.17507 34.37196 DW11 Kabul Sarobi NawayQala 69.74756 34.60645 DE 20

105 Kabul Kabul AqaAlis Sham 69.15499 34.48169 TW38 Kandahar Kandahar LoyaWialah 65.7147 31.63269 TW 4139 Kandahar Panjwai House I Madad 65.3023 31.56131 TW 46

101 Kandahar Kandahar 65.82175 31.58345 TW103 Kandahar Kandahar 65.70087 31.61665 DW

29 Khost Bak Kotkay (Pasachagan) 70.04154 33.50895 TW 6540 Khost Speyra Zandataga 69.55567 33.2337 TW 41

129 Kunduz Imam Sahib Kanam (Beshkapa) 68.84108 37.15388 TW 25130 Kunduz Char Dara Duwandi (Tajakan) 68.80779 36.69709 TW 25131 Kunduz Char Dara AqSaray 68.74655 36.72267 TW 30132 Kunduz Aliabad Hazara (Mohammad Husain) 68.90517 36.541 TW 35133 Kunduz Kunduz OrtabulqQaraqashlaq (Haji Naim) 68.88548 36.6582 TW 31.5134 Kunduz Kunduz Al Chin 68.86592 36.79553 DW 9.4135 Kunduz Imam Sahib QaraKuterma 68.69389 37.15 DW 25

14 Parwan Bagram Shahieya 69.22398 34.96389 TW 34.5

37