1

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FACULTY OF ELCTRICAL ENGINEERING

ELECTRO-TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

(EEE 111)

TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO COURSE OUTLINE/OBJECTIVES, MOTIVATION, GENERAL

SAFETY, COMPONENTS, SYMBOLS, SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS, PICTORIAL DIAGRAMS,

DATASHEETS, TOOLS AND TYPES OF EQUIPMENT.

MINI PROJECT REPORT

DATE OF PROJECT: 25 JUNE 2012

PREPARED BY:

NAME UITM NO. GROUP

AMIRUL IKHWANUDDIN BIN AMINUDDIN 2012652336 EE1111C

MOHAMMAD AIDEED FIRDAUSY BIN SUHAIMI 2012804734 EE1111C

MARKS

COVER PAGE / 10

GENERAL PRESENTATION / 15

THEORY / 15

RESULTS / 20

DISCUSSION / 20

CONCLUSION / 7

REFERENCES / 3

ON TIME SUBMISSION / 10

TOTAL /100

INSTRUCTORS'S NAME EN. AHMAD NURRIZAL BIN MUHAMAD

COMMENT

2

Content

Title Page

Objective 3

Tools Required 3

Safety Rules 4-5

Introduction to Basic Test Instrument

Oscilloscope

Multimeter

Function Generator

DC Power Supply

6-9

Introduction to Symbols, Schematic Diagrams and Pictorial Diagrams

Symbol

Schematic Diagrams

Pictorial Diagrams

10-12

Introduction to Basic Hand Tools 12

Result

Exercise 1 : Safety Rules

Exercise 2 : Oscilloscope, Multimeter Function Generator, DC

Power Supply

Exercise 3 : Identifying Components in a Schematic Diagram

Exercise 4 : Basic Hand Tools

13-24

Discussion 25

Conclusion 25

References 25

3

Objective

1. To understand main of this experiment.

2. To identify the main function of equipments and draw their electronic and electrical

symbols.

Tools Required

1. Oscilloscope

2. Multimeter

3. Function Generator

4. Power Supply

4

GENERAL LABORATORY SAFETY RULES

1. Food, beverages, substances and related utensils shall not be brought into, stored or consumed in any

laboratory.

2. Smoking is prohibited in all laboratories at all times.

3. Foot wear shall be serviceable, provide full coverage of the feet and have non-skid soles;

4. Appropriate apparel shall be worn in laboratories at all times.

5. Appropriate eye protection and other safety equipment shall be properly donned when using toxic

chemicals, operating mechanical equipment and as directed.

6. All occupants shall be familiar with the locations and operation of safety and emergency equipment,

including but not limited to, fire extinguishers, first aid kits, emergency eye wash stations and emergency

showers, emergency power off system, fire alarm pull stations, emergency telephones, and emergency exits

and egress plans.

7. Procedures involving the liberation of volatile or toxic or flammable materials shall be performed in a

fumehood.

8. Do not expose yourself or your colleagues to hazardous materials - use the fumehoods provided to eliminate

the risk at the source.

9. Unauthorized person(s) shall not be allowed in a laboratory for any reason. "Authorized" means having

official university business in the laboratory with the permission of the College of Engineering. Anyone under

the age of eighteen must be under the immediate and direct supervision of a qualified authorized person at

all times.

10. Laboratories shall be secured when unoccupied.

11. Never open (remove cover) of any equipment in the laboratories. Never "jump," disable, bypass or otherwise

disengage any safety device or feature of any equipment in the laboratories.

5

ELECTRICAL SAFETY GUIDELINES

1. You may enter the laboratory only when authorized to do so and only during authorized hours of operation.

2. Be as careful for the safety of others as for yourself. Think before you act. Be tidy and systematic.

3. Avoid bulky, loose or trailing clothes. Avoid long loose hair. Remove metal bracelets, rings or watchstraps

when working in the laboratories.

4. Food, beverages and other substances are strictly prohibited in the laboratory at all times. Avoid working

with wet hands and clothing.

5. Use extension cords only when necessary and only on a temporary basis.

6. Request new outlets if your work requires equipment in an area without an outlet.

7. Discard damaged cords, cords that become hot, or cords with exposed wiring.

8. Before equipment is energized ensure,

(1) circuit connections and layout have been checked by a Teaching Assistant (TA).

(2) all colleagues in your group give their assent.

9. Know the correct handling, storage and disposal procedures for batteries, cells, capacitors, inductors and

other high energy-storage devices.

10. Experiments left unattended should be isolated from the power supplies. If for a special reason, it must be

left on, a barrier and a warning notice are required.

11. Equipment found to be faulty in any way should be reported to the DSC immediately and taken out of

service until inspected and declared safe.

12. Voltages above 50 V rms AC and 120 V DC are always dangerous. Extra precautions should be considered

as voltage levels are increased.

13. Never make any changes to circuits or mechanical layout without first isolating the circuit by switching off

and removing connections to power supplies.

6

A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM (Volt-Ohm meter), is

an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one

unit.

A typical multimeter may include features such as the ability to

measure voltage, current and resistance.

Multimeters may use analog or digital circuits—analog multimeters (AMM) and digital

multimeters (often abbreviated DMM or DVOM.)

Analog instruments are usually based on a microammeter whose pointer moves over a

scale calibrated for all the different measurements that can be made; digital instruments

usually display digits, but may display a bar of a length proportional to the quantity being

measured.

A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service

work or a bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy.

They can be used to troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and

household devices such as electronic equipment, motor controls, domestic

appliances, power supplies, and wiring systems.

Modern multimeters are often digital due to their accuracy, durability and extra features.

In a digital multimeter the signal under test is converted to a voltage and an amplifier

with electronically controlled gain preconditions the signal.

A digital multimeter displays the quantity measured as a number, which

eliminates parallax errors.

Modern digital multimeters may have an embedded computer, which provides a wealth

of convenience features.

Digital multimeters may also include circuits for:

Continuity tester; sounds when a circuit conducts

Diodes (measuring forward drop of diode junctions),

and transistors (measuring current gain and other parameters)

Battery checking for simple 1.5 volt and 9 volt batteries. This is a current loaded

voltage scale which simulates in-use voltage measurement.

7

An oscilloscope, previously called an oscillograph, and informally known as

a scope, CRO (for cathode-ray oscilloscope), or DSO (for the more modern digital

storage oscilloscope), is a type of electronic test instrument that allows observation of

constantly varying signal voltages, usually as a two-dimensional graph of one or more

electrical potential differences using the vertical or 'Y' axis, plotted as a function of time

(horizontal or 'x' axis).

Many signals, for example sound, can be converted to voltages and displayed this way.

Signals are often periodic and repeat constantly, so that multiple samples of a signal

which is actually varying with time are displayed as a steady picture.

Many oscilloscopes (storage oscilloscopes) can also capture non-repeating waveforms

for a specified time, and show a steady display of the captured segment.

Oscilloscopes are commonly used to observe the exact wave shape of an electrical

signal.

Oscilloscopes are usually calibrated so that voltage and time can be read as well as is

possible by eye.

This allows the measurement of, for example, peak-to-peak voltage of a waveform, the

frequency of periodic signals, the time between pulses, the time taken for a to rise to full

amplitude (rise time), and relative timing of several related signals.[1]

Oscilloscopes are used in the sciences, medicine, engineering, and telecommunications

industry.

General-purpose instruments are used for maintenance of electronic equipment and

laboratory work.

Special-purpose oscilloscopes may be used for such purposes as analyzing an

automotive ignition system, or to display the waveform of the heartbeat as

an electrocardiogram.

Some computer sound software allows the sound being listened to to be displayed on

the screen as by an oscilloscope.

8

Function generator is usually a piece of electronic test equipment or software used to

generate different types of electrical waveforms over a wide range of frequencies.

Some of the most common waveforms produced by the function generator are the sine,

square, triangular and sawtooth shapes.

These waveforms can be either repetitive or single-shot (which requires an internal or

external trigger source).

Integrated circuits used to generate waveforms may also be described as function

generator ICs.

Other important features of the function generator are continuous tuning over wide

bands with max-min frequency ratios of 10:1 or more, a wide range of frequencies from

a few Hz to a few MHz, a flat output amplitude and modulation capabilities like frequency

sweeping, frequency modulation and amplitude modulation.

Although function generators cover both audio and RF frequencies, they are usually not

suitable for applications that need low distortion or stable frequency signals.

When those traits are required, other signal generators would be more appropriate.

9

A power supply is a device that supplies electric power to one or more electric loads.

The term is most commonly applied to devices that convert one form of electrical energy

to another, though it may also refer to devices that convert another form of energy

(mechanical, chemical, solar) to electrical energy.

A regulated power supply is one that controls the output voltage or current to a specific

value; the controlled value is held nearly constant despite variations in either load

current or the voltage supplied by the power supply's energy source.

Every power supply must obtain the energy it supplies to its load, as well as any energy

it consumes while performing that task, from an energy source.

Depending on its design, a power supply may obtain energy from:

Electrical energy transmission systems. Common examples of this include power

supplies that convert AC line voltage to DC voltage.

Energy storage devices such as batteries and fuel cells.

Electromechanical systems such as generators and alternators.

Solar power.

A power supply may be implemented as a discrete, stand-alone device or as an integral

device that is hardwired to its load.

Examples of the latter case include the low voltage DC power supplies that are part

of desktop computers and consumer electronics devices.

Commonly specified power supply attributes include:

The amount of voltage and current it can supply to its load.

How stable its output voltage or current is under varying line and load conditions.

How long it can supply energy without refueling or recharging (applies to power

supplies that employ portable energy sources).

10

Introduction to Symbols, Schematic Diagrams and Pictorial Diagrams

1. Symbols

An electronic symbol is a pictogram used to represent various electrical and electronic

devices (such as wires,batteries, resistors, and transistors) in a schematic diagram of an

electrical or electronic circuit. Figure 1.1 shows some of the most commons symbols

used in schematic diagram.

11

2. Schematic Diagram

An electrical print in which all electrical components are represented with a schematic

symbol. Schematic diagrams show the electrical relationship of all components, but not

the physical relationship of the components.

Key rules for drawing good schematics:

1. Schematic should label all pin numbers, part values, polarities, signal names,

part model numbers, etc.

2. All wires and components are aligned horizontally and vertically.

3. Always use the standard symbol for a device. If more that one standard symbol

can be used, always be consistent and use the same symbol within a drawing.

4. If you use connectors in your circuit make sure to show the connector on the

schematic and to label all pin numbers for both sides of the connector.

5. Label pin numbers on the outside of a symbol and signals on the inside of a

symbol.

6. Examine schematics drawn in commercial application notes, textbooks, etc. to

see examples of good schematics.

12

3. Pictorial diagram

Pictorial diagram shows a picture or sketch of the various components of a specific

system and the wiring between these components. This simplified diagram provides the

means to readily identify the components of a system, even if you are not familiar with

their physical appearance. This type of diagram shows the various components without

regard to their physical location, how the wiring is marked, or how the wiring is routed. It

does, however, show you the sequence in which the components are connected.

3. Basic Hand Tools

Common hand tools such as screwdrivers, pliers, long nose and soldering iron are

required when working in the laboratories/project.

13

RESULT :

EXERCISE 1 : Safety Rules

List down five safety rules when working with high voltage.

a) Never enter alone into an area containing exposed electrical energy sources.

b) Use only test instruments and insulated tools rated for the voltage and current specified.

c) Set up your work area away from possible grounds that you may accidentally contact.

d) Don’t work alone – in the event of an emergency another person’s presence may be

essential.

e) Wear rubber bottom shoes or sneakers.

14

Exercise 2 : Oscilloscope, Multimeter Function Generator, DC Power Supply

Identify all the basic buttons on equipments listed below. Choose the most suitable description

that best describes the button.

OSCILLOSCOPE

15

FUNCTION BUTTON

Displays the automated measurements menu. MEASURE

Automatically sets the oscilloscope controls to

produce a usable display of the input signals.

AUTO SET

Continously acquires waveforms or stops the

acquisition.

RUN/STOP

Displays the Cursor Menu.

Vertical position controls adjust cursor position

while displaying the Cursor Menu and the

cursors are activated.

Cursors remain displayed (unless the Type

option is set to Off) after leaving the Cursor

CURSOR/POSITION

Function Button

Input connectors for waveform display. CH 1/CH 2

16

Function Button

To measure DC voltage DC V

To measure AC voltage AC V

To get to the shifted button. i.e: Period, dB,

dBm

SHIFT

To measure DC current SHIFT + DC V

To measure AC current SHIFT + AC V

MULTIMETER

17

By referring to the Front/Rear Input Terminal Switch of a digital multimeter shown above,

indicate the connectors combination used for:

Measuring voltage : A & B

Measuring residtance : A & B

Measuring current : A & C

Testing diode polarity : A & B

Testing breadboard connectivity : A & B

18

Function Button/Connector

Switch between Pk-Pk and rms value B

Adjust the amplitude E

Switch to Offset Voltage H

Adjust Offset Voltage C

Type to waveform F

Output terminals D

Adjust the frequency A

Select the range of frequency G

FUNCTION GENERATOR

19

Function Button/Connector

Positive terminal C

Negative terminal D

Amplitude adjust button B

Power switch A

POWER SUPPLY

20

Exercise 3 : Identifying Components in a Schematic Diagram

PART A: Draw the appropriate schematic diagrams of the pictorial diagrams shown in Figure

1.2 below.

21

PART B

Refer to Figure 1.3 above, list down all components used.

a) Regulated LM317 and LM337

b) Diode D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 and D6

c) Resistor R1, R2 and R3

d) Variable Resistor VR1 and VR2

e) Capasitor C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6

f) LED Light Emitting Diode

g) Positive DC supply

h) Negative DC supply

22

PART C

List the number that corresponds to the listed components

23

Coil or inductor : 10

PNP transistor : 2

Diode : 3

Positive power supply : 7

Fixed resistor : 4

Capasitor : 9

NPN transistor : 1

Rheostat : 6

Negative power supply : 8

Circuit ground : 11

Potentiometer : 5

Determine the value of the following components including their units:

R12 : 330 Ω

R13 : 3.3 KΩ

C1 : 50 w

24

Exercise 4 : Basic Hand Tools

Identify the following tools and write their corresponding labels into Table 1.1 below. Refer to

Farnell catalogue for their details.

Basic Hand Tools

Item Tools Label

Cutting Pliers C

Screwdriver F

Trimming Knife H

Wire Stripper E

Long Nose Pliers A

Basic Soldering Tools

Soldering Iron D

Soldering Wire / Solder I

Desoldering Gun (Solder Sucker) G

Desoldering Braid B

25

DISCUSSION

1. What is the function of oscilloscope?

Oscilloscopes are commonly used to observe the exact wave shape of an electrical

signal..

2. What is a multimeter?

A multimeter is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement

functions in one unit.

3. State one of the rules in the laboratory.

Never eat, drink, or smoke while working in the laboratory

4. What type of measurement can be measure by multimeter?

Voltage, Current and Resistance.

5. What is a power supply?

A power supply is a device that supplies electric power to one or more electric loads.

CONCLUSION

1. We are able to understand main objective of this experiment.

2. We also can state the safety precautions in the laboratories.

3. We can identify the function of equipment and draw their electronic and electric symbol.

4. We are able to understand between schematic diagram and pictorial diagram.

REFERENCES

1. http://www.wikipedia.com

2. http://www.ucr.edu/

3. Mitchel F. Schultz, Grob’s, Basic Electronics, McGraw Hill, 2007

4. Nigel P. Cook, Introductory DC/AC Electronics, 5th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2001.