Force- ldquoany influence that produces a change in the shape or movement of a bodyrdquo (Ching 2008 p211) Tension- A pulling force acting to expand or lengthen (Regents of the University of Colorado 2007) Compression- A pushing force acting to contract or shorten (Regents of the University of Colorado 2007) Collinear Force- Forces acting upon the same path of action (Ching 2008) Reaction Force- Newtons Third Law Every interaction is made up of two concurrent forces action and reaction which are always equal and opposite (Poon 2006) Equilibrium ndash ldquoa state of balance or rest resulting from the qual action of opposing forcesrdquo (Ching 2008 p212) Active Live Load - Movable loads usually acting vertically but may act horizontally in reaction to the moving load Eg Occupancy Loads and Rain Loads (Ching 2008) Dead Load ndash Stationary loads that act vertically down on a structure Eg The Structuresrsquo self-weight and permanent fixtures (Ching 2008)

Dead Load Active Load Load Path Reaction Force

Week 1 Jennifer Grealy 030314 ndash 090314

Newtons Third Law (Dvapphysics 2014)

Construction materials comprise of different properties These aspects are to be considered in material selection in order to determine the most effective solution

Materials actions are influenced by forces applied to them Forces may act to encourage movement of a body or produce a change of shape (Ching 2008)

Forces are occur for as long as the two objects are interacting The forces occur due to this interaction once the objects move apart the interaction ends and the forces cease

(Department for Education United Kingdom 2010)

Week 1 Studio Mass Challenge

Task Construct a tower from blocks aiming to build as high as possible A Load will be placed upon the tower and load paths will be observed

Choosing a base shape was a critical discussion point we wanted a strong base that could be efficiently built We decided a circular design would be easiest to construct as the rectangular blocks could be placed into a gentle curve We overlapped them large side down creating tessellated walls that would transfer the loadrsquos force into the ground and still stay sturdily standing

We considered different styles of block stacking to boost the towers height We tried overlapping the blocks on their thinner edges however this arrangement was unstable and collapsed easily We returned to our previous method as it had already proved to keep the tower standing strongly

Team B

Team C + This team constructed the tallest tower due to stacking the blocks on their thin sides as well as creating a converging ldquoroofrdquo allowing more time efficient building - However the small area created by the converging ldquoroofrdquo could not hold much weight and crumbled when an external load was added

My Team + This tower supported the most load due to the neat stacking of blocks which enabled the load path to travel efficiently without causing the tower to overbalance - Although the tower was stable the construction process was not time efficient and consumed more resources for its height than the other towers

+ The tower started to converge towards the top allowing the team to build in a more time efficient manner - The corners of the square were built unevenly creating instability and consequentially encouraging the tower to collapse before the load was applied

Demolishing sections of the tower alters load paths The tower is still stable at this point as the most efficient Load Path to the ground can still be found without over balancing the tower

Week 2 100314 ndash 160314

System- ldquoan assembly of interrelated or interdependent parts forming a more complex and unified whole and serving a common purposerdquo (Ching 2008 p202)

Membrane Membrane Tensile Structure (ClickIndiacom 2014)

Surface FAZ Pavilion Frankfurt (Achim Menges 2010)

Shell Sydney Opera House (Lepowski 2003)

Skeletal Nicolas San Juan Apartment building in Mexico City (Meinhold

2011)

- Generally stone brick or mud structures

- Compression forces act upon the structure

- Popularly utilised system - Efficient transfer of load

into the ground

- useful for covering a large area in an economic and efficient way (eg At sports stadiums)

Hybrid Structures are realistically the most commonly occurring Many buildings comprise of a combination of structural systems for example a skeletal frame with shell cladding (Newton 2014)

Fulfilling the purpose of the building and catering to the needs of its users Features that impact a buildings performance over time Eg Insulation - comfort sound resistance coping with soil movement

Aspects that dictate the buildings appearance E g regulatory requirements colours finishes proportions

Affordability of the building ndash including initial cost and budget as well as lifespan cost

How the building process and building itself impact the environment Eg recycled vs new materials natural vs artificial lighting

What has worked well in the past What practices can be retained or innovated

Structural System aims to support and convey applied gravity and lateral loads securely to the ground without overstressing a buildings members (Ching 2008)

Solid Cheops Pyramid (Molon 2003)

Week 1 Studio Mass Challenge

Task Construct a tower from blocks aiming to build as high as possible A Load will be placed upon the tower and load paths will be observed

Choosing a base shape was a critical discussion point we wanted a strong base that could be efficiently built We decided a circular design would be easiest to construct as the rectangular blocks could be placed into a gentle curve We overlapped them large side down creating tessellated walls that would transfer the loadrsquos force into the ground and still stay sturdily standing

We considered different styles of block stacking to boost the towers height We tried overlapping the blocks on their thinner edges however this arrangement was unstable and collapsed easily We returned to our previous method as it had already proved to keep the tower standing strongly

Team B

Team C + This team constructed the tallest tower due to stacking the blocks on their thin sides as well as creating a converging ldquoroofrdquo allowing more time efficient building - However the small area created by the converging ldquoroofrdquo could not hold much weight and crumbled when an external load was added

My Team + This tower supported the most load due to the neat stacking of blocks which enabled the load path to travel efficiently without causing the tower to overbalance - Although the tower was stable the construction process was not time efficient and consumed more resources for its height than the other towers

+ The tower started to converge towards the top allowing the team to build in a more time efficient manner - The corners of the square were built unevenly creating instability and consequentially encouraging the tower to collapse before the load was applied

Demolishing sections of the tower alters load paths The tower is still stable at this point as the most efficient Load Path to the ground can still be found without over balancing the tower

Week 2 100314 ndash 160314

System- ldquoan assembly of interrelated or interdependent parts forming a more complex and unified whole and serving a common purposerdquo (Ching 2008 p202)

Membrane Membrane Tensile Structure (ClickIndiacom 2014)

Surface FAZ Pavilion Frankfurt (Achim Menges 2010)

Shell Sydney Opera House (Lepowski 2003)

Skeletal Nicolas San Juan Apartment building in Mexico City (Meinhold

2011)

- Generally stone brick or mud structures

- Compression forces act upon the structure

- Popularly utilised system - Efficient transfer of load

into the ground

- useful for covering a large area in an economic and efficient way (eg At sports stadiums)

Hybrid Structures are realistically the most commonly occurring Many buildings comprise of a combination of structural systems for example a skeletal frame with shell cladding (Newton 2014)

Fulfilling the purpose of the building and catering to the needs of its users Features that impact a buildings performance over time Eg Insulation - comfort sound resistance coping with soil movement

Aspects that dictate the buildings appearance E g regulatory requirements colours finishes proportions

Affordability of the building ndash including initial cost and budget as well as lifespan cost

How the building process and building itself impact the environment Eg recycled vs new materials natural vs artificial lighting

What has worked well in the past What practices can be retained or innovated

Structural System aims to support and convey applied gravity and lateral loads securely to the ground without overstressing a buildings members (Ching 2008)

Solid Cheops Pyramid (Molon 2003)

Week 2 100314 ndash 160314

System- ldquoan assembly of interrelated or interdependent parts forming a more complex and unified whole and serving a common purposerdquo (Ching 2008 p202)

Membrane Membrane Tensile Structure (ClickIndiacom 2014)

Surface FAZ Pavilion Frankfurt (Achim Menges 2010)

Shell Sydney Opera House (Lepowski 2003)

Skeletal Nicolas San Juan Apartment building in Mexico City (Meinhold

2011)

- Generally stone brick or mud structures

- Compression forces act upon the structure

- Popularly utilised system - Efficient transfer of load

into the ground

- useful for covering a large area in an economic and efficient way (eg At sports stadiums)

Hybrid Structures are realistically the most commonly occurring Many buildings comprise of a combination of structural systems for example a skeletal frame with shell cladding (Newton 2014)

Fulfilling the purpose of the building and catering to the needs of its users Features that impact a buildings performance over time Eg Insulation - comfort sound resistance coping with soil movement

Aspects that dictate the buildings appearance E g regulatory requirements colours finishes proportions

Affordability of the building ndash including initial cost and budget as well as lifespan cost

How the building process and building itself impact the environment Eg recycled vs new materials natural vs artificial lighting

What has worked well in the past What practices can be retained or innovated

Structural System aims to support and convey applied gravity and lateral loads securely to the ground without overstressing a buildings members (Ching 2008)

Solid Cheops Pyramid (Molon 2003)

Sustainable design and construction choices are valuable as they move to preserve and protect the Earth from devastation (Architecture Student Chronicles 2010) Decisions made along the design process influence

the environment throughout the life span of a building (Newton 2014)

Night Air Purging (IVR Group 2012)

Week 2 100314 ndash 160314

Direction amp Angle of Sunlight (DIYen nd )

The orientation of a building can be utilised to maximise solar energy harvesting and

encourage natural lighting (DIYen nd)

The popularity of carbon reducing strategies and environmentally focused implementation plans in the construction sector doesnrsquot just benefit the environment Demonstrating these processes provide construction companies with a

competitive advantage lsquogreenrsquo companies are now heading the construction sector in the UK (Burbridge 2012)

Embodied carbon of materials must be considered as buildings may require more materials to achieve a lower energy use but these materials may be more carbon-intensive (BuildingGreen 2011)

Therefore by acknowledging embodied carbon the total net carbon emissions can be taken into account and appropriate carbon

reduction schemes can be planned

Embodied Carbon - the amount of carbon emitted into the atmosphere from the production of a material through to itsrsquo installation (BuildingGreen 2011) Carbon Foot print ndash The net amount of greenhouse gases produced to generate human activities (Time For Change 2007) Night Air Purging ndash Naturally ventilating a structure by closing it during the day and opening it at night (IVR Group 2012)

Carbon Footprint of Nylon Carpet (BuildingGreen 2011)

Week 2 Studio Frame Challenge

- Singular direction of load transfer (Vertical)

- Two directional or Planar modes of action

- Eg Truss system

- Bending in the joint can occur if one member experiences a load

Joint connects one structural element to another (Ching 2008)

Task Construct a tower aiming to build as tall as possible Materials Thin long strips of balsa wood cutting knife glue and tape

Our main problem Material Efficiency We decided to cut our balsa pieces into 15cm long segments in the hopes that it would improve the stability of our structure However we found that shortening the pieces hindered the efficiency of our material the pieces became quite brittle and on many occasions snapped in our hands This further added to time delays caused by the length of the material We also found that the sticking materials we used had a great influence on how our tower was constructed Initially we tried using quick-dry glue however this was a messy process and pieces did not stick properly We found that tape worked better as it could be wrapped around the joins several times for security however this created ugly lumps which hampered the aesthetics of our tower

OURrsquoS

- When force was applied to the top of the tower the joints bended and curved

- The longer balsa pieces were more flexible allowing for this bending whilst enabling the tower to be built quite high

- The application of force to the top of the tower caused the joints to snap

- The shorter balsa pieces were quite brittle they broke instead of bending with the force

OURrsquoS

TEAM BrsquoS

The transmission of forces from one structural member to another is influenced largely by the joint system used (Ching 2008) Different joints encourage different forms of movement

Reference List bull Architecture Student Chronicles 2010 Importance of Sustainable Architecture in the 21st Centure

[ONLINE] Available at httpwwwarchitecture-studentcomsustainable-designimportance-of-sustainable-architecture-in-21st-century [Accessed 18 March 14]

bull BuildingGreen 2011 Embodied Carbon Measuring How Building Materials Affect Climate [ONLINE] Available at httpwwwbuildinggreencomautharticlecfm2011330Embodied-Carbon-Measuring-How-Building-Materials-Affect-Climateutm_source=BuildingGreencom+Bulletinamputm_campaign=345b5f92ce-BG_Bulletin_M_206_EBN3_31_2011amputm_medium=emailampmc_cid=345b5f92ceampmc_eid=8891f5e9c4 [ Accessed 15 March 14]

bull Burbridge D 2012 Building a Lower-Carbon Construction Industry [ONLINE] Available at httpwwwcarbontrustcomnews201202building-a-lower-carbon-construction-industry-(1) [Accessed 15 March 14]

bull Cheoprsquos Pyramid2003 digital photograph Alfred Molon [ONLINE] Available at httpwwwmolondegalleriesEgyptPyramidsimgphppic=5 [Accessed 18 March 14]

bull Ching FDK 2008 Building Construction Illustrated 4th ed Hoboken New Jersey John Wiley amp Sons

bull Department for Education United Kingdom 2010 Strengthening Teaching and Learning of Forces [ONLINE] Available athttpswwweducationgovukpublicationseOrderingDownloadsec_sci_f_forcearow0004310pdf [Accessed 15 March 14]

bull Direction amp Angle of Instalation Diagram Nd DIYen [ONLINE] Available at httpwwwdiy-energyorghow-to-install-solar-panels-on-your-roof-the-basics [Accessed 15 March 14]

bull DIYen nd How to Install Solar Panels on Your Roof [ONLINE] Available at httpwwwdiy-energyorghow-to-install-solar-panels-on-your-roof-the-basics [Accessed 15 March 14]

bull Dvapphysics 2014 Newtonrsquos Three Laws [ONLINE] Available athttpdvapphysicswikispacescomNewton27s+Three+Laws [Accessed 15 March 14]

bull FAZ Pavilion Frankfurt digital photograph Achim Menges [ONLINE] Available at httpwwwachimmengesnetp=4967 [Accessed on 18 March 14]

bull Meinhold B 2011 digital photograph Mexico City Eco Apartments Inspired By The Trees of the Neighbourhood [ONLINE] Available at httpinhabitatcommexico-city-eco-apartments-inspired-by-the-trees-of-the-neighborhood [Accessed 18 March 14]

bull Natural Ventilation Diagram 2012 IVR Group [ONLINE] Available at httpwwwivrgroupcomaunewsnatural-ventilation-and-night-purge-ventilation [Accessed 15 March 14]

bull Newton C (2014) W02 s1 Structural Systems [Online Video] 09 March Available from httpwwwyotubecomwatchv=|--JtPpl8uwampfeature=youtube [Accessed 15 March 2014]

bull Poon CH 2006 Teaching Newtons Third Law of Motion in the presence of student preconception Physics Education vol41 no3 pp223-227

bull Regents of the University of Colorado 2007 Teach Engineering [ONLINE] Available at httpwwwteachengineeringorgview_lessonphpurl=collectioncub_lessonscub_bridcub_brid_lesson01xmlvocab [Accessed 18 March 14]

bull Sydney Opera House Australia Digital Photograph 2003 Lepowski M [ONLINE] Available athttpwwwtravelsinparadisecomaustraliasydneypicturessydney-bridge-02html [Accessed 15 March 14]

bull The Best Tensile Membrane Structure2014 digitial photograph Clickindiacom[ONLINE] Available at httpwwwclickindiacomdetailphpid=12147460 [Accessed 18 March 14]

bull Time for Change 2007 What is a Carbon Footprint ndash Definition [ONLINE] Available athttptimeforchangeorgwhat-is-a-carbon-footprint-definition [Accessed 15 March 14]

Reference List bull Architecture Student Chronicles 2010 Importance of Sustainable Architecture in the 21st Centure

[ONLINE] Available at httpwwwarchitecture-studentcomsustainable-designimportance-of-sustainable-architecture-in-21st-century [Accessed 18 March 14]

bull BuildingGreen 2011 Embodied Carbon Measuring How Building Materials Affect Climate [ONLINE] Available at httpwwwbuildinggreencomautharticlecfm2011330Embodied-Carbon-Measuring-How-Building-Materials-Affect-Climateutm_source=BuildingGreencom+Bulletinamputm_campaign=345b5f92ce-BG_Bulletin_M_206_EBN3_31_2011amputm_medium=emailampmc_cid=345b5f92ceampmc_eid=8891f5e9c4 [ Accessed 15 March 14]

bull Burbridge D 2012 Building a Lower-Carbon Construction Industry [ONLINE] Available at httpwwwcarbontrustcomnews201202building-a-lower-carbon-construction-industry-(1) [Accessed 15 March 14]

bull Cheoprsquos Pyramid2003 digital photograph Alfred Molon [ONLINE] Available at httpwwwmolondegalleriesEgyptPyramidsimgphppic=5 [Accessed 18 March 14]

bull Ching FDK 2008 Building Construction Illustrated 4th ed Hoboken New Jersey John Wiley amp Sons

bull Department for Education United Kingdom 2010 Strengthening Teaching and Learning of Forces [ONLINE] Available athttpswwweducationgovukpublicationseOrderingDownloadsec_sci_f_forcearow0004310pdf [Accessed 15 March 14]

bull Direction amp Angle of Instalation Diagram Nd DIYen [ONLINE] Available at httpwwwdiy-energyorghow-to-install-solar-panels-on-your-roof-the-basics [Accessed 15 March 14]

bull DIYen nd How to Install Solar Panels on Your Roof [ONLINE] Available at httpwwwdiy-energyorghow-to-install-solar-panels-on-your-roof-the-basics [Accessed 15 March 14]

bull Dvapphysics 2014 Newtonrsquos Three Laws [ONLINE] Available athttpdvapphysicswikispacescomNewton27s+Three+Laws [Accessed 15 March 14]

bull FAZ Pavilion Frankfurt digital photograph Achim Menges [ONLINE] Available at httpwwwachimmengesnetp=4967 [Accessed on 18 March 14]

bull Meinhold B 2011 digital photograph Mexico City Eco Apartments Inspired By The Trees of the Neighbourhood [ONLINE] Available at httpinhabitatcommexico-city-eco-apartments-inspired-by-the-trees-of-the-neighborhood [Accessed 18 March 14]

bull Natural Ventilation Diagram 2012 IVR Group [ONLINE] Available at httpwwwivrgroupcomaunewsnatural-ventilation-and-night-purge-ventilation [Accessed 15 March 14]

bull Newton C (2014) W02 s1 Structural Systems [Online Video] 09 March Available from httpwwwyotubecomwatchv=|--JtPpl8uwampfeature=youtube [Accessed 15 March 2014]

bull Poon CH 2006 Teaching Newtons Third Law of Motion in the presence of student preconception Physics Education vol41 no3 pp223-227

bull Regents of the University of Colorado 2007 Teach Engineering [ONLINE] Available at httpwwwteachengineeringorgview_lessonphpurl=collectioncub_lessonscub_bridcub_brid_lesson01xmlvocab [Accessed 18 March 14]

bull Sydney Opera House Australia Digital Photograph 2003 Lepowski M [ONLINE] Available athttpwwwtravelsinparadisecomaustraliasydneypicturessydney-bridge-02html [Accessed 15 March 14]

bull The Best Tensile Membrane Structure2014 digitial photograph Clickindiacom[ONLINE] Available at httpwwwclickindiacomdetailphpid=12147460 [Accessed 18 March 14]

bull Time for Change 2007 What is a Carbon Footprint ndash Definition [ONLINE] Available athttptimeforchangeorgwhat-is-a-carbon-footprint-definition [Accessed 15 March 14]