ANATOMY OF A HOMEANATOMY OF A HOMEPART 1: ROOFS AND WINDOWSPART 1: ROOFS AND WINDOWS

CONTENTSCONTENTS

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Roof Investigation..................................2Gable...........................................2Hip...............................................3Shed...........................................3,4Gambrel......................................4Jerkinhead..................................5Mansard.....................................5,6Dutch Hip...................................6

Dormers...................................................7

Components of a Roof..........................9

Window Investigation............................10Casement..................................10Awning.......................................11Fixed..........................................12Bow/Bay....................................13Double Hung.............................15Hopper.......................................16Sliding........................................17 Roof/Sky....................................18Transom.....................................19Palladian....................................20

Componenets of a Finished Window..21

Components of an UnfinishedWindow....................................................22

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ROOF ROOF INVESTIGATIONINVESTIGATION

The roof is one of the most important structures of a home The roof is one of the most important structures of a home and is also one of the most complex to build. Roofs pro-and is also one of the most complex to build. Roofs pro-vide protection from the elements of weather in the area the vide protection from the elements of weather in the area the house has been built. Roof types are determined by the an-house has been built. Roof types are determined by the an-gle and slope of the roof as well as the number of faces or gle and slope of the roof as well as the number of faces or planes. Each type of roof is designed towards the climateplanes. Each type of roof is designed towards the climateand location a home is built in. Roofs must be able to handle and location a home is built in. Roofs must be able to handle

GABLEGABLEA gable roof has two sloped sides which create limited space for a possible second floor beneath. The slope of a gable roof typically matches on both sides and can be a primary or secondary roof form. These roofs are triangular and al-low snow and rain to run off easily, especially with a steeper slope. Gable roofs end with an end wall that is an upwards extension of the exterior wall of the home.

HIP

SHEDSHED

A hip roof is much like a gable roof, but instead of an end wall there is another roof plane add-ed at the ends. This roofing style is typically found on prairie style homes, but can be applied to many other types. It protects the house outside and in from weather elements such as rain, wind, and sun with its deep overhangs on all sides of the home. Hip roofs are typically pitched at medium slopes to allow rain to easily run off while still creating a large eave for protection.

A shed roof has one single slope that can range from flat to very steep and can be used as a pri-mary or secondary roof structure. Like a gable roof, a shed roof al-lows for the easy run off of snow and rain, but typically offers little protection with the use of eaves.

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GAMBRELGAMBREL

A Gambrel roof has four total slopes with two of the four on each side of the home. Like a gable roof, the ends of a gambrel are open and have end walls to enclose thehome. From the side, a gambrel roof looks more like a bell than a triangle. This type of roof is com-monly found on barns, but is also used on homes. If the area of roof with a lower pitch is minimized these homes can become efficient in cooler climates because there will be less area for snow to col-lect. Gambrel roofs are an asset to a home with an upper floor or with a dormer because they cre-ate more head space and in turn more living space in upper stories.

Shed roofs are the easiest roofs to build and can have large dor-mers that extend the length of the home to increase interior space on upper floors.

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JERKINHEADJERKINHEAD

A jerkinhead roof looks like a ga-ble roof in most aspects except that it also has a small hip on the ends. This means that a home with this roof type must still have an end wall to enclose the liv-ing space. The small hip helps with wind turbulence, and creates a small eave that can shelter upper windows from weather if there is a deep enough eave.

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MANSARDMANSARD

A mansard roof is similar to a hip roof in that it slopes from all four sides and can have deep eaves. However, a mansard has an almost flat top and is typically steeper in its slopes. In the house pictured on the left the mansard part of the roof is the seccond story.

DUTCH DUTCH HIPHIP

A dutch hip roof is a combination of a gable roof and a hip roof. The ridge on Dutch hip roofs end with a small end wall that is then inter-sected by a pent, which is an ad-ditional roof that creates a hip on the home. Often these roofs are used so that a window can be installed on the end wall without having to cre-ate a dormer. By installing a window on the end wall more living space and ventilation are allowed into the home.

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A second story can easily be added underneath the man-sard roof without having to add height to the walls of the home. In the Cook-Rutledge mansion the upper tower above the attic space has a mansard roof and is currently used as a look out room.

DORMERSDORMERS

Dormers are structural elements added to a building that are placed Dormers are structural elements added to a building that are placed on the plane of the sloping surface of the roof. They can be many on the plane of the sloping surface of the roof. They can be many different sizes and shapes but are constructed for the benefit of different sizes and shapes but are constructed for the benefit of added living space that they provide. A dormer creates extra living added living space that they provide. A dormer creates extra living space by adding height to a space, which in turn also adds width to space by adding height to a space, which in turn also adds width to the room making it larger as a whole. Dormers also enable the use the room making it larger as a whole. Dormers also enable the use of windows to improve the view, indoor light quality, and ventilation of windows to improve the view, indoor light quality, and ventilation on an upper floor. Along with being spacially beneficial, dormers are on an upper floor. Along with being spacially beneficial, dormers are also used in homes for aesthetic reasons such as making a home also used in homes for aesthetic reasons such as making a home look less boxy and adding visual height to a home.look less boxy and adding visual height to a home.

This dormer is a small singular window dormer that is covered by a shed roof. The home is covered by a gambrel style roof that, as stated, provides maximum headroom and living space. This dormer, al-though only equipped with one win-dow, is most likely used for extra ventilation, light, and view from the second story.

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This dormer hosts a shed roof and is a secondary structure on a gable roof. It is a long dormer that spans almost the entire house length cre-ating a much larger interior spacethan a standard gable roof would allow for. Four windows are present to allow more light and fresh air to infiltrate the upper floor.

These dormers are flat shed roofs off of a primary gable roof. They are unique because unlike most dormers which create a visual continuation of a lower wall these share a wall with the lower story. To do this the dor-mer windows extend below the pri-mary roof line. Most dormers make a home appear taller, but on this home the dormers create a squat, cramped effect because of their positioning.

The dormer pictured to the left has a unique roof as, a cross between a hip and a jerkinhead. It is a longer to create more space on the inte-rior of the home, but the roof type subtracts some of the headroom that could potentially be used. This dor-mer hosts three windows to allow light into the space as well as im-prove the view and ventilation of the second story.

This dormer is small, with a gable roof and two windows. It is a second-ary roof off of a large gable, both of which have slopes that will allow water to run off easily. Decorative elements such as carved woodwork and roof raf-ters can be seen on this dormer. Thesedecorative elements appear to be for purely aesthetic reasons and lend the exterior of the home interesting de-tails.

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COMPONENTS OF A COMPONENTS OF A ROOFROOF

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RAKE:Located at the gable end, it is the “upside down V” or inclined edge of the roof.

GABLE: Th e slanted portion that makes up the roof slope, creates a trianglar end wall that results from the application of a gable roof.

RIDGE:Th e horazontal line formed from the slope of two roof planes. Located at the higest point of a roof. VALLEY:

Th e “V” created where two sloping roof planes meet. Located at the low point of a roof.

EAVE:Th e edge of a roof that projects over the gable wall to protect the home.

WINDOW INVESTIGATIONWINDOW INVESTIGATION

Windows on a house provide openings for natural light toWindows on a house provide openings for natural light tocome into the interior of the home. They also provide a means of come into the interior of the home. They also provide a means of egress in case of an emergency. Windows can affect privacy due egress in case of an emergency. Windows can affect privacy due to their placement, along with views in or out of the home. Of-to their placement, along with views in or out of the home. Of-ten, one of the selling points of a house is the view provided by ten, one of the selling points of a house is the view provided by windows. Another use for windows is ventilation for fresh air. Well windows. Another use for windows is ventilation for fresh air. Well placed windows can provide cross ventilation, which is ideal during placed windows can provide cross ventilation, which is ideal during the summer months to reduce energy costs.

CASEMENTCASEMENTA Casement window is a vertical in-stallation and it looks and functions like a door. It can open to have 100% ventilation. With a casement window, the view outside isuninterrupted by any window el-ements creating an unobstructed view. One element to look at on a casement window is where the win-dow swings out. It is best to place them so that the window will not interfere with window coverings or the physical space outside the win-dow.

This house looks to be newly re-modeled, around the 1990s due to its nicer siding. The house itself looks to be a 70s style split-level. The casement windows located at the top are new in appearance as well, but this could be due to the remodel. 10

AWNINGAWNING

The house to the left is a single level house with a basement. The style appears to be ether ranch or rambler which was a popular de-sign in the 1940s. The casement window located at the back of the house is different than the double hung and picture windows at the front, indicating there could have been a remodel done at some point on the house.

Awning windows are a horizontal in-stallation and are mostly found on garages or as smaller secondary win-dows in a room. They are hinged from the top and swing outward at the bottom, making them look like an awning. Awning windows have 100% ventilation as the entire window pane can swing open and also have an un-obstructed view to the outside. Since they open from the top these win-dows also offer protection from rain and harsh winds that may enter the home with other window types.

This house was recently built in 2005. Though the trim and window are new, the traditional style implies the in-fluence from an earlier time period.

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This house on the leftt located in Woodburry MN, was in the process of being built this year (2011). Though this house is brand new the traditional awning window cre-ates a vintage Although the awning window is an older type of window, it still fits with the new vintage of the house.

FIXEDFIXED

The house pictured above looks to be a ranch style house made in the 1940s because of its ranch style. The fixed window framed by two double hung windows sup-ports the style of this house with its large fixed picture window and the simple double hung.

A Fixed window is a vertical instal-lation and typically holds one large pane of glass for an unobstructed view. They come in a variety of sizes and proportions, and are also known as picture windows. It is called a fixed window because it cannot open and its function is limited to provid-ing light and giving a space a view.

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This house was built in 2005. The fixed window is disguised to look like the casement windows that surround it rather than a picture window that would actually date the house. The main difference between this type of picture window and the other we provided is the propor-tion, this window has more of a vertical look to it compaired to the typical horazontal application of a picture window.

BOW/BAYBOW/BAYA Bow or Bay window is a hori-zontal installation and can consist of many different window types. Though they are mainly seen with a fixed window in the middle with two operable windows, all three windows can be fixed, casement, or double hung. These windows be-cause of their placement jutting out from the rest of the home provide a better view as well as extra space in the house.

The house to the left appears to be an older home that has since been remodeled. It was most likely built in the 40s and this more traditional window style makes the house look like it is from that era.

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The picture on the right appears to be from a house also built in the 40s or earlier. The bay window also references the Victorian era when this type of window style became popular. In fact the bay window dates as far back as 1870.

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A Double Hung window is a ver-tical installation and is the most commonly used window on houses. These windows have two sashes and can open up to 50% of the open-ing from either the top or bottom. These windows can provide good air flow and ventilation to a home as well as natural light. Some double hung windows will have muntin and divided lights on the top or bottom section of the window that reflect an older time period where large panes of glass were harder to come by.

The double hung windows on the brick house from the 1920s to 40s reflects the time era the house was built in. The glazing is not even sized as the bottom portion is lon-ger than the top. The muntins on the upper half of the double hung set also date the house to the 20s to 40s.

This house looks to be built in the 60s or 70s. The double hung win-dow, which is the most common window, does affect the style of the house as it gives the house a ver-tical look, making it seem taller with little to no horazontal window styles.

DOUBLE DOUBLE HUNGHUNG

HOPPERHOPPERA Hopper window is a horizontal in-stallation and in most homes is typi-cally found on top of a foundation wall of a basement. They can however be used in other areas of the house. To do this the interior space used by the open window must be taken into account to prevent injury. Hoppers are opposite of awning windows as the hinge is on the bottom of the window and opens to the inside.

The left house's vintage is around the 1930s to 40s. This is an old home with what looks to be a brick foundation. The hopper window lo-cated at the top of the foundation will help to ventilate, and provide light to the basement.

The house's brick foundation is the same style foundation as the house pictured above. The hopper windows shown have muntins and lights, making it more aesthetically pleas-ing. The vintage of the house looks to be around the 40s to 50s.

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SLIDINGSLIDING

A Sliding window is a horizontal window that slides open from the sides much like a double hung window opens from the top or bottom. These windows only provide 50% ventilation at a time, but are still considered to give good venti-lation, lighting, and a view to a home.

This apartment building's vintage is around the 1950s. The sliding windows are framed in aluminum dating the complex to the indicated time frame.

Shown to the left is a sliding win-dow on a 1970s split level house, with muntins and new framing.

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TRANSOMTRANSOM A Transom window is a window that is typically located above a door or an-other set of windows. They are installed horizontally and are mostly used as decorative elements on a home. Tran-som windows can be used on the ex-terior and interior of a home; for an exterior window, the windows are often fixed and interior windows are often unfixed.

The above 50s brick house has an arched transom window above the front door.

The windows above from a house built in 2005 have decorative tansom win-dows added to the top of both the front and back windows.

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ROOF/SKYROOF/SKY

A Roof or Sky window can be applied both vertically and horizontally to a roof slope to provide extra light to a space. Though these windows can sig-nificantly increase the amount of day-light coming into a home, they can also be considered weaknesses because they are known to leak. Roof windows can be fixed or can have componentsthat open to allow for better ventila-tion of a home.

Above is a 1950s ranch style house with an addition of a three season porch where these skylights are locat-ed.

Shown to the left is a log home built in the early 2000s from the interior of a home. The sky lights are an ad-dition to the steep gable roof to allow welcome daylight into the space.

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PALLADIANPALLADIANA Palladian window is a large three part window. The center window in a Palladian installation usually has an arched top section and is larger than the two side windows. Side windows are smaller than the central window in that they are usually slimmer and shorter.

The houses pictured with palladian windows both appear to be American Foursquare homes built in the early 1900s. The homes are also similar in that they are two-and-a-half-stories and use palladian windows to deco-rate the dormers. With this style of window there is a clear reference of earlier architectural history dating back to the 1500s.

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COMPONENTS OF A COMPONENTS OF A FINISHED WINDOWFINISHED WINDOW

MUNTIN: A bar or strip of wood on a window that sepa-rates and holds panes of glass in place.

GLAZING: Th e window pane or piece of glass.

LIGHTS: Th e little sec-tions of glazing held in place by muntins.

SASH: Frame that holds the pane of glass.

RAIL: Th e bar extending horizontally between sup-ports of a window sash. Usually on top and bottom.

STILE: Th e vertical member of a window frame or sash.

EXTERIOR CASING:Th e frame or frame work around a window. (not shown/built on a brick house)

INTERIOR CASING:Th e interior frame or framework around the window (Usually decorative).

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COMPONENTS OF AN COMPONENTS OF AN UNFINISHED WINDOWUNFINISHED WINDOW

ROUGH OPENING: Th e opening in the frame of a house where a window will be placed.

HEADER R.O.:Th e fraiming member that runs horizontally over the top of the window to spread and support the weight of the other elements.

DOUBLE STUD JAM: Th e double stud that helps hold the window in place and distribute weight.

SILL R.O.: Th e fraiming member that runs horizontal at the bottom to help spread and support the weight away from the glass.

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STUD:In light construction, the vertical members of a wall section.

ANATOMY OF A HOUSE . PART 1 . 9-19-2011