Dr. Lauren Cifuentes

The image is the great instrument of instruction. What a learner gets out of any subject presented is simply the images which (s)he (her)himself forms with regard to it.

The child’s playhouse stands thirty feet high and is ten feet across the front.

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Demonstrate the power of visualization for enhancing memory and retention

Knowledge is constructed as a result of the interaction between the learner and the environment.

Visualizations on paper or computers can function as cognitive tools to help support, guide, and extend learners’ thinking processes-◦ express one’s ideas, and understandings◦ build connections among old and new knowledges◦ make meaning about to-be-learned materials

1. Cifuentes, L., & Hsieh, Y. C. (2004). Visualization for middle school students’ engagement in science learning. Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching, 23(2), 109-137. http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-286573/Visualization-for-middle-school-students.html

2. Cifuentes, L., & Hsieh, Y. C. (2003). Visualization for construction of meaning during study time: A Qualitative Analysis. International Journal of Instructional Media, 30(3), 407-417. http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5002074009

3. Cifuentes, L., & Hsieh, Y. C. (2003). Visualization for construction of meaning during study time: A Quantitative Analysis. International Journal of Instructional Media, 30(4), 263-273. http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5002017117

4. Hsieh, Y.C., & Cifuentes, L. (2006). Student-generated visualization as a study strategy for science concept learning. Educational Technology and Society. 9(3), 137-148. www.ifets.info/journals/9_3/12.pdf

5. Kwon, S. Y., & Cifuentes, L. (2007). Using computers to individually-generate vs. collaboratively generate concept maps. Journal of Educational Technology and Society. 10(4), 269-280. http://www.ifets.info/issues.php?id=37

6. Kwon, S. Y., & Cifuentes, L. (2008). The comparative effect of individually-constructed vs. collaboratively-constructed computer-based concept maps. Computers and Education. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2008.09.012

7. Hsieh, Yi-Chuan & Cifuentes, L. (unpublished). Visualization As A Study Strategy: A Cross-Cultural Study.

Well written expository text lends itself to visualization.

Instructional designers can analyze text to determine how content should be visualized to clarify meaning.

Both paper and pencil and computer-based representations are facilitative when students have computer literacy.

Both individually and collaboratively constructing visualizations are facilitative when students know how to collaborate.

Visualization is equally effective for American and Taiwanese learners.

show interrelationships among concepts; make connections with what students

already know; indicate special characteristics of

concepts.

Let’s see how.

1) Show Inter-relationships

2) Relate to something already known

3) Indicate Special Char-acteristics

1a) Causal 1b) Hierarchical 1c) Chronological 1d) Sequential 1e) Oppositional 1f) Comparative 1g) Categorical

2a) Direct representation

2b) Metaphor 2c) Example/

Nonemample 2d) Mneumonic

3a) circles or other shapes

3b) asterisks 3c) color 3d) shading 3e) visual blowup

Cause and EffectHierarchyChronologySequenceOppositionComparisonCategories What visual conventions do we use to represent

each of these interrelationships?

Cause and Effect causal chainHierarchy tree, flow chart, pyramidChronology timelineSequence numbers, letters, arrowsOpposition Ying/Yang, arrows Comparison bar, line, pie graphsCategories matrices

Cause & Effect: ExampleMost ocean pollution caused by humans is concentrated

along the coasts of continents. Industrial wastes, often containing concentrations of metals and chemicals, sometimes get into seawater and harm organisms. Pesticides (insect killers) and herbicides (weed killers) used in farming reach the ocean as runoff. Crop fertilizers and human sewage create a different kind of problem. They fertilize the water. This causes some types of plant plankton to reproduce very rapidly. When these plants die, they’re decomposed by huge numbers of bacteria. The problem is that the bacteria use up much of the oxygen in the water during respiration. Therefore, other organisms such as fish can’t get the oxygen they need, and they die.

Industrial wastes(metals, chemicals)

Pesticides (insect killers)Herbicides (weed killers)

Crop fertilizerHuman sewage

Ocean Pollution

Plankton die

Rapid growth of plankton

Feed bacteria

Consume oxygen

Fish die

Harm Organisms

Cause & Effect: Your Turn

The earth’s climate has cooled and warmed naturally with irregular fluctuations over millions of years. However, man’s activities are contributing to climatic changes. As a result of man’s activities during the industrial and nuclear ages, the rate of climatic change is predicted to increase dramatically.  

According to Maslow, peoples' lower needs must be met in order for the higher needs to be met. First physiological needs must be met, then safety needs, then social needs, then esteem needs, and then the need for self-actualization.

Hierarchy : Example

Physiological needs

Safety needs

Social needs

Esteem needs

Self-actualization

According to the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990, pollution should be prevented or reduced at the source whenever feasible. However, pollution that cannot be prevented or reduced should be recycled in an environmentally safe manner whenever feasible. For the pollution that cannot be prevented or recycled, it should be treated in an environmentally safe manner whenever feasible. Disposal or other release into the environment should be employed only as a last resort and should be conducted in an environmentally safe manner.

Hierarchy: Your Turn

Chronology : ExampleEarth’s history on the geological time scale is

divided into four geological eras: Precambrian Era, Paleozoic Era, Mesozoic Era, and Cenozoic Era. The Precambrian Era is the longest era. It lasts about 4 billion years and accounts for 87 percent of Earth’s history. The Paleozoic Era last about 345 million years, and the Mesozoic Era about 160 million years. The Cenozoic Era, the era in which we now, has lasted for only 65 million years.

Precambrian Era (4 billion years)

Paleozoic Era (345 million years)

Mesozoic Era (160 million years)

Cenozoic Era (65 million years)

The Earth’s History

Chronology: Your Turn

The Scientists divide the Mesozoic Era into three periods. The oldest period is called the Triassic Period. The middle period is called the Jurassic Period. The youngest period is called the Cretaceous Period.

Sequence: ExampleThe life-history of the butterfly and fly is made up of four stages, egg, larva, pupa, and adult. These insects show complete metamorphosis. The larva stage resembles a caterpillar or worm. In the pupa stage, the insect lives in its cocoon. Grasshoppers and dragonflies are examples of insects that go through “incomplete metamorphosis” in which insects show three stages, egg, larva, and adult. In the larva stage the insect looks like a small adult insect.

1.Egg

2.Larva

3.Pupa

4.Adult

Complete MetamorphosisComplete Metamorphosis Butterfly & Fly

3.Adult

2.Larva

1.Eggs

Moon phases are the changing appearances of the moon as seen from Earth. The phases of the moon start firstly with the “New Moon”, secondly the “Waxing Crescent”, thirdly the “First Quarter”, fourthly the “Waxing Gibbous”, fifthly the “Full Moon”, sixthly the “Waning Gibbous”, seventhly the “Third Quarter”, and the last “Waning Crescent” before the next “New Moon” occurs. The complete cycle of the moon’s phases take about 29.5 days.

Among insects we find two suborders, Apterygota and Pterygota. Apterygota includes insects without wings and Pterygota includes those insects with wings.

Apterygota Pterygota

Two endocrine glands, the thyroid and the parathyroid, work together to keep the levels of calcium in the blood at equilibrium. Eating calcium-rich foods causes a high level of blood calcium. This cues the thyroid to release a hormone that causes calcium to be deposed in the bones and to be excreted in urine from the kidneys. On the other hand, a low level of blood calcium stimulates the parathyroid gland to created a hormone that causes bones to partially dissolve and causes the kidneys to conserve calcium, not excrete it.

Human blood is much like sea water. While sea water contains 55% chlorine, blood contains 45% chlorine. Sea water contains 34% sodium, 3% calcium, and 1% potassium. Blood contains 38% sodium, 2% calcium, and 3% potassium.

55

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45

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35

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25

20

15

10

5

0Chlorine Sodium Calcium Potassium

Human Blood

Sea Water

Human blood is much like sea water. While sea water contains 55% chlorine, blood contains 45% chlorine. Sea water contains 34% sodium, 3% calcium, and 1% potassium. Blood contains 38% sodium, 2% calcium, and 3% potassium.

 

There are two kinds of cells in blood: red cells and white cells. Red cells carry food and oxygen, and white cells fight disease.

Red Cells White Cells

Carry food and oxygen

Fight disease

The technology for tidal power is essentially the same as that for river hydroelectric power. With rivers, however, the water flows in only one direction, whereas a tidal plant must be adapted for the two-way movement of sea water.

There are many types of glaciers. For example: Mountain Glaciers develop in high mountainous regions,

often flowing out of icefields that span several peaks or even a mountain range. The largest mountain glaciers are found in Arctic Canada, Alaska, the Andes in South America, the Himalayas in Asia, and on Antarctica.

Valley Glaciers are commonly originating from mountain glaciers or ice fields, these glaciers spill down valleys, looking much like giant tongues or rivers. Valley glaciers tend to be very long, often flowing down beyond the snow line, sometimes reaching sea level.

Cirque Glaciers are named for the bowl-like hollows they occupy, which are called cirques. Typically, they are found high on mountainsides and tend to be wide rather than long.

1) Show Inter-relationships

2) Relate to something already known

3) Indicate Special Char-acteristics

1a) Causal 1b) Hierarchical 1c) Chronological 1d) Sequential 1e) Oppositional 1f) Comparative 1g) Categorical

2a) Direct representation

2b) Metaphor 2c) Example/

Nonemample 2d) Mneumonic

3a) circles or other shapes

3b) asterisks 3c) color 3d) shading 3e) visual blowup

Create a direct representationCreate a visual metaphorCreate a visual nonexample and/or

exampleCreate a visual mnemonic

Cyme- where the primary axis ends in a flower, further growth being continued by lateral branches which may again end in a flower.

The sun is a ball-shaped object made of extremely hot gases. Since it is made only of gases, there are no clear boundaries within it. The outermost layer of the sun’s atmosphere is called the corona. Beneath the corona is the middle layer of the sun’s atmosphere, the chromosphere. The inner layer of the sun’s atmosphere is called the photosphere. The center of the sun is called the core.

Remember the “tongue” like valley glacier?

Spiders have book lungs connected to tracheal tubes. Book lungs work to remove oxygen from air instead of water. Book lungs are series of thin “plates” full of blood vessels that catch and carry oxygen throughout the animal’s body.

Spider’s Book Lung

Catches and Carries Oxygen

Nerve cells have extensions that look like electric wires. The job of nerve cells is to pass messages in the form of chemical impulses from nerve cell to nerve cell throughout the body.

Cholesterol exists in food as a dietary lipid. You'll find cholesterol only in animal products, such as meat and dairy foods.

Examples of Cholesterol

Nonexamples of Cholesterol

Ice insulates. When temperatures dropped in Florida, workers in the orange fields raced into the grove hauling long water hoses! These workers began to spray the trees with water. The water would freeze into ice. The ice would keep the oranges warm!

Nine Planets

Mars Mercury Neptune Venus Earth Saturn Jupiter Pluto Uranus

My MercuryVery Venus

Educated EarthMother MarsJust JupiterServed SaturnUs UranusNine NeptunePizzas Pluto

The proper ordering of the biological groupings used in taxonomy.

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

1) Show Inter-relationships

2) Relate to something already known

3) Indicate Special Char-acteristics

1a) Causal 1b) Hierarchical 1c) Chronological 1d) Sequential 1e) Oppositional 1f) Comparative 1g) Categorical

2a) Direct representation

2b) Metaphor 2c) Example/

Nonemample 2d) Mneumonic

3a) circles or other shapes

3b) asterisks 3c) color 3d) shading 3e) visual blowup

• Labels (1,2,3… A.B.C…)

• Circles or other shapes

• Asterisks/arrows

• Color

• Shading

• Visual blowup

Highlighting special characteristics using:

Highlighting Special Characteristic: Example

Insects Spiders

3 legs

4 legs

1

2

1

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A grasshopper has pairs of small openings called spiracles that lead to thousands of tracheal tubes. Through the spiracles, air travels into the tracheal tubes, then to all cells of the grasshopper’s body. By using muscles to squeeze its abdomen, the grasshopper forces air out of the tracheal tubes. When it relaxes these muscles, air enters again, repeating the breathing process.

Show interrelationships among concepts.

Make connections with what you already know.

Indicate special characteristics of what you are learning.

Instructional designers should identify the underlying structure of concepts in order to convey them visually

Much time should be expended “training the [learner’s] power of imagery and in seeing to it that (s)he continually forms definite, vivid, and growing images of the various subjects with which (s)he comes in contact in her/his experience.”