Aa swm-overviw

Municipal Solid Waste Management

in

Addis Ababa City

An Overview

Office of Health and Environmental Sanitation

Addis Ababa City Health Bureau

January 2002

Addis Ababa

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Table of contents

Contents Page

Preface 3

1. Introduction 4

2. Geography & demography 4

3. Situation overview 5

3.1 Institutional bases 5

3.1.1 Public sector 5

3.1.2 Small scale businesses 5

3.1.3 NGOs 5

3.2 Manpower 5

3.3 Budget 6

3.4 Sanitation fee 6

3.5 Public toilet services in Addis Ababa 6

3.6 Solid waste stream in Addis Ababa 6

3.6.1 Quantity of waste generation 6

3.6.2 Source of solid waste 7

3.6.3 Physical composition 7

3.6.4 Chemical composition 7

3.6.5 Hazardous waste situation 8

3.7 Solid waste management stream in Addis Ababa 8

3.7.1 Collection system 8

3.7.2 Coverage of each collection system 8

3.8 Frequency of collection 9

3.9 Transport system 9

3.10 Solid waste processing and treatment 10

3.10.1 Composting and recycling 10

3.10.2 Disposal and Mining 10

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3.11 Legal system 10

4. System constraints 10

4.1 Funds and cost recovery system 11

4.2 Collection stations and disposal site 11

4.3 Manpower development 11

4.4 Waste disposal equipment handling and provision 11

4.5 Cooperation of the population 11

4.6 Management structure and institutional bases 11

4.7 Incentives system 12

4.8 Participation of private sector 12

4.9 Solid waste disposal and treatment measures 12

5. Main goals 12

6. Strategy 13

7. Conclusion 13

8. References 14

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Preface

Waste management is one of the key issues in urban centers of Ethiopia and attention should be

given from its crucial importance to urban management since urban centers are going to play an

increasing role in economic and social development of the country.

Since Addis Ababa is among the forefront growing cities of Ethiopia there is no doubt that waste

management in the city will serve as references, if not model, for other Ethiopian regional capital

cities and towns. This document presents an overview of solid waste management system of

Addis Ababa City.

Fikru Tessma (B.Sc, MSc)

Head of The Office

P.O.Box: 213431

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

e-Mail: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

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1. INTRODUCTION

Today, environmental protection is becoming one of the most important and urgent issues for

policy makers and administrators of urban centers of developing countries to consider

because of:

- The rapid population growth that increases environmental problems,

- The ever-increasing demand for the improvement of the urban environment,

- The quantity and diverse nature of waste,

- The funding limitation for public service, and

- The impacts of emerging technology and limitation in both energy and raw

materials.

Addis Ababa, among the forefront growing cities of Ethiopia, has been established as the

capital city of Ethiopia in 1887 by emperor Menelik on the Entoto hills, then later moved

down to the plains below. As the surrounding countryside was denuded of timber and fuel

wood, the capital moved to places where wood was available. The planting of a fast growing

eucalyptus species in 1895 enabled the capital to remain and expand with decreasing of the

species at its current situation. Its north ward expansion has, and still is, prevented by the

steep slopes of the Entoto hills. The city has thus expanded east and west along the foot of

the hills, more recently southwards out on to the plains.

Beside the physical lay out of the city, that creates inaccessibility of the residents to some

services including waste management services, it is not well planned. With these and some

other complexities of the situations, environmental development is the one that poorly

developed and protection is also inefficient.

2. GEOGRAPHY & DEMOGRAPHY

Addis Ababa has 2200 – 2800 m of altitude above sea level with climate varies from season

of summer, warm, to winter, cool seasons. Addis Ababa City has a size of 53,915 hectares.

Some 24% is residential while 7% is used by government institutions and urban services, 6%

by light and heavy Industry, with the remaining 62% covered by agricultural land, forestry

and other open spaces.

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The Addis Ababa City Government is one of the chartered cities and its City Council is

headed by a president having executive committee engaged in day to day activities and

members of the council’s house. Administratively, the city is divided in 28 woredas and 328

kebeles. Keble is the lowest organ with an average population of 6000 - 7000 dwellers.

The total population of Addis Ababa is 2.7 million with 5.2 persons per households;

however, as to the current situation it is estimated to be about 3 million. The population is

projected to grow at 3.8% per annum.

The majority of people struggle with poverty of below subsistence: up to 100 Birr per month,

101 – 400 birr per month and 400+ per month with 56.7%, 35.1% and 8% population

respectively.

The population age structure (the pyramids) shows that 0 –14 years accounts for about

31.7%, 15 – 64 years 65.6% and 65+ 2.7%. About 40% of the population dwell in highly

densely areas (400 persons/ha).

The majority of the population (97%) lives in non-storied residential units with an average of

2.57 rooms per housing units. Elementary sanitary facilities such as garbage bins and sewer

lines are lacking in most housing units. Over 22% of the households have no toilet facilities.

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3. SITUATION OVERVIEW

Addis Ababa has commenced its SWM service over three decades back with a very limited

resource.

3.1 Institutional Bases

3.1.1 Public Sector

Currently, the Addis Ababa City Health Bureau is engaged in the handling of municipal

solid waste and providing of public toilet (PTS) services since 1994. At regional level,

Waste Management Department in charge of SWM and PTS in the city. At zonal and

woreda level there are Coordinators

.

3.1.2 Small Scale Businesses

There are some small scale businesses (about 11) involved in primary collection of

household wastes by using manual carts with 119 crewmen and over 300m3 garbage

collection per week. This system of collection needs up-grading to bring a significant

change to MSWM service coverage.

3.1.3 NGOs

The NGOs involved, to some extent, are ENDA-Ethiopia, promotes Integrated Solid

Waste Management in Woreda-12, 22 & 26; Plan International, provides dustbin for

households in Woreda-12 & 13; and Women Aid-Ethiopia, has organized primary

collection in Woreda-26.

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3.2 Manpower

There are 1036 workers (permanent) out of which 60% and 36% are practically engaged

in the operation of municipal solid waste management and public toilet services

respectively and 6 professionals in the field and 21 administrative staffs at regional, 6 at

zonal and 26 at woreda level and on the contract bases 276 sanitary guards.

Type Qualification

Grade 12 & Below B.Sc. B.A Diploma

Professionals

In the field

Others

1

1

36

Administrative staff 19 2

Crewmen:

Public (HB)

Small Scale Business

1036

119

Sanitary guards 276

Total 1450 1 3 36

3.3 Budget

The annual recurrent budget is 8 mill. birr or 0.945 mill. USD and capital budget is 0.7 mill. birr

or 0.0833 mill. USD in which:

Cost share for each type of expenses:

- for salary 46%

- for truck operation 36%

- for disposal 18%

Cost share by type of activities:

- for collection 21%

- for transport 46%

- for street sweeping 15%

- for disposal 18%

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3.4 Sanitation fee

Households do not pay sanitation fee but some institutions in the form of fee and chat

providers in the form of tax pay not more than 3-4 million and 18-20 million birr per year

respectively. Some institutions, that generate large volume of waste, are also pay as a

service charge at a rate of 11 birr per cu.m.

3.5 Public toilet services in Addis Ababa

There are 74 public toilets in the city with 565 seats and serve on the average 1.7 thousand

to 2.0 thousand people per day. At present a total of 167 m3 of sewerage per day is

transported to the treatment plant (oxidation ponds located at south and south east of the

city) from septic tanks of the toilets by using vacuum trucks.

3.6 Solid Waste Stream in Addis Ababa

3.6.1 Quantity of Waste Generation

The quantity of solid waste generation units and its handling was unclear until 1982 when a

Norconsultant first published its study findings. The second study was made by the French

Mission in the year 1986. The third available study was made by Louis Berger International

in collaboration with the Addis Ababa City Health Bureau in the year 1994 and 1995.

The last study was made by Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission in

collaboration with the Addis Ababa City Administration and Addis Ababa University

Engineering Faculty, which mainly focuses on technological options for waste treatment in

the year 2000.

Typical estimates on urban solid waste generation in less developed countries are as

follows:

- Domestic solid waste 0.2 – 0.8 kg/capita/day

- Commercial waste 0.1 – 0.2 kg/capita/day

- Street sweepings 0.05 – 0.2 kg/capita/day

- Institutional waste 0.05 – 0.2 kg/capita/day

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The typical density range of MSW for some industrialized countries is also 100 – 150

kg/m3, for middle income countries 175 – 330 kg/ m

3 and for low income countries 250 –

650 kg/ m3,

According to the Luis Berger consult study, the unit of domestic waste generation of per

capita per day is 0.221 kg per day and density is also 336kg/m3 (1994 Study). This study

result is very close to the situation of Addis Ababa City and can be used for planning

purposes. The municipal solid waste collection service coverage is estimated at 65% of the

total generation in the city.

3.6.2 Sources of solid waste

Of the total solid waste generated in the city, major portion is from households and significant

amount from industries and street sweepings and the rest from commercial areas and hotels and

very small amount is from hospital.

3.6.3 Physical Composition

The percentage composition by weight for combustible materials (leaves, grass, etc) is 22%,

for non-combustible (stone, etc) 3%, for fines greater than 10mm size (food waste, straws,

etc) 34%, for fines (ashes) less than 10 mm size 28% and for recyclable materials (paper,

wood, metals, plastics, rubber, etc) 13%.

The organic component of the solid waste of Addis Ababa constitutes about 70% by weight

(1994 Study).

3.6.4 Chemical Composition

No available data was found about the chemical composition of the municipal solid waste of

Addis Ababa. However, from the data available for developing countries’ cities, it can be

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predicted that organic substances (C, N, H) compose about 40 – 50% by weight, inorganic

substances (P, K) 20 – 30% and moisture about 30 - 40% by weight for a typical municipal

solid waste.

3.6.5 Hazardous Waste Situation

Some hazardous wastes are still admitted to the landfill of Addis Ababa for disposal

unknowingly. The improper hazardous waste management system deserves the degradation

and pollution of the environment in the order of sustaining health risks among the exposed

population.

3.6.6 Landfill Atmospheric Emission and Leachate

Methane emission from MSW accounts for 61% of the total emissions of waste sector and

from Addis Ababa City landfills accounts for 18% of the total emissions of urban centers

of Ethiopia.

Based on the IPCC method of estimation, the amount of emission of methane for the last

ten years is estimated at 5343 – 5645 tons per year from Addis Ababa City landfill (2001

Study). The nature of Rapi landfill leachate is not yet known. Sometimes hazardous wastes

are also admitted for disposal in the landfill unknowingly.

3.7 Solid Waste Management Stream in Addis Ababa

3.7.1 Collection System

Most households (HH) have no proper dustbin for storage in their yards, but, few HHs

have dustbin of size ranging from 60 - 100L. There exist different types of collection

systems for the city MSW management, namely: door-to-door/block, communal collections

and street sweeping and emptying of the sewage sludge of septic tanks of the public toilets

(PT), shelters and health institutions (HI).

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It is facilitated by five types of truck: side-loader, compactor, route-packer, container lifter

and vacuum trucks and street cleaners. The 8 and 1.1 m3

containers usually represent mini

transfer stations at communal points of collection and dustbin on the streets for rubbish

collection that covers 14 km street.

3.7.2 Coverage of each collection system

4. Door-to-door service/block:

Municipal 31%

Small scale business 5%

5. Communal service:

Containers (8 m3) 33%

Containers (1.1m3) 23%

6. Street sweeping 8%

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Se. No Treatment /Processing Public Sector Remarks

1 No. of Transfer Station:

Standard

Mini

None

Skips

512

2 No. of Compost plant None

3 No. of Incineration plant None

4 No. of landfill 1 Unsanitary

5 No. of Recovery plant None

6 No. of Vehicles for SW collection 78 Minus Vacuum

trucks

7 Transportation rate (Truck/Driver/Day)

1.4

8 Average No. of trips (Trip/Vehicle/Day)

To disposal

To mini transfer station

3.5

16

9 Population per refuse vehicle (P:RV) 34615:1

10 Population per crewmen (P:CM)

Available

Standard

2606:1

1000:1

11 Expenditure per capita:

ETB

US$

3.22

0.38

12 Expenses per M3

SW:

ETB per M3

US$ per M3

21

2.45

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3.8 Frequency of Collection

The frequency of collection is based on the type of collection systems. For door-to-door and

block collection service, it is every one - two weeks in serviced areas.

The average frequency of emptying of the skips is estimated at 4-7 days for the 8m3

containers and on daily basis for 1.1 m3 containers. The septic tanks of PT are emptied every

other day and for shelters & HI as need arise.

3.9 Transport System

It is direct hauling for block and door-to-door collection services. In some cases for door-to-

door collection services, there is a sort of transporting to mini transfer station and from mini

transfer station to the landfill. It is also direct hauling for container collection services.

Truck routing is done at woreda level by solid waste management coordinators and for

vacuum trucks at regional level.

3.10 Solid Waste Processing and Treatment

3.10.1 Composting and Recycling

The public sector has nothing to do with processing of solid waste. There is no waste

recovery system or operation, composting, waste-to-energy and source reduction and

separation at point of generation. But, some scavengers practice an informal type of solid

waste recovery at landfill site. They recover plastics, rubber, bottles, metals and

combustible materials that can be used as a fuel. Some other informal groups also recover

some components of solid waste at its source.

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3.10.2 Disposal and Mining

The method employed to dispose refuses is disposal on land. The existing disposal site

called Rapi dump yard is the only site for disposal of municipal solid wastes for the last 37

years and situated southwest of the city with a total area of 25 hectares. Currently, it is

filled with garbage and needs rehabilitation.

The already disposed refuse is estimated to be more than 8.9 million cubic meters or 3

million tones. The landfill operational procedure is unsanitary. It is simply spreading and

leveling by using the bulldozers and compacting by steel studded wheel compactor. There

is also no atmospheric emission and leachate control and soil cover. There is no mining for

the already decomposed wastes placed in the LF as a fertilizer or land reclaim.

There are 3 new proposed sites by the master plan for landfilling and each with 6-10

hectares in size and situated at eastern, western and southern part of the city. They are not

yet developed.

3.11 Legal System

There is no waste policy at federal or regional level. A regulations for pollution control is

under process and no guidelines for private waste operators. The only laws and regulations

are the Legal Notice of the Addis Ababa City Government and the Public Health Law of

the Ministry of Health. They are operational community health regulations and laws.

Based on the current policy issues, the City Council of Addis Ababa also considers its

responsibility for waste management among issues requiring top priorities; gives due

attention to up-grade solid waste management and public toilets services and reinforce the

legal aspects as regards to beautification and environmental protection in the city with the

involvement of private sector and community participation.

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4. SYSTEM CONSTRAINTS

The situation of WM problems in other parts of the world is to a certain extent similar;

because WM has become one of the most important environmental issues in terms of

pollution control, finance and health.

4.1 Funds and cost recovery system

The public sector is not organized as a profit making organization. The resource available for

solid waste management is not sufficient and a cost recovery system is also absent. Specific

waste collection taxes are not well organized and funds are derived from the general income

of the city government.

As a consequence, economics of scale of equipment and facilities are seldom recognized.

The expensive parts of the system like waste collection, transport & disposal equipment and

public toilets have started to deteriorate.

4.2 Collection stations and disposal site

The physical layout of a city, road condition, disposal sites and increase of waste generation

determines the collection system. Most of the inner part of the city is not accessible for trucks

thus the skips are placed near/on the main roads and wastes should be carried manually from

the households to the skips. The landfill site located at one direction also affects frequency of

collection and also incurs transport cost.

4.3 Manpower development

Number of crewmen is 40% of the total need and shortage of qualified professionals are also

problems to be addressed. As a result, much more effort is needed to strength solid waste

management services.

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4.4 Waste disposal equipment handling and provision

There is no well-organized specialized central or discenteralized truck parking and effective

and efficient garage service. As a consequence, it is not possible to have spare truck for daily

activities to make the collection and transport system sustainable. As a result, collection and

transport systems are becoming the most inefficient part of the service. The number of refuse

trucks should increase annually by 13% of the existing fleet to sustain truck availability and

cope up with the ever increasing demands for the handling of waste generation.

4.5 Cooperation of the population

Irrespective of who carries and places waste in the skips and trucks is still demanding the

cooperation of the population to be corrected. The cooperation from population becomes

more and more important in the SW collection and storage System and utilization of public

toilets properly. This is the case in the City of Addis Ababa: collection and storage system

of solid waste that has been performed is unsatisfactory. As a result, open drains, spaces and

rivers are the places where wastes end up.

4.6 Management structure and institutional bases

With respect to the institutional arrangement and management structure, they are not set in

the most responsive manner and this greatly affects work coordination, control, monitoring

and evaluation mechanisms.

4.7 Incentives system

The general and social status of motivation system for workers of WM is still low and a

barrier to give good quality of services. Salaries for management staff and workers are also

low and jobs within such organization are not attractive to most careers minded qualified

personnel.

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4.8 Participation of private sector

The involvement of the government alone and lack of private sector involvement in SWM

and PTS are becoming the main important parts to be considered for their implication on

collection and disposal of wastes in the city. Especially collection is labour intensive and it

is not an easy task for the public sector to carry out alone.

4.9 Solid waste disposal and treatment measures

The existing landfill is unsanitary and creates environmental pollution to the surrounding

areas. Treatment options like composting, recycling and waste to energy are totally absent.

Transporting all wastes to one landfill is not economical because it incurs landfilling

operational costs and increases atmospheric emissions.

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5. MAIN GOALS

The main goals with in the solid waste sector target a system for Addis Ababa City that will

help to develop a sound waste management towards economically affordable,

environmentally effective and socially acceptable services.

Mainly this includes:

Private sector involvement:

- To solve institutional deficiency and improve capacity.

- To increase service coverage and access every citizens.

An acceptable standard collection system:

- To improve collection technique and make the facilities

attractive and acceptable.

- To avoid unsighty condition and increase

environmental attractiveness.

- To bring population cooperation.

Resource recovery:

- To enhance waste minimization mechanism.

- To improve landfill management and transport costs.

- To avoid shortage of land for disposal.

- To maximize raw material inputs from waste.

- To integrate the operational system.

A standard landfill management:

- To exempt environmental impacts at landfilling.

- To make safe the operational procedure for workers.

Appropriate landfill resource utilization:

- To mine the already decomposed wastes for land

reclamation.

- To use the landfill gas as energy source.

Environmental pollution control policies, laws and regulations:

- To penalize polluters and secure the sustainability of

the system.

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6. STRATEGY

6.1 Create a phased action plan for the key elements:

Identify elements for system development (improvement of institutional bases:

institutional arrangement and management structure).

Identify other elements for capacity building (provision of necessary equipment, facilities

and personnel and financing).

6.2 Determine an appropriate solid waste management system:

Design an integrated waste management system – different treatment options and private

sector involvement.

6.3 Establish an acceptable standard of service delivery:

Determine portion of waste generated in each category and set the target for collection

service.

Identify what level of citizen convenience is acceptable in the collection technique: type

and accessibility of collection services.

6.4 Provide public education and participation programs:

Provide community awareness creation pilot programs

6.5 Develop regulatory and enforcement support system:

Enforce proclamations on polluters.

Formulate waste policy.

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7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The situation of waste management, especially in urban centers, is very important from

health, beautification and their position point of view. It is, therefore, important to develop

environmentally effective, economically affordable and socially acceptable solid waste

management system.

An integrated solid waste management fulfils this intention, because it:

Combines a range of waste treatment options: source reduction, composting, recycling

and waste to energy,

Involves different stakeholders, which will help to manage towards sustainable

development,

Improves institutional bases to increase service coverage and

Establishes a standard service delivery mechanism.

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8. REFERENCES

1. CSA, The 1994 population & Housing census of Ethiopia results for Addis Ababa, 1996.

2. Gordon, S, Addis Ababa Solid Waste Management 3rd

and 4th

Study, Louis Berger

International, 1994 & 1995.

3. Legal Notice of the Addis Ababa City Government, 1994

4. Legal Notice of the Ministry of Health, 2000

5. Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Annual Reports, 1999 – 2001.

6. Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Health Sector Development Program, the Second Five Year

Plan (2000 -2004), Addis Ababa, October 2001.

7. NMSA, Initial National Communication of Ethiopia to the United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC), June 2001.

8. USEPA, A Guide for Methane Mitigation Projects, Jan. 1996.

9. H. Glas, etal, Solid Waste Disposal, Netherlands, 1994.

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