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A2 Structure Of Source Models Measurement Methods R Buetikofer
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Ma te ria ls Sc ienc e &Te chno logy
Aircraft Noise: Source Model
R. BütikoferLaboratory of AcousticsEmpa, Switzerland
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Empa, R. Bütikofer, October 2006 2
Aircraft Noise: Source Model
1. General remarks
2. Structure of the source model
3. Measurement methods
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Empa, R. Bütikofer, October 2006 3
Acoustic engine of IMAGINE
Sound power leve ldirectivity,opera tion condition
Propagation Nois ereception
Lden
Distance , a ir absorption, groundeffect, curved pa ths , screening
Long te rmaverage
Sourceoutput
iteration
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Empa, R. Bütikofer, October 2006 4
IMAGINE WP 4
Deliverable D10:Default source description andmethods to assess source data for aircraft
� WP 4 delivers a data structure, examples and a description on how to do it, not a complete data base.
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Empa, R. Bütikofer, October 2006 5
From DOC.29 (2005) Vol. 1 Applications guide www.ecac-ceac.org
MODELINPUTS OUTPUT
Practitioner - Consultant - Adviser - Analyst - Technician
End-user - Policymaker - Administrator - Planner - Public
Modeller - Scientist - Programmer - Auditor
Scenario- Airport - Aircraft - Traffic - Routeings - Weights - Procedures - Population - Geophysical - Meteorology
Database- Acoustic - Performance
Contour - Area - Population - Other - Impact
Volume 2
Volume 1
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Empa, R. Bütikofer, October 2006 6
Literature: Special edition of Acta Acustica spring 2007
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Empa, R. Bütikofer, October 2006 7
The 4 components of a calculation
Input
Data from the real world
Scenario Aircraft sound calculation program
Aircraftacoustic data
Noise contour(Leq, Lden)
Aircraft per-formance data
Output
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Empa, R. Bütikofer, October 2006 8
Structure of the Source Model
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Empa, R. Bütikofer, October 2006 9
Characteristics of the source emission
� Free field conditions (no ground influence)� Spectral data (1/3 octaves): 50 Hz … 10 kHz� Describes lateral and longitudinal directivity� Doppler effect is not removed
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Empa, R. Bütikofer, October 2006 10
Geometry
�
�
r
flight path
ground track�
height
sideline distance
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Empa, R. Bütikofer, October 2006 11
Descriptor
Sound power, including direction dependent level adjustment: Lw,dir
Sound pressure level at receiver:
Lp (f,�,�,r) = Lw (f) + Dc(f,�,�) - C - A(f,r)
Lp (f,�,�,r) = Lw,dir (f, �, �) - 11 - A(f,r)
Sound pressure level at 1 m in free field (A � 0):Lp (f,�,�,1m) = Lw,dir (f, �, �) - 11
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Empa, R. Bütikofer, October 2006 12
Parameters
aircraft type / engine
flaps / slats / gear
thrust
operation
speed
longitudinal angle
lateral angle
Lw,dir - Spectrumsource module
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Empa, R. Bütikofer, October 2006 13
Lateral symmetry of sound emission
� = 90°
� = 0°
� = - 90°
� = + 180°/ - 180°
For fixed wing jet aircraft (but NOT for propeller or helicopters!):
Lateral symmetry (left / right)
� = ± �
Vertical symmetry (upper / lower hemisphere)
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Empa, R. Bütikofer, October 2006 14
Sphere in Cartesian coordinates (I)
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Empa, R. Bütikofer, October 2006 15
Sphere in Cartesian coordinates (II)
Example:
xx: fields use the interpolated (or constant) value of neighbouring cells
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Empa, R. Bütikofer, October 2006 16
Data base structure
� Tables for specific aircraft and operation conditions may be arranged in a data base
� Not all combinations of operation conditions will have data � typical configurations with data, rest with default values
� Not all aircraft will have data � grouping of acoustically similar aircraft and substitution of acoustically less important aircraft
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Empa, R. Bütikofer, October 2006 17
Measurement methods
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Empa, R. Bütikofer, October 2006 18
Measurement methods
� Reverse engineering from NPD data� „In-flight“ measurements under
operational conditions� Arranged „In-flight“ measurements� Processed data from manufacturers
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Empa, R. Bütikofer, October 2006 19
„In-flight“ measurements under operational conditions (I)
Set – up� Several microphones perpendicular to the axis
of the runway � at 3 to 5 km after brake release (departure) � at 1 to 3 km prior to touch down (landing)
� Measurement of the normal airport traffic during several days
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Empa, R. Bütikofer, October 2006 20
„In-flight“ measurements under operational conditions (II)
Requirements� Precision tracking of aircraft (tracking radar or
optical)� Time synchronisation of position and of the
acoustic recordings� Exact aircraft identification (type, engine, carrier,
ATOW)� Information from carriers on flight procedures
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Empa, R. Bütikofer, October 2006 21
„In-flight“ measurements under operational conditions (III)
Advantages� Measurement of „real-life“ situation� Average over many samples of the same aircraft
type � No additional costs for aircraft operation� Variety of different aircraft measured in the same
measurement period
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Empa, R. Bütikofer, October 2006 22
„In-flight“ measurements under operational conditions (VI)
Disadvantages� Thrust is unknown (unless FDR recordings are
available)� Limited to specific parameter combinations
(speed, flaps, gear, thrust)� Measurements only close to the airport
(sufficient signal to noise ratio)
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Empa, R. Bütikofer, October 2006 24
Arranged „In-flight“ measurements (I)
Set – up� Microphone array perpendicular to axis of flight
� May be single sided array for fixed wing aircraft� U – shaped with cranes
� One aircraft with test pilot operates at various levels and speeds
� Positional information (GPS + time) on board
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Arranged „In-flight“ measurements (II)
Requirements� Airfield reserved for measurements� Aircraft available for test flights
Advantages� Well controlled measurements� Various lateral angles by varying the flight level
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Empa, R. Bütikofer, October 2006 26
Arranged „In-flight“ measurements (III)
Disadvantages� Expensive� Only one sample measured. No information on
variations of sound power for a number of aircraft in normal operation.
ExampleWP 4 Flight tests (Nico van Oosten)
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Example: Empa Measurement of Helicopters 1998
Flight paths
5m
50m
150 m
1
2
3
414
12
13
11
622201816
15 17 19 21 23 7 5
Array of 20 microphones
2 cranes left and right
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Empa, R. Bütikofer, October 2006 29
Example: Wallops study of NASA (DC9, B767)
Report NASA/TM-2003-212433
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Empa, R. Bütikofer, October 2006 30
dB TowerProject(USAF,Wyle,NLR)400 m high300 m fromrunway
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Processing of measurements (I)
� 1/3 octave band processing, retaining exact time� For many discrete aircraft positions: combine
geometry (�,�,�,r) with measured spectrum.� „Depropagate“ the spectra for Lw,dir (�,�):
� Calculate propagation for the specific geometry, using temperature and humidity of the measurement day.
� Subtract propagation from measurement
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Empa, R. Bütikofer, October 2006 32
Processing of measurements (II)
� For each 1/3 octave: Average and interpolate Lw,dir (�,�) in the spherical coordinates � and �
� Generate look-up tables Lw,dir (f,�,�)
� Validate results by reproducing measured data
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Empa, R. Bütikofer, October 2006 33
Thank you for your attention
Why did you became a noise control expert?
What did you say?