A world where buildings do not contribute with …...A world where buildings do not contribute with...

A world where buildings do not contribute with

greenhouse gas emissions



Frokostmøte Nullutslippsbygg



Nullutslippsbygg -fra forskning til praksis Forskningsleder PhD Birgit Risholt, ZEB/SINTEF



ZEB’s main objective is to develop competitive products and solutions for existing and new buildings that will lead to market penetration of buildings with zero greenhouse gas emissions related to their production, operation, and demolition. The centre will encompass both residential, commercial, and public buildings. www.zeb.no

Illustration: Snøhetta/MIR



ZEB Facts • Host institution: NTNU

• Research partners: SINTEF Building and Infrastructure and SINTEF Energy Research

• Industry and public partners: 22 (4 new)

• Start date (contract with RCN signed): November 2009

• Total budget: ca. 290 MNOK (+ additional to research infrastructure)

• Researchers associated with the Centre: about 25 (most part time)

• PhD candidates: 21 – 3-5 expected to complete during 2013

– 13 is partly/directly funded by ZEB

• Post docs: 4

• Research on topics from nano material science to whole building performance (e.g. energy and CO2), including studies on individual building technologies (e.g. building envelope and building services technologies) and user studies.



What should be done?

Reduce the energy demand to a minimum – in new and existing buildings.

New renewable energy should be used to cover the remaining demand for heating and/or cooling.

Use renewable energy to cover the demand for electricity.

Consider the usage of materials.

We have to consider the interaction between buildings and transport.

The most environmental kWh is the one that is not used.



Zero Emission Buildings - The Challenge:

The main concept of a zero emission building is that renewable energy sources produced or transformed at the building site have to compensate for CO2 emissions from operation of the building and for production, transport and demolition of all the building materials and components during the life cycle of the building.

Energy standard, single family houses in Norway

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Today's

average

standard

Buildings

code, 2007

Passive

house

standard

Net zero

energy

Plus energy

An

nu

ally

en

erg

y d

em

and

/pro

du

ctio

n: k

Wh

/m2

Energy demand Energy production

Source: SINTEF Byggforsk



The ZEB research activities

ZEB focuses its work in five areas that interact and influence each other:

– WP1 Advanced materials technologies

– WP2 Climate-adapted low-energy envelope technologies

– WP3 Energy supply systems and services

– WP4 Use, operation, and implementation

– WP5 Concepts and strategies





WP1 Advanced materials technologies

Main goal:

Development of new and innovative materials and solutions, as well as improvements of the current state-of-the-art technologies.

Research example

• New insulation material

Contact: Bjørn Petter Jelle ([email protected])



WP2 Climate adapted envelope technologies Main goal:

Develop climate adapted, verified, and cost effective solutions for new and existing building envelopes (roofs, walls and floors) that will give the least possible heat loss and at the same time a reduced need for cooling.

Research examples

• New sandwiched elements with VIP

Contact: Berit Time ([email protected])

Photo: Sfære



WP3 Energy supply systems and services Main goal:

Develop new solutions for energy supply systems and building services systems with reasonable energy and indoor environment performance appropriate for zero emission buildings.

Research example:

• Development of a new energy exchanger

Contact: Hans Martin Mathisen ([email protected])



WP4 Use, operation, and implementation

Main goal:

Provide knowledge and tools which assure usability and acceptance, maintainability and efficiency, and implementation of ZEBs.

Research example:

• Have analyzed end-use in energy efficient buildings

Contact: Thomas Berker ([email protected])



WP5 Concepts and Strategies for ZEBs Main goal: Develop concrete concepts for zero emission buildings which can be translated into realized pilot buildings within the time frame of the Centre. Research examples: • ZEB definition • ZEB concepts • Pilot buildings Contact: Birgit Risholt ([email protected])



ZEB definition

1. Ambition level

2. Rules for calculation

3. System boundaries

4. CO2-factors

5. Energy quality

6. Mismatch production and demand

7. Minimum requirement energy efficiency

8. Requirement indoor climate

9. Verification in use

Dokka, Sartori, Thyolt, Lien and Lindberg, A Norwegian Zero Emission Building definition, PassivhusNorden 2013



CO2 emissions and embodied energy

• Embodied energy includes the energy required for manufacturing the product from raw materials, production and transport

• Embodied CO2 emissions takes into consideration the energy source for the different components in the embodied energy

(bellona.no ) (nullutslipp.no ) (forskning.no)



ZEB Ambition levels

Materials, M Raw materials, production , transport

Construction, C Transport, construction, installation

Operation, O Energy use, maintenance, renovation, replacement

End of Life, E Demolition, waste



Source: Dokka et al, PassivhusNorden 2013



System boundaries

Marszal, A. J., Heiselberg, P., Bourrelle, J. S., Musall, E., Voss, K., Sartori, I. and Napolitano, A. (2011) Zero Energy Building – A Review of definitions and calculation methodologies, Energy and Buildings,



The Norwegian energy supply

• Heat sources – Electricity

– Fire wood

– Oil and gas (fossile)

– Biomass, waste

– Solar energy

• Electricity sources – Hydropower (95%)

– Heat power (4%)

– Windpower (1%)

– Part of an European grid

Source: www.ssb.no



CO2 factor for electricity in Norway

• Connected to an European grid, – current European CO2 factor is 360 g/kWh

• Assumption 90 % reduction of CO2 in Europe towards 2050

• 60 years lifetime for a building (standard value used by the Norwegian ZEB research center)

• Average CO 2 factor for 60 years used for concept studies



CO2eq conversion factors

Energy carrier ZEB center CO2eq [g/kWh]

Europe CO2eq [g/kWh]

Electricity 130 350

Oil (fossile) 285 330

Gas (fossile) 210 277

Waste 185

Wood shavings 4 4

Wood log 14

Bio-pellets 7

Bio-gas 25

Sources: EN 15603: 2008; Dokka, Sartori, Thyolt, Lien and Lindberg, A Norwegian Zero Emission Building definition, PassivhusNorden 2013



Single family house

Building element U-value ZEB [W/m2K]

U-value TEK10 [W/m2K]

Floor, concrete and EPS 0.07 (0.06)

0.15

Flat roof 0.10 0.13

Exterior walls 0.12 0.18

Windows 0.65 1.2

Doors 0.65 1.2

Normalized thermal bridge value 0.03 0.03

Air tightness, ŋ50 0.3 h-1 2.5 h-1



Technical systems and heating

• LED lighting and energy efficient appliances

• Solar cells for electricity production

• Air to water heat pump and solar collector for heat production

• Hydronic heating system

• Ventilation system with rotary wheel heat exchanger

Value

Heat recovery 85 %

Specific fan power 1.0 kW/(m3/s)

Heating capacity 18 W/m2



The annual energy demand, kWh/year

4074

7160

Thermal heating El-specific



CO2 emissions, kgCO2eq/m2year

7,2

5,0

Embodied emissions

Emission operation



CO2 balance, kgCO2eq/m2year

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Emissions OM Solar cells

El production

Embodied emissions

Appliances

Lighting

Fans and pumps

Heat pump system



Embodied CO2 emissions, kgCO2eq/m2year

Floor and ground

Structure

Exterior walls

Inner walls

Roof

Solar thermal

Ventilation

Other tech. systems

Solar cells



Emissions per material, kgCO2eq/m2year

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5



Concept work – Office building



ZEB-Pilot Buildings 1. Skarpnes Arendal: 37 dwellings, ZEB-O.

2. Powerhouse #2 – Sandvika. Renovation of 2 office blocks to Plus energy ZEB-O.

3. Multikomfort-Larvik: Single family house, ZEB-OM.

4. Ådland: +500 dwellings, ZEB-O.

5. Powerhouse # 1 – Trondheim. Large office building, Plus energy.

6. Haakonsvern – Bergen. Small office building, ZEB-O÷EQ.

7. ZEB Living Lab, Trondheim. Single family house on NTNU campus. ZEB-OM



Thank you for your attention!

www.zeb.no

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