A Visual Tour of the Effect of per Capita Income -around the world in 30 minutes-
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A Visual Tour of the Effect of per Capita Income
-around the world in 30 minutes-
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Bhutan
• Per capita income: $174
• Population doubling time: 30 years
• Male life expectancy: 47 years
• Female life expectancy: 49 years
• Fertility rate: 5.9 children/woman
• Population density: 94/sq mile
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Mali
• Per capita income: $251
• Population doubling time: 20 years
• Male life expectancy: 47 years
• Female life expectancy: 50 years
• Fertility rate: 7.1 children/woman
• Population density: 22.6/ sq mile
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Haiti
• Per capita income: $374
• Population doubling time: 35 years
• Male life expectancy: 53 years
• Female life expectancy: 56 years
• Fertility rate: 4.8 children/woman
• Population density: 666/sq mile
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China
• Per capita income: $364
• Population doubling time: 49 years
• Male life expectancy: 67 years
• Female life expectancy: 71 years
• Fertility rate: 2.2 children/woman
• Population density: 335/ sq mile
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Guatemala
• Per capita income: $944
• Population doubling time: 24 years
• Male life expectancy: 61 years
• Female life expectancy: 66 years
• Fertility rate: 5.4 children/woman
• Population density: 252/ sq mile
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Uzbekistan
• Per capita income: $978
• Population doubling time: 33.4 years
• Male life expectancy: 66 years
• Female life expectancy: 73 years
• Fertility rate: 4.4 children/woman
• Population density: 132/sq mile
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Thailand
• Per capita income: $1697
• Population doubling time: 55 years
• Male life expectancy: 66 years
• Female life expectancy: 72 years
• Fertility rate: 2.2 children/woman
• Population density: 294/sq mile
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Mongolia
• Per capita income: $1820
• Population doubling time: 27 years
• Male life expectancy: 61 years
• Female life expectancy: 64 years
• Fertility rate: 4.6 children/woman
• Population density: 4/ sq mile
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Cuba
• Per capita income: $2,000
• Population doubling time: 78 years
• Male life expectancy: 74 years
• Female life expectancy: 79
• Fertility rate: 1.9 children/woman
• Population density: 259/sq mile
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Israel
• Per capita income: $12,293
• Population doubling time: 15 years
• Male life expectancy: 74 years
• Female life expectancy: 78 years
• Fertility rate: 2.2 children/woman
• Population density: 751/ sq mile
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Japan
• Per capita income: $26,824
• Population doubling time: 183 years
• Male life expectancy: 76 years
• Female life expectancy: 82 years
• Fertility rate: 1.7 children/woman
• Population density: 862/ sq mile
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Kuwait
• Per capita income: $16,380
• Population doubling time: -- years
• Male life expectancy: 72 years
• Female life expectancy: 76 years
• Fertility rate: 3.7 children/woman
• Population density: 174/ sq mile
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United States
• Per capita income: $26,000
• Population doubling time: 88 years
• Male life expectancy: 74 years
• Female life expectancy: 78 years
• Fertility rate: 2.1 children/woman
• Population density: 77/ sq mile
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Relation of Values to Development
• What are the results of increasing GNP?– Life Expectancy vs GNP– Well Being vs GNP (actual)– Well Being vs GNP (theoretical)
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GNP vs Life Expectancy
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GNP versus Well Being
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Generalized GNP vs Well-being Curve
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Environmental Problems in Survival Phase
• Disease• Injury• Starvation
• Environment is viewed as another external controlling force to be overcome; impacts result in a new environmental form that is neither better or worst
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Environmental Problems in Pre-modern Phase
• Plagues, famines• Wars• Drinking water contamination
• Environment is viewed as nurturing and resistant to human impacts; however, big impacts can bring disaster to family
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Environmental Problems in Modern Phase
• Accidents• Water, wastewater and air pollution• Industrial, toxic, and hazardous wastes
• Environment is viewed as a source of raw materials and as resistant to human impacts; big impacts can bring disaster to corporations and bureaucracies
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Environmental Problems in Post-modern Phase
• Crowding• Solid wastes• Non-point chemicals• Old age• Resource depletion• Large-scale accidents• Global disruption of natural cycles• Epidemics
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Environmental Problems in Post-modern Phase
• For individualist, impacts to the environmental are often seen as incremental and inconsequential. Environment is often seen as another consumptive good.
• For egalitarian, any impact to the environment may be disastrous. Impacts are seen as additive. The environment is seen as a place to create the “good society.”
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Important Environmental Values
• Value of non-human life?
• Preservation of richness and diversity of life forms?
• No, minimal, or tolerable human impacts?
• Sustainability?
• Conservation of areas with no human impact?
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Old Interaction of Technologies with Society
Perceived Need
Design It
Build It
Deal with ImpactsAttempt sustainability
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New Interactionof Technologies with Society
Survival Needs
HierarchicalNeeds
IndividualNeeds
EgalitarianNeeds
See
k su
stai
nabl
e sy
stem
s
Design,build, minimizeimpacts