Ab-initio simulations of matter at extreme conditions: a window into the centers of planets
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Ab-initio simulations of matter at extreme conditions: a window into the centers of planets
Sandro Scandolo(ICTP, Trieste, Italy)
Joint ICTP-TWAS Caribbean School 2012
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Scandolo & Jeanloz, American Scientist 2003 Scandolo & Jeanloz, American Scientist (2003)
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Scandolo & Jeanloz, American Scientist (2003)
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Diamond Graphite
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Materials SciencePlanetary Science
High pressure in
1951: the first man-made diamonds
1991: Earth’s core conditionsreproduced in the laboratory
Physics
1935: prediction ofmetallic hydrogen
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Shock waves Diamond anvil cell
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Scandolo & Jeanloz, American Scientist (2003)
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Quantum simulations: The “standard model”
HE
Schroedinger equationfor electrons
“Molecular dynamics” for atomsMa = F = -dE/dR
“Ab-initio” molecular dynamics = Classical molecular dynamics in the potential energy surface generated by the electrons in their quantum ground state
Electron charge density in SiO2 stishovite
R. Cohen
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Water and methane at planetary conditions
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60% molar fraction
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phase diagram of water from first principles
C. Cavazzoni et al., Science 283, 44 (1999) Experimental confirmation (?)of superionic phase: A. Goncharov et al.,Phys. Rev. Lett. (2006)
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SuperionicWater
P = 150 GPaT = 2500 K
Proton diffusion by hopping
Oxygen sublattice remains crystalline
C. Cavazzoni et al., Science 283, 44 (1999)
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H2O+CH4+NH3
Marvin Ross, “Diamonds in the sky”Nature (1981)
Methane was found to dissociate under a shock wave
Scandolo & Jeanloz, American Scientist (2003)
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Dissociation of methane at extreme (planetary) conditions
F. Ancilotto et al., Science 275, 1288 (1997)
Compressed methane Compressed methane after heating to 4000 K
L.R. Benedetti et al., Science 283, 100 (1999)
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92% molar fraction
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CH4 / H2O mixtures at extreme conditions
92% of the Uranus and Neptune ice layer
Fluid inclusions, abiogenic formation of methane
Prototype of hydrophobic interactions
How corrosive is ionized water?
Methane hydrate clathrates
SIMULATIONS: 26 CH4 + 38 H2O at 4 different P-T
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Methane / water mixture at 50 GPa
Fast proton diffusion by proton hopping between adjacent molecules
Methane “attacked” by ionized water
Occasional formation of C-O bonds
No formation of longer hydrocarbons (C-C bonds)
M.-S. Lee and S. Scandolo,Nature Comm. 2011
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>90% molar fraction
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E. Wigner and H.B. Huntington“On the possibility of a metallic modification of hydrogen”
J. Chem. Phys. 3, 764 (1935)
Hemley and Mao, Rev Mod Phys
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?
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• At which depth does hydrogen become an electrical conductor?• Is metallization accompanied by a sharp density change?
?
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Molecular to non-molecular transition
S. Scandolo, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2003
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Down to Earth…
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How hot is the centre of the Earth?
liqui
dso
lidInner core (solid Fe) Outer core
(liquid Fe)Mantle
The temperature at the inner core boundary coincides with the melting temperature of Fe at 330 GPa
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A number of mineral physics phenomena are difficult to address or even beyond reach for first-principles simulations, because of time scale and size limitations.
Examples include
thermal conductivity
highly viscous silicate melts
melting temperatures (some aspects of)
rheological properties at high T
etc…
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The “optimized” potential method
“Optimized” potential at P,T
A. Laio et al, Science 287, 1027 (2000)
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P. Tangney and S. ScandoloJCP 117, 8898 (2002)
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Inner-Outer core boundary
A. Laio et al, Science 287, 1027 (2000)
Our results
Shock waveexperiments
Static experiments
DFT-basedcalculation byAlfe’ et al
Liquid Fe
Solid Fe
How hot is the Earth’s core?
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D. Stevenson, Nature 423, 239 (2003)
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Thanks to:
M.-S. LeeM. FontanaL. GiacomazziJ. ChristieY. Liang ICTPA. YoungA. Hernandez Nieves J. MontoyaR. RousseauC. MirandaP. Tangney
A. LaioS. SerraE. Tosatti SISSAF. Tassone
G. Profeta L’Aquila
R. CarX. Wang Princeton
...and a countless number of experimentalists...