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A2 Organic Reactions / Reagents & Conditions

1. GRIGNARD REAGENTS Preparation:

i. HALOALKANE + Mg GRIGNARD

Reagents and Conditions:

1) Heat under re!u"

#) Dr$ Et%er

&) 'ing!e Cr$sta! o Iodine (ata!$st i needed

Reactions:

i. GRIGNARD + CO#(cold/solid) +1C)CAR*O,LIC ACID + Mg*rC!(+1C = the addition of one Carbon molecule to the chain)

ii. GRIGNARD + ME-HANAL +1C) 1 ALCOHOL + Mg*rC!

iii. GRIGNARD + Ot%er ALDEH,DE' +1C) # ALCOHOL +Mg*rC!

i/. GRIGNARD + KE-ONE +1C)& ALCOHOL + Mg*rC!

Reagents and Conditions:

1) Dr$ Reagents

#) 0it% HC!

2. CARO!"#IC ACIDS Preparation:

i. 1 ALCOHOL' + #O2 CAR*O,LIC ACID + 0A-ER

Reagents and Conditions:

1) Heat under Re!u"

#) 3otassiu4 Di(%ro4ate 5 H#'O6ii. H$dro!$sis o Nitri!es

NI-RILE + #H#O + HC! CAR*O,LIC ACID + NH6C!

Reagents and Conditions:

1) Heat under re!u"

#) 0it% di!ute HC! Reactions:

i. CAR*O,LIC ACID + NaOH CAR*O,LA-E 'AL- + H#O

ii. CAR*O,LIC ACID + Na#CO&5NaHCO& CAR*O,LA-E 'AL- + H#O + CO#iii. CAR*O,LIC ACID + ALCOHOL 7 E'-ER + H#O

Reagents and Conditions:

1) 0ar4ed under re!u"

#) 0it% (on(entrated H#'O6i/. CAR*O,LIC ACID + 3C!8 ACID CHLORIDE + 3OC!&+ HC!

Reagents and Conditions:

1) Dr$ 5 roo4 te49erature

/. CAR*O,LIC ACID + 6H2 ALCOHOL + H#O

Reagents and Conditions:

1) LiA!H6in dr$ et%er

#) 0it% HC!

$. ACID C%#ORIDES: Preparation:

i. CAR*O,LIC ACID + 3C!8 ACID CHLORIDE + HC! + 3OC!& Reactions:

i. ACID CHLORIDE + H#O CAR*O,LIC ACID + HC!

ii. ACID CHLORIDE + ALCOHOL E'-ER + HC!

iii. ACID CHLORIDE + (concentrated)AMMONIA AMIDE + NH6C!

i/. ACID CHLORIDE + AMINE '*'-I--ED AMIDE + HC!

1 o &

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. ESTERS: Preparation:

i. CAR*O,LIC ACID + ALCOHOL 7 E'-ER + H#O

Reagents and Conditions:

1) 0ar4ed under re!u"

#) 0it% (on(entrated H#'O6

ii. ACID CHLORIDE + ALCOHOL E'-ER + HC! Reactions:

i. E'-ER + NaOH ALCOHOL + CAR*O,LA-E 'AL-

Reagents and Conditions:

1) Heat under re!u"

ii. E'-ER + H#O 7 CAR*O,LIC ACID + ALCOHOL

Reagents and Conditions:

1) 0ar4ed under re!u"

#) 0it% (on(entrated H#'O6

'. CARON"# CO(PO)NDS:

Preparation * A+de,-des:i. 1 ALCOHOL + O2 ALDEH,DE + H#O

Reagents and Conditions:

1) Heat under DI'-ILLA-ION

#) 3otassiu4 Di(%ro4ate 5 H#'O6 Preparation * etones:

i. # ALCOHOL + O2 KE-ONE + H#O

Reagents and Conditions:

1) Heat under re!u"

#) 3otassiu4 Di(%ro4ate 5 H#'O6 Reactions * ot, A+de,-des and etones:

i. CAR*ON,L + #;6

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4. 15 A(INES Preparation:

i. NI-RILE + 6H2 AMINE

Reagents and Conditions:

1) LiA!H6in dr$ et%er

ii. HALOALKANE + NH& AMINE + H Reagents and Conditions:

1) Heated in a sea!ed tu>e

#) Con(entrated NH& Reactions * 6it, ACIDS

i. AMINE + HC! ALK,L AMMONIM+CHLORIDE