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(Scientific Notations)
10 105 = 100,000; 103 = 1,00010-3 = 0.001; 10-5 = 0.00001 300,000 = 3105; 45,000 = 4.5104; 0.000062 = 6.210-5 (Metric prefixes) 10 k ( kilo) = 103= 1,000M ( mega) = 106= 1,000,000 1 = 1 km = 1,000 1 = 1 Mton = 1,000,000 (Astronomical Unit, AU) 1 AU 1.51011m (Light year, ly) 3108m 1 ly 6.3104 AU 9.51015m (Parsec, pc)
1 pc 3.3 ly
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1.3104 km ()
3.8105 km ( 27)
(phases)
1 AU 1.5108 km
( 1) ( 25 )
(Solar System)
80 AU ( 2.4108)
() (dwarf planets) (comets) (asteroids)
10 ly 106 AU "" (
(Proxima Centauri) 4.2 ly) (Milky Way Galaxy)
105 ly 200-300 km/s
21011 (main-sequence star) (white dwarfs) (giants) (neutron stars)(black holes) (Local Group)
2 Mpc (Superclusters)
100 Mpc
(Great Wall),
(Voids) 200 Mpc
1010 ly
104 Mpc
(quasars)
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3
(Celestial Sphere)
(pivots) () (apparent positions) (apparent motions) (self - rotation) ()
()
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4
(Celestial poles) (Polaris)
=>
(zenith) (horizon)
=
L L () (precession) ( 26,000)
(Thuban ( Draconis))
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12,000 (Vega) () (celestial equator)
(apparent sizes) (apparent position) = 3601= 60'1'= 60" 0.5 1
10
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6
10
1 18 () (Coordinates) (Declination) (Right ascension)
(latitude) (longitude)
(Constellations) 88 ( (Telescopium)) ()(
)
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7
()
(
) =>
()
=> (Ecliptic) 13( (astrology) 12 )
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(Sagittarius) (Aquarius)
() (opposite)
(Gemini) (Sagittarius) 23.5
(Sirius)
( Canis Major)
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(brightness) (Magnitude scale)==>
(light intensity)() (log scale) 2.512
2.512 2.5122.512 = 2.5125=100
-27 () (apparent magnitude)
=> (intrinsic)
(apparent)() (absolute magnitude)
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10
()
(Planets)
(Zodiac)( 18)
() = 1 1.9 29 ()
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( (evening stars))( (morning stars))
()
()
23.5
) ()() ()()
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23.5 (Vernal equinox) (Summer solstice) (Autumnal equinox) (Winter solstice)
() ()
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(Sidereal period) = 27.3 5 (ecliptic)
(Phase cycle)
() ()->->->->->->->->
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(New Moon)
(Waxing crescent)
(First quarter)
(Waxing gibbous)
(Full Moon)
(Waning gibbous) (Third quarter) (Waning crescent)
2 2 (Synodic period) () = 29.5 ()
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(Tides) ( 0.0003%) ()
b).
() ()
(high tides)(
)
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() () () (Spring tides) (Neap tides) 0.001 22
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(self-rotation period)
(orbital period) (Tidal coupling)
(Eclipses) () () (nodes)
5N N' N N'
() (Eclipse season) (Lunar eclipses) 22
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(Umbra) () =>
(Penumbra) => (Total eclipse) (scattered)
=> => => =>
(Partial eclipse)
=> (Penumbra eclipse)
=>
() (Solar eclipses) 32
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19
270 km( 13,000 km) => => =>
(Annular eclipses) (ring)
()
() (Saros cycle) 18 111/3 ()