What is Gout?What is Gout?Gout is defined as a peripheral arthritis,

resulting from the deposition of MSU crystals at one or more joints.

Characterized by Hyperuricemia Known as:

o Rich man’s Disease / Disease of Kingso Poor man’s Gout

Uric acid Product of purine catabolismIonized forms of uric acid readily form salt.98% of Uric acid forms monosodium salts MSU crystals form in synovial fluid when

solubility limit are exceeded.These crystals provoke an inflammatory

reaction.

Classifications:Primary Gout – 90%

Overproduction Under excretion

Secondary Gout – 10%Progression

Asymptomatic hyperuricemiaAcute gouty arthritis Intercritical GoutChronic / Tophaceous Gout

Research has shown that risk factors for development of gout can be attributed to the increasing longevity, dietary and lifestyle changes and a history of comorbidities.There is an increased incidence of gout among: •Males between the ages of 20 – 40.

•Men have higher serum urate levels. •Post menopausal women•Patients on diuretics.

•Such medication increase reabsorption of uric acid in kidneys hence increasing the risk of developing gout.

•Patients with hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, chronic kidney disease, or the metabolic syndrome.

•Studies show that more than 60% of patients with gout have the metabolic syndrome.

Diet : Beer drinking, High red meat and seafood

consumption increases risk.Purine-rich vegetable consumption does not notably

increase risk of hyperuricemia and development of gout.

Both incidence and Prevalence of Gout is increasing.For example, Data from US managed care reflected

an increase in gout prevalence from 2.9 cases per 1000 persons in 1990 to 5.2 cases per 1000 in 1999.

Societies such as New Zealand, Taiwan and USA show increasing prevalence.

More prevalent among African American Males than European American males.

Causes of Gout (Etiology) High levels of uric acid circulating in the

blood, which can cause needle-shaped urate crystals to settle in the tissues of the joints as well as the kidneys.These crystals are sodium urate crystals which are the end products of purine matabolism.this deposition first causes acute then chronic gouty arthritis.

Causes of Gout (Etiology) Inheritance of certain genes

This inherited gene causes an abnormality in the enzyme of purine metabolism (primary gout).Several X-linked mutations have been identified in the PRPP synthetase gene which results in the enzyme having either:

(1)Increased Vmax for the production of PRPP(2)A lower Km for ribose 5-phosphate(3)Decreased sensitivity to its purine nucleotide

inhibitorsThe overall result is increased purine production resulting in high levels of plasma uric acid.

Causes of Gout (Etiology)

Causes of Gout (Etiology) Secondary Gout may be caused from cancer, chronic renal failure or any of the following:

From being overweight and eating a rich diet.Lymphoma: a usually malignant tumour of

lymphoid tissueLeukemia: an acute or chronic disease

characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells in bodily tissues

hemolytic anemia: anemia caused by excessive destruction of red blood cells.

The latter three may be the underlying cause of the uric acid buildup that results in gout.

Causes of Gout (Etiology) Chronic exposure to high levels of lead

decreases the body’s excretion of urates, allowing uric acid to accumulate in the blood.

Any metabolic aberration which reduces the rate of synthesis of AMP or GMP from IMP, or from purine bases by the salvage mechanism, or which accelerates the removal of nueleotides into macromolecules or through increased catabolism, may in theory result in reduced intracellular concentrations of regulatory nucleotides and release of the amidotransferase from inhibition. This would permit excessive synthesis of phosphoribosylamine and ultimately of uric acid.

The turnover of nucleic acids and coenzymes ultimately resultsin production of free purine bases, chiefly adenine, hypoxanthine andguanine, which are largely recycled into purine ribonucleotides and nucleicacid once again, by reactions sometimes referred to as salvagepathways. A fraction of hypoxanthine and guanine is further oxidizedto uric acid, which is a biologically inert end product excreted largelyin the urine.

Studies of the rates of production of uric acid in subjects with primary gout have disclosed evidence of excessive synthesis of purines in a large percentage of patients. On a diet very low in purines, 24 per cent excreted quantities of urate in urine in excess of 590 mg per day, the upper limit of the normal range.

Uric acid is produced by xanthine oxidase from xanthine and hypoxanthine, which in turn are produced from purine. Uric acid is more toxic to tissues than either xanthine or hypoxanthine.

In human blood plasma, the reference range of uric acid is between 3.6 mg/dL and 8.3 mg/dL

Purines are found in high amounts in animal internal organ food products, such as liver. A moderate amount of purine is also contained in beef, pork, poultry, fish and seafood, asparagus, cauliflower, spinach, mushrooms, green peas, lentils, dried peas, beans, oatmeal, wheat bran and wheat germ.

Examples of high purine sources include: sweetbreads, anchovies, sardines, liver, beef kidneys, brains, meat extracts (e.g Oxo, Bovril), herring, mackerel, scallops, game meats, and gravy.

1. Turnover of nucleic acid and coenzymes results in the production of free purine bases (Adenine, hypoxantine and guanine). These bases go to the salvage pathways.

2. Decreased activity of HGPRT which catalyzes a reaction of hypoxantine, guanine and adenosine with PRPP to give IMP, GMP and AMP results in the buildup of PRPP and reduced levels of IMP,GMP and AMP.

3. Hence hypoxanthine, guanine and adenine would go towards the production of xanthine which is oxidixed to uric acid – leading to hyperuricemia.

4. N.B. InVon Geirke Disease, G6P is shunted to the HMP pathway – lead to the increased production of R5P – leading to the increased production of PRPP.

Signs & SymptomsSigns & SymptomsAcute gout attacks: a rapid onset of pain in the

affected joint followed by warmth, swelling, reddish discoloration, and marked tenderness.

BursitisThe small joint at the base of the big toe is the

most common site of an acute gout attack. Other joints that can be affected include the ankles, knees, wrists, fingers, and elbows.

Intense tenderness: even a blanket touching the skin over the affected joint can be unbearable

These painful attacks usually subside in hours to days, with or without medication

Symptoms related to Chronic GoutChronic (tophaceous) gout: nodular masses of

uric acid crystals (tophi) deposit in different soft tissue areas of the body

Such as: fingers, at the tips of the elbows, and around the big toe;

Rarely in ears, vocal cords and around the spinal cord

*Physical examination and medical history

*Measuring blood uric acid levels

*Examination and analysis of synovial fluid

*Radiography

DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSISPhysical examination and medical history patient’s description of symptomsGout is more likely if:- Arthritis first appears in the big toe than if it first

appears elsewhere- Onset of symptoms (pain and swelling) takes days

or weeks .symptoms which take hours to develop probably indicate a disorder other than gout.

- Abnormal enlargements in joints that had been affected by previous injury or osteoarthritis are possible signs of gout

DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSISMeasuring blood uric acid levels

A blood test is usually given for measuring uric acid and detecting hyperuricemia. A low level of uric acid in the blood makes a diagnosis of gout much less probable, and a very high level increases the likelihood of gout.

• Uric acid levels in the blood during an attack of gout can lie within or below the normal range

• or• Hyperuricemia may be prevalent in population

and doesn’t necessarily indicate gout.

DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Examination of synovial fluid

Examination of synovial fluid is the most accurate method for diagnosing gout.

Synovial fluid analysis The sample is examined through a microscope under

polarized light. This special light will reveal the presence of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals, which will nearly always confirm a diagnosis of gout.

Examination of aspirated joint fluid can rule out other

disorders that mimic gout, such as septic arthritis and pseudogout.

DIAGNOSIS

Uric acid crystals under polarized light

DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSISOccasionally, patients with gout may present

without uric acid crystals in the synovial fluid aspirate. However, aspiration repeated five hours to one day later shows crystals in the synovial fluid of most of these patients

DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS Radiography

is not very useful in diagnosing initial attacks of acute gouty arthritis. The radiographic findings are generally nonspecific, consisting of soft tissue swelling around a joint.

Bony abnormalities indicate the presence of chronic gout.

In general, gout must be untreated or inadequately treated for approximately 12 years before chronic arthritis and bony erosions are seen on radiographs.

DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS

Radiograph showing sharply "punched-out" bony defects of the distal radius and proximal phalange of the middle finger

There are two essential concepts behind the treatment of Gout:1. Its is critical in stopping the inflammation

caused by the gouty arthritis.2. It is vital in addressing the long term

management of the disease in order to prevent further attacks and shrink crystal deposits.

There are basically three ways of treating Gout:

1. Self Care

2. Medications

3. Surgery

Self CareSelf CareTake medications as prescribed.While a joint is hot and swollen, aggravation

should be prevented to so as to reduce further discomfort. The following would be helpful:Using of a cane or similar support to keep your

weight off that joint.Keep the swollen joint elevated above your chest

as much as possible.Ice packs can be helpful in relieving pain and

reducing inflammation.Maintaining adequate hydration is key for

minimizing attacks and decreasing the formation of kidney stones.

Reduce the consumption of alcohol since: It is known to have a diuretic effects and can

contribute to dehydration and precipitate the acute gout attack.

Affects uric acid metabolism resulting in hyperuricemia.

Dietary changes can help reduce the amount of uric acid in the blood; Purine rich food should be avoided (shellfish

and organ meats such as liver, brains, kidneys, and sweetbreads)

MedicationMedicationThere are three aspects/lines of

treatment of gout with medication:Pain relievers such as acetaminophen

(Tylenol) or other more potent analgesics are used to manage pain.

The exact mechanism of action of acetaminophen is not known. Acetaminophen relieves pain by elevating the pain threshold, that is, by requiring a greater amount of pain to develop before a person feels it.

Anti-inflammatory agents such as NSAIDS, colchicine, and corticosteroids, used to decrease joint inflammation.

NSAIDS such as:diclofenac, etoricoxib, indomethacin, ketoprofen and naproxen.

Most of these drugs function by inhibiting the COX-2 resulting in the reduction of prostaglandins production.

Colchicine is useful in suppressing the inflammation. The exact mechanism of action of colchicine is not known but is speculated that it impairs the motility of granulocytes and hence prevent the inflammatory phenomena that initiate an attack or it may involve reduction in uric acid deposition leading to a reduction in the inflammatory response. Colchicine is not an analgesic (pain killer), but it reduces pain in acute gouty arthritis.

Corticosteroids such as prednisone a synthetic corticosteroids mimic the action of cortisol (hydrocortisone), the naturally-occurring corticosteroid produced in the body by the adrenal glands. Corticosteroids are potent anti-inflammatory effectors.

Prednisone is inactive in the body and, in order to be effective, first must be converted to prednisolone by enzymes in the liver. Therefore, prednisone may not work as effectively in people with liver disease whose ability to convert prednisone to prednisolone is impaired.

They function by inhibiting phospholipase A2 the enzyme responsible for the release of Archidonic acid from membrane phospholipids – the precursor for prostaglandins.

• Medications for managing the chronic underlying metabolic derangement that causes hyperuricemia and gout. That is, medications that reduce the elevated levels of uric acid in the blood.

• These medication are taken over prolonged periods to lower blood uric acid level.

• Medicines used to lower blood uric acid level work either by increasing the kidney's excretion of uric acid or by decreasing the body's production of uric acid from the purines in foods.

• These medicines are generally not started until after the inflammation from acute gouty arthritis has subsided because they can worsen the attack. If they are already being taken prior to the attack, they are continued and only adjusted after the attack has resolved.

Allopurinol lowers the blood uric acid level by preventing uric acid production. It acts by blocks the metabolic conversion from purines by inhibiting xanthine oxidase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of xanthine to uric acid.

Probenecid (Benemid) and sulfinpyrazone (Anturane) are medications that are commonly used to decrease uric acid blood levels by increasing the excretion of uric acid into the urine.

These act by preventing the reabsorption of uric acid by the kidney and hence increasing its excretion from the body in the urine

SurgerySurgerySurgery is rarely needed for gout unless

significant joint damage has occurred from lack of effective treatment

PreventionPreventionThe key to prevent gout is to maintain theconcentration of uric acid within the normalrange (7.0 mg/dL),this can be achieved by:Avoiding excessive intake of purine rich food

such as those high in proteins and fats e.g. seafood, beef, poultry

Maintain a healthy body weight via proper diet and exercise.

Avoid foods rich in fructose, sucrose (glucose and fructose) especially high fructose corn syrup (a common sweetener in soft drinks which results in hyperuricemia), and diuretic foods or drugs( increases urination).

Restrict your intake of alcohol, especially beer(high in guanosine), on the basis that brewer’s yeast are very rich in purine, beer also can inhibit the elimination of uric acid and can cause dehydration which may lead to gout.

Avoid diet low in potassium(good sources: tomatoes, potatoes,bananas,soybeans,brown rice) since a deficiency increases urate in blood.

Avoid consuming too much acid containing substances

Drink plenty of liquids, especially water, to dilute and assist excretion of urates

Maintain an adequate intake of Vitamin C since it has been demonstrated to increase excretion on uric acid and in turn lower serum urate levels by dissolving the needle-like crystals that deposit themselves between the joints and connective tissue.

Aviod prolonged exposure to low temperature.

Prognosis/OutlookPrognosis/OutlookIt is excellent is you are properly

diagnosed and treated.The optimal regimens for the treatment

of acute gout attacks and chronic gout conditions still require further long-term studies. Research scientists will continue to develop less toxic and more effective medications to battle this "scourge of the ages”.

Primary Gout is almost exclusively a disease of adult men because their kidneys excrete uric acid less well, and return more to blood, than do the kidneys of women and children.

In adult men urate already circulates at levels close to the maximum before crystals will form

Referenceshttp://www.emedicinehealth.com/gout/

page9_em.htmhttp://www.medicinenet.com/gout/page5.htmhttp://books.google.gy/books?

id=sFG3fyc5R_8C&dq=Gout&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=a8sPfsXHKs&sig=i874U9f-iUipxAYPJkF6prcTX0w&hl=en&ei=AOcLStqXDZXhtgeGidGJCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3#PPR6,M1