A2#Macro:#Balance#of#Payments#...an&improvementin&the&trade&balance?& Tradedeficitmay# growininial#...

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A2 Macro: Balance of Payments

Transcript of A2#Macro:#Balance#of#Payments#...an&improvementin&the&trade&balance?& Tradedeficitmay# growininial#...

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A2  Macro:  Balance  of  Payments  

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Trade  to  GDP  ra,os  are  rising  

Expansion  of  Financial  Capital  

FDI  and  Cross  Border  M&A  

Rise  of  truly  global  brands  

Deeper  specializa,on  

Global  supply  chains  &  new  trade  routes  

Balance  of  Payments  in  the  context  of  a  globalizing  world  

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Key  components  of  the  BoP  

•  The  balance  of  payments  is  made  up  of:  1.  The  current  account  2.  The  capital  account  3.  Official  financing  account  •  (Note:  You  will  need  to  understand  all  three  for  A2  exams,  the  AS  course  focused  only  on  current  account)    

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Current  A/C  of  Balance  of  Payments  

Net  Investment  Income  from  Overseas  

Net  Money  Transfers  

Trade  Balance  in  Services  

Trade  Balance  in  Goods  

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A  key  feature  of  globalisa,on  in  recent  years  has  been  rising  trade  imbalances  which  threatens  a  resurgence  of  protec,onism  

Trade  Imbalances  

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Countries  with  External  Surpluses  •  If  a  country  is  running  a  current  account  surplus,  this  

means  there  is  a  net  inflow  of  foreign  currency  into  their  economic  system.    

•  A  surplus  on  the  current  account  would  allow  a  deficit  to  be  run  on  the  capital  account.    

•  For  example,  surplus  foreign  currency  can  be  used  to  fund  investment  in  assets  located  overseas  

•  For  example  some  current  account  surplus  countries  have  large  sovereign  wealth  funds  

•  Current  account  surplus  countries  nearly  always  have  fairly  strong  exchange  rates  as  a  result  

 

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World’s  Largest  Sovereign  Wealth  Funds  

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External  Deficits  and  (possible)  Trouble  Ahead  

•  Countries  with  current  account  deficits  can  run  into  financial  difficul,es.    

•  If  the  deficit  is  large  and  the  economy  is  not  able  to  a[ract  enough  inflows  of  foreign  investment,  then  their  foreign  currency  reserves  will  dwindle  

•  There  may  come  a  point  when  the  country  needs  to  seek  emergency  borrowing  from  ins,tu,ons  such  as  the  Interna,onal  Monetary  Fund  

•  Trade  deficits  and  the  resul,ng  borrowing  lead  to  a  rise  in  external  debt  and  rising  debt  service  costs  

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Problems  from  Trade  Gaps  Loss  of  aggregate  demand  and  slower  growth  

In  the  long  run,  deficits  undermine  the  standard  of  living  

Loss  of  jobs  in  home-­‐based  industries  

Can  lead  to  currency  weakness  and  higher  infla,on  

Country  may  run  short  of  vital  foreign  currency  reserves  

Trade  deficit  a  reflec,on  of  lack  of  compe,,veness  

Can  lead  to  capital  flight  /  harder  to  a[ract  inward  FDI  

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A[rac,ng  Capital  Flows  

The  UK  runs  a  deficit  but  has  found  it  easy  to  a[ract  capital  to  finance  the  gap.    

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Improving  the  Trade  /  Current  Account  Balance    

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Expenditure  -­‐  reducing  policies  -­‐  control  demand  and  limit  

spending  on  imports  -­‐  squeeze  on  demand,  encouraging  rising  

private  sector  saving  

Expenditure-­‐switching  policies  –  e.g.  through  an  exchange  rate  

deprecia,on  /  devalua,on  

Improving  the  supply-­‐side  performance  of  the  economy  -­‐  to  boost  compe,,veness  -­‐  

economic  reform  is  a  long-­‐run  strategy  

Improving  macroeconomic  stability  to  make  a  country  more  a[rac,ve  to  inward  

investment  +  raise  produc,vity  and  increase  a  country's  capacity  for  expor,ng  

Improving  Trade  Performance  in  the  Short  and  Long  Run  

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Macro  effects  of  a  currency  deprecia,on  

This  will  have  an  effect  on  a  number  of  key  economic  indicators  

DomesIc  producIon  _____   Trade  deficit  ________   DomesIc  employment  ______  

Changes  in  import  and  export  prices  will  affect  demand  

Import  volumes  will  _______   Export  volumes  will  _______  

When  the  pound  depreciates  against  the  US  dollar  

It  makes  UK  import  prices  _______   It  makes  UK  export  prices  _______  

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Macro  effects  of  a  currency  deprecia,on  

This  will  have  an  effect  on  a  number  of  key  economic  indicators  

DomesIc  producIon  _____   Trade  deficit  ________   DomesIc  employment  ______  

Changes  in  import  and  export  prices  will  affect  demand  

Import  volumes  will  _______   Export  volumes  will  _______  

When  the  pound  depreciates  against  the  US  dollar  

It  makes  UK  import  prices  RISE   It  makes  UK  export  prices  FALL  

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Macro  effects  of  a  currency  deprecia,on  

This  will  have  an  effect  on  a  number  of  key  economic  indicators  

DomesIc  producIon  _____   Trade  deficit  ________   DomesIc  employment  ______  

Changes  in  import  and  export  prices  will  affect  demand  

Import  volumes  will  CONTRACT   Export  volumes  will  EXPAND  

When  the  pound  depreciates  against  the  US  dollar  

It  makes  UK  import  prices  RISE   It  makes  UK  export  prices  FALL  

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Macro  effects  of  a  currency  deprecia,on  

This  will  have  an  effect  on  a  number  of  key  economic  indicators  

DomesIc  producIon     Trade  deficit     DomesIc  employment  

Changes  in  import  and  export  prices  will  affect  demand  

Import  volumes  will  CONTRACT   Export  volumes  will  EXPAND  

When  the  pound  depreciates  against  the  US  dollar  

It  makes  UK  import  prices  RISE   It  makes  UK  export  prices  FALL  

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Macro  effects  of  a  currency  deprecia,on  

This  will  have  an  effect  on  a  number  of  key  economic  indicators  

DomesIc  producIon     Trade  deficit     DomesIc  employment  

Changes  in  import  and  export  prices  will  affect  demand  

Import  volumes  will  CONTRACT   Export  volumes  will  EXPAND  

When  the  pound  depreciates  against  the  US  dollar  

It  makes  UK  import  prices  RISE   It  makes  UK  export  prices  FALL  

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Macro  effects  of  a  currency  deprecia,on  

This  will  have  an  effect  on  a  number  of  key  economic  indicators  

DomesIc  producIon     Trade  deficit     DomesIc  employment    

Changes  in  import  and  export  prices  will  affect  demand  

Import  volumes  will  CONTRACT   Export  volumes  will  EXPAND  

When  the  pound  depreciates  against  the  US  dollar  

It  makes  UK  import  prices  RISE   It  makes  UK  export  prices  FALL  

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Time  period  aUer  depreciaIon  

Trade  surplus  

Trade  deficit  

Currency  depreciaIon  

here    

Will  a  deprecia,on  of  the  currency  bring  about  an  improvement  in  the  trade  balance?  

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Time  period  aUer  depreciaIon  

Trade  surplus  

Trade  deficit  

Currency  depreciaIon  

here    

Will  a  deprecia,on  of  the  currency  bring  about  an  improvement  in  the  trade  balance?  

Trade  deficit  may  grow  in  iniIal  period  aUer  depreciaIon  

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Time  period  aUer  depreciaIon  

Trade  surplus  

Trade  deficit  

Currency  depreciaIon  

here    

Will  a  deprecia,on  of  the  currency  bring  about  an  improvement  in  the  trade  balance?  

Trade  deficit  may  grow  in  iniIal  period  aUer  depreciaIon  

Net  improvement  in  trade  provided  certain  condiIons  

are  met  

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Reasons  for  a  possible  J  curve  effect  

Low  elasIcity  of  demand  for  exports  

Supply  constraints  for  exporters  

Low  price  elasIcity  for  imports  

Demand  for  wages  to  rise  aUer  falling  XR  

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Time  period  aUer  depreciaIon  

Trade  surplus  

Trade  deficit  

Currency  depreciaIon  

here    

Please  do  not  draw  it  this  way  in  the  exam  if  you  are  discussing  the  J  curve!  

A  fall  in  the  currency  is  rarely  enough  to  move  from  trade  deficit  to  

surplus!  

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Improving  CompeIIveness  

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A2  Macro:  Balance  of  Payments  

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