A123Systems™ Confidential Information Copyright © 2007 A123 Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Do...

A123Systems™ Confidential Information Copyright © 2007 A123 Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Do not reproduce or distribute outside of A123Systems without written authorization.

power. safety. life.™

Nanophosphate™ Lithium Ion Technology for Advanced Energy Storagepower. safety. life.

Sue BabinecA123Systems




A123Systems A123Systems and nanomaterials and nanomaterials

• One of the first companies to commercialize nanomaterials

• Technology:– Materials differentiation– Cell Innovation

1µ




A123Systems:A123Systems:• 2001 MIT Spin-Out Energy Company

• Headquartered in Watertown, MA, operates >100,000 ft2 of dedicated space through a combination of wholly owned and exclusive use partner facilities in US, China, Korea and Taiwan.

• Projects with multiple Fortune 500 customers including an co-exclusive $100M three year contract with Black and Decker.

• Raised > $130 Million in private financing: investors include: (MIT), Motorola, Sequoia Capital, Qualcomm, North Bridge, U.S Army, GE Capital, CMEA

Watertown Operations

Shenzhen Assembly Plant

T/J Ann Arbor: Advanced Materials




A123’s materials approach:

• Start with “the best” chemistry

• Optimize the materials to meet application demands

• Design the system and balance the trade-offs




Nanophosphate™ battery performance can Nanophosphate™ battery performance can change the game for defensechange the game for defense

• New materials provide the break-throughs; advanced materials research provides the new materials.

• Implementation is as important as the winning idea.

TechnologyPower

Density (W/kg)

Weight to

Discharge

@1500W (lbs)

Safety

Life at 100%

DOD 1C rate

(cycles)

Environ-mental

Nano-phosphate

™3600 0.9 7000

LNCO Lithium ion

1800 1.8 - 700 -

NiMH 750 4.4 1000

NiCd 600 5.5 1000 -




Outline:

• Design Chemistry & Cells– Thermodynamics & Cell Design

• Safety• Cyclelife

– Nanophosphate™ - unique aspects• Power• Cycle life

• Applications– Commercial power– Defense




Best Chemistry:Best Chemistry: “thermodynamic position” enables high charge/discharge rates, safety, and cyclelife

Electrolyte oxidation

Lithium metal plating

4.4 VLi

0.0 VLi

Nanophosphate™

cathode

carbon

Metal oxide

cathodes

developmentalanodes




• No oxygen evolution, no thermal runaway

• No excess lithium in cathodeOvercharging will not plate Li

LiFePO4 → FePO4 + Li+ + e-

Best Chemistry:Best Chemistry: fundamental lithium ion safety

Nanophosphate™ Conventional metal

oxide

• Oxygen evolution initiates thermal runaway above 150 °C

Li0.5CoO2 → →

0.5LiCoO2 + 1/6Co3O4 + 1/6O2

• Excess lithium can plate during overcharge

LiCoO2 → Li1-xCoO2 + xLi+ + xe-

Cathode Oxidized Reduced

Metal oxide Li0.5MO2 LiMO2

Lithium Iron Phosphate

FePO4 LiFePO4




Nanophosphate™ cell packaging enhances Nanophosphate™ cell packaging enhances safety, power and lifesafety, power and life

Conventional crimped cell packaging

6 can parts• Can• Top header• Valve• CID• PTC• Seal

Can crimped seals survive 15

years of use?

A123 double plate tubular construction

All laser welded design for long calendar life




Nanophosphate™ Chemistry andNanophosphate™ Chemistry andThermal Stability via ARCThermal Stability via ARC

_ LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2

_NP™/LiPF6:EC:DEC

NP™/LiBoB:EC:DEC

Material: Metal Oxide vs.

Nanophosphate™

Source: Argonne National Lab

Cells: A123 vs. Commercial A, B, and C

Source: Sandia National Lab




Unmatched A123 lithium ion cell Unmatched A123 lithium ion cell safety:safety:

Nail penetration test :

the nail is pushed through

the cell’s end cap.

Nanophosphate™ lithium ion

Safe, no explosion




Abuse Testing: U.S. Army, Ft. EustisAbuse Testing: U.S. Army, Ft. EustisRifle Abuse Test (47 rounds) on Fully Charged A123 Pack; Rifle Abuse Test (47 rounds) on Fully Charged A123 Pack; 26V26V

Before

After

No fire, noexplosion




Nanophosphate™ 26650 cells pass Nanophosphate™ 26650 cells pass UL 1642 and UN safety testsUL 1642 and UN safety tests




Nanophosphate™ chemistry: cyclelifeNanophosphate™ chemistry: cyclelife

M1 Comparison Between 26650 and 634501C-1C and 1/2C-1/2C cycling

80%

85%

90%

95%

100%

105%

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000Cycle

Capa

city

M1 26650, FB05110250055, 1C-1CM1 26650, FB05110250120, 1C-1CM1 26650, FB05110190037, C/2-C/2M1 26650, FB05110190090, C/2-C/2M1 63450, XW06060330002M1 63450, XW06060330005M1 63450, XW06060330015M1 26650 FB060100100743_25 1C-1CM1 26650 FB060100100177_25 C/2-C/2M1 26650 FB060100100783_25 C/2-C/2

NP™/graphite

90% Capacity At 4,000 Cycles

Low Rate: 1C-1C and 1/2C–1/2CHigh Rate: 5C-5C

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000

Cycle Number

Disc

harg

e Ca

paci

ty (m

Ah)

5C/-5C/2.5-1.0V/Room Temp Cycling

75% of Initial Capacity

NP™/”LTO”:

>75% Capacity @ 24,000 Cycles




Iron phosphates are not created equal

A123

conventional

Nanophosphate™ power:comparison to conventional battery grade LiFePO4




• Flat voltage/charge profile Flat voltage/charge profile indicates two-phases during indicates two-phases during material transformationmaterial transformation

• Each phase experiences stress Each phase experiences stress due to expansion/contraction, due to expansion/contraction, creating a “lattice misfit”creating a “lattice misfit”

• The interfacial region must The interfacial region must accommodate these stressesaccommodate these stresses

• Success in transformations Success in transformations relates to ability of interface to relates to ability of interface to manage thismanage this

• Details of material dictate Details of material dictate interfacial successinterfacial success

FePO4 LiFePO4

III III

y 1-x

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

OC

V (

V)

(1-x) in Li(1-x)

FePO4

Nanophosphate™ Power: Nanophosphate™ Power: Details of LiFePODetails of LiFePO44 FePO FePO44 transformation: transformation:

FP LFP




Effect of lattice misfit on rateEffect of lattice misfit on rate

Coherent phase boundary

Second phase can grow quickly because host lattices are matched at phase boundary interface.

Result: higher rate

Incoherent phase boundary

For second phase to grow, dislocation defects must be removed by diffusion of atoms in host lattice (which is slow.)

Result: lower rate

Conventional Iron Phosphate A123 Nanophosphate™




Effect of lattice misfit on cycle lifeEffect of lattice misfit on cycle life

Smaller misfit allows material to cycle without significant mechanical damage to the host structure.

Result: better cycle life

Accumulation of dislocation damage ultimately leads to failure

Result: lower cycle life

Conventional Iron PhosphateA123 NanoPhosphate

Nanophosphate™




• >500,000 Nanophosphate 26650 cells/month: multiple new >500,000 Nanophosphate 26650 cells/month: multiple new cell offerings coming on line in 2007 and 2008.cell offerings coming on line in 2007 and 2008.– 18650 cell18650 cell– 32113 HEV cell32113 HEV cell– 32157 PHEV cell32157 PHEV cell– Large-format prismaticsLarge-format prismatics

• Customers:Customers:– Black and Decker (DeWALT)Black and Decker (DeWALT)– Cessna AircraftCessna Aircraft

• Development Contracts:Development Contracts:– US Advanced Battery ConsortiumUS Advanced Battery Consortium– TARDECTARDEC– BAE Systems – hybrid busBAE Systems – hybrid bus– GM – Saturn Vue (PHEV) & Chevy Volt (HEV)GM – Saturn Vue (PHEV) & Chevy Volt (HEV)

• Nanophosphate™ technology under evaluation by:Nanophosphate™ technology under evaluation by:– The Boeing CompanyThe Boeing Company– Lockheed MartinLockheed Martin– US ArmyUS Army– US NavyUS Navy– US Air ForceUS Air Force– NASANASA

Commercial ActivitiesCommercial Activities




Commercial Activities: A123Systems batteries enable new vehicles delivering >150MPG…

GM Saturn VUE Plug-In HEVGM Saturn VUE Plug-In HEV

GM Chevrolet VOLTGM Chevrolet VOLT

Based on US national lab testing, PHEV-40 offers 70% reduction in oil consumption and 50% CO2 reduction

Selected to be supplier to the worlds first commercial plug-in hybrid programs by a major automakers




Nanophosphate™ Technology: Key Advantages for Defense Applications

• Significantly improved cycle life

• Lower cost via high volume manufacturing

• Very high recharge rate: recover 90% capacity in <10 minutes

• Improved safety vs. other lithium ions:

– Abuse resistance

– Thermal stability




Next-generation Improved Energy Improved Power Improved Efficiency Long Cycle Life Potential Low-Cost

Launch Vehicles• Spacecraft Launch Services• Heavy Lift Capability UCAV• Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle• U.S. Air Force/Navy

Future Combat Systems• U.S. Army Force Transformation• Hybrid-Electric Drive• Modeling / Simulation

Low Orbit /Space Station • NiH2 Battery Replacement• Comm./Military Satellites• Long-term Testing Underway

Space Programs• Spacecraft Battery Support• Design and Analyses• Program Technical Oversight

A123Systems aerospace/defense R&D (“T/J” in Ann Arbor)




SummarySummary

• Nanomaterials: Fundamental research in advanced materials for enhanced energy storage technology providing next break-throughs

• Established advanced materials scale-up from prototype to commercial cells

• High power nanophosphate™ cells commercially available– High power M1 chemistry

• 26650 form factor in production today – millions cells/year• Other cylindrical and prismatic form factors in

development

• Opportunities– Use of existing commercial Nanophosphate™ cells in near-

term applications – New advanced materials– New high-energy systems

A123Systems capabilities

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