A UNK BETWEEN THECEUIC NAnONS

ALBA:BRLIZH:CVMRU:LIRE:KEUNOW:MAN MN:

Seallaimid Air a' (huiinrigh; Smelter Closure Threal; Bibliograph) . Sleufrverezh-arc’hant; A Special Status? Major Poet Dies. Cynigiadau Dadlenol; Welsh Tcacher Suspended; Mother Tongue. Alba — Na Näisiüin Aontaithe; Irish Neutrality Today: Election ’82. Marlesen, Martesen; National Question in Cornwall.Cleayshyn Follil; Manx Nationalism; Merchants of Death.

★ The Assembly of the Fourth World — No. 1 & 2. Nuclear Threat.

50 pQUARTERLY PERIODICAL IN ENGLISH & IN CELTIC LANGUAGES

PUBLISHED BY THE "CELTIC LEAGUE"

EditorialThe Celtic countries were the first colonial acqui.si-

tions of their present day rulers and remain atnongsi the last of their possessions. Over the centuries not alone have they been exploited economically, their cultures and languages suppressed but their man- power has been drafted to fight the imperial wars at grevious cost to themselves and iheir nations.

Today the Celtic countries sul'fer from the same ills as ever and in some cases their lands are used to pro- vide bases and arsenals for the imperial powers. In the nuclear age this has a special signilicance of course. Much emphasis is placed in Super Power strategy on the preemptive slrike against missile bases, Strategie harboufs, early warning stations. etc. many of which arc located in the Celtic countrries and which woüld in itself ensure their destruction in the event ol a nuclear holoeaust. Indepcndence. self- go\ .rnmem or progress towards it means little in such a scenarto.

The Celtic League has on many occasions express- ed its Opposition to the use ol' the Celtic countries as weapon sites, as dunips for radiöaetive waste and as convenient locations for nuclear power stations. VVc have also expressed our suppori for the campaign for a nuclc.it free Europe, ln this regard it is heartening tose ihat the la ; Welsh region has voted toconfirm (hat >i , In ild be a nuclear (weapon) free Zone.

\ . Mt : . . . iloing our best to aid efloris to Highlight ilk m tation of countrics likc Alba, which are sa lu ra ted in nuclear and miliiary bases and facilities and to light for their removal we must also seels to assist in preventing the spread of such /.oncsto those <....... r countries or parts ol our countriesstill free of thetn. In this regard ii is important litat efforts continually heiug made hy eertain interests to end the miliiary nculraliiy of the Irish Republic hc rcsisicd as strongly as possible.

Appeal to Members and Subscribers

I vvish to thank those vvho have been prompt to renew lor 1982 and partieularly those who have sent more than the required amounts. Every weck has brought a quota ol chcques and postaI Orders, but as the time approaches when the copies have to be distributed, I expect ihat many will still not have renewed. Our “production" and postage costs have risen so steeply — and will continue to do so with increases in Value Added Tax and postage “ promised" in the fortheoming Irish hudget — that they are bringing our reserves under strain. Many shops are reporting a fall in sales, or cancelling their Orders, or leaving the invoices unpaid, in spite ol our repeated requesls for payment. Mas he they too are fecling the pinch but wecannot give indefinite credit. We shall have to reduee the number of copies printed and keep the waste to a minimum, but öbviously this means a higher cost per copy of CA RN. To

cornpensate for the loss, I appeal to anyone who is in a position to add a donation to the minimum fee or subscription to do so. Other periodicals publish a donor’s list. Perhaps we should do the same. Those of us u ho do the voluntary vvork for CARN and theC.L. are known, it would only be fair that we acknowledge the contributions of others who help to keep the C.L. itoina. In any easc, IE YOU RECEIVE \ REM INDER OE RENEWAL WITH THIS ISSUE, Pl.EASE DON’T PUT IT ON THE LONCi FINGER IE YOU, as we hope, WISH TO CONTINUE RECE1VING CARN REGLJLAREY.

Also help us to find new subscribers, to seil the quarterly, to niake the Celtic League more widely known!

A. 11111 SAM .

THE CLL ITC l.EAGlJE ANM AI. GENERAL MEETING

As we go to press, answers to our question regalding the date proposed by the Irish brauch of the C.L., namely the 14-15 August weekend, have been received froni four other branchcs' secretaries — three of theni agreeing, the fourth preferring an alternative weekend. There is a small ehanee that this mighi be found to be eomenieni 10 the largest number and then agreed, but lill further notice, it must be assumed that the date for the ACiM is MID- AUGUST. This has the adv antage that partieipants could then also attend the Irish-Ianguage Summer Course for beginners in Connemara during the following fortnight, 01 the National E'lea Cheoil the following weekend. It seenis preferable 10 have our ACiM before raihcr than alter those events. Wc shall decide before April 30 in any case.

The meetings will he at the Cultürlann, die Irish Musicians Association Centre, 32 Belgrave Square, Moiikstown, near Dun L.aoghaire, Co. Dublin. Ibis is about live indes from the centre of Dublin, there are good bus connectiöns. It can be assumed that bed and break last lor about IRE5.50 and nieais for IRC3 will be available there, and traditional nuisie entertainment also!

The time being so dose to the great Elea Cheoil, there could be a strong demand for aceommodation. Ii is important therelore that intending partieipants should book as early as possible. Phone Dublin 800295, or vvrite direct to Irish Sec. immediaiely. All members are invited but must notify their brauch secreiary well beforchand of their intjention to come.

• Sulidarity — The following telegram was sent on behalf of the Celtic League in suppori of Wayne Williams, who, having servect a term of 12 months imprisonment for alleged (Cymdeilhas yr laith) illegal aetions, was suspended and threalened with dismissal from bis teaching post in Llanidloes last January: “ To Chairman, County Council,Llandrindod Wells, Povvys. Celtic L^giie urges reinslatcment Wayne Williams whose commitmeni 10 Community is beyond dispute” .

EN RAISON DES COLTS POSTALX l.ES PRIX DE YEN II. DE I.A REM E Al NI MICRO ESI PLUS ELIM. EN BRETAG NE.

ALBASeallamaid Air A ’ Chuimrigh

Bilhidh an ath Mhöd Näiseanla air a chumail anns an Eilean Sgitheanach an ath Dhamhair 1982 agus cuiridh An Comunn Gaidhealach, Abertarff House, lnverness, Alba, fios chugad, mas math leat sin. Agus tha car-slickers de’n Mhöd 1982 ri fhaighinn bhuapa cuideachd.

Gle mhath, canaidh sinn. Tha am Möd Naiseanta agus na Mödan lonadail cuideachd uamhasach feumail — mar a tha fios againn.

Thöisich am Möd anns an Oban Lathurna ceud bliadhna seo chaidh — nuair a bha a’ Bhan-righ Victoria air a ’ Chathair rioghail agus bha ar sinn- seanairean beö. Theagaisg na Cuimrich dhuinn doigh a chumail nan Möd.

Ach tha sinn a ’ tighinn beö anns an fhicheadamh linn, agus tha naimhdean na Gäidhlig fada nas treasa a nise; oir tha T.V. agus reidio aca ’nan laithean seo.

Tre ceud bliadhna rinn na Cuimrich ro mhör a thaobh a ‘ chänain aca, cha d ’rinn sinne ach beag. Mharbh Achd an Fhoghluim 1872 ar sgoiltean Gäidhlig far an robh ar cänain Aibannach ’na mheadhon-teagaisg. Ach tha ioma sgoiltean, colaistean agus oilthighean far am bheil cuspairean air an leagaisg tre na Cuimreis.

Ach an diugh, ceud bliadhna an deigh, chan eil sgoil no colaiste no oilthigh ann an Alba far nach eil iad a ’ treagaisg a h-uile cail troimh’n Bheurla. Bha sinn fada nas fheärr dheth corr is ceud bliadhna seo chaidh, nuair a bha iad a ’ leagaisg troimh’n Seann Chänain Aibannach.

Ach de an difir eadar na h-Albannaich agus na Cuimrich a thaobh nan cänain aca? Car-son a tha na h-Albannaich cho fad air ais an coimeas ris na Chuimrich?

Tha sinn ro mhodhail agus chan eil sin ri sabaid idir a thaobh na Gäidhlig mar na Cuimrich. Chan eil ar luchd-riaghlaidh ann an Dun Eideann, no ann an Lunnain a tuigsinn ach nearl. Chan eil na Gäidheal agus luchd-ionnsachaidh na Gäidhlig fhathast a’ brosnachadh nan Goill cus, ar rädh. “Tha cänain Aibannach beö againn, mar chänaineann aig düthchanan eile agus chan eil cänain eile aig na h-Albannaich.”

Tha an luchd-Beurla uamhasach läidir ann an Alba ach rinn na Gaidheal cömhrag air son nan coharradh agus nan post-seölaidh dä-chänaineach anns an Eilean Sgitheanach, mar a rinn na Cuimrich ’sa Chuimrigh agus tha feadhainn ri fhaicinn ’sa Ghäidhlig agus ’sa Bheurla; ach tha an corr againn ri dheanamh ’san Eileann fhathast agus feadh na h-Albainn gu leir.

Anns a’ ghairm-fhollaiseach (manitesio) aig Magaidh Thatcher agus aig a ’ phärtaidh Töraidh, gheall iad T.V. ’sa Chuimreis nuair a bha iad buadhmhor. Mata, ged a bhuannaich iad dhuilt iad an cumhnant aca. Chömhraig na Cuimrich air ais, agus bhagair Gwynfos Evans B.P. ceannard a’ phärtaidh Chuimrich (Plaid Cymru) gun trasgadh e gu bäs mur eil T.V. ’sa Chuimreis.

Gheill Magaidh agus thug i £25 muillean (£25,000,000) a steidhich amar T.V. ’sa Chuimreis. Nach mör an difir eadar a’ Chuimrigh agus Alba far nach eil ach uair no dhä a thide ’sa Ghäidhlig gach seachduin air T.V. agus gu tric faisg air meadhon oidhche! Ach tha sinn fada ro mhodhail. Tha steisean reidio ’sa Chuimreis fad an latha, seachd laithean a h-uile seachduin. Ach thionndaidh iad a’ Ghäidhlig gu V.H.F. fad beagan uairean a thide a h-uile latha. Ach, mar a thuirt sinn cheana, tha na h-Albannaich ro mhodhail.

Thäinig an da latha oirnn le Achd an Fhoghluim 1872 — fada nas miosa na Murt Ghlinn Chaomhain ann an 1692 bho’n a bha Murt nan sgoiltean Gäidhlig ann an Achd 1872. Bho 1872 chan eil sgoil ann an Alba gu leir far am bheil iad a ’ leagaisg a h-uile cuspair troimh na Gäidhlig.

Ach seallamaid air a ’ chuimrigh. Tha sgoiltean agus colaistean far am bheil iad a h-uile rud troimh’ na Cuimreis. Tha e comasach inbhe oilthigh (university degree) fhaighinn far am bheil iad a’ toirt a h-uile öraid agus a h-uile ceasnachadh ’sa Chuimreis.

Töisiachmaid le bunait nan sgoil is nan colaiste Cuimrich, ’se sin ri rädh na Croileagan (Play groups) far nach eil a’ chiann cöig bliadhnachan a dh’aois. ’Sna Chroileagan cleachdaidh iad a’ chänain gu simplidh agus le gäirdeachas. Is e an l-ionsachadh ög an l-ionsachadh böidheach.

Sgriobh lain Macllie Chair deagh iontradh air Croileagan na Cuimrigh anns an “ Oban Times" de’n 15 Damhair 1981 d’am b’ainm "Solus Ur” . Taing do’n Chomunn Gaidhealach. Roinn Earraghaidheal, Albany Street, Oban, Alba. Sgriobh lain cöir gun robh ach 70 Croileagan ann an 1971 agus tha 355 ann an diugh agus tha a’ mhorchuid de’n ehloinn ud ä dachaidhean Gallda!

Abair gum bheil moran againn ri ionnsachadh bho na Cuimrich agus ma tha leughadair sam bith ag iarraidh tuiileadh fios:

(a) mu Chroileagan na Cuimrigh sgriobhadh e/i gu B. Jones, Mudiad Ysgolion Meilhrin, 89 Heol Llanishen Fach, Rhuwbeina, Caerdvdd CF4 6HX. Cymru.

(b) neo mu Chroileagan a chur air chois ann an Albainn, gu Fionnlagh MacLeoid, 4 Charlotte Street, Ceann Phädruig (Peterhead), Alba.

GILLEASBUIG MacMHUIRICH.

(Praciical suggesiions are pul forwarcl to further inter-Celtic co-operution).

Ard-Righ nan Leabharlt has always been accepted that every clan chief

was Riigh or king of his own kinsmen, yet the national king of the country was the Ard Righ or high king.

So in the kingdom of books; no one can use a library to its füllest potential without a bibliographv, the king of books. Even if the local library which serves you does not hold a particular book, it will be able to get a loan of it for you through its inter- library lending service on your request.

3

Since 1915 the only bibliography covering Scottish language and literature has been Donald MacLean’s “ TYPOGRAPHIA SCOTO-GADELICA 01 Books printed in the Gaelic of Scotland from the year 1567 to the year 1914” . It is still obtainable in a 1972 reprint front Irish University Reprints: Dublin (ISBN 7165 -2058-3).

Now Dr. Donald John MacLeod has brought out an up-to-daie bibliography in the language cailed “ 20th Century Publications in Scottish Gaelic” published by the Scottish Academic Press: Edinburgh (ISBN 0-7073-0266-8).

The only item omitted that the “Stornoway Gazette” could detect is that of the Royal Academy Inverness School Magazine. So the feast is laid and there can but be few dishes missing. The entire menu covering four centuries is laid before you in two books — good appetite — släinte mhathü

Gilleasbuig Mac Mhuirich.

Smelter Closure ThreatThough well conditioned to ihe stable news diet of

closures and redundancies the country was shocked, when in the week between Christmas and New Year. 850 workers at the aluminium smelter ai lnvergordon in the north east of Scotland were told that thev were being made redundant and that the smelter was clos­ing. The Situation has been in the headlines evei since and inany interesting facts about the establishment of the smelter have come to light. In the late sixties dur- ing the term of Harold Wilson three smelters were eslablished — British Aluminium at lnvergordon, RTZ (Rio TintoZinc) in Anglesea and the third at Biyth, Northumberland. The last mentioned is powered from coa! fired electricity.

The first two were to be powered by nuclear elec­tricity (and as Anglesey’s source is still hypothetical, front Dungeness, we will no doubl hear ntore of it). lnvergordon was to be powered from the nuclear power Station at Hunterston on the Ayrshire coast and with generous government loans (i.e. the tax- payers money). The firm bought a 21% share in the power Station so that they could have iheir sharc of very cheap power until the end of the Century. However things came apart when the Station failed to live up to expeciations, was late in delivering, broke down and finally had to have its expected output reduced. The ensuing arrangements with the two Hydro boards would take some unravelling but there were various reports in the press as to how much of the taxpayers money BA were to take with them as they left. What makes this whole sorry business so reprchcnsible is that the workers had come to the area with their families and settled down and made new homes for themselves. This was to have been the beginning of the regeneration of the Highlands and the workers commitment to it was showm in the record of trouble free Service thev aave.

The Situation at the momeni is that the firm are committed to keeping the plant in a viable state for 6 months . . . a very Jctermined workforce are organis- ing a “sit-in” supported by most sections of the com- munity, political parties and regional authority. The

much published Claim that lnvergordon had to go, to safeguard BA jobs at other plants has been proved false with the threats to jobs at their Falkirk plant.

This closure will not be forgotten and the events at lnvergordon will be followed closely. By way of post scrip one cannot help contrasting the behaviour of the SSEB (South of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board) who on the one hand enter into deals with firrns and governments which the public are not allowed to know about and on the other hand, after the most severe winter experienced by all and certainly the poor and old, they act with such Dickensian rectitude in cutting of supplies of electricity to those having difficulty in meeting payments.

Une fonderie sur laquelle on compiait pour raviver l ’economie de fest des HigJtlands esl menacee de fermeture.

Bye Election on the WayThe Conservalive member of parliament for the

Hillhead district of Glasgow died early this year and the announeement of the date for the bye-election is eagerly awaited. The candidates have all been chosen including the SNP one — Mr. George Leslie a Veteran campaigner who should do well. There will be more than usual interest in this baule as the SDP will be Staging their first contest in Scotland and lielding no less a candidate than Mr. Roy Jenkins himself. The constituency has a wüde mix of voters and though traditionally conservative their lead had been whittled down to a mere 2.000 over the Labottr candidate at the last general election.

Mr. Jenkins is getting plenty of free Publicity from all the media who hang on his every move, shower hin» with advice and us the readers with endless Photographie studies. Not that the readers don’t get advice too. The editorial of the now not quite so new Sunday Standard for 10/1/82 was — ‘‘Why Hillhead shouid welcome Jenkins” . Well.time will teil. It was thought originally that the date would be set as early as possible in case of dwindling Tory support but speculaLion now (mid February) is that it will not be until April. The SNP candidate, Mr. Leslie, w'as the candidate in the bye-election in Pollock, Glasgow in 1967 and it was the huge support he gained then which started the SNP upsurge that led to Hamilton and the successes of the seventies.

Lei us hope the whee! is turning that way again.

The Break-Up of BritainTOM N AIRN, The Breuk-up o f Britain — Crisis und neo-nationalisnt, New Left Books, £7.50.

The failure of Western philosophy, the Idealists, the German Social Democrats and Marxists is most marked in their misunderstanding of the central role of nationalism and how it became the prime force in world development in the last 150 vears. Tom Nairn sets out on the huge task to create Order out of the chaos and conflicting views which apologists for these various outlooks make, in particular, looking

4

closcly at the way “ uneven development” of the capitalist System is the vehicle for its spread and the awkward squad of Scotland, Wales, N. Ireland, Brittany, Euzkadi, Catalunya, Israel and S. Africa are the most outstanding areas for study since they stand between the core nations of the advanced world and the underdeveloped nations of the Third World.

The underdeveloped world should look to these countries to see how their future development may go as the place these countries find in the world Order is crucial to the very way that Order itself will develop. They are the neo-nationalists who largely missed the emergence of classical nationalism in the 19th Century. Mr. Nairn homes in on the particular predicaments of the “ British” nations where the Scots, in particular, displayed all the Symptoms of a nation state, except a bourgeoisie so dissatisfied with the economic System that they would try to create a new state. Indeed the very absorbtion of the Scots bourgeoisie in the government, imperial drive and Ox-bridge dominated English civil society of the British state precluded the emergence of Scotland in the classical phase of nationalism. This British state, the birthplace of the modern nation was imbued with a patrician and conservative ethos in which government and business were largely orientated to foreign investment and trade during the great bulk of the last three centuries. While Britain ruled a quartei of the world’s surface and elbowed aside its rivals some slow liberal tinged concessions could be made at home to keep society cohesive as no other European nation has been able to do.

The collaboration between various classes in English society Mr. Nairn finds remarkable right up to this day. lntellectuals and Labour politicians being the worst eulprits in Support of the patrician, conservative Status quo.

Marxists, and others have to recognise that nationalism is Janus-like, embodying regress and progress. One face fosters the spread of capitalism in the core areas first, like England and FTanee, but on the other hand fostering a socialist response not as Marx, himself expected in the former, but in the peripheral nations like Scotland etc. perhaps embracing sociaiism more radically than in the core nations in this reaction.

If you think Marxism is the last“ ism” to offer anything relevant to the Celtic countries reading Tom Nairn should be an eyeopener. His fascinating insighi into what happened to Scotland when it failed to join in the classical 19th Century nationalism leads him to highlight the rise of the Kailyard school ol" literature — the county, parochial outpourings of which the Sunday Post is the present day Standard bearer. He sees in the writings of J. M. Barrie (Peter Pan) and a high proportion of other exiles this Surrogate, a Sublimation of irue nationalism into a cultural sub-nationalisl response to see Scotland as an idealised Ruritania. Scotland, a willing partner, in the British Empire, failed to question on any wide scale its national posilion tili after the holocaust of the First World War, the last major nation building process in Europe.

Thai there is no certain course for incipient nations emerges strongly from this study, but the need to pursue self-determiantion is no less a force in today’s world than in the past, so Tom Nairn’s essays on Welsh, Northern Irish, Scottish and English

nationalism arc very stimulating. The contrast of the well formed Scottish and Welsh examples with the bloody struggles of N. Ireland and the racist aberrant nationalism of Enoch Powell in the England re- enterging from imperialism is well made.

This book has so much to offer for both the Student and activist — it does not Claim to be a bible — it has much evidence of thorough scholarship — the brilliance of the offering may leap ahead of the mundane reality but as an attempt to come to terms with nationalism today it focuses on the dilemma of the Celtic nations when England’s political leaders are desperate to use “every single barrel of North Sea oil . . . to get the Crown Jewels back from the pawn shop” . Should England succeed our future will be ominous indeed.

ROB GIBSON.

(The above review has been on hand fo r quite some time. It had been hoped the references to N. Ireland and N. Irish nationalism could be clarified fo r the benefit o f our readers. However in the absence o f that clarification it is still worth Publishing, particularly in relation to its comments on Scotland. It would appear from writings o f Tom Nairn elsewhere that what is referred to in the review is Loyalism or “Unionism ” when references are made to N. Irish nationalism as he would appear to accept the "two nations” theory in relation to the conßict in the North. The book would indeed be o f interest to our readers and no doubt rhev will clarify Mr. Nairns theories on the North fo r themselves i f they are interested enough to buy and read t/Te book).

Some Major Cultural EventsKan ar Bobl, (Breton Folksong Festival), 10-11

April, Lorient.International Celtic Congress, 12-17 April,

Ponsandene Hotel, Penzance, Cornwall.Gouel ar Brezhoneg (Breton Language Festival),

23-30 May, Gwengamp/Guingamp area.3rd International Festival of Film and Television in

the Celtic countries, 28 March-2nd April, Talbot Hotel, Wexford, Ireland.

Fleä Nua (Music Festival), 28-30 May, Ennis, Co. Cläre, Ireland.

Gorseth Kernow, (normally in September) — Cornwall.

Yn Chruinnaght, 17-24 July, Ramsey, Isle of Man,Eisteddfod Genedlaethol, 1-7 August, Swansea

University, Wales.Interceltic Festival, 7-14 August, Lorient,

Brittany.Fleä Cheoil Näisiünta (National Music Festival),

21-22 August, Listowel, Kerry, Ireland.An Mod, 10-17 October, Isle of Skye, Scotland.Oireachtas na Gaeilge, 22-31 October, Tralee,

Kerry, Ireland.For further details, write to the Celtic League

national secretaries, BUT MAKF. SURE TO ENCLOSE THREE IN TERN A TION A L COUPONS-RESPONSES (so that they may forward your queries). We don’t know their exact dates.

However don’t let any of these events prevent you 5 from attending the Celtic League A.G.M.!

BREIZHSteuflverezh-arc’hant ar pennadurezhioü-ker ha

-rannvroEn ur studiadenn embannet warlene gant Kuzul- Europa e vez kenveriet doareoü ar pennadurezhioü “ lec’hel” (kuzulioü-ker ha kuzulioü departamant pe c’hoazh -rannvro), e nav bro- ezel eus ar C’Huzul-se, da embreger o st^uliverezh-arc’han!. Sonjet em eus e talvezfe d ’am lennerien kaoul un alberz eus disoc’hoü ar sludiadenn-se. Emichans ne vo kel kavet re zisasun an dar vez! Breizh he deus ezhomm eus kalz m uioc’h frank iz da ren he steuffverezh-arc’hant eget na vez aotreet da rannbar- zhioü ar stadaüa zo kaoz ar.ezho, forzh pegen brokus e ve darn anezho. Kentel zo da dennan koulskoude eus dishefivelder o doareoü-ober.

Gant ar gouarnamantou e vez aozet steuffvoü liesvloaz evit henchaff o renerezh: merkaff a reont an amkanioü a garfent tizhout e-pad prantad ar steunv, an dispignoü a vo en abeg dezho ma reer diouto, pegement a are’hant emaint en gortoz da zastum en o c’hefioü pe a vo rei amprestan, h.a. Diouzh un tu e vo evel-se ur prizadur eus ar c’horvoder ha diouzh an tu all ur prizadur eus ar pezh a gousto ar servijoü foran da vout pourchaset hag ar raklunioü da vout sevenet.

Ar seurl steufivou-liesvloaz, adreizhet diouzh rei, a c’hall neuze ar gouarnamantou diazezaff o arc’hantrolloü-bloaz warno.

Aze em eus komzet eus steunvoü broadel. Steunverezh-arc’hant a vez graet ivez, en un doare start pe laosk, hervez ar Stadoü, evit kerioü bras, departamantoü, rannvroioü. Ar garg-se a vez sam- met gdnf ar gouarnamant-Kreiz pe gant ar ben- nadurezh'lec’hel hec’h-unan, gant pe hep kuzuliadur kenetrezo. Evel ma’v eo kaer gortoz, pavez ar pen- nadurezhiöü e dale’h ar gouarnamant evit an darn vrasan eus o c’horvoder ne c’hallont ket steunvin evel ma karfent pe rie vo kel dalc’het kont eus o steuffvoü — 6vel ma e’hoarvezas gant al lezenn-slur kinnigel gant ar C.E.L..I.B. da c’houarnamant Bro-C’Hall e 1963.

Studiadenn ar C’Huzul Europa! zo anezhi ur c’hen^el eus ar respontoü roet gant an nav Stad d ’ur rummad goulennoü. Darn eüs ar Stadoü -se zo kreizennet-start e-lec’h re all, da skouer Kor- nogalamagn hag Italia, a lez un lamm mal a frankiz garfT o rannvroioü. E respontoü Bro-C’Hall n’eus anv nemet eus steufiverezh un nebeut pennadurezhioü-meurger. HerVbz doare e vo dieub ar rannvroioü da emellout eus ar seurl kefridi da heul an adFNzhadur a die bout graet hevlene.

Teusk pe founnus, ar steuffvoü'a vez graet evit tri pe'bemp vloaz hag e broioü’ zo war hiroe’h termen ivez."An hevelep meizad zo dezho holl da ziazez:

a) ober ur rakjed eus an holl gorvoder, an holl arc’hant a ziaweler o tont e kef ar ben- nadurezh diwar dailhoü lec’hel pe digant ar gouarnamant-kreiz (skoaziadoü);

b) ober ur rakjed eus dispignoü a vezo o sevenin disenteziou graet dija gant ar bennadurezh pe da ober c’hoazh evit pourchas ha diorren ser­vijoü kevredik (dour, hentoü, kenliorzhoü, dilastezan, h.a.).

N’eo ket gwall sklaer peseurt pouez a vez roet d’ar steuffvoü liesvloaz-se en darn vrasaff eus ar broioü. N’eus ket galloud lezenn ganto. Gant Aostria e vez displeget ntat e talvezont da Stern da vreutadegoü diwar-benn an arc’hantrolloü-bloaz, da linennoü- henchan evit divizout ar benngadouriezh politikel ha gwelout pere eus ar c’hinnigoü dirak ar bennadurezh a zellez bout sevenet da gentafi. Daoust ma ne vez ket graet strizh diouzh ar steunvoü-arc’hant e vezont talvoudus-tre evit ar breutadur politikel hag er pleustr ivez evit kempouezafi arc’hantroll ar ben­nadurezh.

Gant harp ar steufivoü-arc’hant e oar evel-sc ar c’huzuiioü-ker pe-rannvro diögelaat ar c’hemblac’h etre korvoder ha dispign evit an toullad bloavezhioü da zont. Talvout a reont dezho da zivizout peseurt gronnadurioü zo an difraeusaff hag, e broioü’zo, da atizan ar c’henbrezeg etre ar boblans hag ar pen­nadurezhioü: d’an dilennidi pe da gargidi da c’hou- zont penaos e vo degemeret o c’hinnigoü pe o disentezioü gant an dud (da skouer a-zivout an doare da zasparzhafi arc’hant etre ar servijoü foran). Hag en a dalvez ar steunverezh-arc’hant ivez da ober gouiakadoü ha da zastum stlenn evit ul leviadur armerzhel berrdermen war dachenn -oberiafi ar ben­nadurezh pe zoken evit harpafi ar gouarnamant-kreiz da zarbarifl leviadur amerzhel ar Stad a-bezh? Bro-C’Hall, Bro-Spagn hag an Izelvroioü a respont nann. Ar “ Rouantelezh llnanet” ha Denmark a lavar e reont tamm pe dämm diouzh at steunvoü lec’hel. E Sveden, Kornogalämagn hag Italia e reer avat a-zevri diouto. Adreizhet e vezont a vloaz da vloaz hervez ma kemm ar stlenn, ar ezhommoü, ar plcgennoü hoilek armerzhel hag arc’hantel. En Alamagn e vez graet diouzh reolennoü Start divizet a-berzh Stad hag e vez kenurzhiet al labour gant ur C’Huzul ar Steuffverezh-Arc’hant o hanterafi etre ar gouarna-mant-kreiz hag ar pennadurezhioü lec’hel. Ar C’Huzul-se a ranker derc’hel kont eus e erbedoü, diazezet ma’z int war c’houlakadoü a-zivoul em- droadur hoilek an armerzh. Met ne gemer cnsavadur kevreadel ebet perzh en aozadur ar steunvoü lec’hel end-eeun. Ar re-mafi d’o zro a vez dalc’het kont anezho er c’henbrezegoü en devez ar C’Huzul gant ar gouarnamant-Kreiz ha gant ar pennadurezhioü lec’hel pa vez ezhomm da gempouezän o lodennoü ketep eus an arc’hant en arempred. An arc’hantrolloü-bloaz a rank bout diazezet war ar stcunvou pcmpvloaziat. Dalc’hmat e taoler evezh da ziwall ur c’hemblac’h peuz-strizh etre sifroü ar steunv ha sifroü ar c’hoarvoud.

N’eo ket tamm evel-se e reer e Bro-C’Hall betek- hen: gwall zister eo roll ar steunviff lec’hel. N’eus anezhah nemet evit un nebeut kerioü bras. Kontrolle! e vez dre reizhennoü eus gouarnamant Paris, n’eus ket a wir genbrezcg etre hemaff hag ar c’huzulioü- ker. Er Stern lakaet gant ar reizhennoü-se e c’hall ar steunvoü bout danzeet gant dilennidi ar bobl pe gant kargidi, met ne vez koulz iavarct tamm kenober etre an daou rumm-se. Forzh penaos ar gouarnamant ne zalc’h ket kont eus ar steuffvoü lec’hel-se en e steuffvoü-en nag en e leviadur hoilek. Gwelet e vo peseurt diforc’h a zeuio gant ar C’Huzulioü-Rannvro ne vez. . . .

An Alamaned o devez diaesteriou o kas Iakaat ar steufivoü rannvroel hag ar steufivoü kevreadel da genglotafi, rak diforc’hoü a vez er goulakadoü-diazez a vez graet e Bonn hag e kerbennoü al “Laender” . Da vihanafi e c’hall pep rannvro difenn he lazoü en un doare efedus. Ha tud barrek a-walc’h zo evit kenurzhiafi ha kompezafT diaesteriou!

Doareoü-ober ha meizadoü a bep seurt a ziskouez bout degem eret hag im plije t en o steunverezh-arc’hant lec’hel gant an nav stad meneget er studiadenn. Estreget Kornogalamagn, ar re a lez ar muiafl a frankiz gant o feiinadurezhioü lec’hel eo Italia, Sveden ha, betek ur poent, ar Rouantelezh Unanet. E Danmark emeur o t-egas gwellaennoü ivez. Hag e Bro-C’Hall?

Evit kaout munudoü all goulenn an destenn digant Kuzul Europa, Strasbourg. Unan c’hallek a die bczaff. Ma hini zo c saozneg. He zitl: Local Authority Financial Planning Techniques and Budgetary Processes, 1981.

A. HEUSAFF.

A comparison is made between nine member- States of the Council of Europe regarding the importance and role given by their local and, as the case may be, their regional authorities to financial planning. The Federal German Republic sets an example by Consulting Laender about their share of the country’s budget and allowing them great latitude in decjding how they use that share. It remains to be seen whether decentralisation will bring as much freedom to Brittany.

DIFF1CULT TERMS (those not in R. Hemon’s Nouveau Dictionnaire (1980) are in italics: steunverezh: planning; amkan: objective, aim;Korvoder: profit; raklun: project; kenwel: synopsis; Daei: elected assembly; Skoaziad: Subvention; gronnadur: investment; sllenn: information; leviadur: policy; kevreadel: federal; ketep: respective; en arempred: available; lazoü: interests.

Who wants a “ Special Status” for Brittany?

A law adopted in the Autumn by the French Parliament instituted the regions as “ territorial col- lectivities’’ to be administered by regional councils which will be elected by direct universal suffrage. The first of such elections will take place in the Spring of 1983.

Each council will elect a President who will take over the executive functions hitherto held by the government-appointed regional prefet. He will prepare agendas and carry out the council’s deci- sions. He will exercise direct control over the regional expenditure and over any regional Services that may be set up. An Economic and Social Committee will advise the Council in the preparation of the regional planning and budget and also submit its views regar­

ding the overall French planning. Council decisions will have force of law provided their legality is not challenged by the representative of the State, the Commissar of the Republic, or if being challenged it is upheld by the administrative court. There is no doubt about the direction in which two of the horses will pull this troika. . . . The commissar (sounds pret- ty authoritarian) will speak in the name of the State in the Council and will coordinate jointly with the President the action of the regional and State Ser­vices. A regional accounts chamber will be presided over by a councillor appointed by decree of the French Republic President: he will check how the region’s finances are administered.

All this amounts not to regional autonomy but to a deconcentration of power. Nothing is said about the kind of decisions which the regional council will be cmpowered to take. Will it be authorised, like its Corsican counterpart, to take any initiative in organising the leaching of the regional language where such exists? Not a word about that so far.

Brittany, unlike Corsica, is to be treated like the most ordinary French province, although her cultural Personality was officially recognised, three years before that of the Mediterranean island, in a Cultural Charter presented as a Step towards the “ taking Charge by the Region of its own cultural policy” .

ln advance of the debate that ledto the adoption of above-mentioned law a meeting on September 9, 1981 in Lorient brought together representatives of ten Breton Organisation: two of them affiliated to the French Left (Socialists, MRG), three involved in work for the Breton language and culture, others ac- tive in campaigning for the administrative unity of Brittany or for self-governmenl within a French or a European framework. ln their view, government ac- tions since May expressed a change of attitudes towards the Breton reality but more than the planned deconcentration of power towards the regions was re- quired and no uniform treatment could satisfy such well characterised entities as the Basques, the Alsatians-Lorrains and, in particular, the Bretons whose community is well attested historically, culturally and socially for more than eleven centuries within limits including the Loire-Atlantique depart- ment. They claimed a Special Status for Brittany.

A Special Status was granted to Corsica on January 6, 1982. It is hardly a break with the long established principle of unity-and-indivisibility of the French State; il is much less radical than what the Socialists proposed when in Opposition. And G. Deferre had to ovecome considerable resistance from bis own party colleagues to get the law adopted. It of­ficially recognises the cultural identity of the Cor­sican people. The Corsican Assemly will have authority to organise the teaching of Corsican and to borrow money for economic development schemes. It was intended to give it the power to propose changes in the existing French laws so as to adapt them to the local conditions but this was firmly op- posed by the Council of State which said that it would require a change in the State Constitution. For that, in turn, a 3/5 majority would be needed in the French Parliament. This could not be achieved at present. The Corsican Assembly is thus precluded from intervening in the legislative process. All the measures introduced by the Paris government are in fact compatible with a policy of closer ir.tegration

7

wlth the French mainland.The "special Status” may have won acceptance, as

a stepping stone, by the legal autonomist parties bm it has t'ailed in its real aim: to stop the guerilla acti\ ity of the FNLC.For a ßretun Republic.

One group that was absent from the meetings of the above-mentioned Breton organisations was Strollad Pobl Vreizh whieh rejects reformism and ad- vocates sovereignty for Brittany. SPV has just published the first issue of a monthly, Douar Brei/h- Republique Bretonne* in whieh they square present themselves as separatists not interested in a special Status for Brittany.

‘ Subseripiion 50 I I . 2 Villa Umirg Levcque. 35000 Keimes.

Wlial about Ihe UDB?They also stayed away front the meetings, as

always distancing themselves front what they regard as rightist, eonservative or apolitical organisations. As for a "special Status” , they see the Corsiean model as uninspiring and rat her designed to strenglhen the French Socialist Party on the Island.

In preparafion for its April AGM, the UDB Political Bureau has submitted a lengllty rcport for discussion among its branches. This incIndes an analy.sis of the crisis in the capitalist world and of its consequences for Brittany as well as a review of the party's position relative to the French political groups. "Ambigiiitios” on the part of the new govcrnmenl as regards the powers to be given to the regional assentblies arc noted. Much though it preached unity among the Leftists and sougltt Cooperation vvith the French Sociaiist and Com- inuuisi Parties, ai the risk ot turning into a mere saiellite, it was never accepled by them as a propo- nent of the existence of the Breton people, yet it clung to that policy lor fear of being isolated from tlie growing neumber of thosc who stipporled the Left. The rcport expresses satisfaction witli the part played by the UDB in struggles aflecting Briitany and its participalion in clections. It describes the con- quest of power by the French Left as a necessary con­dition lor an improvement in Brittany’s chances but not sufficieni for a solution of the Breton probiem in all its dimensions. The UDB had a role as the only Left party advocating Breton aulonomy.

Instcad of recriminating against the Socialists for lailing to l'ulfil tlieir promises they should pursue their Claims rcgardlcs.s ol whalever embarrassmeni they might cause to those in power. But in order to real ly interest the people in their proposals ihev must give the latler an economic and social com ent. they must take care of the intcrcsis of the Breton workers in all domains. I heir analysis was eorreei hui they feil short of translating their conclusions into a con- crctc imolvement in the social struggle.

For credibilitv they had to strive to gel as many elected representalives as possible. l hey would fiele! numerous candidates in the municipal and regional elections in 1983 but also in the depariment-coimcil elections taking place in March 1982. The French Socialists werc out to secure control of the local assemblies and to eliminate small groups or parties such as the UDB whieh had helped them to win the 1980 general elections. Obviously many arc imeasy about the tight-rope walk between Cooperation witli the French Left and going it alone. One UDB brauch

States that nothing has been won by cooperating: the cancellation of the Plogoff nuclear Station was a con- cession to the ecologists; there is not a minute extra of Breton on TV since last May; Diwan is getting no official support; the degree in Breton requircs further official decisions to be of practieal use. "Pulling stress on the Left ist aspects of our proposals is help- ing a Sociaiist Party whieh has now forgotten its Breton Programme. We must stress what is specific to us: Aulonomy for Brittany. We sliall make little impact on the Breton political scene unless we mark ourselves well apart from the French parties” .

The UDB leadership may have had no illusions in following their course but now that tlieir credentials are established as a Breton sociaiist party they would do well to aceept as a guideline that jaoobinism, the doctrine that France is one, still prevails among the French Socialists and Communists alike. lndeed for all the French parties it is an inseparable ingredient of their State.

Death of Anjela Duva!It sounds like an Understatement to say that Anjela

Duval was one of (he best Contemporary Breton poets. She was born on April 3, 1905, (he only daughier of a small farmer. Although she never left her native Treger area, she managed to be well informed of what was going on in the world. ln fact she had many visitors (even before she gained fame thanks to a television Programme), who kept her supplied with books and magazines and she would ask her friends to buy for her the works of writers whieh the radio had brought to her attention. She was primarily concerned with Briitany and with the Problems of our times. She would have agreed with the U.D.P. had it not condemned the Breton Liberation Front. Although she could well comprehend wider social problems, she will be remembered above all for her poems in Breton about the rural life with whieh she was rnost familiär, having to toil on her small Holding for many years before old age compelled her to give up the animal- to whieh she was very attached. Kan an Donar (The Song of the Farth) is the title of a colleclion of diese poems published by AI Liamm.

Anjela Duval had faith in the young generalion, that it would win freedom for Briitany. She herseif ehose those wiiora she considered the most wonhy as Bretons to carry her to her grave. She was never alraid to stand up to those (journalists or lawyers) who would engage in sophisticated arguments, countering them with her earthy common sense and humoristic repartees. She grew somewhat impatient of idlers w ho wanted to see her out of sheer curiosity. When told by someone: "1 understand Breton but unfortunately I can’t speak it,” she would reply: "So von are like my dog, he too understand^ Breton but can't speak it.”

Anjela, vou have redeenied generations of Per .lakez Heüas-es (with their Cheval d'Orgueil mal place), of our eountrymen w ho could not or had not the courage to profess tlieir real nationality. It may well be said that you incarnated our concept of inanwnru (motherland)!

8 HURRI I.UPURLIKR.

French Curb Rush for Breton Degree

334 students enroiled last Autumn for a Degree in Breton at the Rennes University and 3,000 oihers took it as a subsidiary subject! The French Depart­ment of Educatgion was completely surprised. Sud- denly from being a Cinderella the Celtie Section had become the most important in this establishment. Proportionally to the number of its students, it was by law entitled to a total of 1,875 hours to be divided between a main course and 7 “ cours diriges” .

Eschew'ing this Obligation the Education authorities calculated the quota of hours on the basis of last year’s figures and took account only of the 334 enroiled for the degree: 375 hours! Immediate Protests brought 327 extra hours . . . to be shared with sociology.

Three months after the courses has started, with 3 Professors and 4 assistants, no additional credits had been freed, the library could open only two hours a week, there was no language laboratory practice. Some of the courses were being given voluntarily. To pay their teachers, students were organising collec- tions.

The French, Socialists and all, are yielding as little ground as they can. Without a CAPES in Breton (a certificate for teaching the language, which does not exist at present), a degree cannot lead to a paid job. So a campaign must now be fought to get that. The students are demanding the right to live in Brittany teaching Breton on a nar with any other subject.

Two Years in Jail the Price of Freedom

Herve Kerrain and Bernard Corbell, who had refused to join the French arrny because they would not serve a State which is destroying their Breton na- tionality, were tried by a military court on December 18 last and sentenced to two years’ imprisonment. Similar cases of insubordination had previously been punished by one year-sentences. Was this increased severity due to their attempt to use Breton and refusal to speak French in a court they did not recognise or does it signify that the new government will not yield in militaristic zeal to its predecessors? France ranks second only to the Soviet Union in the export of arms: an extremely questionable contribu- tion to world security!

Kerrain and Korbei are in prison for political reasons. They wish to thank heartily all those who have expressed support for them. Thev are disaD- pointed that it was not numerically stronger. They will be in jail for many months to come. They deserve encouragement. Write to them. Their address is: C 22o, 56 Blvd J. Cartier, 35100 Rennes. Petitions for their release should be addressed to SKOAZELL VRE1ZH, chez Per Loquet, Poull ar Feunteun, 29219 Releg Kerhuon, Brittany.AL L1AMM: Bi-monthly, approx. 80 pp. The most important Breton language periodical. 60 FF Breizh and France, 70 FF other countries but 100 FF Air Mail. To Yann Ber d ’Haese, Pont Keryau 29190 Pleyhen, Money Orders to CCP 4914-833 Paris.

CYMRUCynigiadau Dadleuol

Erbyn y gwel y geiriau hyn olau dydd mae’n bur debyg y bydd y rhan fwyaf o’r ymchwiliadau cyhoeddus i fwriadau’r Comisiwn Ffiniau yng Nghymru vvedi eu cwblhau. Cynhelir chwech o ymchwiliadau i gyd mewn gwahanol rannau o’r wlad a phob un yn adlewyrchu’r gwrthvvynebiad cryf sydd i’r argymhellion hyn — y newidiadau mwyaf chwyldroadol yn ffiniau’r etholaethau seneddol a welwyd ers amser maith.

Nid yw’n syndod o gwbl mai ym Meirionnydd y cafwyd y gwrlhwynebtad mwyaf ffyrnig. Dyma etholaeth Aelod Seneddol Plaid Cymru, Dafydd Elis Thomas. Gan ei fod yn gymaint o ddraenen yn ystlys y sefydliad nid yw’n fawr o syndod fod yr awdurdodau am gael ei wared — a’r ffordd symlaf o wneud hynny yw drwy gael gwared a ’i etholaeth.

Etholaeth o 27,000 yw Meirionnydd, llawer llai na’r ffigwr “delfrydol” o 58,000. Y bwriad felly yw uno’r etholaeth efo etholaeth Doriaidd Conwy — awgrym sydd wedi codi gwrychyn trigolion Meirionnydd yn ofnadwy. A phwy all eu beio?

Ffurfiwyd mudiad ami-bleidiol, yn cynnwys holl Gynghcrau Bro a’r Cyngor Dosbarth a llawer o fudiadau eraill: “ Ymgyrch Meirionnydd yn erbyn y Comisiwn Ffiniau”,. Aethpwyd ati’n drefnus ac un ofalus i drefnu ymgyrch a llwyddo i sicrhau gwasanaeth un o’r cyfreithwyr mwyaf profiadol a galluog yn y maes hwn i gyflwyno’u hachos, Dr. Wynne Samuel.

Yn ystod yr wythnos gyntaf yn Chwefror bu’r bargyfreithiwr Mr. Huw Daniel, Cymro Cymraeg sy’n fab i’r cenedlaetholwr, y diweddar J. E. Daniel, yn gwrando tystiolaeth ar ran y Comisiwn Ffiniau yng Nghaernarfon.

Un peth a barodd gryn syndod i rai oedd clyvved Prif Weithredwr Cyngor Sir Gwynedd, Mr. loan Bowen Rees, yn rhybuddio y gallai awgrymiadau’r Comisiwn arwain at dor-cyfraith a gweithredu anghyfansoddiadol. ‘‘Mae o’r pwysigrwydd mwyaf i gyfraith a threfn yn y sir ein bod yn cadw’n Hais yr un yn y senedd,” meddai.

Pwysleisiwyd droeon fod y Comisiwn Ffiniau yn yr Alban wedi gwyro oddi wrth y cwota os oedd amgyichiadau daearyddol yn mynnu hynny. Ac meddai Cadeirydd Cyngor Tref Dolgellau: ‘‘Beth fyddai pobl Lerpwl yn ei ddweud pe byddent yn gorfod teithio i Ddolgellau i weld eu Haelod Seneddol? Yr un pellter fyddai’r daith i etholwyr Aberdyfi i Landudno, pe bai swyddfa’r A.S. yno.”

Cyflwynwyd deisel i Mr Daniel yn cynnmys 16,500 o enwau o Feirionnydd — cyfran uchel iawn o’r boblogaeth.

Tua diwedd yr wythnos daeth yn amlwg fod rhyw fath o “gyfaddawd” ar y gweill — sef uno Meirionnydd gyda rhan ddeheuol Dyffryn Conwy, i’r de o Lanrwst, gan greu etholaeth newydd o 33,000 neu 56 y cant o’r ffigwr “delfrydol” . Mae’n ymddangos fod rhai o’r gwrthwynebwyr oedd yn bresennol yn barod i dderbyn yr awgrym hwn ac

mae’n bosib iawn mai dyma fydd yr argymhelliad. Ond rhaid i’r Comisiwn ei hun ei dderbyn hefyd yn ogystal a ’r Ysgrifennydd Cartref cyn y bydd yn derfynol.

O safbwynt Cymreictod mae’n amlwg mai’r frwydr ym Meirionnydd yw’r bwysicaf. Ond yn dynn ar ei sodlau o ran pwysigrwydd y mae’r bwriad i uno Maldwyn gyda Sir Frycheiniog a rhannau o Sir Gaesyfed, gan greu’r ethoiaeth fwyaf yng Nghymru. Yn öl eu harfer bu pobl Maldwyn yn hynod o araf i fynegi eu protest — ni aed ati i ffurfio pwyllgor i ymgyrchu na dim o’r fath — ac er fod yna deimlad cryf mewn llawer cylch yn erbyn y bwriad hwn inae’r Comisiwn yn debycach o lawer o fwrw ymlaen vma. ßyddai hynny’n ergyd nid yn unig i falchder pobl yr hen Sir Drefaldwyn ond hefyd i Gymreictod y rhan hon o ’r wlad sydd eisoes mor fregus.

(The Boundary Commission has been Holding public inquiries in all parts o f Wales following their controversial proposals to alter all but one o f the parliamentary constituencies. The most fierce Opposition has come from Meirionnydd. Under the Commission’s proposals this seat — held by Plaid Cymru’s Dafydd Elis Thomas — would disappear completely).

High Court Suspends Welsh Language Teacher

Former Cymdeithas yr laith Chairman, Wayne Williams, was suspended from his post at Llanidloes High School on January 6 after a High Court injunction banned him temporarily from teaching. A fortnight earlier he had been released from Swansea prison after serving a six month sentence for conspiracy to damage television transmittcrs as pan of the fourth channel campaign.

The injunction was granted to a group of parents from Llanidloes who object to Wayne Williams being employed because, they Claim, he is unfit to teach. The group are led by Laurence and Pam Smith, an English couple from Epping in Essex who came to Llanidloes five years ago, and the local Tory M.P., Dehvyn Williams. “ With vandalism such a problem, how ean a man who’s been to prison for this teach our children?” they ask.

ln fact, Wayne Williams took no active pari in any damage to transmitters. He was found guilty of conspiracy on the basis that he released a press Statement taking full responsibility for an attack on a TV transmitter on behalf of Gymdeithas yr laith.

While in prison he successfully appealed against the original decision by a Powys county council Staffing committee to dismiss him for breaking his contract.

Headmaster Mr. Lloyd James and the entire school staff supported his reinstatement and describe him as an excelient teacher who has never attempted to introduce his political opinions in the classroom.

The whole affair has now split the town. Another group of parents who support Wayne Williams has now been formed. They believe that his case should be considered on educational grounds alone and refer to the opposing group of parents as “small and unrepresentative” .

At the beginning of January Powys Director of Education assured Wayne that he would be suspended on full pay. A month later, however, he discovered that his wages had not been paid into his bank account. The Powys Treasurer had been told not to pay after “ legal advice” — but had “ forgotten” to inform him of this decision.

Wayne’s case is being fought by the Welsh teachers union, UCAC, and the High Court hearing to decide on an application for a permanent injunction, is expected to take place in March. Meanwhile the Deprtment of Education is conducting its own investigation and the various groups have been presenting their cases to the junior minister, Rhodes Boyson.

On February 13 hundreds of people from all over Wales attended a rally of support organised by Cymdeithas yr laith at Machynlleth.

Les efforts continent en vue d ’obtenir le retablisse- ment de Wayne Williams qui, ä la suite de son em- prisonnement pour avoir participe activement ä la Campagne en faveur d ’une chatne de television galloise, a ete congedie de son pari d ’enseignant.

Mother TongueLast September, a week prior to the opening of

classes at the Politechnig Cymru in Treforest, thirty women began a year-long course in Cymraeg. In Carn 35, the article on the STR1 tour of Ysgolion Cymraeg in Juiy mentioned the dedication of parents whose children attend these schools. These thirty parents enrolled in the Cwrs Lladfar Cymraeg are a handful who have extended their commitment to their children’s education to include a knowledge of ihe language so that they are better able to hclp and encourage their children.

Most of the women come from families in which Cymraeg was spoken but ceased to be passed on to the next generation at some point. Many of the women are among the first generation of their family to have English as their first and only language; and for them, this was the primary reason for sending their children to Ysgolion Cymraeg. “ My husband and I are the only members of our families who speak no Welsh, our parents never taught us. We thought by sending our children to Pont Sion NorLon, if nothing eise, they would be able to speak their own tongue.” said one mother.

A few of the women have pre-school age children and are preparing in advance for the time when their children will be fluent in Cymraeg. Those who have waited until their chilren have learned the language have found that the transition to Cymraeg in the home as well is resisted; their children have come to think of Cymraeg as the language of education and English as the everyday language — an ironic twist on the Situation of the last Century. While speaking Cymraeg is encouraged, the children have difficulty making the transition and, though the mothers originally intended to help their children by learning Cymraeg, the opposite has become the case. Younger children are often exceptionally hard on their mother’s attempt to speak Cymraeg, correcting pro- nunciation and grammar with a vengeance. Senior

school age children often refuse to speak tb language with their learner-parents at all, sayim I have that all day in school!”

Only a few of the fathers are Cymry Cymraeg, bui iheir support of ihis effort is evident. Many have taken evening classes and encourage their t'amilies to use Cymraeg as much as possible in the home, though their own command of the language is slight.

Since the course meels daily, it is designed to teach Cymraeg at the conversational level as quickly and as effectively as possible. The dass is divided into tvvo groups: those who have had at least some inslruction in the language, taught by Cennard Davies; and those who have had no formal dass, taught by Basil Davies. The method used is bilingual bui as the weeks go by, less and less English is used and the women begin to use Cymraeg throughout the morning, bcforc as well as aftcr the dass. A few are lortunate enough to be able to use the language at home.

One third of the dass also aitended a ten-week course in order to qualify to work as helpers in the Meithrin.

Most of the parenls found themselves increasingly involved in the affairs of the Ysgol Cymraeg once their children were enrolled — in itself a difficulty because Ysgolion Cymraeg are over-crowded and many are turned avvay to Unedau Cymraeg in English schools. After joining the Cymdeithas Rhieni Ysgol Gymraeg, they inevitablv become embroiled in the effort to prevent the opening of Unedau Cymraeg merely in order to keep the enrollments of English schools front dropping below minintum operational limits when therc is a need to open another Ysgol Gymraeg in the area. (Some units which began with 20 students now ntake up more than half the school’.s Population and others continue to grow beyond pre- set limits while each year more parents are told there are no prospects for their children to find a place in either a school or unit in the future. ln some areas governed by the Mid-Glamorgan Educational Authority, the Ysgolion Cymraeg enrollments have more than doubled those of the English schools, the enrollments of which decline steadily).

Beconting involved with the schooi.:’ struggles in- variably led to an increased interest in the language for their own use. All of the women have realized the important role they play in the acquisition and use of language; without a command of Cymraeg them­selves, their children will always think of their native tongue as a language to be used in special cir- cumstances, a second language in fact.

LEIGH VERRILL.

Souvent les parents des enfants qui frequentem les ecoles oit l ’enseignement est donne en gallois ne con- aissem pas cette langue. II s ’agir ici des effectors qu’ils poursuivent en veil de I 'apprendre.

Who Planted the Bug?After four weeks of persistent questioning by Plaid

Cymru M.P. Dafydd Wigley, the North Wales police have at last admitted that they planted a “ bug” in a public telephone kiosk in Talysarn near Caernarfon on January 6.

On that day a Talysarn couple, Mr. and Mrs. Moses Edwards saw two men hiding something behind a panel in the telephone kiosk near their home. After the men had gone the couple investigated and found a small transmitter, which they removed. As they walked back to their house the two men drove up at speed in a car and grabbed the device front Mr. Edwards, claiming they wert telephone engineers.

The couple reported the matter to a councillor who took ii up with the local postmaster and the police.

British Telecom said they had no engineers in the area at the time and a police check on the car registration number revealed that a Home Office “block” had been placed on it in the police Computer, preventing its disclosure.

Dafydd Wigley took the matter up immediately, proiesting that the incident represented a dramatic widening of the Interpretation of the government’s guidelines on telephone tapping. When the Prime Minister refused to make any comment after being challenged by Mr. Wigley during Question Time. “This means that telephone kiosks may have been tapped on oiher instances as well,” he said.

At long last Mr. Wigley secured a meeting with the Home Secretary, Mr. Whitelaw, who told him that this was a bugging incident, not a telephone tapping, and was therefore not covered by the Government’s guidelines on the intercejDtion of phone calls. Buggings themselves are subject to different guidelines which go out from the Home Office to Chief Constables. This was confirmed by the North Wales acting chief constable: “These devices are used in the investigation of serious crime, bui only on the authority of a very senior officer. Mr. Wigley said “ What is amazing is that a set of guidelines exists on how the police should conduct their bugging and nobody knew them before. God only knows what checks, if any, are inade on all this.”

No-one has yet admitted what “serious crime” was being investigated at the time. The general belief is that it was connected with the burning of holday homes. On the same night that the “ bug” was discovered, the police raided the house of a leading member of “ Cofiwn” (Remember) in the neighbouring estate as well as that of another active nationalist in the nexi village.

S4C on TrialThe Government has made clear that the fourth

channel in Wales — Sianel 4 Cymru, S4C — will be on trial for its first three years of life. If it fails that trial, it could be scrapped.

ln its long-awaited response to the Welsh Select Committee report on the Welsh language broadcasting the Government dismisses any notion that once established, the new channel would continue indefinitely. While stating that every effort should be inade to ensure the new Welsh language channel’s success, it says that the Government intends to review the single-channel solution in about three years time.

“ The Act enables the Secretary of State to repeal or amend these provisions and it allows for the possibility of their replacement by Provision designed to implement the two-channel solution.”

Mi. Leo Abse, the Chairman of the Committee which conducted the investigation, said: “The Government will insist on the three-year review and therefore Sianel 4 Cymru is on trial — and so in a sense is the Welsh Language and those who speak it. If the audiences become derisory it will become impossible for us at Westminster to continue to insist that these large sums should be paid.”

Water Rates BattleOn St. David’s Day, March 1, Plaid Cymru will

launch a major campaign to get a better deal for Welsh water consumers. Ratepayers will be urged not to pay their water bills in a bid to put pressure on the Welsh Water Authority to increase the price of water exported to Lngland. There will be a massive leaflet Publicity cadipaign to win the support of the public. Desmonstrations and confrontations are also being planned on lines similar to a demonstration last autumn outside the Birmingham headquarters of the Severn Trent Water Authority. “ Wales is being ripped off and the time has come to put an end to this ridiculous Situation,” said Plaid Cymru Secretary, Dafydd Williams. It was a scandalous Situation when Welsh consumers paid more for water frorn Wales than people living in places like Birmingham and Liverpool.

Councillors at Rhaeadr Gwy in Mid Wales say the Midlands should pay more for the 80 million gallons of water received daily from the nearby Elan Valley resei voirs and the extra revenue should be used for the benefil of the local community and local water consumers.

The Welsh Water Authority’s rate poundage is 30p in the pound compared with 14p in the pound paid in Birmingham. Plaid Cymru believe the current Situation is both unjust to Welsh householders and also a serious handicap in efforts to secure more employment in Wales.

Second Homes “ No Problem“

Police in Wales are expecting the arson campaign againsl holiday homes to be intensified following the Government’s point blank refusal to make any moves to alleviate the problem. On February 8, eleven months after Gwynedd County Council had presented a detailed memorandum calling for legislation, the Welsh Office dismissed all the proposals put forward. They even suggesled that, over all, second homes are not a significant problem and that they have some beneficial effects.

The proposals put forward by Gwynedd included planning Controls, licensing and registration schemes and differential rates, but the Welsh Office stated: “All have serious disadvantages, in some cases, for people living and working in the locality affected, and some would, in the Government’s view, impinge directly on rights of personal freedom and property. The Government, for its part, has grave doubts as to

whether such measures would be acceptable to the public at large.”

Meanwhile, the arson campaign has continued, bringing the total number of cottages damaged to over 60 in all. The police are still to catch the people responsible, over two years after the campaign started.

Düring the first week of January HTV received a letter signed by Rhys Gethin, M.G. (Meibion Glyndwr), warning that the campaign was being intensified during 1982 “unless there is a quick and positive response” .

Towards a Welsh National Theatre

by Dedwydd Jones

The expression “Welsh National Theatre” mainly commcrnoratcs hostilitics; the present fact of new theatre buildings in W'ales merely serves to intensify those hostilities. The “ Welsh National Theatre” is an ever-continuing epic of inter-tribal brawls, recriminations, litigation and debacle.

The idea of a Welsh National Theatre (WNT) was first mooted before 1914, by one, Lord Howcrd de Waiden, a Celtophile Saxon aristocrat with estates in Cymru. One of de W'alden’s most passionate advocates was G. B. Shaw, ln a long letter to the South Wales Daily Post on June 13, 1914, Shaw wrole, “ What Might Wales Not Do with its wealth of artistic faculty . . . on the establishment of a National Theatre . . .?” In Spite of GB’s prestigious and enthusiastic support, de Walden’s plans crumbled to nothing.

But native dramatists DID begin to emerge. In 1924, Caradog Evans’ “Taffy” opened to riots and police protection. “ Taffy” is the best of all indictments of that most repulsive of all Welsh vices, Chapel Hypocrisy. “ Taffy” remains Wales’ most firmly rejected theatre achievement. The thirties also saw the varied theatre talents of Richard Hughes, Emlyn Williams, J. D. Francis and David Ivor Davies (Ivor Novello). In the late thirties, de Waiden again put forward proposals for a WNT. This time they were permanently laid to rest by the second great war to end wars.

Until the fifties, little was heard of Welsh drama and dramatists. Wales, after all, had only one main Stage theatre, the Swansea Grand. Ali the dramatists mentioned above, made their names in the London Theatre, as, indeed, Irish dramatists had to, before the establishment of the Abbey. But in 1952, “Under Milkwood” arrived. It became an instant radio and theatre classic. In the fifties, too, a galaxy of Welsh talent had appeared, with Burton, Baker, Huw Griffith, etc. These actors, led by Clifford Evans, revived the ghost of de Walden’s projects. In 1958, grandiose plans were announced for a WNT. However, ten years later, these plans were a ghastly and ignominious ruin. The bitterness en­gendered at the time endures to this day. The conflicts involved the rejection of Cardiff as the home of the WNT, the hostility of Welsh speaking theatre, and, most wonderful of all, the definition and use of those three emotive words, “ Welsh” ,

12

“National” and “ Theatre” . But where the Welsh failed, the English rushed in to exploit.

By 1975, after a veritable orgy of prestige building, five main stage Arts Complex and Collegiate theatres had been built. ln 1970, The Welsh Arts Council had, at last, appointed a Drama Officer. With unbelievable crassness, the Council selected an Oxbridge graduate for this key job. Thereafter, the theatres, too, went Oxbridge. Cardiff’s Sherman, Milford’s Torch, Swansea’s Grand, are still all Saxon-controlled. The enormous Mold Theatre, however, went Hungarian, with a George Roman as Director. These new theatres were built on the grave of a Welsh National Theatre. Heaped, therefore, on the still hot embers of the Great Welsh Theatre War, are these Saxon dominated anti-Welsh outposts of Empire. The Welsh establishment, (Uncle Toms to a man), are directly responsible for this untimely and obscene catastrophe. The degree of anti-Welshness in these theatres staggers and enrages. This discrimination is best summed up by Graham Watkins (NOT a Welshman), the former Director of The Torch, Milford. Between 1965 and 1971, Welsh bomber John Jenkins, was active in Wales, he was captured in 1971 and given 10 years. 1 wrote a documentary play, “The Drummer“ , on John’s great work. This play I sent to the Torch. The following is a quote from a letter by Mr. Watkins, attacking “ The Drummer“ : “ I found it impossible to produce a Dedwydd Jones play because they are often pervaded by a chauvinism of the most bizarre and nauseous kind. Chauvinism which would make the National Front pale into reasonableness.” The Stage, Oct. Ist, 1981.

The work of all other Welsh dramatists, too, is ignored when it is not being rejected. Dannie Abse,Alun Owen, Peter Gill, Gwyn Thomas, for example, have been performed only once, or not at all in their native land. The Welsh National Theatre, which, ültimately, IS its dramatists, has, therefore, no hope in these awful Saxon Emporiums. (This ugly tale of Imperial take-over is recorded in my Black Book on the Welsh Theatre). However, after years of Saxon insolence and bigotry, the Welsh dramatists have, for the first time, combined to form The Welsh Dramatists Network. The Network is demanding its own Welsh Theatre. It is also, in the press, on the radio and TV, with Equity and the Trade Unions, and through Parliamentary Committees, publicising the rank Saxon-Welsh theatre monopoly. The English White Settiers and the Welsh Uncle Toms have gone into True Blue Tory Alliance, and a most vile aliiance it is, a marriage of slavish mediocrity with the Master Race.

But after the defeated hopes of the fifties and sixties, the Saxon depradations of the seventies, the future of a true Welsh National Theatre has at last been publicly shown to be where it should always rightly be, that is, in the hands of the Welsh dramatists themselves. If the WNT comes into being in the next decade, it will be as a result of direct action by the Welsh Dramatists Network. There is no other way left to us now. We ourselves! Sinn Fein!!!

CENCRASTUS: A magazine of Scottish and International Literature, Arts and Affairs, 5 Buccleuch Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9LW, Scotland.UK and Eire $3, Europe $5, N. America (Air Mail)$7 — for 4 issues. 13

EIREAlba-Na Näisiüin AontaitheTä tri bliana caite anois 6 rinne muintir na hAlban

agus muintir Cymru vötail ar an dilarü cumhachta, agus in aineoin go raibh tromlach in Albain ar son Chomhthionöil Aitiüla, ni raibh an möramh 40% den toghlach iomlän ann, mar a d’üiligh rialtas Shasana le go mbunöfai Däil i nDün Eidin. Is beag a chualathas 6 shoin ar an dilarü chumhachta. Ni hionann sin is a rä go bhfuil dearmad düanta ar an geeist. Ar an lä ceanna a cuireadh toil an phobail ar ceal tri diültü don phobalbhreith sin, lü Märta 1979, bunaiodh an grüpa Alba-Na Näisiüin Aontaithe (Scotland-UN) le cäs na hAlban ar son feinrialtas a chur os comhair na Näisiüin Aontaithe agus os comhair an domhair. Nior tugadh morän poibliochta don ghrüpa, ce go bhfuair se tacaiocht 6 bhaill aonair den SNP, agus i 1980 thug an päirti sin tacaiocht don eileamh ar fein-rialtas a chuir an grüpa chuig an gCoimisiün um Cearta Daonna de na Näisiüin Aontaithe. Dearbhaionn Alt a hAon de Chairt na Näisiüin Aontaithe ar Chearta Daonna ceart gach näisiüin don feinrialtas. B’fhurust don ghrüpa Albanach thaispeäint go mba näisiün i Alba ö rhaobh staire, su-iomh tireölaiochta, cultüir agus reachtaiochta de, maraon leis an geöras rialtas äitiüil alä aici. Mar thoradh ar an eileamh seo fuair an grüpa cuireadh chun päirt a ghlacadh i gComhdhäil de chuid na Näisiüin Aontaithe sa Geneibh an Fömhar seo caite 6n 15-18 Mean Fömhair 1981.

Ni mör a mhiniü go gceadaionn bunreacht na Näisiüint Aontaithe don Comhairle Eacnamaiochta is Soisialta (den N .A .) ple le heagrais “neamh-rialtas” ar cheisteanna a thagann faoi üdaräs na Comhairle. Tä stadas comhairleach ag na heagrais seo, agus ina measc tä Amnesty Idirnäisiünta, Coimisiün idirnäisiüntana nDli- eolaithe agus go leor eile nach bhfuil chomh cäiliül ceanna. Sa tsli ceanna is feidir glacadh le heilimh a bhaineann le särü cearta daonna öna “näisiüin dhüchasacha” agus ö eagrais näisiünta; mar eagras näisiünta a glacadh leis an grüpa Albanach. (Go hiondüil ni feidir le dream ar bith acu seasamh polaitiül a thögäil i geoinn bhall-stät). Blii an Chomhdhäil sa Geneibh dirithe ar chearta na “näisiüin dhüchasacha“ . Ar dtüs bhi coiste stiürtha na Comhdhäla in amhras ar cheart glacadh le Alba mar “ näisiün düchasach” , ach nuair a cuireadh an cheist faoi bhräid na dtoscairi eile a bhi i läthair, bhiodar dearfa de go mba “ näisiün düchasach” i Alba. Triür toscaire a bhi i läthair ö Albain, an Dr. Shanks Kerr (dochtüir leighis) an Dr. James Wilkie (PhD) agus comhairleoir dli, Chris Thomson.

Be äbhar na Comhdhäla “ Pobail Dhüchasacha agus a geuid talün“ . Bhi an täbhar a phle os comhair ceithre choimisiüin, mar leanas:

1. Cearta talün na bpobal ndüchasach, conarthai idirnäisiünta, athshealbhü na talün.

2. Feallsünacht dhüchasach agus an talamh.

3. Comhlachtai idirnäisiünta gus a dtionchar ar acmhaiuni is laJamh na bpobal ndüchasach.

4. Tionchar fhäs na narm neithneach ar thatamh is ar bheatha na bpobal sin.

Bhi cäs säch läidir ag na hAlbanaigh le cur os comhair na gCoimisiüin eagsüla ach go häirithe uimhreacha a haon is a ceathair. Mar is eol düinn tä na liarnai talün i reim go föill in Albain, le fearainn fairsinge talün ina seilbh mäille le locha is aibhneacha; in aineoin go bhfuil teidil dhüchasacha ag cuid acu, tä na cearta ceanna dishealbhaithe acu is a bhi ag tiarnai talün in Eirinn sa chead seo caile. Ach mar a bheifeä ag süil, i bhfianaise a bhfuil ag tarlü sa domhain faoi läthair, bi ceist tionchar na narm neithneach is mö a tharraing aird na Comhdhäla. B’oscailt süile do na toscairi eile fhäil amach go bhfuil Alba sa bhearna bhaoil mar phriomh thargaid diürachäin san Eoraip. Laistigh de raon dachad mile tä dhä bhunäit d’fhömhuireäin eithneacha, an laisce diürachäin is mö sa Rhreatain Mhör i nGLeann Düghlais, dhä stäisiün ginte eithneach chomh maith le stäisiün ginie ola agus cuid mhör de thionscail na tire; sin agus iad uilig suite gar go maith do leath de dhaonra na tire. Mhinigh na toscairi Albanacha caide mar atä an dlüs armäla — go speisialta armäil eithneach — i gcoibhneas leis an daonra, nios airde in Albain nä in aon tir eile san Eoraip. Agus där ndöigh ag an am sin ni raibh an cead tugtha go föill chun du! ar aghaidh le tögäil bunäit NATO ar Oileän Steörnobhaigh, mar a d’fhögair Aire Släil na hAlban (Younger) i dtüs mhä na Nollag. Thagair na toscairi f reisin do phobalbhrcith 1979 agus an vötäil i bParlaiminl Shasana a chuir Acht na h Alban ar ceal, ce gur vötäil tromlach na bhfeisiri Albanacha ö gach phäirti ar a shon. Dhearbhaigh an Chomhdhäil go raibh gä le poiblioclu leathan a thabhairt d ’fliadhbanna na hAlban is d’fhadhbanna na ‘‘näisiüin dhüchasacha” eile, agus dhearbhaigh se chomh maith nach raibh reiteach le fäil gan feinriallas bheith ag na näisiüin seo.

B’shin an chead uair a tugadh eisteacht do ghuth neamhspleäch ö Albain ag Comhdhäil idirnäisiünta. Droch mheas is mö a leirigh na preas Gallda sa bhaile air; ni rö shästa a bhi na feisiri ön dä phäirti mhör chan oiread; sheanadar go raibh an grüpa ionadaioch do mhuintir na hAlban.

Siad na ceisteanna gur mithid a chur: cad ab fhiü an iarracht? Cen toradh a bheidh air? An fiü grüpai dä leitheid a bhünü ins na tiortha Ceilteacha eile? Cinnte ni thabharfaidh na Näisiüin Aontaithe feinrialtas d’Alba nä d’aon tir eile — sa bhaile a caithfear an cath sin a chur is a bhaint. Is beag thig leis na Näisiüin Aontaithe deanamh ar an leibheal oifigiüil, agus is lü i bhfad a thig leo deanamh ar an leibheal comhairleach, mar a tharlaionn i gcäs na neagras neamh-rialias. San am ceanna läightear poibliocht agus aitheantas idirnäisiünta gur feidir tögäil air, m.sh. fuair na hAlbanaigh cuireadh le dul go Berlin amach anseo len a sceal a insiru ansin. Gan amhras bheadh tacaiocht idirnäisiünta le fäil d'aon fheachtas in Albain chun cur i gcoinne suiomh arm eithneach. Maidir leis na tiortha Ceilteacha eile, b’fhiü döfbh an bealach seo a thriail. Dhearbhaigh an grüpa Albanach prionsabal fior thabhachtach .i. go bhfuil nios mö nä näisiün amhäin sa Bhreatain Mhör

agus nach labhraionn rialtas Shasana ar son gach näisiün faoi a riail.

BRU) h e u sa f f .

The above deals with the SCOTLAND-U.N. group which sent subinissions to the United Nations on Scotland’s case for self-determination in 1979 and 1980, and was subseqauently invited to attend an International Non-Government Organisation Con­ference in Geneva last Atitumn. The Conference discussed the topie of ‘‘Indigenous Peoples and theiT Land” , dealing among other things with the effects of iransnational corporations on such peoples and the impact of the Nuclear arms build-up on the iand and life of indigenous peoples.

IRISH SUMMER COURSE IN CONNEMARAFollowing the success of the last two years, this

course this year will be held during the fortnight beginning 15th August. The course will be run by the Comharchumann Cois Fharraige Co-Operative in their College, Coläiste Chonnacht, near An Spideal, Co. Galway, (len miles west of Galway City in the Conamara Ciaellacht).

The Programme will include Irish classes for beginners, each day, with a total of about 30 hours in the fortnight altogether. There will be lectures on topics such as the Taeltacht today, the Position of the Irish language in the whole of Ireland, Irish History, and Irish Literature. The participants will be introduced to the Irish song and traditional music in in formal sessions with the participaiion of local people. The course will include a trip to the Aran Islands and a tour of the Conamara area. The cost of the course including accommodation and meals for a fortnight plus the trips will be IR£220.00. The participants would be expected to arrivc about tea time on Sunday, 15th August, and the course would Finish alter lunch on Friday, 27th August.

Those wishing to partake in this course should send a deposil of IR£25 (or equivalent) to die Irish Branch Secretary, Maire Bhreathnaeh (address on p. 24) before Ist June.

An additional third week would be availableas an Option. This would involve spending the second weekend (27-29th) on one of the Aran Islands and would give a further 12 hours luition the following week. This would cost an extra LR£110.00.

General Election 1982When the 1982 Coalition Budget was presented to

the Däil (Parliament) in Dublin on January 27th it was so severe that the Government was defeated on the first vote taken. The defeat was brought about by the deflection of a number of Independent deputies who had previously eit her voted for Government nteasures or abstained. One in particular, the Limerick independent Soeialist (and seif declared anti-nationalist) Jim kemmy had consistently supported them. Readers of CARN (No. 35) will recall that in the 166 seat Däil (with 2 seats won by non-sitting H-Block eandidates, oneofwhom was on

14

hunger strike, Kieran Doherty and who died — the bye-election to fill that seat had not yet been held) the balance of power was held by 4 Independents and one Sinn Fein The Workers Party (S.F.W.P.) man.

The Budget which caused the fall of the Government proposed a wide ränge of increases. The low rate of Value Added Tax (VAT), already increased last year from 10 to 15% in the July supplementary budget (see Carn 35), was to increase further to 18%. Not alone that however, but footwear and clothing which were previously exempt from VAT were now to have an 18% rate. In addilion food subsidies on milk and butter were to be removed. All the usual items, such as beer, spirits, petrol were once again to increase and mosl Services such as P&T also. The election promise of Fine Gael, the ntain Coalition partner, to introduce a basic tax rate of 25% was not kept due, it was stated, to the bad state of the public finances. A systent of tax credits was proposed. This would give credits against the amount of tax payable on an income as opposed to the present System of first deducting tax allowances and calculating tax on the remaining taxable income. This it was claimed is a more fair System. However it is clear that with present tax rates most households would end up paying more as was illustrated in analyses of the system by economic correspondents. Health charges were to increase substantially too. As against this there were only to be minor changes in capital and Corporation taxes and a levy on bank profits was to be introduced.

Following the defeat of the Government on the Budget vote, the first such in the history of the state, a General Election was declared for the 18th February. The General Election campaign centred on the Budget, on economic matters and on the handling of the economy. The Fine Gael and Labour parties which had comprised the Coalition Government agreed on an election pact and stood by their Budget with the concession that children’s shoes and clothes would be exempt from VAT — a concession which a few days earlier the Taoiseach and Fine Gael leader, Dr. Fitzgerald, had claimed would not be possible as adults with small feet rnight take advantage of it!

The Opposition, Fianna Fäil party and their leader Mr.'Haughey said they would aim for the same Budget deficit as catered for in the Coalition Budget but with alternative revenue raising as with the short time available it would be impossible to do otherwise. They would not extend VAT to any clothing and footwear and would retain food subsidies at their present level. They announced a 13 point Programme to combat unemploymcnt, and promised a plan within three months to cover jobs, prices and borrowine.

Two days before the election a T.V. debate between Dr. Fitzgerald and Mr. Haughey took place — the first of its kind in an Irish election. As in the campaign most of the debate was taken up with the economic issues though the North, law and Order and divorce were touched on. Mr. Haughey probably gained some ground in this in relation to polls which showed Dr. Fitzgerald well ahead in the stakes for personal popularity, but with very little between the parties.

The level of concern in the Irish establishment and political parties in relation to the Irish language may be judged by the fact that the question of the

tanguage was not included as a subject in the great debate. The Irish language organisations put forward demands in relation to Irish in Education, Television and the state of the Gaeltacht and distributed Publicity asking people to raise these issues with candidates. At the meeting called by Conradh na Gaeilge to raise these points with all parties the Fine Gael and Labour parties did not bother to send any representatives.

Düring the campaign much talk was made of the need for a stable government with a comfortable governing majority. ln the event however the state of the parties after all the votes were counted was:

Fianna Fäil, 81; Fine Gael, 63; Labour, 15; Independents, 4; Sinn Fein — The Workers Party (SFWP) 3.

With neither Fianna Fäil nor the Coalition parties having a clear majority, the decision on which governs rests once again with a minority of deputies though this time a minority with a rather different make up. Mr. Jim Kemmy the Independent Socialist was returned with a larger vote. S.F.W.P. increased its representation to three seats which they regarded as an important breakthrough. Another of the independents is Mr. Tony Gregory, elected from one of the deprived Inner City areas who stated he would be primarily concerned with the issues affecting them, unemployment and housing, but he is something of a Republican Socialist judging from links previously with other parties. Another is Mr. Neil Blaney, Independent Fianna Fäil who would probably support Mr. Haughey and Fianna Fäil in their bid for power.

There were of course no H-Blo<J< candidates this time. Provisional Sinn Fein did contest seven seats but their vote nowhere approached that gained by a H-Block candidate. Mrs. Bernadette McAliskey, contested a Dublin constituency but her vote only came to approximately 2,000.

Mr. Haughey was confident of his ability to form a government on the night of the election count though at the time he probably thought he would have a seat or two more. His confidence has not evaporated since and he is now in a stronger position in his own party following the collapse of a movement to replace him as leader. Mr. J. Kemmy has called for a Socialist alliance in the new Däil between himself, Mr. Gregory and S.F.W.P. S.F.W.P. have called on the Labour Party not to enter Coalition but to form a left Opposition to the two main parties. At the time of writing discussions are taking place or will be taking place between those deputies and also between Mr. Haughey and the independents individually andS.F.W.P. Dr. Fitzgerald, who has not conceded defeat, will no doubl follow the same path. This time however it would seem that either with the support of some or all the Independents and S.F.W.P. or possibly with them abstaining Mr. Haughey is more likely to become Taoiseach and Fianna Fäil to enter government. it is also more probable that whichever Governemtn takes up Office it will run closer to the normal term.

ln the interim period there will no doubl be much intrigue, bargaining and toing and froing LATE NEWS

Mr. Haughey was elected Taoiseach on March 9th and Fianna Fäil now enter Government once again.

La Campagne electorale recente s ’est axee sur tes problemes budgetaires du gouvernement ir/andais. Les elections n'ont clonne la majorite absolue a aucun despartisprincipaux. Ceux-ci sont maintenant e/i train de rechercher l ’appui de cinq deputes qui tiennent la balance du puo voir.

Irish Neutrality TodayDallün Ö Cealiaigh,

Vice Chairman, Irish Sovereignly Movement, Cumarin Flailheasu na hEireann.

When thc Irish State joined thc EEC in 1973, it turned out, that participation in NATO was not a condition of membership. Uut the overlap between the two institutions still suggests that there are dangers that they will converge in sorne way. There is a Eurogroup in NATO, which was established in 1968, and reports of the European Parliament in the Seventies, as weil as the Tindemans memorandum in 1976, provide sorne, although by no means exhaustive, examples regarding the concern with defence.

lt i.s also quite unrealistic to think that economics and politics can be eompartmemalised. If we do not go along with the West Germans or the French at the United Nations on questions affecting t hei r collaboration with South Africa, for instance, can we seriously expect thern to support us when we look for a better deal on sheep-meat or more transfers in the regional policy? That is the substance of what the Irish State has got itself into.

As a result, one thing has definitely changed in foreign policy since we joined the EEC and that is our voling at the United Nations. Now, we tend either to vote with other EEG States where previously we would have abstained or to abstain where formerly we would have voted against them. Likewise, sollte of our polieies on specific issues outside the UN have altered. By way of illustration, would we necessarily have supported the Olympic Boycott or sanclions on Iran, if it had not beeil for the foreign policy co-ordination of the EEC in the Davignon Committee? We mighl have preferred other ways of protesting at the Situation in Afghanistan or the taking of hostages in Teheran.

While we are allowed to remain outside a military alliance. our leaders are not unaware of the valtie of neutrality. The present Taoiseach (as of 16/2/82), Garret Fitzgerald, proclaimed, betöre beconiiug Foreign Minister in 3973, that Ireland’s vote in international affairs could be “ imaginative and construetive — all the more so as we are not involved in any military alliance.” In 1975, Michael ü ’Kennedy, Eianna Fäil spokcsman on Foreign Affairs, said that “our traditional neutrality in international affairs is a strong foundation on which to build our foreign policy Programme.” The appeal to the Third World countries is obvious, although this has been put a little less attractively by Johann Galtung, the Norwegian peace expert, as the role of a fig-leaf for the EEC.

On the other hand, as many Irish missionaries become radicalised and returned development workers form themselves into distinctive lobbies, one

wonders if an added source of Opposition will grow up to the gradual abandonment of neutrality.

The missions have sometimes been referred to as a possible reinforcing factor in the development of anti-imperialist sentiment in Irish history. They were certainly a major feature of Ireland’s contact with the outside world. Yet the effect they have had on Irish political culture is still a matter for common- sense speculation rather than research and measurement.

Today, however, the impact of the Third World on religious missionaries and secular volunteers alike has been more articulated, even among bishops. Moreover, the societies they have encountered are ones not only of exploitation, but of revolt. They are bringing back a message of material deprivation and moral outrage, which is touching the heart and influencing the intelleet of modern Ireland. It remains to be seen whether, in the populär imagination, they can cast into global relief the betrayal of their mission, which is daily enacted in Brussels and Washington.

The conciusion about the EEC is ihat it has led to the demise of political neutrality and put a question mark after military neutrality, the end of which seems more a matter of timing rather than principle.

In this context, we must ask ourselves — is Ireland still of Strategie importance, or has this, after centuries suddenly evaporated, as some suggest.

Authoritative voices have certainly been raised in support of this conienlion. At one stage, the historian Nicholas Mansergh told us that . . the supersession of conventional weapons by a still fortunately unconventional nuclear armament, including intercontinental ballistic missiles, has deprived Ireland, possibly fo r all time, of her former Strategie importance.” Another historian, Desmond Williams, wrote that our forces are “ so small as to be insignificant and the technology o f war rendered inherent in Irish bases nugatory, ” (my emphases).

This is a case of a populär notion being given academic sanction by people who know as little about military thinking as the generality of us, whatever about their command of political history.

Over the past l'ew years, an attempt has been made to correct this erroncous assumption by quoting from the writings and Speeches of military theorists and politicians alike, both about modern war strategy and Ireland’s value in particular.

Fortunately. persons of greater distinction than the common run of radicals have come to a new realisation of our Strategie significance and herewith a quoiation from the Irish political scientist, Patrick Kcatinge, in his most recent book “ A Place Among the Nations” .

“The assumption that the state is strategically altogether irrelevant may be wishful thinking, based on the contingency of an ail-out nuclear war and ignoring the preparations continually being made to deter such an eventuality. It could bi. ai^ued that Ireiand’s periphcral Situation and relative underpopulation make her attractive either as a location for missle bases or as an exemplary-target. As for conventional warfare, which is still a signifieant element in Strategie policy, Ireland could provide logistic facilities, such as deep-sea harbourage, or be the location for reserve, training or command units.

16

“ Al a morc general levcl,” he eontinues, “ liiere is ihe queslion ol' clenying any potentially hosiile state the room io develop its position on Irish soil or in Irish waiers. This is seen most clearly if ihe traditional assumption ihat ihe British Isles (sie) form a Strategie eniity is maintained. In 1972, for e,sample, the British Government deelared, as one ol its three major coneerns in Northern Ireland, ‘that Northern Ireland should not oller a base Cor any external threat to the securily ol the United Kingdom’. The same prineiple applies to the wliole island trom the poim ol' vievv ol the allianee ol w hielt Britain is a major member. . .

Keatinge also remarks that joint-EEC polieing of a neu fishery zone “ would probably lead to reeiproeal landing rights” and that in this Situation “ Irish military neutrality would beeome inereasingly unreal.”

The roots of Irish neutrality go baek well beyond the foundation ol' the State, indeed in explieit ideologieal terms to the eighteenth-eentury when the fallier of Irish republicanism, Wolfe Tone, wrote aboul the subjeet.

A philosophy has been developed ov.er luo eenturies that Ireland should retnain neutral beeause ofthe need:

(1) to concentrate on national reconstruetion;(2) io avoid loss without gain in l'oreign wars;(3) to protect our independenee against alleomers;(4) to develop positive links with all nalions;(5) to avoid beeoming a target through allianees

stielt as Britain and NATO;(6) to avoid collaboration with Imperialist ex-

ploitation; and(7) to enable us to tnake an independent

eoniiibulioii to uoild peaee and brotherliood and the development of global collective securily.

Here, surely, is a vvorthy blend of the pragtnalic and the prineipled, whieh covers neutrality in both its military and politieal aspects and is the fruit of the republican and .socialist perspectives in Ireland.

The last retnaining objection to or doubl about all this is not should %ve bul van vve remain neutral? Is it leasible for Ireland to provide a deterrent to invasion or ean we even aflord it?

The last war proved that we cun inild up a deterrent. The point is not that Ireland would have been oecupied, sometime belvveen 1939 and '45. if it had been vital to the Allies or the Axis powers. Rather is it that it had to be vital beforc such a move would have been eontemplated. II liiere had not been 250,000 men in arms and the will to resist, the State would have been overrun to eliminate the anxiely whieh existed about it as a potential threat.

The task is at least to maintain that threshold of deterrenee, if not to raise it. Maintaining it is as niuelt a politieal undertaking as a military one by keeping the spirit of freedom and resistanee high. Militarily, a lot could be learned front a couniry like Switzerland, whieh enrols the entire population in a people’s militia. She appreciates that an initial eonventional eneounter would not be a sulTicient deterrent and that it must be followed by a planned guerilla campaign. Switzerland has even built-in dcstructive deviees in l'acilities and Communications, whieh might be used by an enemy.

Of eourse, ihat couniry spends nuteh more on

defence than Ireland and is ntuch richer. If our economy were io improve or oil were to be diseovered, we should seriously consider spending much more on the right kind of defence ourselves. However, in the meanvvhile, an intelligent useofthe eorreet taeties will have to suffice. For example, it presumably uouldn’t bankrupt us to niine Shannon Airport and lei the world know about it, so that if the Western powers move in that direction, it will be blown to smithereens. and the Easlern bloe, aware of this, will not feel the need for a pre-emptive strike.

At the same time, the words of W'olfe Tone should beeome the mono of our elTöris even today:

“ Peaee with all the world . . . is our object and our interest.”

I 'Auti'ur de cel aniete se preoecupe du danger qai restdte. pour Ur iieurraliie de I 'frelande, de son up- purtenunee u la Comin unaiue L'cononiie/ue Luropeenne ei des pressions exercees depids son en- iree u !u C Id: pour r/u 'eile uhunüonne eene Position.

Celtic style, whether for my work, or othervvise includes the following: mask-like (Overall appearance, almond-like, bulging “ecstatic” eyes (full of the spirit force), trap-like mouth, wedge- shaped nose, with or without mustash, cap-Iike hair, sometimes with parts (at times, three parts), rough- hewn wood, mesoleptocephalic vertical dominance). Believe, it is more Celtic than any other style.

IAN BAN

KERNOWMARTESEN, MARTESEN (Hungan)

Martesen, martesen, mar’ tevvyth un polz,Y’ rov dhyz krib owreug, rag kriba dha wolz:Hag yna, hag yna, mar’ tewyth polz chwath,Y’ rov dhyz del wyr’ avel dowlagaz kath.

Martesen, martesen, mar’ tewyth un eur, Y’ rov dhyz kylch perlow, dagrennow’n mor meur: Hag yna, hag yna, mar’ tewyth eur chwath,Y’ rov dhyz sarf-niza, a owrlin pymp lath.

Martesen, martesen, mar’ tewyth un nos,Y’ rov dhyzo kurun a vleuzyon ros:Hag yna, hag yna, mar’ tewyth nos chwath,Y’ rov dhyz karenze’ na’ welsys hy math.PERHAPS, PERHAPS (Lullaby)Perhaps, perhaps, if you are quiet for one moment, I will give you a golden comb, to comb your hair: and then, and then, if you are quiet for another moment,1 will give you a green ball like thc cycs of a cat.

Perhaps . . . for one hour, I . . . a circle of pcarls, the tears of the great sea: and then . . . another hour,I . . . a kite, five yards of silk.

Perhaps . . . for one night, 1 . . . a crown of the flowers of the heath: and . . . another night, I . . . love w'hose like you never saw.

Tudhg MacAlasdair.•

Lyfer Gwyn ha Du, published by the Cornish Nationalist Party, 1980 contains 14 black and white original designs by Pieter Huisman and three (presumably also) Dutch artists who are interested in promoting Celtic art styles of decoration. The booklet is the follow-up of a similar one, “ Lyfer Mollothow . . . Lyfer Bennothow” (1977) by P. Huisman. The foreword describes it as “ another try- dut of the possibilities, varieties and symboüsm of timeless Celtic art” . The paee opposite each drawing carries a brief comment on the title or interpretation, in Cornish (translations of Lnglish texts printed on the last page).

The C.N.P. has also published three attractive stamps designed by P. Huisman, using the classic work on “ Old Cornish Crosses” by A. G. Langdon. One, in green, depicts the cross at St-Buryan, near Land’s End; another, in brown, the Lanherne Cross in St. Mawgan, near Newquay. The third, in purple, shows the Doniert Stone, near Liskeard, which commemorates the Cornish king Doniert who died in 872. These stamps, which can be stuck on envelopes as Publicity for Cornwall, are a contribution to the campaign for official Cornish postage stamps. Available from the CNP Publications, Trelispen, Gorran, St-Austell, Cornwall, in booklets of 18 (the 3 designs), £1 post free (but for airmail £???).

THE NATIONAL QUESTION IN CORNWALL,by Royston Green, 28 pages. £0.80 plus postage.

This is an abridged history of Cornwall, characterised by an analytical approach as befits a man of socialist convictions. 1t makes for absorbing reading even if at times the need to compress the fruit of considerable research within certain editorial limits results in some angularity in exposition. That however hardly ever detracts from clarity. R. Green is not adverse to making occasional hypotheses where evidence has not come forth yet but his readiness to face checking cannot be in doubt as he gives well over a hundred bibliographical references.

Some readers may be chiefly interested in the way Cornwall emerged from the disintegrating Roman- occupied Britain, in the pari it played in the develop­ment of the Arthurian legends, in the detaiis about the literature in Cornish. This is the only cornprehen- sive history of Cornwall to have come into my hands. What 1 found new and most interesting in it is the thesis that the importance and the form taken in the life of the Cornish by the exploitation of tin up to the 16th Century played a determinant and favourable role in the preservation of the Cornish language and culture, whereas the change to capitalist methods, backed by religious reformers who were hostile to that culture, led the Cornish gweryn first to rebellion and defeat and quickly to economic impoverishment, real subjection and the loss of their language. R. Green shows how the Cornish miners were unable, under the conditions which bound them to the mine operators, to organise a proper trade union move­ment whereas when they emigrated they often took a leading role in such movements. He never omits to relate the fate of the specific elements of the Cornish culture to the social and economic factors down to the present day. In considering these relations he criticises a nationalist approach which does not take up more firmly “ the demands for social and economic rights for the people of Cornwall, the working dass, the fishermen and the small farmers who are today the definite reservoir of the Cornish identity” .

These are only a few hints of what the booklet has to say. Order it directly from the author (address: Polmarth, Carnmenellis, Redruth, Cornwall TR16 6NT, Gr. Britain). It is well worth the money.

A.H.

En peu dp pages Roy Green a reussi a ecrire une hisloire detaillee de la Cornuaille Britannique. Les aspeets sociauxy recoivent une attention particuliere.

“THE CORNISH NATION” , Mebyon Kernow’s Magazine. From: 11 West St., Liskeard, at 25p. Each Plus Post, or £1.50 for 4 issues (Includes Post).

“ AN W'ERYN” , Cornwall’s Independent Radical Magazine. From: 23 Basset St., Redruth at £1.20 for 4 issues (includes Post).

“THE CORNISH BANNER” , Cornish Nationalist Party’s magazine. From Trelispen, Gorran, Nr. St. Austeil, 50p Subs. £2.50 (overseas airmail £4.00).

18

MANNINCleayshyn Follit

Recent revelations aboin bugging by the English government in North Wales indicatge very large scale clandestine activities by government agencies.

Er yn cheyoo laa jeh’n Chied Vee myleeaney, va Mnr Moses Edwards, Bretnagh veih Talysarn ayns Bretin Twoaie, jannoo ymmyd jeh chellvane theayagh ayns thalloo e ghooie. Ayns y bwaane- chellvane, hooar eh greie quaagh goll rish radio- poggaid. Ren daa ghooinney va ginnnan gleashtan- steat bane goaill y “ radio” veih Mnr Edwards er egin as ersooyl Ihieu. Ta skeeal goll mygeayrt dy ren yn Oik Thie ayns Lunnin lhiettal eabyn dy ’eddyn magh cre vvoish haink y gleashtan bane shoh. Ayns y toshaight, ren ny meoirynshee ynnydagh gobbal dy row fys erbee oc er y chooish. Agh, lurg tammylt, ren ad goaill rish dy row “greie ry hoi eaishtagh’’ er ve currit sy bwaane-chellvane.

My va’n chleaysh follit shoh currit sy bwaane dyn yss da’n Oik Post Goaldagh, ta turneyryn as sleih elley gra dy row shen jeant noi’n leigh. Red elley, ta’n chooish shoh soilshaghey magh dy vel ram eaishtaght-follit goll er gyn kied erbee veih reiltys Lunnin. Coardail rish reiltys Lunnin, shegin da ny meoiryn-shee as offishearyn elley barrant y gheddyn my t’ad son geaishtagh rish co-loayrtyssyn chellvane dy follit as ny chellvaneyn ayns thieyn preevaadjagh. Agh chan jinnagh yn Öik Thie gra dy row barrant ymmyrehagh my va offishearyn-reiltys gymmydey greieyn va faagit ayns bwaaneyn-chellvane. Cha row yn Oik Thie bwooiagh tra haink eh magh dy vel coyrle follit ry gheddyn dauesyn ta son freayll rick orrin coilley!

Bee Mnr Dafydd Wigley, MP Phlaid Cymru son Caernarfon, shirrey er y Scrudeyr Thie Sostnagh dy chur magh yn coyrle shoh dy foshlit. Gyn ourys, bee yn chooish shoh seughit ass shilley y theay cho tappee as oddys reiltys Lunnin shen y yannoo. Ta fys ain ooilley dy vel y lheid goll er car yn traa as dy vel ram sleih oikoil ceau (as jummal) y traa oe chymsaghey fys — y chooid smoo jeh dyn ymmyd erbee. Ta reiltys Lunnin (as reiltyssyn elley, gyn ourys) lhiggey er dy vel ny fir oik oc geaishtagh dy follit rish “kimmee“ nyn lomarcan. T ’ad lhiggey er dy vel kied oikoil currit da dy chooilley offishear ta buggal peiagh ennagh. Cre’n spotch!

Ta skeeal ayn dy dug sleih follit ennagh y greie ry hoi eaishtagh sy bwaane-chellvane Bretnagh snid er y fa dy row ad laccal eaishtagh rish sleih ynnydagh loayrt mychione lostey thieyn-source ta lesh Sostnee. Bee sleih dy liooar smooinaghtyn dy vel yn reiltys ayns Lunnin abyl jannoo red erbee, bunnys, dy gheddyn greim orroo shid ren thieyn-souree y lostey. Agh red gaueagh t ’ayn, reiltys y ve geaishtagh dy follit, speeikearagh as chymsaghey fys myr shoh. S’cosoylagh dy vel recortyssyn ec reiltys Hostyn mychione ooilley yn sleih ta goaill ayrn ayns cooishyn Celtiagh, myr sampleyr.

Paart dy vleeantyn er dy henney, ghow mee yindys tra hooar mee screeuyn veih dooinney ennagh va gra

dy row eh ayns armee Hostyn. Screeu eh (er pabyr oikoil) dy row eh cheet gys Lerpoyll dy yannoo studeyrys Celtiagh ec yn ollooscoill. By vie lesh Yernish ynsaghey. C’raad oddagh eh jannoo cliaghtey, as eh loayrt Yernish, ayns clubbyn Yernagh ayns Lerpoyll? V’eh er ngeddyn yn enmys aym voish Conradh na Gaeilge ayns Divlyn, dooyrt eh. Tammylt lurg shoh, hooar mish magh dy re boghtynid y skeeal mysh Conradh na Gaeilge. Screeu mee er ash huggey as dooyrt mee dy lhisagh eh kionnaghey coorse Linguaphone as nagh row clubbyn ayn raad va Yernish goll er loayrt. Screeu eshyn er ash, foast shirrey fys mychione clubbyn Yernagh. Cha screeu mish er ash. Spotch v’ayn foddee. Agh s’liklee dy row armee Hostyn laccal soilshaghey magh dy row fys oc er my vrastyl Yernish ayns Lerpoyll.

BRIAN MAC STOYLL.

Manks NationalismWith the seif examination of the aftermath of the

Manks General Election behind us, the cause of Manks Nationalism is not going to disappear, Ihough thal might suit the establishment (the very best reason why it should remain). Manks Nationalist ideals have been misunderstood and without doubt have been misrepresented. Antagonistic scare- niongering press played a large pari in the Nationalist so called rejection; but political success should not be measured by electoral success. If anything communication was the only failure. National consciousness will surface as times get harder, as they surely will. Nationalists must be ready for the challenge.

Almost in the same breath as the Nationalists, Charles Kerruish was sw'iped at by the Examiner leader-writer (27/11/81) for being deposed front usual top place at the polls “ to an Englishman at that” . Was it really his quasi nationalist noises or could it be that his new resident policy is now working against him at the hustings?

So the Manks electorate wants a middle of the road, don’t rock the boat load of wishy-washy independenls? That’s largely what it will have for the next five years. Commentator (Examiner) and the Islands free (?) press told the electorate that was what was needed. The lerm fanatical is not so much applicable to the Nationalists as it is to the above in their desire to misrepresent Nationalism as it exists in Mann.

Many of Mec Vannins ideas, once scorned as ridiculous and impracticable have been adopted by governm ent, w ithout acknow ledgem ent1. Independence will come but it is the terms of that independence that will have such far reaching consequences. Soft options of recent Manks Governments will not do when it comes to dealing with hard headed civil servants of the Westminster Home Office (Did the Governor, a crown appointee, seek advice front the elected representatives before he ntade the equivalent of a Queens speech?). The electorate would do well to keep a close eye on its representatives. We must have our promised rightful share of the revenue from the Continental Shelf

agreement thai was exchanged for the right to exploil resources in the Manks/Celtic sea. We should demand payment for the use of the bombing ränge off our West coast,2 so invaluable to N.A.T.O.

A far greater degree of forsight than the Keys has shown itself capable of, will be needed in the critical years ahead. Mec Vannin has an undeniable record in the vanguard of political perspicacity.

C.J.K.

'Early Mec Vannin policy called Tor G.P.O. io be run by ihe Manks Government also — a separate Manks coinagc, Manx Radio and many other tliings since adopted.

^Celtic League policy is aimed at the complete removal ol the ränge.

Cet article analyse la Situation d laquelle le Mouve­ment Nationaliste doit faire face ä la suite des elec- tions au Parieinent de I'Ile de Man ä la fin de l ’annee passee.

Merchänts of Death!!Plans have been announced to facilitate greater

usage of the NATO sea-bombing ränge off Manns N.W. coast (Nr. Ballaugh). The ränge is used to enabled fighier-bomber pilots, primarily from the USAF, to practice and perfect the deadly art of low level delivery of tactical nuclear weapons. We stress the word tactical because in fact all tliis training is in preparation for a batllefield nuclear conflict, whicn most experts now believe will be fought in Europe.

So we hclp the United States to perfect our own nuclear destruction by providing base facilities in Mann.

The harmful effects of ihis Situation however are not simply restricted to sorne futuristic European theatre war scenario. The plans announced for the ränge involve moving the targets used nearer to Manns shore. The targets previously were close to the shore and were moved following several incidents in which bombs were dropped onshore close to habitation, (in one incident three bombs were released as far inshore as Cronk-y-Voddy). In anoiher incident an aircrafi crashed close io a farmhouse in Maughold! Miraculously nobody was hurt.

This plan then means that Manns citizens along the N.W. coast from K. Michael to Bride are exposed, not only to an environmental nuisance but also to the real danger from malfunctioning aircraft and inexperienced pilots.

One of the principal aircraft using the ränge at present has a notoriously low servicability record.

• On the morning of 2 Jan. the branch held a wreath-laying ceremony at Hango Hill, where llliam Dhone was executed on the same date in 1663. Chairperson of Mec Vannin Hazel Hannan gave an oration to begin the proceedings, followed by a speech in Manks Gaelic by George Broderick, Celtic League Chairman. The formal ceremony ended with ihe laying of the wreath and the Manks flag on the site.

NUCLEAR THREATA map of the main Civil and Military Nuclear

installations which threaten the Celtic countries —plus some supplemental notes.

a) When Consulting the map one should not overlook the substantial installations which exist in Eastern and Southern England.

b) The possibility of accident at any one of the installations is a serious cause for concern. There have al ready been several serious accidents at Windscale in Cumbria that have involved the release of radioactive material (the most recent being in October 1981). Serious radiation emissions from this site could pollute the whole North Irish Sea area!

c) Dumping of on-shore waste until now has been restricted to the N.W. England. Most new sites under consideration are in the Celtic countries.

d) Eire is completely free of nuclear installations at the moment — though Ballykelly airfield in the six counties was rumoured to have nuclear anti­submarine weapons stored, at one time, there is no confirmation of this. Ballykelly is however a logical extension of the N.A.T.O. Anti- Submarine warfare network which links Reykjavik (Iceland) with Stornaway in the Hebrides.

e) Rumour of possible intergration by Eire into N.A.T.O. which surfaces from time to time seems unlikely in the forseeable future.

f) Alba from the nuclear military slandpoint is the most utilised of all the Celtic nations — The upper Clyde area is h'eavily committed as a nuclear weapons storage facility and is also the base area for U.S. and United Kingdom missile submarines.Macrihanish airfield in the west is a stop-over point for U.S. Strategie bombers.Edzell in eastern Scotland (not tnarked on our map) is an important N.A.T.O. Communications centre.Chapelcross, marked on our map as an Atomic Power Station also makes Tritium, used in nuclear weapon production.

g) The Regional Seats of Government (R.S.G.) indicated are nuclear fall-out and blast proof command centres for use by the U.K. authorities to carry on government after serious nuclear accident or atomic war.

Alba — Near Edinburgh.Eire — Hollywood near Belfast (Six

Counties).Cymru — Brecon.

h) A map published by CND and also a map which has appeared in a Soviel mijitary magazine both list nuclear targets in Alba, Eire, Mannin, Cymru and Kernow.

20

M5 O

Nuclear Power Station.

Proposed N/Power Station.

Proposed Atomic Waste Dump.

Reprocessing Plant.

Regional Seat Government.

Nuclear Submarine Base.

Nuclear Weapons Store.

Experimental Reactor.

Airport Handling Plutonium.

Military Airfield Nuclear.

Missile/Torpedo Test Site.

Harbour Handling Plutonium.

Cruise Missile Base (Proposed).

Atomic Waste Dump.

i) Brittany is omitted frorn this study due to lack of information.

(Prepared by the Mannin branch o f the Celtic League).

R5G /Y 5NW

■ P r

* -

r

Main Nuclear Installations (Civil and Military) in and around the insular

Celtic Countries.

The Assembly of the Fourth World — Nos. 1 and 2

To set up any new Organisation is hard work and, one ^ear after getting involved wiih the Assembly oi' the Fourth World and still concerned wiih preparing the record of the First Assembly for the press, 1 doubt it is worth the trouble for any Celt to join in setting up such an international Organisation. Far better would be to look for suitable existing ones and work within them.

Before (he Assembly ever met, I had to fight hard to get it accepted (hat each of the study-groups into which it divided (women’s rights, alternative tecnnology, peace, ethnic questions, etc.) should separately elect representatives to the Council and that the decisions of the study-groups should be regarded as decisions of the Assembly in plenary session. Such proccdural squabbles seem to too many Celts unimportant. Bul 1 suspected the fashionable English lefties would dominate the Assembly and that they havc very little sympathy for nationalism. (“ Don’t you know that nationalism has been quite passe for at leasl six years? You should take up nuclear disarmament, or animal liberation if you want to be a little eccentric,” is the ruling almosphere of such people nowadays.)

1 was righi — ihough I had underestimated both the boredom which I and the other half-dozen members of the Celtic League who attended the plenary sessions on 30 July-1 August would have to suffer for most of (he time; and the fanatical uncomprehending frenzy which met the atlempt of Dr. Yvo Peeters, a mild Flemish nalionalist, to add to the General Declaration of the Assembly (which containcd lois of references to fashionable causes such as community revival, ecology, the human scale, Opposition to war, ctc.) Support for “ the right to diversity of peoples” and “ the respect of ethnic communities” . Efforts were made to silence forcibly Ansis Reinhards, a Latvian, who was speaking in favour of the amendmenl (the English-speaking audienee was extremely intolerant of anyone who didn’t speak iheir language perfectly and of any attempts to provide translaiion). 1 merely met a slow hand-clap when 1 tried to speak, and shouts of “ racialist” and “apartheid” .

The advantage of the federal Organisation of the Assembly was that this behaviour of the English “ progressives“ , outraged that anyone should dare to espouse any cause not at present fashionable in Hampstead, did not stop the study-groups getting on with some useful work. That on ethnic questions, which 1 attended accepted two valuable proposals: that there should be a World Year of the Peoples without States in 1984 to seek a U.N. Statute for diese peoples; and the Celtic League proposals on the basie conditions for the survival of small languages. The lauer wouid never have been ratified by the full Assembly, had it come to a vote, but, owing to the procedure adopted, they are decisions of the First Assembly of the Fourth World; and 1 hope that the Editor of Carn may find space to print them sometime, for some Celts defending their languages might find it useful to study them and quote them as such.

Gwynfor Evans presided over a study-group discussing the break-up of Britain. it recommended freedom for all the Celtic nations of Britain, but it also recommended a Confederation of the British Isles (including Ireland). For at least ten years many members of the Celtic League have been objecting to what Mr. Evans sees as a way of getting some kind of Celtic independence — both because the Bretons are to be abandoned, and because the Confederation would inevitably (whatever legal safeguards were provided) be run by and for England, which would have three-quarters of the population.

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE OPPRESSORThe most interesting pari of the study-group on

ethnic affairs was a talk by Andrea Cartwright. head of a rescarch and educational institute in Tennesee, which studies ethnic problems. She discussed the reverse side of the problem covered by Dr. Le Drogou’s paper summarised in Carn 33, p. 23: what psychological problems make the ruling majority group in a state persecute cultural minorities, especialiy linguistic minorities?

The simplest reason is guilt. If your people has done something terrible to the minority, for instance taken all its land as the Americans took the land of the American Indians, then the minority must be shown to be morally, intelleclually and in every way inferior — otherwise the oppressors would be in a intoierable moral position; and this in turn justifies and encourages further attacks on the minority. 1 feit that, coming nearer home, this explains a lot about English attitudes to the Welsh front the time of the Venerable Bede (673-735) to our own.

Miss Cartwright believes that language develops so as to avoid the feeling of guilt: thoughts and words, emotions and actions part Company. Language becomes ntessy in Order to hide things; for example, Americans fighting in Vietnam didn’t kill people — they “ terminated dient with extreme prejudice“ ! (Communisis for that matter have perverted the term “ liquidation“ in a similar way.) Minorities which do not have such a split in their thought processes are very threatening to those who do.

Another reason for persecuting linguistic minorities is that people hate being unable to understand. This has become much more important since the Enlightenmenl with its glorification of reason; before the 18th Century linguistic persecution in Europe was comparatively rare.

The most important reason for persecution is, however, the often observed psychological mechanism by which people “project“ onto an alien group their own characteristics which they regard as evil or otherwise shameful, and therefore have to “ repress” . (“ Projection” , as this is called by Freudians, has been adequately demonstrated by experiements in which, for example, unduly aggressive people have beer found to have a much higher tendency to believe that foreign groups are aggressive than they have any grounds to.) It is to be expected that the English, a nation whose sexuality was, at least in the past, highly repressed, should have developed some exciling ideas about the sexuality of foreigners. So they have, particularly about negroes, Frenchmen and, to some extern, the Welsh — all of them, very significantly, peoples vvhom, at one time or another, they set out to

22

enslave. The point is (hat, once you have projecled your shameful eharaeterisiics onio the alicns, they nmsi be civilised arid eönirolled. Indced. anv divergente l'roni English sexual moraliiy seems lo disturb tlieni prol’oundly. Düring ihe Middle Ages ihe cxeuse ihey gave l'or invading Ireland was die immo;ralily of die Irish: they allowed divoree and dieir priesls were married; nowadavs Irish Roman Caiholic priesix are eelibaie and divoree is not permiued and lliis, I liave read reeenlly in The New Stcitesniiin, an Englisli left-wing weekly, is ihe reason the If.nglish can’t leave Ulster. It seems tliat, \\hatever they do, the Irish are wrong!

The Oppressor has, and this is the tragedv, a psyehological need l'or the Oppressed and is not likely to let him go. Mr. Rollo, a Scotsman in our group, explained tliat Anglo-Canadians are forever lelling jokes about the Quebeeois in wliieh the I rench-speakers are represented as hopelessly stupid and incompetent but, as soon as it is suggested tliat Canada would be well rid ol such Tools and Quebec should be given its independence, they reply “ No, never! Send die tanks in and put dient in order” . Coming nearer home again, the hnglish atlitudes revealed in tlieir Irish jokes are very similar.

Even liiough die rationaiisation wliieh the Oppressor gives Tor controllinu the Oppressed is likely to be, beeause ol the niechanism of "projection” , [hat he is civilising tliose he is ruling. the ruling group is api to be less pleased thau one in igln expecl by ihose among t he ruled who imitate tlieni with mosi success. Titus in India otTicial British policy l'roni 1833 ott was to turn the Indians into “ brovvn Englishmen", but those natives who sei out to aehieve this were endlessly mocked by the Englisli soldicrs and olTicials as “ babus” . If von are ruling a Toreign nalion, you don’t really vvant it to improve itsell'; you want it to reniain inferior. Sobei Irish men give t he Englisli no feeling ot self-satisfaction; aleoholic ones, who do something to support the Irish jokes, give their egos a boost.

lliis analvsis did something to explain vvliy the most lanatical opponents ol minorities are those who have themselves abandoned the language or other signs of minority eultural Identity — this is certainiy lnie ol the enemies of the Welsh language. most of vvlioni had parenlswho spokeit il'they didn't speak it themselves. Such traitors are liable to suffer from a combination ol'all the motives eausing persecution of the minority: guilt; irriiation at being tuiable to undersland, whicli they may liave feit in tlieir own faniily; and a great need to ideiuil'y themselves witli the ruling group, ineluding adopting its “ projections” in order to ensure tliat these are not directed against themselves and, above all, to ensure tliat they do not lind themselves in the unhappy Situation of tue Indian “ babus” — in wliieh case one might sav tliat their life’s work of assimilating themselves with the ruling group would have been vasted.

Miss Cartw right 's talk has too many implicalions for die Celtic Situation to expound here. A simple one concerns the Irish joke. If you happen to liear one, the queslion to ask is “ What are you trying to prove?"; and if, as is likely, the answer is something like "Well, it just goes to shou how stupid the Irish are” ; don’t don’t ever try to prove the opposile (w hicli is what I have in the past iried) with a leclure

on die Irish conlribution to European civilisation Iroifi the water-niill to the sleam-turbine and from the Book of Keils to Yeats. Just ask “ Why do you need to demonsirate tliat?" and carry on with an in>esiigatioii into the joker’s moii\es. Irish history is not relevant to the Irish joke; the perverted minds of too many Englishmen are.The Seeond Assembly

The main advantaee ol such Conferences seems to me to make Iriends in other national movements, w ho may be able to lielp us or whom vve may be able to help. Th us, si nee the Assembly I have written an article on the Irish language revival and why it has not succeeded, whicli it is hoped may be published in Basque and Catalan magazines. 1 was asked to do this during die First Assembly beeause, w hile the new auionomous government.s of Euskadi and Catalunya are prexsing l'or ward eniliusiastically with the revival of tlieir national languages, they seem intern on repealing some of the major Irish mistakes (especially is this true of the Basques).

How ever, it must be clcar t hat I do not see anytliing useful coming out of contaei with the women liberationists, village-life revivers, nuelear disarniers and the rest of die groups present, if oniy beeause the Englisli variety of diese people were not interested in eontact with us. All the same, our stud>- group on ethnie questions elected a lalcnted group to the Council of die Fourth World, charged with arranging a Secönd Assembly in 1982. Tlie> were Dr. Peeters, Mr. Reinhards and Miss Cartxvrigln, all mentioned abo\e. Dr. Ismet Vanlcy, a Kurd, Tom Banyacya, a Hopi from Arizona, and Randall Hayes, a LKS. film-makef on Anierindian peoples. With some reluetance the rest of the Council, w hich seems to be emirely Englisli, agreed tliat the Seeond Assembly should be lield in Berlin (the Third may be in Edinburgh) and tliat not more than iwenty-E e people should be allowed from any one counuy. riierefore some of die major dil’fieuliies vve had with the Eirst Assembly, w hich was attended by nearly 400 people witli over 80"/« coming from England, should be avoided.

Anyone interesting in attending on 4-11 August 1982 (6 August is the special day for ethnic questions) should get in touch witli:

Fabrik Commune für Kultur,Sport und Handwerk,Viktoriasiras.se 13, 1000 Berlin 42,West Germany.

Assembly registiation w ill cost DM50, a room in a Student hoslel DM9 per night, meals DM5 each, and air Iransport front London about E75 return.

IEAN LLOYD.

Ij'un Lloyd dornte ict an eontpte-rendu de fa lere Assenihlee da Quart-Monde qit 77 uida u orguniser I ’eie ilernier. Mulgre le peu de contprehension de kt pari des noinbreux Anglais presents les probleines ellinit/ues-iiiltiirels y recontrereni tote attention Javorab/e. On peut esperer c/tt ’un meitteure pro- cedure permettra d la deuxietne ussemblee prevue pottr Berlin eene an nee de Jaire de botts progres dans le seit s tfite nous desirons.

It is a pity ihat Lowender Peran uses Carn io perpetuaie ihe erroneous idea ihat it is “ Kernovv’s Pan-Celtic Festival” . 1l may be " a ” pan Celtie Festival, but (as someone who has been associated with The Pan-Celtic Festival since the Celtie League introduced it to Cornwall in 1972 and its present Organiser inKernow) 1 would point out (hat all the National Committees agreed that vve would try to keep this title for the Festival held in Killarnev each year to avoid confusion.

Lowender Peran is a festival organised by Cant Kernewek, and like other Celtie Festivals attraets visitors l'rom the other Celtie countries, and in that sense is pan-Celtic, but as all other such festivals are content to use the term “ Celtie” , or “ Inter-Celtic” , one wonders why Lowender Peran insists on using the term, for it has been pointed out twiee betöre that they are doing Kernow a disserviee by confusing the issue in this way. As they are represented on the Pan- Celtie Festival Committee, it seems to me rather dishonest to use another’s title.

Lest vour readers should think we are merely being pedantie, the distinction is important beeause, in recent vears, the effect of the affairs of Pan-Celtic being mainly in the hands of one particular group, has resulted in a narrowing of'activity. For instance, would-be participants have been told they cannot compete, beeause, although they may live and work in Cornwall, they are Engiish. This, in spite of the faet that they are prepared to compete with the Cornish in the Celtie tradition and in Kernewek. Thus cultura! activities have been used to divide the people of Kernow instead of uniting them.

This also has an important eliect internationally. Other nations will be much more sympalhelic io Kernow’s Claim to nationhood, and identity, if they are encouraged to participate in our traditional activities.

E. Markham’s verse seems apposite here:

“ He drew a circle that shut Me out,Heretic, rebel, a (hing to flout.But Love & I had the wie to win,We drew a circle that brought him in.”

Narrow Nationalism ean never win the day — it must be a case that “One and All" are welcome.

Dhys yn lei.

Kl.ANCHK Ci BEEN.

No to the Union JackA Cymdeithas yr laith member, Goronwy Fellows,

has lost his job at the Llandudno Junction Hotpoint lactory alter refusing to stick Union Jack labels bearing the words “ Made in Britain” on themachines.

The managers refused his request to be moved to another pari of the factory and told him he had no choice but to rcsign. His union supported the management’s view'I He is now appealing to an industrial tribunal on the grounds of “conducive dismissal".DIWAN — Thanks to an appeal sent out with CARN, Jorj Ab Herve Gwegen, who is devoting much of his free time to the Diwan school in Lesneven, about 4,(XX) FF were collected last year. This, representing a months salary to the teacher, was very encouragmg. Still, this nursery school, like the other 16 and the two primary sehools which teaches through the medium of Breton, is short of funds. Too much of the time of those engaged in this vital work is taken up with fund gathering. In February, a show of 530 slides pul together by Gervais Gautier and illustrating 1,500 years of Breton history, was organised in Lesneven. the proceeds going to the local nursery school.

We urge our readers to continue their Support and send contributions to our Breton brauch secretary, clearlv marked for DIWAN (address page 24).

• The Irish Branch of the International Committee for the Defence of the Breton language is being reorganised. Its aim: to develop a wider interest in and support for the struggle of the Bretons to save their language. Its secretary. Grainne Ni Lubaigh, (“ Juanita” , Päirc Cois Locha, Näs, Co. Chili Dara).

M em bersh ip and S u b scrip tio n sA ll who agree w ith ihe c .onsiilu lion and a im s ot the Celtie League are ehgiblc- for mc-mbersnip. The m embership lee (cn tttlin g :c CARN) and the suöscripsicn ta ltti. d ie IP.L4 Orcland*. SUS4 iB i ita ii i, . 40 FF (C orbnen ta i Euiope) a iiu <uS» m on-European coun ines — air m aill Fot In form ation about the C e ltie League. app iications tor m em bership. subsenpnon. wnte to any o f the fo llow ing C L. ihonora ry li Secretaries

Aaba M rs M a in D cn o va n . 9 D a lg ic io h Rd. D unaee DD4 7JNCymru T Ifor W illiam s. 2 Ty r» PwTl Rhostrehwfa. l L 77 7AZ Llangefm . Gwynedü.Breizh. J oij ab Herve Gwegen, Kurberenes 29260 Lesneven iS u bscriphons to CCP G Gueguen 2 204 24N

Rennes)E*re Maire Bhreathnach, 58 Br an Bnambh. Cabrach. Baue Ätna Chain 7 Kernow Jenefer Lewe. Boundy s House. Lower Letant St Ives Männin: Bernard M otfa tt, 24 St Germain s Place PeelLondon Tornas O Ciara/Carey 18 Ismaiia Road. Forest Gate. London E7 9PH U S A M adeieme Mawgan Tokach. P O. Box 322 Rego Park NY 11374

General Secretary A lan H eusauff. 9 Br Cnoc Sion D rom chonrach A th Chath 9

Help to seil CARN at galherm gs. or oy fina ing booksellers to stock it 120 - re ta il a ilow ance w ith sale or return) or by advertis ing it m national pcriod ica ts A rtic ies tor CARN should be tid ily typed or easily read by pun lers, w ith double spaemg: keep carbon copy endeavour to express ideas clearly th ink o l readers not lam inar w ith Engiish or w ith the context of events referred to. Support argum ents with lacts, be precise Send us reports. letters. c u ltin g s of interest Pubhcation of a rtic ies of general Celtie in terest couiü be delayed to give precedence to artic ies on current events.

Requests for In form ation w ill be dea lt w ith only if SAEs or In ternationa l Reply Coupons are enclosed and ii «epiy needs re la tive ly little time.

CARN is published by the C e ltie League. 9 Br Cnoc Sion, Drom cnonrach. Atn Chain 9 The Editor is Catha i O Luam. 33 Br Bancroft, Tamhiacht. Co Atha C lia th C o ntribu tions should oe sent to him Views expressed by con tn b u lo rs . wnere divergm g too much from tne general CeMic League pohoes. should be signed by their authors. Use o l the m aterial in CARN is granted free provided the Source is acknowledged in which case m dication of our address would be greatly appreciated.

IA UNK BEIWEEN THECEUIC NATIONS

In this issue:—★ ALBA: Naimhdean na hAlba. Hope for Smelter. On Che Gaelic Front.★ BREIZH: Stourm e barzh al lagenn. Road Signs. Economic Partition.★ CYMRU: Breuddwyd Ynteu Hunllef. Water Rates. Explosives Charges.★ EIRE: Aitheasc Cois (Jaigh Chaitlin Maude R.I.P. The North. Justice?★ KERNOW: Kernow ha’y Senedhow Tryst. Council Victory.★ MANNIN: Cha Nel Yn Impiracht Marroo. The Teaching of Manx Gaelic.★ Learning the Celtic Languages. ★ The Need for a Social Commitment.

Caitlin Maude, poet, writer, singer and actress wlio died in Dublin on June 6th (see p.16 ).

50pQUARTERLY PERIODICAL IN ENGLISH & IN CELTIC LANGUAGES

PUBLISHED BY THE "CELTIC LEAGUE”

Editorial

Signs of Health and of Alienation

A survey connnissioned by An Comann Gaidhealach shows a majority, even in tlie Scottish Lowlands, favourable to steps io increase tlie place of Gaidhiig in education, the media and public life, the highest percentages being found in the Gaidhealtacht. We rejnice at such a positive attitude on the part of Scotland’s Gaelic Speakers towards their langnage, but the fact that ii is valued also by mosl other Scots is particularly comforting.

A different kind of survey was carried out jointly by departnients of the Strathclyde University and of Aberystwyth I.J.C. This concerned national consciousness. It found that of the 28% of the Population of Wales w ho speak Welsh, 23% consider themselves Welsh rather than “ British” but 5% savv themselves as “ British” ; while of the rernaining 72% who don’t speak Welsh, only 34% consider themselves Welsh while 38% prefer lo be labelled “ British” . Of the lauer, 20% vvere born outside Wales. This still leaves 23% of the native population likely to be adverse lo Welsh self-government or to policies in support of Cymraeg.

Some 8 years ago, a similar survey in Brittany showed that 50% of the people considered themselves as equally Breton and French, while 21% were ßreions “ first” and 26% French first. “ Bretons first” were 37% of those who spoke Breton. 1t would thus seem that the Situation in Wales is somewhat better than in Brittany, and that is of course borne out by the ciections and the greater determination in the ianguage struggle. ln any case, those figures show, conlrary to what Dr. Kloss suggesled ai the recent FUEN Congress in Strassburg, that while a Ianguage is not — as yet! — a necessary condition of national consciousness, its bearers relate it to their nationality in almost double Proportion comparcd to those who don'l speak it. It is largely a matter ol' being aware of one’s countrv’s history. How manyof our peoples know anylliing of their history? The state murder machines are geared to keep them in ignorance of it. That is why the publication of the new magazine “ Dale’homp Sonj“ devoted to the dissemination of a knowlcdgc of Breton history is much to be welcomed.

When tlie percentage of the population borne outside our countries reaches such a level as in Wales — it is much higher in Mannin and in Cornwall — it cannot be without influence on the choices vvhich can be made regarding our languages or political freedom. There is no cause for concern while it is only a matter of individuals here and there — they will adopt the prevailing cultural norms and will not make any significant difference to the resolve (or lack of resolve) of Ihe deeper rooted people to maintain and strengthen their collective identity. It is not a question of race but of a culture with which people can identify. Can ours exert sufficient attraction and can we hope for the votes and the allocation of

ctedits necessary to secure our languages wheh a large number of emigrants add their weight to the alienated sections of our communities? Can we dispense with the notion of a territory of our own in which we need to retain a clear majority if we are not to abandon any chance of achieving our aims? Such a territory must be guaranteed to every ethnic group, with the right to a decent livelihood in it.

In this Connection, we would like to ask our members and subscribers to help the Lapps (Santi) who are being deprived b) tlie Norwegian authorities of their lands and rights (Supreme Court decision in the Alta-case). Write to The Santi Movement, e/'o Miljoloftet, Grensen 8, Oslo 1, and ask for a copy of their appeal “ To Minority Rights and Environmental Organisations” .

The CELT1C LEAGLE ANNIJAL GENERAL MEETING will take place on August 14/15 at An Culturlann, 32 Beigrave Square, Monkstown, near Dun Laoire, Co. Dublin. All members invited, but requested to notify their brauch secretary. Proposals for the agenda should be forwarded to the secretary general before July 20th it possi blc.

lf going to the Lorient Festival, visit the Celtic League stand ; and at the E isteddfod (Abertawe/Swansea University ground) visit the Celtic League teilt.

An appeal by lau Taylor, former director of the Ostaig Gaelic College, accused of damaging an English-only road sign last year, w-as brought on April 14 at the High Court in Port Righ, Skye, to allow his trial io be conducted in Gaelic. A telegram of support was sent to the Sheriff, reading: The Celtic League Supports tlie right to have Gaidhiig used in court. Signed: A. Heusaff

A letter w'as sent on behalf of the Celtic League to the General Manager of Manx Radio on April 2, pointing out that the section of tlie station’s News b ro ad cast term ed “ W orld News“ was overwhelmingly concerned with events in Britain or even relerred mainly to England and the London government. It expressed the wish to see Manx Radio giving at least half of the time of that section to important events taking place beyorid tlie confines of Britain, without however reducing the amouni of attention given io Scotland, Wales, Ireiand and Cornwall. As for England, the Manx listeners had an easy access to BBC and 1TV News. The letter was passed to the New's editor.

The Need for a Social Commitmenl

Hand huch der M esteuropaetschen Regiontflb'ewe- giingei). Editor Jochen. 336 pp. Blaschke. Syndikat,

2

Frankfurt-am-Main. 1980.

Movements to obtain self-governmcnt for small naiions withom States or simply recognition of the rights ol' ethnic groups to have their own languages used in schools, television and public life are novv recognised as an important factor in the political development of Western Europe. They have succeeded in winning support from intellectuals outside the region concerned and the attention of sociologists. The question as to which direclion these movements are taking is dealt with in the foreword of this handbook by its editor, a member of the Berlin Institute for Social Research who specialises in the comparative analysis of Western European political Systems. In the contributions which he has gathered particular attention is given to the social and economic aspects of the Problems of some 40 ethnic communities as diverse as the Aland Isländers, the Flemings, the Friulans, the Corsicans, the Basques.

A ehapter is devoted to each of the Celtic counlries except that in the case of lreland it is only about the Six-Counties. Judging by what I have read so far, these contributions are well researched. It is however to the foreword that 1 wish to draw attention as it examines critically the different views and positions taken by the theoreticians of the “ regional” movements as well as the assessments made by research workers of their impaci on the West European political field. Blaschke does not draw a clear distinction between- nationalist movements aiming at full statehood and regionalist ones seeking institutional changes or cultural concessions. He points out that the considerable impetus gained by several of thent in recent years was due to having combined social aims with the concern for Self­government and cultural freedom. They have made the peoples of their areas aware of inequalities in economic development and living Standard (between them and other areas of the States to which they were incorporated), and especially of (the) Privileges enjoyed by centres of power which hold them in social dependence, all talk of democracy notwith- standing.

According to Blaschke the pre-war nationalists (and regionalists) were concerned primarily with wrestling power from the State centralists and recreating homogeneity among their own peoples by strengthening the Position of their own languages bin they did not advocate any changes in the economic and social structures. This Outlook would still characleri.se such organisations as the Federal Union of European Nationalities and such periodicals as Europa Ethnica. One of the fundamental concepts in their way of thinking is that of the Volks­gemeinschaft or ethnic community to which such writers as Guy Heraud ascribe constant distinctive characteristics. Social tensions would be reduced if such communities were allowed to reconstiiute their homogeneity and to regain control of their own affairs. While putting the accent on national unity, the social conflicts are ignored. Self-government, autonomy, decentralisalion are advocated in Order to restore to peripheric regions some power of decision bul there is tto ehallenge to the structures of social dependence. Blaschke suggests that these conservative regionalists scek to constitule an elite that will inherit the regional power devolved by the

present centralist States and that by neulralising the social movements they help to defuse the rising tension between the State centres and the peripheries.

I have not come across any refutation of this argument in Europa Ethnica, but it is not surprising to hear that it has angered its editorial team. Blaschke is sympathetic to the organisations of the regionalist or nationalist movements which over the past 12 or 15 years have adopted the dual aim of reducing social inequalities (iinked to regional economic dependence) as well as political dependence: e.g. the U.D.B. in Brittany, E.T.A. in Euzkadi.

Tom N airn, in “ Der Moderne Janus: Nationalismus and Marxismus” (Berlin, 1978) Claims that these movements are today more successful than the dass movements in challenging the highly developed societies and they can contribute to social emancipation as well as to the dismantling of the domination exercised by the centralistic States. This is not Eric Hobsbawm’s view, according to which these States are better able to resist the multinationals which constitule a greater threat both to social freedom and to ethnic identity. Blaschke appears to agree with the sociologists for whom ethnic groups can form and dissolve and ethnic Symbols (language, territoriality, culture, even race and religion) can be disearded or revalued according to socio-economic needs and interests. For interests to be translated into social or political action, they need as a rule to be rationalised and interpreted. This is whcre ethnic Symbols can intervene. They can impact greater dynamism to the ideas and interpretations. Ethnicity, resting on one or several ethnic symbols, may itself function as a leading idea, unifying individual or sectional interests, particularly if there is a long tradilion of thought behind it. It is in such a Situation that national identity can be rediscovered or even generat ed.

Many of the grievances against the centralistic States which have fuelled the nationalist movements are shared by regions or provinces which until now were not considered as having any identity of their own. Blaschke’s analysis of the traditional provincial poiitics, based a good deal on personal relations, will help us understand what difficulties would have to be i'aeed by national movements with a social concern in trying to effect their dual Programme. Basically it is a question of whether the regions concerned would continue to be controiled by notabilities mediating .between strong exfernal powers and the local Population through a network of personal relations or by parties or trade unions responsible to their members and capable ol directing the economic forces for the benefit of the whole community.

This analysis supports the decision of the Celtic Leaguc to commit itself to the social aim expressed in point 1 .e, of our Constitution. It also helps us togeta clearer view of the social value of our ethnic Symbols. The texts of this handbook are rather compact and require a good knowJedge of German, but they would repay reading not only because of the Information they give about so many other peoples leading struggles similar to our own but also because of the incenlive given to us by the foreword to clarify our motivations.

A. HEUSAFF3

ALBANaimhdean na h-AIba

Tha tri seörsa daoine ann — na cäirdean againn, na naimhdean againn agus na daoine coma co- dhuibh.

Aig an aon am tha tri rudan feumail dhuin, ’sa cheud äite a mhairsinn beö, ’san darna äite a ghabhail mhisnich agus anns an treas äite a thoirt buaidh na Gäidhlig agus na h-Albainn a dh’aindeoin ar naimhdean.

Ged a bha Clann Mhuirich ro anamoch a ruigsinn Blär Chüil-Iodair — a reir aithris bha sinn ag ithe ar brochain agus mhair am blär aig an äm sin — ach, ged a tha, ghuidh sinn air a’ Phrionnsa an cogadh a beag-chogach / guerilla warfare a dheanamh. Gun tcagamh sam bith bha sin ceart aig an äm sin agus tha sinn ceart gus an latha an diugh. De an roghainn eile againn ach an do-mheanmnachadh / demoralisation agus am milleadh? Agus diüitaidh sinn sin.

Tha dhä sheörsa chogaidh ann, an cogadh faicsinneach, corporra; tha sinn eölach gu leöir air gunnachan , pe ilearan , pleunachain agus bomaichean, ach de mu dheighinn an cogadh neo- fhaicsinneach neo-chorporra na h-inntinne?

Gun teagamh tha an cogadh seo cho bäsmhor ris na peilearan agus na bomaichean, oir theireadh iad — cogadh na h-inntinne / psychological warefare agus tha ar naimhdean uamhasach math ris a sin. Mar eisimpleir, mharbh iad ar n-aigne nuair a thoirmisg iad am breacan, am feile-beag agus a’ phiob-mhör feadh Alba gu leir an deidh Blär Chuil- iodair.

An deidh 1745 thäinig na daoine gur döchas cuideachd mar Dughaill Bochanan agus Pädruig Grannd agus ioma bard eile mar sin. Mar eisimpleir sgriobh Seurr.as MacGhriogair na rannan a leanas:

Bha na Gaidheil ro aneolach dhall Bha ionnsachadh gann nam measg Bha’n eölas co tana ’s co mall ’S nach b’aithne dhaibh ’n call a mheas ’Se b ’annsa leo’n airgiod ’s an ör A chaitheadh go görach truagh Ri amaideachd, öranaibh ’s öl Ri dannsaibh, ’s ri ceöl da’n cluais.

Taing do’n Ni Maith, chan eil sinn cho bristc agus cho lag-chridheach an diugh ris a bha iad dä cheud bliadhna seo chaidh anns an 18mh linn. A nis tha ar n-aigne daonnan a’ dol am feobhas gu h-araidh am nan Gäidheil ög agus luchd-ionnsachaidh, a dh’aindeoin na h-eucoirean a rinn ar näimhdean feadh nan dä cheud bliadhna seo, mar eisimpleir . . . Fuadach nan Gäidhcal . . . an Achd Foghlam 1872 a mharbh na sgoiitean a ’ teagaisg a h-uile cail ’sa Ghäidhlig ann an ioma cearn na h-Alba . . . agus anns an 20mh linn T.V. agus reidio gu ire bliig ’sa Bheurla uile gu leir ged a tha T.V. agus reidio aca uile gu leir ’sa Chuimreis ’sa Chuimrigh.

An diugh tha näimhdean na h-Alba agus näimhdean na cänain Albannaich a ’ deanamh

cogadh na h-inntinne an aghaidh na h-Alba agus an aghaidh na cänain Albannaich. Deich bliadh- naichean seo chaidh, dh’fhaighnich an Registrar- General ceistean anns a’ chunntas-sluaigh / census agus fhuair e am amach gun robh a’ Ghäidhlig a’ dol am feobhas. Air an aobhar sin dh’atharraich e na ceistean anns a’ chunntas-sluaigh ann an 1981 bho’n a bha e ag iarraidh nochdadh nach robh ar cänain Albannach ach a sior dol am miosad oir bha run Propaganda aige: se sin ri rädh gum bheil e a ’ deanamh a dhichioll a dheanamh na Gaidheil eagalach agus lag-chridheach, oir tha e a’ leigeil orra gum bheil a’ Ghäidhlig a’ bäsachadh mar rud-eiginn corporra ach chan eil fuil no feöil no cnämhan aig a ’ chänain againn oir chan eil cänain riamh corporra. Gun teagamh tha a h-uile duine ach a’ gabhail örain a nuair a tha e a’ bruidhinn cänain sam bith agus chan eil cail corporra leis a sin.

Chan eil ach aon iocshlaint / medicine a dhith air son na Gäidhlig — nam biodh i an aon chänain ’sna sgoiitean, ’sna colaistean agus ’sna oilthighean uile gu leir feadh na h-Albainn (eadhon nuair a theagasgas neach cänain eile), mar a dh’ath- bheothaich iad an Eabhra ann an Israel, no mar a tha iad a’ buannachadh beagan is beagan air son na Cuimreis ’sa Chuimrigh.

Is döcha gum bi Coimhthional Albannach ann an t-Seann Ard Sgoil, Dhün Eideann fhathast. Tha an t-aitreabh deiseil agus a' feitheamh gu foighidneach.

Nuair a thigeas an latha sin, feumaidh sinn a bhi cinnteach gum bheil a ’ chumhachd phoileataiceach / political againn a dhith oirnn a dh’ath-bheothachadh na Gäidhlig air eagail nach put ar näimhdean a thaobh i.

Ged a tha againn na tha a dhith oirnn, na Gäidheil agus luchd-ionnsachaidh na Gäidhlig, a thaobh leabhraichean agus ceilidhean agus mar sin air adharl. Ach am bheil sinn a’brosnachadh a’ mhor- chuid de na Goill aig nach eil facal Ghäidhlig fhathast?

Feumaidh na h-Albannaich a thuigsinn gum bheil ach aon chänain Albannach againn, oir tha ar näimhdean daonnan ag rädh nach eil ach aon chänain aig na h-Albannaich gu leir ach a ’ Bheurla air chor-eiginn; ’se sin ri rädh a’ Bheurla Shasunnach no a ’ Bheurla Ghallda.

Tha deagh eisimpleir againn a thaobh brosnachadh nan Gail ann an “ Ceol na Gäidhlig” le Derick Thomson (SSC-GMPÜ14) le leabhran agus cassette ä “ Scotsoun” (Albfhuaim) 13 Ashton Road. Glaseow G12 8SP.

Na di-chuimhnich riamh na thuirt GA1RM 113 (Air an Spiris) a thaobh coinneamh eadar-näiseanta air a cumail ann an Glaschu ann an Sultainn / September 1981 gus beachdachadh air staid nan cänann nach eil a’ dleasadh priomh äite ’nan düthchannan.

. . . ’Se gle bheag de na bha an läthair nach robh den bheachd gun robh fein-riaghladh ’na cul-taic läidir do chänain beag ach bha corra dhuine ann a bha an düil nach robh an sin ach aon rud, ’s nach deanadh e a’ chuis an cömhnaidh.”

Gilleasbuig MacMhuirich.

(This is mainly a discussion on the recent Report o f the Registrar-General on the 1981 Census and the Scoitish language).

4

Discount Power Deal Gives Smelter Hope

As unemployment reaches 25% in the industrial heart of the Highlands the workers of Easter Ross were thrown a glimmer of hope by the Tory govern- ment in mid May. Five months after the sudden shut down of our key industry, the aluminium smelter at Invergordon, a great campaign of resistance to the closure took Westminster by surprise.

When the workers found out that of the three smelters built in the mid 60s in the Labour govern- ment’s “ white hot technological revolution” , In­vergordon paid the biggest price for “cheap” elec- tricity the hunt was on to link elecric power prices to a new deal based on Hydro electricity in which the Highlands abounds. The fact that the original power sources were calculated at nominal rates for cheap nuclear power has brought to grief any lifelihood of the nuclear industry having a clear lead over alter­native energy sources in future.

The Invergordon Smelter Action Committee skillfully tobbied with the aid of the Highlands and Islands Development Board to establish that In­vergordon was one of the most modern smelters in the world and central to any hopes of longterm job prospects for Ainess/Invergordon as a new industrial growth point. With a likely increase in world demand estimated at 16 milfion tons used in 1980 and 25 milhon in 1990 and an EEC annual import level of eight times the Invergordon output, a new buyer could build a long term future if government ensured that the plant stayed in working condition. The Prime Minister gave a personal audience to District and Regional Councillors who accompanied the Ac­tion Group and was impressed by their logic and cominitment to restart work. The Highland Regional Council had previously taken the unprecedented Step of unanimously declaring a motion of no confidence in the government.

Highland unanimity was evident as a massive rates loss of £lm affects all Services while the smelter is closed and rail Services north of Inverness are in jeopardy. The social effects of population loss and demoralisation are incalculable.

Scottish National Party leaders, Labour MPs and trade union leaders have each contributed Support for what might be called the Scottish Resistance, which during the last year has seen successful restarts of work at Lee Jeans in Greenock and prolonged resistance in Baihgate, Cummnock, and Dundee and other places where jobs are threatened by a govern­ment recession. The new mood of Standing and fighting for work is in sharp conlrast to the massive clear outs of workers to more prosperous areas in the past, for more prosperous areas now have massive Problems of their vown. The diverging pattem of Scottish politics from those of England is widened by this realisation on the shop floor that multi-national Companies must be brought to heel and real control eslablished to maintain and increase worker par- ticipation in management and community control. But the British system of Regional aid programmes can now be seen as naive because Westminster in its overcrowded way has failed to scrutinise investment of public money and allowed multimillion pound I n ­

vestments to flounder and to throw many areas into jobless gloom for want of public awareness of impen- ding Company problems. The political lessons are be- ing learned, but slowly, that the Scottish Assembly proposed in 1979 but lost by Westminster con- trivance would have put even its weak finger closer to the pulse of many areas vital to Scottish industrial -urvival.

ROB GIBSON.

On the Gaelic Frontle Frang M acThom ais

One of the big surprises arising from the recently published preliminary studies on the 1981 Census is that there are less Speakers of Gaelic now than there were recorded in the 1971 Census. The figure, just over 79,000, is some 2,000 less than the previous cen- sal Return. The area which one might expect to be holding the fort for Gaelic is the Western Isles, in which almost 80% of the population aged three years and over can speak Gaelic. This compares with the figure in Skyc and the Kyle of Lochalsh area of 54%, showing the linguistic disadvantage of being in close proximity to an English-speaking mainland.

The Census shows that the total number of Gaelic Speakers in Scotland is 1.6. This compares with 1.7% (1971), 1.5% (1961)and 1.8% (1951)and, ifone goes back almost a Century ago, 5.2%.

One will have to wait another year or so until the full Censal figures are available to analyse just what is happeniug to the pattern of activc support for Gaelic. But no doubt in the meantime there will be much arguing vvhy we have lost 2,000 Speakers at a time when the public interest in Gaelic has never been so high, particularly among learners of the language. An interesting statistic: in 1981 3,313 persons claimed to be able to read and write in Gaelic but not speak it. Are they the learners?

What has been missing for some considerable time has been news of books in Gaelic and in Publishing generally. This gap has now been filled by an ex- cellent magazine “ Facai air an Fhacal” , published by Comunn Ghaidhlig Leabhraichean (Glasgow Univer- sity, Glasgow G12 8QQ). It has taken the Comunn a long time since its inception in 1968 to get down to this kind of Publicity for Gaelic publishers, book- writers and the reading public. But better late than never and its promised frequency of appearance at two or three issues a year should do much to help Gaelic books get in front of readers and book buyers. The magazine is bilingual.

The erstwhile Director of Sabhal Mor Ostaig in Skye has had his first hearing, in which he attempted to get his case heard in Gaelic. He has been charged with defacing roadsigns in English. A fluent Gaelic Speaker, though a learner, it remains to be seen vvhether the law will allow this, seeing as English was Iain Mac an Tailler’s first language. Whatever the outcome, all readers of CARN will be supporting Iain’s stance for Gaelic. ’Tis a pity, though, that it has to be a learner who has placed himself on the line for his adopted language and culture. Where are the native Speakers on the front of brushes with the law?

5

BREIZHStourm e-barzh al lagenn

Setu breman bloaz’zo ma’z eo marvet Bobby Sands hag e c’haller goulenn peseurt heuliadoü zo bet da emaberzh ar stourmer-se hag e nav genseurt.

E-Iec’h Humphreys Atkins, e penn ar velestradurezh saoz e Kastell Stormont eo deut Jim Prior, doare dezharf bout prest da voulc’han un hent nevez pe da vihanarl unan dishenvel diouzh hini e ziagentidi. Degas a raje adreizhadurioü hag a blaenafe an hent d’nn diskoulm, tamm ha tamm, da gudenn ar 6-Kontelezh. Anv oa gantan eus ar “gehedenn iwerzhonat” , da lavarout eo e vije anavezet gant gouarnamant London ez eus un darn eus poblans ar 6-Kontelezh hag a ro o lealder d ’an uhelvennad lwerzhon Unanet, hag e vije diskouezet an dra-se e stumm ensavadurioü holliwerzhonat. Gailet en dije mont gant an hent-se hep ma vije lavaret eoa dindanc'hourdrouzan A.R.I., rak ederou ar bloaz-man e voe skoet taolioü drastus ouzh ar c’houvrezelerien gant “nerzhiou an urzh” , goude ma voe diskleriet e-leizh a anviou ha kuzhiadelloü gant flatrerien. Ha peoe’h zo breman en toulloii-bac’h. 220 pe 260 prizoniad bennak a nac’h atav labourat met ne vezont ket kastizet kalz en abeg da se — koll a reont dek devezh distaol eus o reuziad-karc’har dre bep 28 devezh disentidigezh. Ne vez ket handeet ar brizonidi gant ar warded evel ma vezent diagent. Kenderc’hel a ra ar bruderezh-brezel a helcbini etre an div gostezenn evelato .36 prizoniad ’zo hag a labour war urzh o ofisourien gouez d’an A.R.I. ha war urzh gouarnour an toull-bac’h, a lavar ar Saozon. Met “labourat” a c’hall kaoul stcrioü ledan.

Da skouer, darn a ra studioü skol -veur digor: labour eo.

Lord Gowrie, un den eus ar rummad angl- iwerzhonat, zo e karg eus melestrerezh an toulloü- bac’h. Diskouez a ra bout un tamm mat poellekoe’h eget e ziagentad. Ne ra ket kalz van eus huchadennoü an “Unanourien” daer. Lavaret en deus e oa ret anavezout e oa tud er 6-Kontelezh a oa leal, nekel da c’houarnamant London pe d’ar “ Gurunenn” , met da lwerzhon unanet.

Met da belec’h enieur o vont gant an doareoü brav- se?

Daoust d ’ar gwalldaolioü o deus tapet, ar stourmerien n’int ket trec’hct. Skcin a reont bemdez ’n un tu bennak, ha n’eo ket diskuliadennoü an eskibien o laka nec’het, evit doare. An aberzhioü- buhez c’hoarvezet warlene o deus degaset arc’hant d’o c’hef — nervenn ar brezel — daoust da eveshaerezh kargidi Reagan. Met kavout a rae dezho e oant gouest da vont war dachenn an dilennadegoü bras, da heul trec’hioü o emstriverien da vare ar yun- enebih. Aze e fazient avat. Fallik a-wale’h eo bet evito disoc’h an dilennadeg d’an Däil, p’o doa un dek bennak a emstriverien, dreist-holl e kombodoü tost da harzoü ar 6-Kontelezh. Sklaer eo n’eo ket en abeg ma oant a-du gant A.R.I. o doa dilennet an dud daou eus ar yuneneberien warlene, dre gensant ganto na lavaran ket. Met gouest eo Sinn Fein da levezonin red an darvoudoü politikel. Ma vez graet diouzh Prior e vo dilennadeogoü d’ur Bodad-Kuzulian.

An Unanourien zo prest da gemer perzh enno, ha fizians o deus e vo ganto ar muianiver hag e c’hallint herzel ouzh nep arnod a vefe graet da ziazezaTl ensavadurioü holliwerzhonat. Strollad John Hume zo gwalldapet: diskleriet eo bet eus e berzh ne vo ket tu da vont war-raok gant kinnigoü Prior. Ma kemeront perzh, e kavint emstriverien Sinn Fein o kevezarTganto da gaout mouezhioü ar vroadelourien, pezh a viro outo da ober berzh a-walc’h evit bout gouest da lavarout e komzont evit ar re-se. Sinn Fein na ra forzh gant kinnigoü Prior, tarvan e strivadoü eo a feil dezho. Rediah a reont an SDLP da reutaat e entzalc’h e-kenver ar c’hinnigoü -se. Evel Ch. Haughey e lavaront ez int di-erounidus.

Prior n’en deus ket en em guzuliet gant gouarnamant Dulenn a-raok dispakaii e vennadoü ha n’eus anv ebet er re-mari eus ar “ gehedenn iwerzhonat” . Da lavarout eo emah ar Saozon bepred o klask kaout un diskoulm e diabarzh ar 6-Kontelezh hepken, ha dindan veli London evel biskoazh. Breman ma’z eo trenket an darempredoü saoz- iwerzhonat goude da Zulenn bezan nac’het nevezin berz-kenwerzh ar C’Henvarc’had a-enep Arc’hantina ne vo graet kammed ebet a-raok pell war-du un diskoulm a zerefe da lwerzhon. Kounnaret-ruz eo ar Virourien Saoz ouzh gouarnamant Dulenn peogwir n’en deus ket skoret o folilikerezh brezelgar a-zivout an Inizi Malvinas (Malouinat). Skoet ez eus bet dezho,emezo un taol trais en o c’hein gant o amezeien dostan, na welont abeg ebet dezhah nemet malis a-encp ar “ Brits” . Eveljust, evito an nepluegezh war an dachenn vilourel hag a zo unan eus sturiennoü politikerezh diavaez Republik lwerzhon n’eo nemet ur froudenn-vugel. Gwir eo ivez e oa abeg da zoujan abaoe ur pennad e oa ar Slad-man o vont da vezan rouestlet muioc’h-mui er c’hendivizoü-emzifenn a vez dalc’het e skeud ar Gumuniezh Armerzhel Europat. Enkadenn ar Malvinas he deus roet tu da lwerzhon da gadarnaat he neptuegezh. Kement-se zo deut-mat d’an darn vrasäri eus ar bobl araan, ha startaat a ray an doujans a zo evit ar vro-man en Trede Bed ivez. A-dra-sur e vo distan an darempredoü etre London ha Dulenn e-pad ur pennad mat breman (nemet e teufe ar Saozon da welout o foilentez). D’am meno n’eus ket da gaout keuz en abeg da Norzh-lwerzhon: mar deo gwir, pezh na gredan ket, e oa techet an It. Thatcher da harpan un emglev bennak etre ar C’Hwec’h — hag ar C’FIwec’h-warn-ugent Kontelezh, ne oa ket hep ar sohj da gaout un digoll mat: lwerzhon a-bezh o tont e-barzh ar C’Henurzhiadur -Dtfenn North-Atlantei. Ur skoilh zo bet lakaet d’an argerzh-se. Gwelloc’h roll he deus ur vro vihan da c’hoari er bed a-vreman: rein harp da zistennan an darempredoü etrevroadel.

A. Heusaff.

GERIOLI DIAES: di-erounidus, unworkable; d ’application, impossible; kehedenn, dimension; berz-kenwerzh, trade sanctions; neptuegezh, neutrality; emstriver: candidate.

(A year after B. Sands’ death, Northern Ireland prisons are relatively quiet. Proposals for devolution brought by J. Prior are unacceptable front an Irish point o f view. Inter-governmental Anglo-Irish relations are so severely affected by the Falklands war that no progress towards a solution o f the N.l.

6 problem is likely for months to come.)

Road SignsIn Brittany the vast majority of the roadsigns

indicating the name of the town or village you are entering or leaving are in French or in a Frenchified form of the Breton name. that is why SKOL AN EMSAV, a Breton cultural Organisation, launched a campaign of “ re-Bretonising” our place names. it has been busy recently sticking large black letters with a white background on road signs in 57 different towns.

They didn’t act only out of respect for Breton toponymy but also to show their determination to give Breton back its proper place in public life. Already a few town councils, like Karhaez (Carhaix) have expressed their approval of the action.

Economic Partition“Loire-Atlantique” , i.e. the area around An

Naoned (Nantes) was the only part of Brittany to experience, along the estuary of the Loire river, full industrial development in the last Century. The Naoned-St-Nazer area thus became a strong pole of attraction for all the South of Brittany, the two others being Roazhon (Rennes) as an administrative centre and Brest as an important French naval base.

The Separation of this department from the official Brittany-Region and its inclusion in the so-called “Pays de la Loire” could have fatal consequences for our economy. An industrial and economic magazine, Nantes-Realite, recently revealed that over 75% of the Loire-Atlantique firms and enterprises work closely with the four other departments. Still, French government agencies are lavishing taxpayers’ rnoney in their drive to get the people of the Nantes area to identify with the artificial Pays de la Loire concept and loosen their sense of being Bretons. They appear to aim at a total amputation of the Breton economy as nothing is done to remedy the poor Communications between Roazhon and An Naoned while the links between the latter and Paris are strengthened.

• ln a collective letter, nine young Bretons announced their decision not to serve France and not to join the French army. In supporting Herve Kerrain and Bernez Korbei, they took this stand as part of their struggle for national freedom.

Kerrain and Korbei are in jail in Roazhon where they are sentenced to stay until December 1983. Write them in support:

H. Kerrain and B. Korbei, No. 3354,Cell. 22 Ouest,56 Bd J. Cartier, 35100 Roazhon,Brittany.BREIZH, monthly magazine of the Breton culture (24th year). 32 pp. Subscription 60F (outside “France” 80F) to C.C.P. 2 135 53 V Rennes. In French but 4 pp. in Breton. Literature, music, news, book reviews, reports of cultural activities. Le Pradi, Tredion, 56250 Elven.

Degree in Breton/C.A.P.E.S.Now that it is possible to study full time for a

Degree in Breton, there still remains the problem of studying and being allowed to take the C.A.P.E.S. (a competitive examination) in Breton, in order to be appointed to teach Breton as such, and as a full-time subject. Otherwise students who will graduate in Breton will still be faced with having to take the C.A.P.E.S. in say, English or Mathematics in order to teach Breton (and then only part-time). It is an acute problem; the C.A.P.E.S. being an extremely difficult examination one does not see how students would find the time to study Breton and prepare a C.A.P.E.S. in another subject to a higher level than a degree. Also if a C.A.P.E.S. is to be available in Breton, the Government will have to create a wholc structure of appointments and spend money, which it has not really done yet, even for the Breton Degree course, and even though there are more students registered in Roazhon in the Celtic Department than in the French one.

Consequently Roazhon University students asked for the setting-up of a C.A.P.E.S. in Breton. The Ministry of Education having given no answer, Roazhon students went to the Ministry building in Paris, on the 23rd of February. After having waited for six hours they were received by a Mr. Patten in change of Central Administration, but he refused to give them an answer. On the 24th of February they went to the Presidential Palace where the Council of Ministers was having its weekly meeting. A “ Peti­tion” was handed to Mr. Cheramy, in Charge of Education for the President of the Republic’s Office. They are still waiting for an .answer.

• A campaign has been launched by Skol an Emsav to incite people to boycott the coming census; Skol an Emsav explains that the census does not acknowledge the “ right to be different” (a right pro- claimed a few years ago by Mitterand while in Kemper) by not asking what languages are spoken by the citizens of the French state and also by supplying census forms only in French. It is a far cry from the Bill introduced by the socialist M.P.s before the last General Election.

• Skol Ober — the correspondence school teaching Breton at all levels as well as Welsh and Esperanto — is celebrating its 50th anniversary of uninterrupted work (even during and after the war). Its team con- sists of more than 30 voluntary teachers, more than the number of students in the Ist year of its establish- ment.

• Local Elections/Elections cantonnales (District)The U.D.B. (Unvaniezh Demokratei Breizh) got

15,258 votes over 46 “ cantons” . These results seem to indicate some progression when one takes into ac- count the fact that the U.D.B. presented candidates in many districts for the first time. The highest “ score” was 9.50% in Benac'h (Belle-Isle-en- Terre?!!). However in many instances the same local political figures which are opposed to any progressive changes remain in power.

HERRI LEPERIJER.7

A Dirty TrickYann Fanch Kemener, a talented Breton

traditional singer, won this year the Charles Gros prize of the “ Academie du Patrimoine” . This is an award bestowed on 25 out of 2,000 candidates. Amazingly however, neither the Rennes Maison de la Culture (where Kemener was employed as “animateur” , i.e. Promoter of cultural activities) nor his record Company notified him of it. Having learned that he was one of the winners from a TV broadcast but too late to attend the prizegiving ceremony, he wrote to Jack Lang, the French Culture Minister explaining his absence and drawing attention to otlier causes of disappoiniment arising from the lack of measures foi the leaching of Breton and its use in the media. Subsequently, he was called to the office of the Directeur de la Maison de la Culture who told him he would be better minding his career as a singer than as an “animateur” . So he was dismissed!

That “ Maison de la Culture” is a colonialist agency concerned exclusively with tostering the prestige of French culture. The Gros prize was bringing too much honour to the Breton culture and it would have given Kemener too much weight in the place.

It was of no avail to say as he did that “ the riches of the French civilisation includes an important Celtic component” , nor do the French culture managers share his view that “it is not in France’s interest to leave the study of the Celtic heritage to such foreign countries as the USA, Britain, Germany, Italy, Norway, Canada, etc” : to them, Breton, iike Basque or the German spoken in Eisass- Lothringen, is not (in spite of what some believers in the “ softly, softlv catchee monkey” tactics suggest) one of the “ langues de France”

The Non AmnestyThree Breton militants, who had been sentenced

for their taking part in FLB actions against the Versailles Castle and a TV Transmitter, were released last year, thanks to the traditional French Presidential Amnesty grantcd, amongst others, to political prisoners.

So they were rather shocked to discover that this “generous” amnesty (dixit Mitterand) doesn’t cover the financial side of the story! And they are now asked to pay back for the material damages:1.765.618 FR 15 which means that each of them should contribute a niere 500 pounds for eighty years!

They will not pay. They cannot pay (two of them are not working and live on less than 100 pounds per month) nor do they have the will to do it.

By the way, when will a French government ever pay us their debts? Rent unpaid for nearly two hundred years, and above all, daily destruction of our land, our economy, our culture, our language, etc. and these are priceless.

KRISTEN.

The poet Angela Duval (left) with Ivona Martin.

Xavier GrallXavier Grall died last December not yet aged 50. A

poet (writing in French), a joumalist and polemicist, he was particularly well-known among the Breton public as the author of “ Le Cheval Couche” (The Lying Horse). This was a fiery reply to the best-seller “ Le Cheval d'Orgueil” (The Horse of Pride) by Per Jakez Hclias. For Hclias, Brittany means the “ Bigoudenn” country from which he hails and as it was at the beginning of this Century: an exclusively rural world doomed to disappear. Grall strongly attacked this view and all the supineness that it involved.

Best defined, I thinlc as a libertarian Christian mystic, he contributed to various religious magazines. This never prevented him, quite the opposite, from holding the most radical political views. He did not join any party but all his writings plead for Brittany. His vigorous style (reminding one of Rimbaud at times) won him quite a few enemies. Despite all this he was a man of great generosity. Before dying he wrote (translated from French):

Lord, here 1 am, it ’s me, of your earlh 1 ioved everything, the seas and the seasons and the stränge men better than their ideas.How difficult hate is. . . .

Kenavo, Xavier.

KRISTEN.ARMOR, monthly magazine (14th year). 72 pp. Subscription 83.20F (U4.40F outside “ France), to CCP Armor 26 91 70 Y Rennes, ln French. Generally short news or articles on all aspects of the political, economic, cultural life of Brittany; a section devoted in each issue to particuiar areas of the country. Represents a regionalist viewpoint. 7 Pont St- Jacques, 22400 LAMBAL.

8

C Y M R UBreuddwyd Ynteu Hunllef?Ar fy nhaith lledrithiol drwy foroedd eneidiau y

cenhedloedd Celtaidd, cyrrhaeddais fangre greigiog hynafol yn gorffwys yn y tarth, ei ehefndryd i bob cwr ohoni. Hon oedd Manaw, ac wrth syllu arni drwy darth y gorffennol, gwelais olion hen wareiddiad cyflawn a devvr y Celtiaid cynnar. Wrth nesäu ai y lan drwy ddyfroedd amser, gwelais longau rhyfel y dynion hirwalltog gwyllt, yn gorchfygu’r brodorion ac yn plannu hadau eu traddodiadau Llychlynaidd yn nhir Manaw. Gvveler y brodorion a ’u gorchfygwyr fei un cenedl yn gwrthsefyU ymosodiadau yr Albanwyr ar eu meddiant o graig a gwenithlaen.

Wrth ddynesu at y lan gyfoes rhywfaint, cefais weld y Llychlynwyr yn ennill eu dilys glod am sefydlu Senedd Lywodraethol ar yr Ynys yn y ddegfed ganrif. Efelychiad cain ydoedd o’u sefydliadau cyffelyb yn Norwy, ac fe ddathlwyd genediagaeth y gwarchodwr yma o hawliau Manaw drwy ei fedyddio yn “ Thing-Völlr” , fei ei berthnasau yn Llychlyn a Gwlad yr lä. Drwy’r tarth gwelais bron i ddeg canrif o ymladd a gwarchod eu hetifeddiaeth gan drigolion dewr brenhiniaeth fechan. Gwelais waed cymysg Celtaidd a Llychlynaidd yn lliwio’r dyfroedd. Gwibiodd golygfeydd gwrthun o ladrata einioes ac enaid cenedl heibio. Daeth eu cyd-Geltiaid, yr Albanwyr, i hawlio eu heiddo, (an eu gorchfygaeth hwythau hefyd gan fyddinoedd Lloegr ym 1333.

Er i leisian y proffwydi atsain o gopa Snaefell i’r arfodir garw na welai Manaw olau rhyddid eto, ni fachludodd ei gobeithion yn llwyr. Er i ffynhonnell y goleuni bron a dilTodd o ’m mlaen ar y gorwel sawl gwaith ar fy ngwibdaith drwy gefnfor y canrifoecld, bu’r marwor yn mud-losgi i’w hail-gynnau gyda dyfodiad phob cenhedlaeth newydd. Teintlais styfnigrwydd a dyfalbarhad y Manawyr i wynebu pob her ac anhawster, ac yn bennaf i warchod eu hetifeddiaeth yn y Tynwald, fei yr ail-fedyddiwyd y “Thing-Völlr” fei ai'r canrifoedd heibio.

Nepell o’r lan, a’r presennol yn agosau, gwelais holl nerth Ymerodraeth Lloegr yn ildio rhywfaint i’r unig gencdl Geltaidd gyda rhyw’faint o annibynniaeih gw'leidyddol. Yn y flwyddyn 1865 daeth llawennydd niawr wrth i’r Ynyswyr ddathlu cam hollbwysig ymlaen, sef sicrhau yr hawl i’r brodorion benderfynnu, trwy eu Senedd, ar eu blaenoriaethau cyllidol. Daeth ton o falchter i’m cyfeiriad, gan yn awr ym Manaw y penderfynnir ym mhle ac ar ba wasanaethau y gwerir phob ceiniog o incwm eu gwlad, ac eithrio “cyfranniad" o £10,000 yn flynyddol i Adran Dollau llywodraeth Llundain. Bu llewyrch ar yr Ynys am hanner-canrif, a ’r hunan- lywodraeth ynm cael ei fwynhau’n enfawr a ’i weithredu’n gain, er i‘w Senedd fod yn atebol i San Sieffan, ym niherson y “ Lieutenant-Governor” a apwyntwyd ganddynt yn enw brenhines Lloegr. Teilais fy hunan yn angylchynu Manaw yn yr ugeinfed ganrif, yn disgwyl iddi ymddangos o’r un blaenorol. Wrth edrych dros fy ysgwydd gweiais grair o gyfnod trefedigol Lloegr, gweddillion eu ymerodraeth murddunedig.

Gyda erydiad y tomiau i’i ugeinfed ga.ni if, gwelais gralangau gwaedlyd Trysorlys Lloegr yn gwasgu fwyfwy i gorff antddifad Manaw. Hawliant eu “ pwys o gnawd” , chwedl eu hysgrifennwr mwyaf, i dalu am gasglu Treth Gwerthiant ac i “amddiffyn” y werin-bobl druan, heb ystyried pwy oedd y gormeswyr o ddifrif. Yn sgil hyn oll gwelwyd tlodi yn boddi’r wlad, a’r ifanc a’r medrus yn dianc i ddiogelwch, a gwaith, dros y gorwel ar dir eu gormeswyr neu ymhellach. Disgynnodd y boblogaeth 13% rhwng 1951 a 1961, ac unwaith yn rhagor ymddangosai bod enaid y Manawyr ar fin mach lud am y tro olaf, bvth i wawrio eto, a’u tir am suddo i berfeddion Mör lwerddon. Ond ym 1962 daeth gwefr newydd o gyfeiriad Douglas, ac ymroddiad newydd o’r Tynw'ald i achub eu cenedl ac i’w hail- adeiladu ar sylfaen gadarn. Penderfynnwyd gweddio i Ddwir hollalluog y cyfnod — Duw Arian — am eu iachawdwriaeth. Gostyngwyd y trelhi i ddenu eu pobl ifanc i aros. ac i ddenu i’w' plith hefyd fasnachwyr a bancwyr cyfoethog.

BuT feddyginiaeth yn fuddiol iawn i’r claf, a gwelwyd llewyrch na fu erioed o’r blaen ar Fanaw. Bu cynnydd yn y boblogaeth o 30% rhwng 1961 a 1976, ond disgynnodd y boblogaeth gynhenid o’i 82% ym 1891 i lai na 50% ym 1976. Sylweddolodd rhai proffwydi lei Mec Vannin ac Yn Cheshaght Ghailckagh (Cymdeithas yr laith Fanaweg) bod eu llywodraeth yn gwerthu enaid eu cenedl i Dduw (neu diafol?) arian. ’Roedd eu meddyliau yn chwantus am fwy o’r cyffur, y feddyginiaeth yn drech na hwy. Ond roedd paw'b ar eu “trip” yn fyddar i rybuddion y proffwydi. ’Roedd goleuni cyfoeth a llewyrch yn eu dallu i’r peryglon. “ Mac hunanladdiad yn drosedd yn erbvn phob egwyddor gwaraidd’.’, meddai’r proffwydi drwy’r goleuni tywyll, “ Boed yn unigolyn, teulu neu chenedl” . Ond ni chlvwodd y rhai cystuddiedig y derfysg yn berwi rhywle allan yn y mör. Erbyn 1981 un aelod yn unig allan o’r 24 yn y Tynwald oedd yn cynrychioli’r cenedlaetholw yr. Bu farvv siaradwr brodorol olaf yr iaith vm 1976.

Clywais daran yn atsain dros y dyfroedd wrth i’r Ynys ddiflannu o fy ngolwg yn y niwl a oedd yn brysur ddychwelyd-niwl y dyfodol. ’Roedd hwn mwy trwehus na tharth y gorffennol a welais yn gynnharach. Ni welais eu tynged — tybed ä atgyfododd y genedl unigryw yma unwaith eto?

IAN LLYFNWY.

★ ★ ★

(A fantasy voycige through the mists o f time leac/s the author to con/emp/ate on Mannin’s history and its hopes Jor the /untre).

No MoneyPlaid Cymru is facing a financial crisis and the

President Dafydd Wigley, has threatened to resign unless the £40,000 bank overdraft is cleared before the end of May. “ The risk of liaving to resign is no more of a risk in reality than holding on to Office and not being able to do anything because of the lack of finance,” he said.

Direct Action on the Water Rate

Water has always been the most successful issue for mobilising opinion behind the nationalist cause in Wales, perhaps because it is the only natural resource which we not only have in abundance but to excess. No-one who has ever lived in Wales could fail to realise that we have an adequate supply of rain — and most of our visitors spend much of their stay cur- sing the stuff. In the past it was the destruction of oui communities to build reservoirs to supply Birm­ingham and Liverpool which caused bitterness; now it is the extraordinary l'ael ihat the Welsh are having to pay far niore for water than the people of these English cities who have stolen our water.

At present Wales produces 180 milliard gallons of water p.a. of which the English take nearly half — 88 milliard gallons, nearly all of it for the Birmingham and Liverpool conurbations. The average charges for supplying water to a house during 1981/2 were:

Wales £66.76Severn-Trent (which includes Birmingham) £56.78North-West (which includes Liverpool) £54.47

though the Welshmen may live in sight of the reser­voirs which supply the English town and suffers all the disadvantages of a heavy rainfall while getting none of the benefits. Not only the householder suf­fers: the whole of Welsh industry is put at a disad- vantage compared with the English Midlands and North-West by the theft of our own water. Many in­dustrial processes from the manufacture of beer to that of plastic require the use of large quantities of water, which encourages investment where it is cheapest. You only have to look at the table below showing the price of water for industrial use per 1,000 gallons to conclude that the wise industrialist will go to England:

Wales ...................................................100pSevern-Trent........................................94.1pNorth-West.......................................... 88p

And in 1982/3 the disparity is to be far worse; the Welsh water rate has increased by 18.3%; that in Bir­mingham by only 7.4%.

Plaid Cymru’s political prospects have been look- ing remarkably poor lately. An opinion poll in the autumn which showed the Welsh electorate:

Labour.................................... 44%SDP-Liberal Alliance....................33%Conservatives.............................. 15%Plaid Cymru................................ 7%

must have made Plaid Cymru’s leaders realise that nothing faces them but oblivion, if, when disillusion­ment with the present Westminster government and with the present System of government is obviously widespread in the Welsh electorate, they can rely on so few of the disillusioned. They decided to open a campaign on Ist March of refusal to pay the water rates, using the subsequent court proceedings as an opportunity to make Propaganda about what is one

of the most scandalous injustices sutfered by the Welsh — and one suffered equally by Welsh-speakers and English-speakers alike.

IFAN LLOYD.

Plaid Cymru have had an “ incredible” response to their water campaign. It is now estimated that thousands of Welsh ratepayers have decided not to pay their water bills for this year as a protest against the exorbitant rates in Wales compared to English authorities, despite the fact that Wales exports a substantial amount of water to those authorities. Whole towns and villages have decided to join the campaign and the Welsh Water Authority are now seriously worried. Over 700 bills have been collected in Merthyr Tudful alone.

Death of Jennie Eirian DaviesWelsh-speaking Wales was shocked to hear of the

sudden death of Mrs. Jennie Eirian Davies, editor of the weekly “ Y Faner” , on May 6th, aged 56. She had been prominent for many years in nationalist circles and had stood twice as a Plaid Cymru candidate in Carmarlhen during the fifties. She had been active in several Welsh cultural movements.

A week before her death she had announced her resignation as editor of “ Y Faner’ after a period of three and a half years, complaining that the work was too much for one person. During Lhat period she had increased the circulation of the Arts Council-backed magazine to around 3,500 and had earned the praise of many for the way she had given new tife to the magazine.

Her body was found in the bath by her son, poet and playwrighl Sion Eirian, in her home near Mold. According to the police there were no suspicious cir- cumstances. No date had been fixed for the inquest at the time of writing.

Five Detained on Explosives Charges

During the first weeks of May five people were ar- rested and appeared in courts on charges connected with explosives in Pontypridd and Cardiff last Oc- tober during the South Wales visit of the Prince and Princess of Wales.

Nicholas Peter Hodges, a 22 year old clerk from Cardiff, and Adrian Clifford Stone, aged 21 of Car­diff, have been charged with intent to cause explo- sions which could endanger life or cause damage to the property of the British Steel Corporation in Gabalfa, Cardiff, last October. Gareth Kevin Westacott, 27, an employee of the Welsh folk museum at Sain Ffagan, Cardiff, was charged with a similar offence relating to an army recruiting Office in Pontypridd. David Frederick Burns, aged 23 of Canton, Cardiff is charged with the same offence.

Jennifer Ann Smith, a 28 year old Cardiff nurse is charged with having possession under suspicious cir- cumstances of explosive substances.

They all appeared together before Cardiff magistrates on May 7 and were remanded in custody

10 until the following week.

LEARNING THE CELTIC LANGUAGESGA1DHLIG/SCOTTISH GAEL1C

Gäidhlig (Scottish Gaelic) may be Iearned from textbooks, cassettes and records and by attending courses. Anyenquiries regarding Iearning Gaelic, courses, materials etc. may be sent to An Comunn Gaidhealach, AbertarffHouse, Church Street, Inverness.

Audio Courses(a) GÄIDHLIG BHEO (Living Gaelic): The only available audio-lingual correspondence tuition course;

commissioned by An Comunn Gaidhealach; published and administered by the National Extension College, 18 Brooklands Ave., Cambridge. Set of four volumes and six tapes plus personal tuition by correspondence. Enquire re enrolment to the National Extension or (for purchase of materials only) to An Comunn Gaidhealach.

(b) BLASAD GÄIDHLIG: Self-tuition single cassette and 20 pp. booldet introduction to Gäidhlig; simple conversation: price £4.60+ p&p 46p.

(c) GAELIC MADE EASY: Four booklets (price from £0.60 to £1.00 each) and matching cassettes (price £3.00 each); seif tuition audio-lingual course of 43 lessons.

Self-Tuition Courses — Textbooks (no tape/cassette complement):BUN CHURSA GHAIDHLIG (Basic Gaelic Course( £2.40+ p&p 61p.GAELIC FOR ‘O’ GRADE (LEARNERS): £1.00 + p&p 30p.GAELIC SELF TAUGHT: £3.00+ p&p 40p.

Residential CoursesDetails of Weekend and Summer Courses for Gaelic learners may be had from:

An Comunn Gaidhealach, Abertarff House, Church Street, Inverness.Sabhal Mor Ostaig (Gaelic College), An Teanga, Isle of Skye.Edinburgh University (Extra Mural), Edinburgh.

Enquiries re this and additional material and/or Orders to An Comunn Gaidhealach, Abertarff House,Church Street, Inverness.

BREZONEG/BRETON

Note:— While the Celtic League advocates further efforts to arrive at an Overall agreement on the spelling of Breton, the fact is that three main spellings are in use. We indicate them in brackets after the titles of the books and courses by giving the initials of the main publications using them: Al Liamm, Ärud Nevez, Pobl Kreizh. AL is used by the great majority of publications. Readers will have no difficulty in adapting from one spelling to the others. All addresses in Brittany unless otherwise stated.

Textbooks/Records/Cassettes:Explanations in Welsh:Zonia Bowen: Llydaweg i’r Cymro (AL). Llyfrau’r Faner, Y Bala, Gwynedd, Wales. 1977, 129 pp. Stg£1.75. Includes guide to Pr, Vo, Gr, Ex, An, Lx (Br-Cym, Cym-Br.). The records/cassettes of BREZHONEG BUAN HAG AES can be made use of.Rita Williams: BREZHONEG BUAN HAG AES, (AL) adapted from the French Version. Wales University Press, 6 Gwennyth St., Cathays, Cardiff. Also: Cyflwyno’r Llydaweg. Book and cassettes £6.95 from Sip y Pethe, Ffordd y Mör, Aberystwyth.

Explanations in English:Remont Delaporte: BREZHONEG BUAN HAG AES (AL). Cork University Press, Ireland. 1977. 256 pp. Inel. guide to Pr, Vo, Di, Gr, Ex, 111. Uses same records/cassettes as the French Version.

Explanations in French:Per Denez: BREZHONEG BUAN HAG AES (AL). Omnivox, 8 rue de Berri, Paris 75008. 1972. 256 pp. Guide to Pr, Vo, Di, Gr, Ex, 111. Lays stress on structure of Breton. 2 cassettes or 5 records 33 rpm (17 cm).Roparz Hemon: COURS ELEMENTAIRE DE BRETON (AL). Al Liamm, 2 Venelle Poulbriquen, 29200 Brest. 1975 (8th ed.). Vo, Di, Rd, Ex, Gr. 144 pp. 2 cassettes for the first 20 lessons, published by Hör Yezh, 1 Plasenn ch. Peguy, 29260 Lesneven.

11

Kalvez-Desbordes-Abalart: HERVE HA NORA (AL). Skol. Available from Hör Yezh, see above. 1979. 2 Bks., 176 pp. and 184 pp. Indicates Pr for all words in the IPA.Jos Korbei: OBERT GANT AR BREZHONEG. (AL) Available from J. Corbel, Eider, Font de l’Ange, 83400 Hyeres, France. 6 fascicules, to learn in a practical manner the structures of Breton.Le Du-Le Berre: AR BREZHONEG DRE ZELLED, KLEVED, KOMZ HA LENN (BN). Centre de Recherche Bretonne et Celtique, Fac. des Lettres, BP 860, 29279 Brest-Cedex. Cassettes (8 hours), Südes (1 sentence on each) and cards with illustrations.Andreo Merser: BREZONEG PAZENN HA PAZENN (BN). Ar Helenner, 6 ru Beaumarchais 29200 Brest. 1 book + 2 cassettes. Specially intended to help to tearn variations in pronunciation.Fanch Morvannou: L.E BRETON SANS PEINE (PV). Assimil, 13 rue Gay-Lussac, 94430 Chennevi£res-sur- Marne, France. Three books, totalling ca. e 1000 pp. Cassettes giving Upper Kernev and Gwened Prs. Based on the ordinary everyday language.Visant Seite: AR BREZONEG DRE RADIO (BN). From the author, Ti-Karre, 29150 Kastellin. 2 books, complemented bv one cassette each, giving a Leon pr.J. Tricoire: KOMZOM, LENNOM HA SKRIVOM BREZONEG (BN). Emgleo Breiz, BP 17, 29200 Brest. Bk. 1: 2 records/1 cassette; Bk. 2: 4 cassettes.

Correspondence Courses. No fees but students bear the cost of postage.SKOL OBER (AL). Gwaremm Leur-Vaen, Plufur, 22310 Plistin. Tel. (96) 35 67 99.AR SKOL DRE LIZHER (BN). Ti-Karre, 29150 Kastellin.AR SKOL VREZONEG (BN), 6 ru Beaumarchais, 29200 Brest.SKOL DRE LIZHER AR FALZ (PV, BN), A. Deshayes, 15 Bd de Bretagne, 29000 Kemper.

Oral Courses:Crash Course: One week, 8 hours of study daily, early July. Formation Continue, Universite de Haute-Bretagne, Av. G. Berger, 25043 Rennes-Cedex.Crash Course: July 21-31, 1982. Two groups for beginners, through Welsh. Rita Williams, Welsh Dept., University College, Aberystwyth, Dyfed.Cours Intensif de / ’Universite d ’Ete. Similar to Crash Course, Rennes. Early August (preceding Lorient Festival). An Ao. Floc’h, Institut Consulaire (Cours de Breton), 11 Straed Kergelen, 56100 An Oriant/Lorient. Kamp Elrekeitiek ar Vrezhonegerien, 2nd forlnight in July. 44 Straed J. Rameau, 29000 Kemper.Skol an Emsav. Several courses, more oriented than the others towards information on economic and political Problems. 8 Straed Hoche, 35000 Roazhon/Rennes.F.O.L. Courses/Al Leur Nevez■ Summer. A. Merser, 6 ru Beaumarchais, 29200 Brest.

Other courses combine manual work with the practice of Breton, or suitable for children, for trainee teachers, for Catholics, etc. For additional information, write to J. Ab Her ve-G wegen, Kerberenez, 29260 Lesneven, ENCLOSINC. INTERNATIONAL COUPON RESPONSE.

CYMR AEG/WELSH

Boo ks/Reco rds/Casset tes/T a pes:W. J. Davies & J. /. Owen: GADEWCH I NI SIARAD 1 & 2. Clwyd County Council, 1973. 53 pp. 20 tapes. £9 each(?). For use with language laboratory or tape recorder and designed primarily for third year learners.J. Idris Evans & Bernard Evans: DEWCH I SIARAD 1 & 2. BBC Pubücations, 35 Marylebone High St., London WIM 4AA. 1973 & 1974. 72 pp., 55p each. These booklets accompany a series of 26 radio broadcasts (1976) for listeners with no previous knowledge of Welsh. Cassettes 1 & 2 £3.30 (1978; Record 1 £2.10; Record 2 £2.32).Dan L. James: CWRS CYMRAEG LLAFAR/Conversational Welsh Course. Chr. Davies, 1970. Book 1, 276 pp., £3.95 hardback (1978&. Records/Cassettes £2.25 each. Suitable for the learner to study at home or in evening classes; 30 di.s. Book 2, 270 pp., £3.95 (1981); Records/Cassettes £2.25 each; 30 additional units for learning and practising.LINGUAPHONE COURSE IN WELSH. Linguaphone Institute Ltd., 207 Regent St., London WIR SAU. £63.50, covering the cost of a tutor to supervise the learning by correspondence.WELSH FOR LEARNERS. Yr Uned laith, Brook St., Trefforest, Pontypridd, MidGlam 1978. Book £3.50 accompanied by two different sets of aids: Tape/Cassette £10 + VAT; Film £5.00 + VAT.

Several books/booklets have been published for adult learners/secondary school students by such publishers as D. Brown a ’i Feibion, Gwasg Corner, Y Lolfa, Chr. Davies, Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru but are not listed here because it does not appear that they are accompanied by aids to Pr. Catalogue available from Y Ganolfan Technoleg Addysg, Canolfan Dinesig y Sir, Yr Wyddgrug, Clwyd, CH7 1YA.

Many library authorities now have a Welsh CAS/REC/Tape Service with membership at a reasonable annual subscription rate. Details from Llyfrgellydd Dyfed, St. y Gorfforaeth, Aberystwyth.

11

Correspondence Courses:An Approach to Welsh: a lape and correspondence course. National Extension College, 8 Shaftesbury Road, Cambridge, England.Polytechnic of Wales Correspondence Course c/o Dr Slater, Trefforest, Pontypridd MidGlam. 40 units with tapes £45.Also consult Yr Uned laith, Brook St., Trefforest, Pontypridd, Morgannwg Ganol (O Level) or Mr Merfyn Morgan, Llys Caron, Lon Dewi, Caernarfon, Gwynedd (A Level).SKOL OBER, Gwaremm Leur-Vaen, Plufur 22310 Plistin, Brittany also teaches Welsh through Breton.

Oral Courses:Residential Courses are organised, mainly in July or August by Yr Adran Efrydiau Allanol by either of the foilowing University Colleges: Aberystwyth (9 Glan-y-Mör); Bangor, Gwynedd; or Caerdydd (38/40 Heol y Parc); Also by Coleg Harlech, Harlech, Gwynedd; by the MidGlamorgan Education Authority; and by Yr Uned laith, Brook St., Trefforest, Pontypridd, Morgannwg Ganol. Urdd Gobaith Cymru, Heol Llanbadarn, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, also organises residential courses for young people, aged 10 to 20 years.University Ulpan Course: Enquiries to be addressed to the Research and Development Officer for the Teaching of Welsh to Adults, 6 Gwenith Street, Cathays, Cardiff CF2 4YD.

(a) l .ong term Intensive Courses taking the learner through the language from heginning (some previous preparation will be an advantage) to the stage of practical competence; (b) residential courses such as the 8-week course at St. David’s University College, Lampeter, Dyfed (400 hours of teaching time); (c) day-time courses of approximately 200 hours, available on the basis of 3 hours per day or 1 Zi hours per day in Caerdydd and Ban gor.ATwo Year Residential Course for Adults: intended for students with little or no knowledge of Welsh who wish to become fluent in the spoken and written language and who wish to study Welsh literature. Details from: The Warden, Coleg Harlech, Harlech, Gwynedd.

GAEILGE/1R1SH

Books/Records/Cassettes:M. Dillon/D. O Coinin: TEACH YOURSELF IRISH. Hodder & Stoughton, London 1977. Ppb. 255 pp.,

Stg£0.95. 2 LP records issued by Gael-Linn, 26 Cearnog Mhuirfean, Äth Cliath 2, 1R£5.56. Based on the Munster dialect, this course is academically based.

T. ÖDomhnallain: BUNTUS CAINTE. Oifig an tSolathair, Äth Cliath 1. 3 Bkl: Part 1,-134 pp'., 10p. Part 2, 156 pp., 5 p. Part 3, 157 pp., 5 p. in ppb., available separately. Each pari is complemented by 2 LP records and cassette 1R£7.62 issued by Gael-Linn. Prn, not indicated in the bkl., is Connemara-based. This course, first broadcast on TV, is based on research on the frequency with which words and phrases are used in conversation by native Speakers.

D. Ö Donnchudhu: LINGUAPHONE/GAEL-LINN COURSE, 1R£67.80. A conversational course available in a compact carrying case containing 16 45 rpm records or alternatively 3 C60 cassettes as w-ell as the course’s illustrated textbook. An advisory correspondence Service is provided by Linguaphone.

R. MacGabhann: CURSA CLOSAMHA1RC GAE1LGE. Andersontown News, Belfast, 1978. Ppb. 81 pp., Stg£l. 10. Available separately 6 cassettes 1R£6.00. Only part 1 of this course is available at present. Prn. based on the Ulster dialect.

M. Ö Siadhail: LEARNING IRISH. An Institiuid Ard-Leinn, Baile Ätha Cliath, 1980. Ppb. 331 pp., IR£5.00. Äset of 3 cassettes IR£5.00. This course, based on the dialect of Cois Fharraige, West Galway, consists of a graduated series of lessons, exc. for self-testing and prn. coded according to the IPA. The cassette recordings, as well as teaching the sound System, cover all the texts in the book.

E. O Tuathail: CURSA GAEILGE GAELEAGRAS NA SE1RBH1SE POIBLL Bord na Gaeilge, 7 Cearnog Mhuirfean, Äth Cliath 2. The course consists of a Teacher’s Handbook, a Workbook for students and a cassette with lessons and Prn drills. The price of 1R£12 includes 8 copies of the Workbook, additional copies of which may be purchased 1R£1.50 each. The course is especially designed for teachers teaching Irish to adults and presupposes that the students studied Irish at school for a number of years.

All the publications and material listed above as well as dictionaries, readers for intermediate students, grammars, may be purchased from AN SIOPA LEABHAR, 6 Sräid Fhearchair, Äth Cliath 2. (Money or postal Orders to be made payable to CLODHANNA Teo. 20% extra for postage, and for Orders from within the Irish Republic 10% for V.A.T. on records, 25% on cassettes.

Oral Courses for Beginners:Gael-Linn organises crash courses in Dublin for adults, of 3 to 5 weeks duration.Comharchumann Cois Fharraige organises, in Cooperation with the Irish Branch of the Celtic League (f/c

Maire Bhreathnach, 58 Br. an Bhainbh, Cabrach, Äth Cliath 7) a summer course for beginners including lectures on subjects related to the language and the history of Ireland, tours, an introduction to Irish dances.

13

Radio & TeJefis Eireann will in the Autumn of 1982 rc-broadcast ANOIS IS AR1S, a course for adults who have already an elementary knowledge of Irish.

An Irish Crash Course through the medium of Welsh, for two groups of beginners is being organised by the Department of Irish (Prof. E. Evans), University College, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, Wales. July 21 to 31, 1982.

Numberous courses to help children and teenagers with school Irish to gain fluency in the language are organised by Gael-Linn and various other associations or private bodies, chiefly in Summer in the Gaeltacht. Information from Comhdhail Naisiünta na Gaeilge, 86 Sr. Gardnar, Äth Cliath 1.

Courses for adults, conversation classes, exist on a more or less regulär basis in many towns and cities, not only in Ireland but also in Britain, the USA, Canada and Australia. The Irish branch secretary (Celtic League) will welcome more precise Information about them.

GAILK/MANX

The Manx language may be learned from books, cassettes or recoid.BUNNEYDYS, a course for learners similar to Buntüs Cainte (Irish). 2 books £1.00 each; cassette (book 1) probably £3.00.CHENGEY NY MAYREY, based on recordings of native Speakers. REC/CAS £4.00.CONVERSATION AL MANX, J. Geill, 60p.Neddy Beg. Stories, Manx and English, 50p. Cassette of Conversational Manx with some Ned Beg stories £3.00. FIRST LESSONS IN MANX. E. Goodwin & R. L. Thomson, £1.00.FURTHER LESSONS IN MANX. R. L. Thomson, a grammatical commentary on Noo Ean (St John’s Gospel). £6.00. Noo Ean, 40p.

Dictionaries, etc. Complete Publications list from Mrs. J. Bayliss, 23 Church St., Peel, Isle of Man.

KERN EW EK /CORN1SH

The Cornish language may be learned from textbooks and tape cassettes. All prices need checking.C. Fudge and G. Sandercock: KERNEWEK MAR PLEK. Part 1 £1.95, CAS. 2x30 min. £2.40. Part 2 £2.05, CAS. £2.40 (Postage and packaging additional). 1980 prices.R. Gendall: KERNEWEK BEW. A modern approach to Cornish. £1.50. Available from the author, Shaftdown, Gwinear, Hayle, Cornwall. Enquire if tape 53A in. still available.

Textbooks only:C. Blee: Lyver Lavarow Kernewek £0.50.J. Page: First Steps in Cornish; Grammar 1, 2, 3; guides to the use of the verb “ to be” ; Whethlow Noweth ha Coth. Available singly, or at the inclusive price of £1.00 as a complete series.P.A.S. Pool: Cornish for Beginners. £1.00.A.S.A. Smith: Lessons in spoken Cornish. £0.25.

Sound Recordings:Crowdy Crawn, Songs and prose by Brenda Wooton and Richard Gendall. 1 12" LP Record £1.50.Kewsyn Kernewek. 6 easy lessons in spoken Cornish with accompanying handbook, Cornish songs and music. 1 C-60 Cassette £2.00.Sing Cornish. Song by J. King, Jan Williams, Mervyn Davey and a musical Version of “Jowan Chy an Horth” , by Bryan Webb. 1 C-60 cassette £2.00.

All the above, and other books (dictionaries, readers with translations, sound recordings, etc.) — except for KERNEWEK BEW — available from the Cornish Language Board, c/o Miss Joyce Foster, 39 Northfield Drive, Truro, Cornwall, or from Cowethas an Yeth Kernewek, c/o Bryan Webb, 29 Midway Drive, Uplands Park, Truro.

Occasional courses, for students of all ages, are organised by the Cornish Language Board.Classes exist in some 20 centres in Cornwall, and in London and Bristol: details from Jowan King, Ty a

Wel, Bolanhen, Crewan, Cornwall.

PUBLISHED BY THE CELTIC LEAGUE.General Secretary; Alan Heussaff, 9 Br. Cnoc Sion, Dromchonrach, B.Ä.C. 9. Eire

14

Welsh Responses to Falkland Crisis

The response of the Welsh people, or certain sec- tions at least, to the Falkland crisis, has been very different to the bloodthirsty response of the English. The two Plaid Cymru MP’s, Dafydd Wigley and Dafydd Elis Thomas, made a strong appeal to the Prime Minister to settle the crisis through interna­tional rather than nationalistic means. They express- ed their strong disapproval to the military way out of the crisis which they described as “ insecure and im­moral” .

One thing that make the Welsh even more cautious is the strong possibility that Welsh soldiers in the British army would be facing soldiers of Welsh des- cent in the Argentine army. The two MP’s made a special appeal to the government to resist bombing mainland air bases such as Trelew, the town in Pata- gonia where the largest Welsh population still live. Such action would be regarded with great horror in Wales, they said.

Up until the crisis worsened, HTV news Pro­gramme “ Y Dydd” had their own correspondent in Argentina, beaming nightly reports back to Cardiff by satellite. Russell Isaac speaks Spanish fluently since his College days, when he spent a year in Patagonia as part of his sociology course, and has some influence, it seems, with some high ranking of- ficers in the Argentine army, thus securing r visa into the counlry during the present crisis. Interviewing people of Welsh descent in Patagonia (in Welsh of course!) it became apparent that they supported their own government and saw it as England's quanel.

Latest Census FiguresThe reaction to the 1981 census figures concerning

the Welsh language has been mixed. The figures show a two per cent drop since 1971.— from 21 to 19 per cent. Some have seen the figure as further proof of inevitable decline. On the other hand it is the sinailest decline since the war and is not as bad as some people had feared. In some counties the numbers have actually increased. However, it is still too early to make any meaningful assessments since the details regarding age groups and the Situation parish by parish have not yet been released.

Courses at Nant GwrtheyrnThe first three weekend language courses have

been held at Canolfan Nant Gwrtheyrn, the derelict village on the LI$n peninsula which is being restored and re-built with the help of MSC (Manpower Ser­vices Commission) workers. One building has been completed and another will be completed by the Sum­mer. Further courses are planned during the next months.

Independent TV Producer for S4C

On May 14 the independent television Company Barcut (Kite) got off the ground and gave details of its future plans and equipment purchased so far. The Company is based at Caernarfon and is different in one important respect from the 40 or so other in­dependent producers who have sprung up overnight all over Wales to prepare programmes for the Welsh television channel S4C (pronouneed Es Pedwar Ec) — Sianel 4 Cymru. It is an outside broadcast unit which will be hired out to the various independent producers at a price of around £1,000 a day. The equipment itself has cost around £500,000.

The director of Barcut is Gwilym Owen, form er director of Bwrdd Ffilmiau Cymru, also former presenter with HTV, and the Chairman is Huw Jones of the Sain record Company, referred to recently as ‘‘one of the few Welsh-speaking entrepreneurs” !

NINNA UTHE NORTH AMERICAN WELSH NEWSPAPER

NINNAU will make you PROUD OF YOUR WELSH ROOTS

NINNAU (pronouneed nin-eye) means “ we, also” .

NINNAU — THE BEST GIFTFor one year subscription send £4.00 or $8.00 to:

NINNAU PUBL1CATIONS 11 Post Terrace, Basking Ridge, N.J. 07920

LEVRIOU PLADENNOU BOOKS OF CELTIC ART KELTIEK INTEREST, RECORDS,

CELTIC ART

RENER/MANAGER: GWELTAZ AR FÜR 2 Straed ar Roue Gradion

29000 Kemper PgztPhone: (98) 95 42 82

15

EIREAitheasc Cois (Jaigh

ChaitUn Maude, R.I.P.8 Meitheamh 1982

Tä muid tagtha le cheile anseo inniu lenar gcara dilis Caitlin a chur i gcre na eitle. Dia linn! Is brönach, is tubaisfeach agus is räeanmhar an tasc e. A Chaitlin na rann, is, a ChaitUn na n-amhrän, is tma linn do shraith a bheith ar lär.

Mas gearr fein an saol a fuair tu, a ChaitUn, nt häibheil a rä go raibh tu ar dhuine de na daoine is mö riamha chuir rud ann don Ghaeilge is do shaoithiülacht na hEireann. Chans a mhair tü, agus fearacht an Chadhnaigh a raibh an oiread meas aige ort, agus agatsa airsean, ba e athreimniü na Gaeilge ba mhö a bhiodh ag deanamh imni duit. Agus fearacht an Chadhnaigh b ’ionann athreimniü na Gaeilge, dar ieat, agus athghabhäil na hEireann.

Bafhile ar fönamh thü, a ChaitUn, a chothaigh S t i l ar leith a fäisceadh as nascadh idir nösanna cumadöireachta agus reacaireachta är sinsear agus guth togair düshlänach do linne.

Mar a/nhrdnai ar an sean-nös ba tü an smear tnhuflaigh uilig. I\i he amhäin gur chuir do ghlör binn rimead ar phobal na Gaeitachta agus ar Ghaeilgeoiri na tire tri cheile, ach chuir tü ina lut ar an saol Eödlach, agus ar an saol tnör da n-abrainn e, gur foirtn ealüine an sean-nös a bhfuil anam scoite dibrithe na Fichiü hAoise in ann freagairt di agus suaimhneas a fhäil ina läthair.

Ba e a fhearacht sin i geäs na drämaiochta e. Bhi üdair mhöra na drämaiochta faoi dhraiocht ag feabhas do chuid aisteoireachta. Leirigh tü le do thalann chumasach fein mar aisteoir agus mar dhrämadöir, go raibh an Ghaeilge acmhainneach agus feiliünach le haghaidh äbhar ar bith da chustacht, da dhoimhne nö da chonspöidi a ionramhäil.

Nil ghne den saol nur chuir tü suim inti. Ba leathan an leitheoireacht a dheantü. Ba dhomhain an sntaoineamh — nö an mharana mar ab äil leat fein a ihabhairt uir — ba dhomhain an mharana a dheantü ur gach uile ni. Ba chiallnthar, ba dhomhain, b 'aibi agus ba mhisniüil do chaint da reir.

Thttig tü go binn gurb iad an cairdeas agus an chotnhbhä dhü thaca riachtanacha na müinteoireachta. Bhi toradh ceadach ar do chuid iarrachtai da reir.

Nuair a thuig tü gur rheastaigh club söisialta Gaelach, bhunaigh tü ceann ar fönamh. Nuair ba leir gur rheastaigh scoil lan-Ghaelach, chuidigh tü lena bitttü in achar gearr, is chuidigh lena riaradh. Nuair ba i an agöidab fhearr a d'fheil, chuaigh tü ina bun le fonn.

Bhi gru as cuintse agat don chül le rath is don duine ar bheagän deise. Ba charthanacht ar fad do mhaircacht äil.

Is saibhride är saol uilig är dteagmhäil leat. Beidh cuimhne na teagmhäla ceantta sin mar thaca is mar üdar ntisnigh dä län sna laethanta, sna mronna agus sna blianta atä le teacht.

Döanann muid cäs le d'fhear cöile ionmhain Cathal agus le do mhaicin grämhar Caomhän agus lena muintir ar fad ar uair a mbrise is a n-anachana. Geallann muid döibh är gcünamh is är dtacaiocht sa saol atä rompu, le teann ömöis döibh fein, agus le teann ömöis do do chuimhnese, a Chaitlin.

Ni bheadh se feiliünach nä träthiüil an läthair seo a fhgäil inniu gan cüpla ceathrü bheag filiochta a aithris i d'önöir, a ChaitUn, a bhunrion na bhjili. Agus nä duine is fearr a d'aithriseodh na ceathrüna ceantta nä do sheanchara dilis an Dochtüir Mäirtin Ö Direäin priomheigeas Eireann. Ina theannta sin dearfaidh do chara is do chomhfhile Tomäs Mac Siomöin dän de do chuid fein.

Mäs i gcre na eitle fein do do cholainn chaornh, a ChaitUn, maireann do spiorad i gcroi do chairde agus mairftdh go brach.

CIARÄN Ö C01GLIGH.

(The above is the oration given at the graveside o f Caitlin Maude. Traditional airs associated with Caitlin were played during her furteral Mass and Jöllowing the oration at the grave her poem “A Dhe” was read followed by Dr. Mairttn Ö Direäin reading his poem to Caitlin>.

Death of Caitlin MaudeCaitlin Maude, poet, writer, singer and actress

died in Dublin on June 6th. Dark haired Caitlin of the flashin 2; blue eyes and free spirit! A unique combination of talents which merged to give voicc and expression to the essence of the living culture associated with the Irish language. A combination which tapped the deep traditions of the Gaeltacht and formed a bridge between them and modern urban life. Who eise could enthrall a gathering with her rendering of a traditional song sung in the centuries old sean-nös style and continue to an equally attentive audience with a reading of one of her own poems dealing with the philosophical Problems of present day living or the sterility of suburban life?

Imagination, spontaneity, dignity, a great integrity and a thirst for perfection ensured that whatever Caitlin did or underlook she performed with style and flair and gave her whole heart to. Her poetry and singing came straighl from her soul. Caitliri’s horizons were broad and her intellect keen. She was widely read and had a special compassion for the dispossessed and the wretched of the earth.

Caitlin was born in the Connemara Gaeltacht 41 years ago and was reared in Cill Bhriocäin, Rosmuc. Her acting won her attention during her years at University College , Galway and later she received acclaim at home and abroad for her part in “ An Triail’’ by Mairead Ni Ghräda. Caitlin co-authored, with Michael Hartnett, a play “ An Lasair Choille” which was regularly performed and was a particular favourite with Gaeltacht drama groups.

Caitlin began writing at an early age and gained recognilion as one of the best of the modern Irish poets. She read her poetry widely in Ireland and was

16

one of the Irish poets who initiated die annual exchange of Scottish Gäidhlig and Irish poets in 1971. On her tour of Alba in the autumn of that year she made lasting friendships and she read with the Scottish poets many times on their subsequent visits to Ireland. Despite offers from publishers over the years no collection of Caitlin’s poems appeared in her lifetime. Perhaps she feit that her poems like her spirit should be let run free. A volume was in preparation recently however for Coisceim — hopefully that will appear in the future and contain all her poems. A full appreciation of her work will undoubtedly confirm the opinion of many that she was the best of the modern poets.

Some years ago Gael Linn produced an L.P. of Caitlin’s poetry and singing. It contains many of the songs specially associated with Caitlin such as “ Dönall Ög” ,,“ Uileacäin Dubh Ö” , “Röisin Dubh” and “ Liam Ö Raghallaigh” and received much praise. The particular quality and purity of Caitlin’s voice and her mastery of the sean-nös style produced something unique and truly moving in her songs which few, if any, other traditional singers could equal. Some of her best poems which she herseif most often read are also on the record — “A Dhe” , “ Liobar” and “ Dän Grä Vietnam” amongst them.

Caitlin was a teacher by profession and she had the gift of being able to establish an instant rapport with any dass she taught, be they teenagers at school or adults at night classes, with corresponding results.

She was active in the Gaeltacht Civil Rights Movement in the late sixties and early seventies and in promoting the Gaeltacht Festival ‘‘Oireachtas na nGael” . In 1969 she founded a social club for Irish Speakers in Dublin, ‘‘An Bunnän Bui” named after the famous lainent for the Yellow Bittern. For many years it provided a special blend of traditional music, song, poetry, story-telling, discussion and debate centred on Caitlin’s talents and personality as ‘‘bean a’ ti” . To this day those evenings were talked about and the lack of such in present times lamented on. Caitlin was invoived in recent years where she lived in Tallaght near Dublin in helping in some of the most important aspects of founding and running the All- Irish primary school there and in promoting the language in the area.

When needed Caitlin could turn her talents to agitation and demonstration. She reserved her particular ire for the hypocrisy of the politicians in relation to the language and for the humbug and pretensions of seif appointed critics or pillars of the educational establishment. This was often at a cost to herseif but a cost that was never counted. It was perhaps ironic in that context that her poems have for many years been on the Leaving Certificate courses in the Republic (and have been on G.C.E. courses in the North in recent years).

Caitlin contributed over the years to Celtic League publications and one of her major poems “ A Dhe” was first published in Carn 5 with a translation into Breton (A Zoue). She visited most of the Celtic countries a number of times and made many friends to whom her death will undoubtedly come as a shock.

Caitlin leaves a 4 Vi year old son, Caomhän, who will not now inherit the full benefits of his mothers talents. Our sympathies must be extended to him, to her husband of over twelve years, Cathal Ö Luain

and to her family and friends.Caitlin gave freely of herseif while she could. She

has left us much to inspire us but a lot has departed with her.

A Star of Caitlin’s quality and intensity does not appear in the firmament very often. It is all the more tragic then to see it snuffed out so soon while still so full of potential. But the tragedy is not confined to family and friends — it is a tragedy for the Irish nation and for all Celts. For in that cemetry in Bohernabreena, in the foothills of the Dublin mountains, is laid to rest not only a remarkable talenied woman but also another sizeable segment of the distinctive culture centred on the Irish language. Suaimhneas agus sonas siorrai da hanam uasal.

C . Ö M .

The North

On April 5 last, the most recent attempt by the British Government to find a solution to the continuing problem of Northern Ireland was officially launched when the proposals of a White Paper entitled ‘‘Northern Ireland: a framework for devolution” were revealed in the Westminster Parliament by Mr. James Prior, the Northern Secretary.

The White Paper proposals had come as a result of an increasing awareness by the British that a continuance of direct ruie for an indefinite period was just not on and that the .process of ‘‘Ulsterisation” (the gradual handing over of security to the local and predominantly loyalist forces, the RUC and UDR) should be mirrored by a gradual handing over of limited powers to local politicians. it will be remembered that it was the abuse of these powers in the old Stormont assembly which led to the violent troubles which have been Britain’s number one preoccupation until her most recent misadventure in the South Atlantic.

The Prior proposals provided for the setting up of a new assembly in Belfast with control over some relatively harmless deparlments of government but with the express hope included that it would Jead to the eventual devolution of a wide ränge of powers by stages, if necessary.

Two of the papers 17 pages were devoted to acknowledging the existence of two national identities within the North. It stated that the nationalist aspiration to a united Ireland is a legitimate one if pursued by peaceful persuasion and not by violence. It was further stated that the new devolved government in the North would be able to make its own arrangements and agreements with the Republic and that assembly members. could participate in any new inter-parliamentäry tier of the Anglo-Irish inter-governmental Council.

Predictably, the two main Unionist parties, the Democratic Unionist Party of Rev. Ian Paisley and the Official Unionist Party welcomed the parts which suited them and rejected any talk of recognising an Irish dimension while the SDLP, the main representative party of the nationalist population

17

said that the plan was unworkable and expressed disappointment at the limited recognition given lo the Irish Dimension in the paper. This solo by John Hume, Leader of the SDLP, soon beeame a duet of high significance when the Taoiseach, Charles J. Haughey added his voice to the criticism and roundly condemned the new plan as “ unworkable” and mistaken. The absence of a strong commitment to an Irish dimension was singled out by the Southern government as the most serious ontission from the White Paper. Amazingly, Mr. Hume also broke with Convention by issuing a joint Statement with the Taoiseach on the subject of the Prior plan. Even though it is generally well known that Mr. Hume enjoyed a remarkably close relationship with the Leader of the South’s main Opposition party, Fine Gael, Garrett FitzGerald, he at no time during the latter’s tenure of office as Taoiseach issued a joint Statement expressing views on matters pertinent to the North with FitzGerald. Eyebrows were raised, not only in government circles but also within the SDLP Party itself where a certain body of opinion holds that it is vital to the interests of SDLP that they maintain an indepcndence of thought and action from the main Southern parties.

What had inspired a move which, although reflecting a genuine uniformily of opinion and purpose, was most untypical of the astute Hume and which would inevitably weaken his relationship with Garreit FitzGerald?

The answer seems to lurk somewhere in the Personality of Charles J. Haughey himself and in the complex set of dealings which are keeping him in power. Since his return to power, a new assertiveness has been apparent and it is thought that his own very strongly held views about the North may be dominating policy more than heretofore when the views of the leader of the Nationalist population in Lhe North tended to inform government deeisions. Besides this, a certain influence from the Independent T.D. Neil Blaney in regard to the North has already been seen as not totally unrelated to the new assertiveness of the Taoiseach.

Meanwhile in the North itself, the IRA would appear to have been very badly dantaged by the emergence of an unprcccdcnted number of informers or “ supergrasses” . Their activities have been confined to individual attacks on members of the RUC and UDR and while this may be due to their finely developed sense of timing (how many headlines could be gained while the Falklands/ Malvinas conflict continues?), there is some talk that the emphasis within the Republican movement could bc switching to politics.

It would be a cruel irony if the Provisional Republicans were to follow their former colieagues in The Workers Party into politics. They have cultivated a formidable contempt for those same former colieagues over the years because of their attacks on the IRA’s activities.

Provisional Sinn Fein have said that they will be contesting the elections for the new assembly as have the Worker’s Party. Rather ironically again, the SDLP find themselves in the Situation of having to take part in something which they have already described as unworkable or be seen as the wreckers, a role usually attributed to the IRA, the DUP or loyalist paranriilitaries.

It would appear that the British intend to push ahead with their new assembly but the most that they can hope for is yet another temporary half measure which will keep some Unionist elements happy. The real problem has not been even approached in the White Paper. Once again, the voice of only those who want the Union with Britain has been heard. The unseemly anxiety to appease the “majority” in the North has once again won the day.

When the results of the recent census are published, it will be interesting to see just how big that “ majority” is. Word is seeping out that it could contain a few surprises.

P. Mac A.

Justice or Volte FaceThat a judge of the bench of the Six Counties sat

and heard evidence in a Dublin court on 17 May 1982 eslablished a precedent that may have shocking consequences. Among its implications is an apparent endorsement of the authority of “ law and Order” as administered through an armed constabulary and Diplock courts of dubious legality. Thal apart — and such mighl, can, and doubtlessly will be justified in terms of realpolitik (“ strokes” however tend not to connect Maggie Thatchers bowling, witness the vengeance killing of Ronnie Bunting) — there is, in Irish terms, an even more distubing aspect to this “ legal” mist.

One of the ways in which the Irish expressed their revulsion from Empire, one of the ways Däii Eireann spread its acceptability and authority during the 1917-1921 War of Independence, was in the withdrawal of acceptance from just such courts, and exactly such constabulary, in the passive acceptance of our own government’s laws. Systems, courts and enforcers established (against E:nglish duress and pressure of course) on foot of the democratic verdict of the electorate in the 1918 election.

Las MalvinasAll subject and part subject nations, “colomes” or

“protectorates” must worry very deeplv at the crude outburst of English jingoistic imperalist reflexes over the islands off the Argentine shore. The implications are clear (world war will be risked by English tories and their lackevs for what they present as a matter of principle): the response now and in the future of all subject or part subject people will have to be as clear in their understanding of what is at issue — and how the English (media especially) will present it to themselves, and to the world.

There are interestingly enough more people of Irish descent in the Argentine than there are of English: indeed there are more of Cymricbackground. A major difference between the Irish and the Welsh there is the extern to which the Welsh have remained in contact with (and being contacted by) home and Welsh institutions such as the Welsh

18

Books Council: a factor consequent on the retention of Welsh. Of course most of the Welsh emigres were Welsh Speakers on arrival. It is most likely that the Irish migrants — especially the 19th Century groups organised from the north midlands — were English Speakers on arrival. And until comparatively recently they remained English Speakers, something to which their rural base in their new home (in contrast with the city base of most of the 19th Century Irish migrants to North America) and the supply of English speaking priests and brothers’ to their parishes and schools contribuied in no small way.

They had and indeed have their own iournal: the Southern Cross. Earlier in the Century when there were branches of Conradh na Gaeilge in Argentina the paper had an Irish column — aimed mostly at learners. Some came “back” as a result of the dream the Conradh engendered: Rambles in Eirinn by “Che Bueno” (William Bulfin) was the product of one such, one who was among the early supporters of Pädraig Mac Piarais’s educational experiment in Scoil Eanna.

Düring the Irish War of Independence they formed a supportive, lobbying, rallying Organisation, The Argentine Committee for Irish Freedom, and they in turn published extensively in English and Spanish on the Irish side. When Terence MacSwiney — the Cork Lord Mayor, soldier, politician and philosopher — died on hunger strike in Brixton jail in 1920 they had a commemorative medal Struck in his honour by Gothuzzo y Piana, the leading Buenos Aires medallists. And in 1949 to mark the Declaration of the Republic in Ireland the surviving members of that committee had a copy Struck in gold and presented to Ireland through the Irish ambassador at a well publicised function in Buenos Aires.

Mac Swiney was not the only Irishman in Argentina’s pantheon of heroes commemorated medalically: they so honoured Admiral William Brown from County Mayo revered by them as father of their navy, and still annually commemorated.

There was a teacher from Ireland among the people airlifted from Las Malvinas when the Argentinian forces took over — no Argentinian application for such (or any) post there would have been countenanced — but there was an earlier and a stränge Irish Connection with the isiands. One of the independent rebels in the attempted revolution in Ireland in 1798 was the enigmatic Joseph Holt. When he surrendered on negotiated terms he was transported to New South Wales, where those who saw the Australian TV series Against The Wind will recall his again enigmatic rö/e in one of the outcasts’ risings there. However, being released he was shipwrecked, as his Journals (later published edited by T. Crofton Croker) describe on the Falklands. There before eventual rescue he and his fellow flotsam built a shanty settlement out of the wreckage of the boat and Holt sportively designated same “Newtownprovidence” . Does that give Ireland too aclaim, as strong as England!? „ . . .Pädraig O Snodaigh.

ROSC: Conradh na Gaeilge’s bilingual magaine containing Information on language activities and cultural matters. Appears every (wo months. Available from 6Sräid fhearchair, Baile Ätha Cliath 2 at IR£2 for a year’s subscription.

KERNOWKernow ha’y Senedhow

TrystY fen-ny oll ow clewes adro dhe werth a Ben an

Wlas dres an mysyow us passyes. Kensa, yth esa nep dyworth Ameryca a vynnas y brena ha, mar porthaf cof yn ewn, £13A mylvyl o an prys. Pan ve clewys y fo nep estren yn perghenek noweth a’n bastel, ughel o an garmow adro dhe Gernow. Pup paper newodhow a dhuk erthyglow yn un gyny adro dhodho. “ Res porres dhe’n Kyfyans Gwlasek y brena abarth an Wlas (hon o Breten Vur Hep mar), an dhe’n Seneth Sen Stefan yn Loundres ry gweres vnweth. Byteweth, Pen an Wlas yu pastel a'n moyha bry yn Breten oll, del wor pup den. Gweleugh py lyes den a omwel ena dres an vledhen ha tylly arghans dh’y wul, hen yu neppyth y honen a goth kentrvnna tus eweres dh’y brena.” Hag yndella a resegas erthyglow y’n paperow.

Wel yn mysk an geryow colonnek-ma yn un elwel war an Kyfyans Gwlasek ha’n Seneth Sen Stefan, pyth esa AGAN senedhow yn Kernow ow cul? Seneth Penwyth mayth us Pen an Wlas, a brofyas nep gweres, mes ny vynnas senedhow randyr erel gothvos travyth yn hy hever. Fatla brederas Seneth Kernow — an seneth a dhesevyr cafos ies a Gernow hag a Gernowyon yn calon? Yth esa nebes ambosow gwan a ve stlevys gans ysyly mes pan ve compollys an ger drok-na ‘arghans’, taw a regnyas dres an chambour. Hag ena yth esen-ny, agan pastel dyr a gemmys ha bry war werth, ha kemmys ha chons a;y brena del us yn un nyja dhe’n lor! Worteweth, y fe prenys Pen an Wlas gans nep negysor rych a Loundres.

Lemmyn gwren-ny govyn orthyn agan honen, “ Pyth o cam — po gwell — pyth YU cam gans agan senedhow yn Kernow, ha kens oll Seneth Kernow y honen? Yth hevel dhym bos an guden omma an keth es del yuhy y’n broyow Keltek erel — yma re ysyly war’n senedhow-na nag yu tythyak a’n vro hy honen ha raghenna pypynak a wharfo y’ga herghyn (y’n le may trygons ha nyns yu an le yu dhedha), ny wra aga mursena na aga fokettys, ny borthons-y awher anedhy, na fors an pyth us yn colonnow an genesygyon. Mes, mar po aga negysyow aga honen mursenys, wel, hon a vya dyffrans, pup luf a wrussa tenna y’n ayr yn un assentya spenans a arghans dh’omwytha mar uskys ny alsa denvyth aga gweles muvya.

Yn un worfenna, my a vyn leverel homma dhe styrya stuth claf a ’n senedhow randyr yn Kernow yn kever taclow Kernewek. Un bagas anwlasegul a Cambron a wovynnas orth Consel Kerryer dhe drenyja an Baner Kernewek adhyworth an wern ynrak aga sothveow, dhe 5es mys Mertli — deth a’gan Sans Gwlasek, Sen Perran. Ha pyth o sewyans a ’n govenek-ma? Dre 14 vota erbyn 2, an govenek a ve sconyes! Ha’n fol coth a gomendyas an ervyrans- ma, a sevys ynban y’n cuntellyans hag omhenwel Kernewek! Hep dowt, pan dhe deth Sen Jory ha’n penbloth Myghternes Pow Saws y fyth an Baner

19

*Unyans Bretenek ow trenyja yn ughel adhyworth gwern an Consel Kerryer, ha ny vyth ethom dhe dhenvyth govyn orth an seneth dhe wul henna.

T.

Colin Lawry, new M.K. councillor in Penwifh.

Penwith District Council Elections: 6th May 1982

On Thursday 6th May Mebyon Kernow candidates contested (wo of the eight wards whieh were fouglu in the Penwith District Council elections, the wards of St. Just and Penzance Central.

In a Council dom inated by so-called “ Independent” members, this years elections were the most political ever, with the Tory and Social Democratic partys each fighting three seats, MK tw'O and Labour one. The SDP flopped to bottom of the poll in all three seats that they fought (including the St. Just seat MK fought); Labour came second, ahead of the SDP but behind the Independent retiring Councillor, in their oniy fight; the only Tory not to fail was a Councillor previously elecled as an Independent.

In St. Just was the only four-way fight, with the retiring Independent Councillor defending his seat against another Independent as well as SDP and MK candidates. The result was victory for the Independent Councillor, with Mebyon Kernow’s candidate — Town Councillor Malcolm Williams — coming a creditable second ahead of the well knowm Independent Challenger and the SDP.

The best news of election night though was from the Penzance Central count, where MK’s Colin Lawry beat the Tory candidate in a straight fight, by 566 votes to 433. Colin Lawry becomes the first nationalist on Penwith Council (and, some have said, the first socialist) at the age of 22. The victory becomes even more noteworthy because of the war- situation which the Thatcher regime has taken the British state into; Penzance Central is in the very heart of War Secretary John Nott’s constituency, and amongst other issues Colin Lawry campaigned on a unilaterialist ticket — as was shown in the campaign Slogan of “ For action on Jobs and Housing, and a Nuclear-Free Penwith” . Despite the emergence of vvhat was described as a “ red, white and blue vote” in England, the Cornish pcoplc rejected the war-mongering of the Tory party.

The new make-up of the Council: 26 “ Independent” , 4 Tory, 2 Liberal, 1 Labour and Colin Lawry for MK; is going to make the implementation of either socialist or nationalist policies an up-hill struggle, but hopefully Penwith will be opened up to some more radical politics.

Celtic CongressDespite a heated AGM that ran out of time, the

International Celtic Congress in Pensans (12-17 April) managed to pass some important proposals.

1. A Publishing group was set up with the aim of printing childrens books, in colour, in all six Celtic ianguages. Information is required from each country on age group that needs to be catered for etc. A representative is required in each country to do this. Please contact: Ite Ni Chionnaith, 62 Böthar an Dobhair, Inse Chor, Baile Atha Cliath 8. Eire.

2. An Information pool on bilingualism in children has been set up under: Dr. Eurwen Price, NFER Office, Dept. of Education, University College Swansea, Hendrefoilan, Abertane, Swansea, Cymru.

This is intended to make readily available, Information and experience gained in Cymru on this matter.

3. A booklet is to be printed to help parents who are trying to bring up their children to be bilingual.

4. The Congress re-affirmed its anti-nuclear stance.

These moves came out of a week which brought together representatives from “ Diwan” , “ Dalleth” and “ Ysgolion Meithrin” for the first time. 1t involved a wide ränge of organisations outside the Congress itself and, with enjoyable trips, concerts and ceilidhs, shows that the Celtic Congress is returning, once again, to a useful role in Inter-Celtic Cooperation.

JOHN DUDDING

“THE CORNISH NATION” , Mebyon Kernow’s Magazine. From: 11 West St., Liskeard, at 25p Each Plus Post, or £1.50 for 4 issues (Includes Post).

"AN WERYN” , Cornwall’s Independent Radical Magazine. From: 23 Basset St., Redruth at £1.20 for 4 issues (includes Post).

20

As a rnember o f the Lowender Peran Festival Committee and also ils official representative in Ireland, l write in reference to a letter front Blanche Green (Carn No. 37) in which allegations were made concer/iing both Lowender Peran and also the Cornish Pan Celtic Committee.

Despite Mrs. Green’s two paragraphs to the contrary Lowender Peran has never referred to itself as being "Kernow’s Pan Celtic Festival”. Mrs. Green has never visited Lowender Peran and it is indeed unfortunate that she didn ’t trouble herseif to contact any o f Lowender Peran’s Committee members, in order to check on the veracity o f her ’facts”, before rushing headlong into print in Carn.

Unlike Mrs. Green, I have attended every Pan Celtic Festival in Killarney since my first visit there in 1975, and, over the years, I have seen Kernow’s representation and participation in this festival grow front strength to strength. Pappland the Cornish Pan Celtic Committee fo r the dedicated hard work which they must have put in to ensuring that Kernow was consistently well represented in Killarney. As Mrs. Green coutd not be described as a regulär visitor to the Pan Celtic Festival, in recent years, I fail to undersland how she can presume to comment on what she has not seen. Her vague allegation about “a narrowing o f activities” is hardly fair comment on what the Cornish Pan Celtic Committee has achieved — credit where credit is due, Mrs. Green!

ÄINE Ul CHINNE1DE.

(A number ofletrers front Kernow in thestune vein as the above have also been received).

Lowender PeranFestival of Celtic Culture

14th - 17th Oct. 1982 Ponsmere Hotel, Perranporth

Dance Displays, Workshops, Ceilis, Wrestling, Three Choirs, Celtic Singing, Arts, Crafts

Further details from: Mrs. P. Crewes, 8 Tywarnhayle Road, Perranporth, Cornwall Telephone: Perranporth 3103

“THE CORNISH BANNER” , Cornish Nationalist Party’s magazine. From Trelispen, Oorran, Nr. St. Austell, 50p Subs. £2.50 (overseas airmaii £4.00).

COFIWN LLYWELYN YR AIL, The association COFIWN is issuing a beauliful medallion to honour the memory of Llywelyn Yr Ail, a great figure of the history of Cymru, killed in December 1282. it is a 40 mm piece figuring on one side Llywelyn on horse back in fighting pose and on the other his coat of arms surrounded by some of his titles. Available in natural bronze which has a gleam of gold, in a presentation case, £8.50, and in limited numbers in sterling silver with a numbered certificate, £35.00. P.O.s/Cheques to A. Lewis, Cartref, Arthog, Meirionnydd, Gwynedd.

MANNINCha Nel Yn Impiracht

MarrooThe dispute over the Falklands-Malvinas has

brought to the surface in England (and elsewhere) ugly manifestations of imperialism which some had assumed to be dead.

Neayr’s y traa va mee shiaght bleeaney jeig dy eash, ta mee er ve my noid jeh impiroilaghys Goaldagh (ny jeh impiroilaghys erbee). Cho leah as hoig mee dy kiart dy nee Manninagh mish, hoig mee dy row mee eginit dy yannoo caggey noi pooar erbee ta jannoo tranlaase er sleih. Ec y traa cheddin, ta mee toiggal y pooar t’ec yn impiraght foast harrish ereeghyn ny Goaidee. Chaill ny Goaidee nyn impiraght lurg daa chaggey mooar (dy firrinagh, va Sostyn goll sheese y liargagh cosoylit rish y Ghiarmaan eer roish y chied chaggey). Va ny Goaidee bunnys brisht liorish y nah chaggey. Haink ad magh ass y caggey shen as ad gennaghtyn sharroo dy liooar. As tra haink ny Giarmaanee as ny Shapaanee dy ve berchagh, va ny Goaidee ny smoo sharroo foastagh. V’ad er “choayl” yn impiraght as va ny shenn noidyn oc jannoo dy mie..

Ta ny Goaidee foast credjal dy lajer (dy follit as dy foshlit) dy vel y chooid elley jeh’n teihll fo lhiastynys daue er y fa dy hass ad nyn lomarcan noi Hitler. Ec y traa t’ayn, ta Sostyn eeit seose lesh ferg, troo as sherruid. Heil! ram sleih dy row yn chenn impiraght dy firrinagh marroo as oanluckit ec Suez ayns 1956. Ta gear-cheim ny ellanyn Falklands-Malvinas er nyeeaghyn dooin nagh vel shen kiart. Son shickyrys, ta’n impiraght hene ersooyl rish bleeantyn nish, agh ta gear-cheim ny Malvinaghyn er soilshaghey magh dy vel y pyshoon jeh’n impiroilaghys soiet dy dowin ayns Sostyn as ny cheeraghyn ta fo smaght Hostyn. Ta’n taghyrt ommidjagh shoh jeeaghyn dooin nagh vod lugh t-rei 11 Hostyn jannoo red erbee chammah as greeasaghey as gaarlaghey y cheer ry hoi caggey. Jarrood y boghtynid shen mysh “graih er shee” .

Ta’n caggey shoh jeeaghyn dooin, ny Celtiee as sleih elley ta noi’n impiroilaghys, cre cho doillee as liauyr as ta’n raad ry hooyl ain. Harrish keeadyn dy vleeantyn, ta Sostyn er ve speeideilagh ass towse. Ren ee cur ny Celtiee fo chosh as hug ee orroo gobbraghey as jannoo caggey son Sostyn. Nee Manninee, Albinee, Bretnee, Cornee (as Yernee) gra dy nee “co-obbraghey” v’ayn, dy nee red yindyssagh va’n impiraght Ghoaldagh. Agh car y traa, son y chooid smoo, va reddyn stiurit dy vishaghey y lught- reill ayns Lunnin. Cha row y lught-reill shen coontey veg jeh ny Sostnee as Celtiee (as sleih elley) va geddvn baase er nyn son. Tra va theay Hostyn as ny Celtiee caggey son yn impiraght, v’ad cooney lesh y sleih va

21

jannoo tranlaase er y theay as ny Celtiee shcn. Shen y fa dy row mee corree tra Ihaih mee red dooyrt Kiannoort Vannin mysh y flod Goaldagh as eh shiaulley gys ny Malvinaghyn. Ren eh gimraa yn aght ta ny Manninee cliaghtey goll gys y cheayn as cree cho moyrnagh as veagh ad ass shiolteyryn Manninagh sy flod shen. As va John Quilliam, y marrinagh Manninagh ayns flod Nelson, imraait echey! Nar lhig eh Jee.

Lhig dooin treishteil dy bee y gear-cheim bolvaneagh shoh harrish dy tappee. Dy jig y laa traa vees Manninee jannoo caggey son y cheer oc hene syn ynnyd jeh jannoo caggey son impiroilaghys.

BRIAN MAC STOYLL.

The Teaching of Manx Gaelic An Anomalous Situation

The struggle for llie resloration to general use of ihe Manx Gaelic language has been going on for weil over a hundred years, ever since in the mäd-19th Century some of ihe more persipienl of our people realised ihai, mainly due to our own fault plus eontinual mind-eonditioning by thc ascendancy, we had almost lost tliis pricelcss national heritage and wilh it ihe rieh heritage of folklore, music, dance and cla.ssical Gaelic legend vvhich it had cnshrined though in a mcasurc becoming more l'ragmentary with every passing year. Thanks to those pioneers, vvhom we remember with great honour, and to interest and help from scholars and patriots in the other Ccltic countries, we never did lose it completely, and the movement for its restoration and revival has continued in Ellan Vannin light on to the present day, albeit our progress has been slow indeed compared to t hat of the national language niovements in the other Celtic countries.

For many years our educalional System ignored the Manx language completely from the official standpoint although it was still the official language of Manx lavv-giving; but voluntary teachers both in our schools and outside them did good work, and patriots like Archibald Cregeen, Edmund Goodwin and .1. J. Kneen publislied dictionaries and grainmars and primers for students, and gradually the movement gained strength through classes organised by Yn Cheshaght Ghailcigli and also the teaching of Manx songs and danccs (out of normal school hours) by some patriotic teachers. Some Manx Gaelic classes were also introduced into the Manx Music Festival, which otherw i.se had nothing specifically Manx about il; and several new soeielies l'eaturing the language among their aims emerged.

All the time the light for official reeognition of Manx Gaelic in our educational system continued, and the next Step forward was its inclusion in the evening classes organised by the (then) Education Authority, now the Board of Education. Work for the restoration of the language, however, continued

to be mainty on a voluntary basis, and it is a tribute to the ever strengthening national spirit that it did so continue and niade sleady progress. It was hailed as a great achievement vvhen the language was at long last included in ihe official curriculum of the Education Board to be taught as a normal school subject, though it was still optional lor the pupils and it was left to the discretion of the Head Teacher to decide whether or not it should be taught in a school. Next came its inclusion as a subject for the O-level examination.

All this is good, but not quite good enough if w'e truly airn at the restoration of Manx Gaelic to more general use and the restoration of Manx people to the Status of a bilingual community. Nobody wants to denigrate English or any other international language; English and probablv one or more of the Continental tongues are a necessity today. But we should insist that these do not crowd oui our own andern and beautiful national language, as they liave almost done in the past. Every Manx child should have the right to learn and use that language, and in spite of the progress made to date, that is still not so, for there ha.s arisen an anomalous Situation in respect of our schools.

Elead teachers, even if favourable to the language, are in a difficult position if a requesi comes from parents, or as sometimes happens, from the child himself, for the teaching of Manx Gaelic, since there may be no teacher on the school staff capable to teach it. To my knowledge this has happened in quite a number of cases, and I feel that it is deplorable. I am aware that many — perhaps most - teachers are opposed to compulsory Manx Gaelic in school, and I agree that at the present stage of thc revival this would probably be unwisc. But I feel that the next aim of the workers for the revival, and a most important one, should be compulsory Manx Gaelic for teachers; that appointment to a Manx school should carry an Obligation to take a special course in the language with an examination in compelence to teach it, unless, of course, already qualified io do so. Unless this step is taken in the near future potential pupils and their parents will tend to become discouraged, and may eventually give up the idea altogether. I know that a number of teachers —some of them not even Manx — have already taken the trouble to learn and teach the language as far as conditions allow , and more power to them, but they nced more official support and should receive it.

And there is another aspect of the effort to make our children once more bilingual, an aspect in which we should take a lesson from the Shilling example ol our Celtic cousins in Wales, and which ouglu to be pondered deeply by young Manx patriots. This is the use of the language in the Home so that the child hears and learns to use both forms of speech from babyhood; this is something that we can do for ourselves if we will, lor it does not depend on Iegislation or the rules of a governing bodv like the Board of Education. Welsh fämilies, even when living in a big English community like Liverpool or London, see to it that Welsh is so used in the home, and Manx fämilies could do the same if they eared enough for their national heritage — and thegift so given to children will never be lost in after life.

MONA DOUGLAS.22

English Sub Sinks Irish Fishing Boat

The sinking of die Irish fishing boat Sheratgo towards ihe end of April last by an English submarine some 20 miles east of Balbriggan gives an insight into British Ministry of Defence duplicitv. Immediately alter the sinking the British Defence Ministry denied all knowledge o fth e incident, and there the matter may have rested, had not the submarine HMS Porpoisechosen Peel Bay off Man’s Western coast to recharge its batteries 48 liours prior to the incident.

The Secreiary of the Manx Brauch of the Celtic Leaguecontacted the Irish Fishermen’s Organisation in Dublin on the Monday morning after the sinking wilh details of the sigluing off Peel. He also pointed out that although it was claimed on the British media that morning that British submarines vvould not be in that area submerged, British Admiralty Chart No. 1411 showing the Irish Sea area east of the Irish coast hax clearly marked “Submarine Exercise Area” in a pari ofthe sea some 20 miles east of Balbriggan, wilh a footnote giving warning to ships.

The Ministry cover up was “blown” and they w ert eventually forced to accept responsibility.

S>C.

Monitoring the Military

pose, at this years ACM that die League seeks to monitor the increasing military activity throughout the Celtic countries. The proposal, basically, will be that one or more individuals, in each of the coun­tries, pass on Information on military developments affecting th.eir area to a central collection point vpossibly Männin as vve are suggesting ihe ideal). The object of tliis would be to allow us a more detailed perspective of pic olems created by the military which an. occurring or likely to occur in the future.

Mannin branch has for several years campaigned against the use of our territory for military exercises and bases, we are in fact activc in this respect at the moment. The resull of our anti-militarist activities has been quite rewarding, from being considered an object of ridicule several years ago we liavc now reached a stagc where each new move by the military has first to be procecded by an expensive public rela- lions exercises. Complaints once “ brushed under the carpel“ are now treated more seriously, though still wilh an underlying evasheness.

An inter-Celtic aspect to the carnpaign has always been paramount, we initiated our action following a particularly horrendous incident in North-East Ireland when a young child was gunned down by British troops in an as yet unexplained incident. The inter-Celtic dimension has held over the years and in April ol this year we were able to help the Irish Fishermens Organisation wilh Information as to the possible identity of the submarine involved in the sinking of the Irish fishing vessel “Sheralga” . The U.K. Ministry of Defence after an initial denial con- ceeded that it was, as we had stated in our informa- tion to the I.F.O., a British submarine.

The General-Secreiary will have circnlated all branches with die basic outline of our idea prior to die A.G.M. at which we will elaborate it. Hopefully all branches will eonsider our proposal carefully before arriving at a decision. We appreeiate that there are Problems involved in initiating this action — when we commeneed our carnpaign in 1976 there were many difficulties to overcome and a great deal of Opposition all of which vvith perseverance we over- came.

The posilion today in the Celtic countries is for the most pari not as dismal as the mid-seventies. Celtic culture and politics whilst not exactly enjoying a “ Renaissance” are certainly in better health? Numerous recent examples come to mind — Political success for Sinn Fein in Eire, language success in Cymru (S4C), the successful Diwan Programme in Breizh, and many others. The “ black-spot” to all this containmem/success in our various programmes is the continuing military build up in all of the Celtic countries. Bombing langes in Mann, NATO bases in Alba, vast areas of Cymru annually occupied for military exercises and finally the continuing occupa- tion of N.E. Ireland. We as branches of the Celtic League are in business to promote eventual social, poliiical and cultural co-operation betvveeri indepen­dent Celtic States. Our objectives have no place vvithin this framework for ihe military forces of France, the United Kingdom or any other outside power.

J. B. MOFFATT,Secreiary Mannin Branch.

The Mannin brauch of the Celtic League will pro­23

TwinningApril saw two further links forged between

Kernow and Breizh with the twinning of Penzance and Concarneau and St. Ives and Camaret.

A party of about forty from Concarneau visited Penzance during the last few days of the International Celtic Congress to cement the alliance between the two towns. The charter, written in all four languages (Cornish, Breton, English and French), was signed by the two mayors on 16th April in Penzance and will bc signed in Concarneau when the Penzance delegation makes a return visit in August. After the ceremony, many of the delegates attended the special proclamation of the Gorseth, arranged to coincide with the Celtic Congress, where, in his speech, the Grand Bard made special menlion of the links, both ancient and modern, between Cornwall and Brittany. ln theevening, the delegation was entertained with a visit to the International Concert, organised by the Celtic Congress.

The following day saw the signing, in St. Ives, of the charter linking the town to Camaret. These two towns have been close for many years and have fishing lies Stretching back to the last Century. After a day spent escorting their Breton visitors around Penwith, the St. Ives delegation returned with them to the Guildhall, where the ceremony of signing the charter took place amidst a plethora of Cornish and Breton flags. The Presidents of each Association spoke of the links between the two Celtic countries, emphasised by the fact that the charter was prepared in the Breton and Cornish languages, as well as in English and French. A buffet and dance completed the ceremony.

At the beginning of May, a return visit was made to Camaret by the St. Ives Association, about forty of whom were present for the impressive signing ceremony outside the Mairie, watched by many townspeople and with the Cercle des Bruyeres in attendance. The Cornish visitors were entertained royally throughout the weekend by their hosts and were given the chance to learn a lot about the town and its region.

STATE OF THE PARTIESIn an interesting exercise promoted by An Comunn

Gaidhealach, a document was published showing how each of the political parties in Scotland looked on Gaelic. In summary:

Conservative: Increased Radio Highland Gaelic output while safeguarding interests of non-Gaelic listeners; 100% Government funds for extra costs of teaching and use of Gaelic in schools where demand exists; agree to An Comunn’s present application for more promotion funds.

Labour: Funds for educational initiatives on the lines of the Bilingual Project in the Western Isles; in­creased output in Gaelic broadcasting; sympathetic hearing for An Comunn’s application for more pro­motion funds.

Liberal: Agree to set up a Gaelic Language Council to foster Gaelic generally; increased output in Gaelic broadcasting; increased funds to Gaelic bodies such as An Comunn.

Scottish National Party: The SNP has recently published a comprehensive policy document on Gaelic emphasising the need for recognition of Gaelic as one of our country’s official languages and listing education, local governnient, civil Service, the inedia, the arts, commerce, etc. as areas in which Gaelic should be helped to develop.

CENCRASTUS: A magazine of Scottish and International Literature, Arts and Affairs, 5 Buccleuch Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9LW, Scotland. UK and Eire $3, Europe $5, N. America (Air Mail) $7 — for 4 issues.

• Breton engineer, 29 years old, married, two little children, is looking for correspondents in other Celtic countries with equivalent profession, age and family Situation. Write to Luc Bernicot, La Gilberdiere, Villeveque, 49140 Seiches-sur-le-Loir, France.

M em bership and S u bscrip tionsAll who agree w ith the Constitution and aim s o f the C e ltic League are e lig ib le fo r m em bership The m em bership fee (en titlin g tö CARN) and the subscrip tion rates are IRE4 (Ireland), Stl$4 (Britair»), 45 FF (Continenta! Europe) and $12 (US) (non-European countries — air mail). For In form ation about the C e ltic League. app llca tions for membership. subscrip tion, w rite to any o f the fo llow ing C.L. (honorary!) Secretaries:

Alba: Mrs. Mairi Denovan, 9 Dalaleish Rd., Dundee DD4 7JN.Cymru: T. Ifo r W illiam s. 2 Ty'n Pwll, Rhostrehw ta LL77 7AZ Llangefni, GwyneddBreizh: Jorj ab Herve Gwegen, Kerberenes. 29260 Lesneven (S ubscrip tions to CCP G. Gueguen 2 204 24N

Rennes).Eire: Mäire Bhreathnach. 58. Br. an Bhainbh, Cabrach, Ba ile A tha C lia th 7.Kernow: Jenefer Lowe, Boundy's House, Lower Lelant, S t Ives M annin: Bernard M o ffa tt. 24 St. Germ ain’s Place. Peel.London: Tomas Ö Ciara/Carey. 18 Isma.’ia Road, Forest Gate. London E7 9PH.U.S.A.: M adeleine Mawgan Tokach. P.O. Box 322. Rego Park. NY 11374.

G eneral Secretary: Alan H eusauff. 9 Br. Cnoc S ion. Drom chonrach. Ä th C lia th 9.

Help to seil CARN at gatherings. o r by findm g booksellers to s tock it (20% retail a llowance w ith sale or return) or by advertis ing it in na tiona l periodicals. A rtic les fo r CARN should be tidIJy typed or easily read by Printers, w ith double spacing; keep carbon copy; endeavour to express ideas clearly, th ink o f readers not fam iliä r w ith English or w ith the con tex t o f events referred to: Support argum ents w ith facts. be precise. Send us reports, letters, cu ttin g s of m terest. Pub lica tion o f a rtic les of general C e ltic in terest cou ld be delayed to give precedence to a rtic les on current events.

Requests tor In form ation w ill be dea lt w ith only If SAEs or In ternationa l Reply Coupons are enclosed and if reply needs re lative ly lit t le time.

CARN is pub lished by the C e ltic League. 9 Br. Cnoc Sion, Drom chonrach, Ath C lia th 9. The Editor is Cathal O Luam, 33 Br. Bancroft, Tam hlacht. Co. A tha C liath. C o ntribu tions shou ld oe sent to him . Views expressed by contributors. where d iverg ing too much from the general C e ltic League policies, should be signed by their authors. Use of the m aterial in CARN is granted free provided the source is acknowledged in which case ind ica tion of o u r address would be greatly appreciated.

39 Autumn 1982 50p

UPENING THE BRETON LANGUAÜE FE STIV A L IN GWENGAMP

F n o t o : e o u r t e s y E v i d a r B r e z h o n e g

THE QUARTER LY PERIOD1CAL OF THE CELTIC LEAGUE

IN ENGLISH & CELTIC LANG UAG ES

Page 2 CARN 39

albaTruagh an diugh is buadhmor am maireach"A d h ' a i n d e o i n g a c h i o n n s a i g h

a t h u g a d h l e narr.h A c h o i r i c h e a n p r i s e i l a

s p u i n n e a d h o ' n G l i h i d h e a l C h a l a s a i c h e ' c h a o i d h g u s am

f a i g h e a ' b h u a i d h T h a r g a c h m i - r u i n i s e u c o i v a

d h ' f h o a d a s a r u a i g .

A C h l a n n a n a n G a i d h e a l , b i t h i b h s e a s m h a c h i s d l u t h

FH- g u a i l l i - b h a c h e i l e a ' c o s n a d h g a c h c l i t i - i

0 s e a s a i b h g u g a i s g e i l r i c a n a i n u r g r a i d h

' S n a t r e i g i b h a ' G h h i d h l i g a n i s n o g u b r a t h . "

Tha f i o s a g a in n gum bu na f a c a i l s eo c a r a n beag lom do f h e a d h a i n n . T h e i r i a d , "0 ,

Tha c o r r a i r d e i c h b l i a d h n a f i c h e a d bho t h a i n i g raise gu r u i g e b a i l t e a n beaga A la n a i s ag u s I n b h i r G b rd a in ag u s cha robh f o r a i r G a i d h l i g an n s na l a i t h e a n s i n . B 'ann bho th u g o b a i r na h - o l a ag u s am BA co throm c o s n a i d h do luchd o b r a i c h a s g ach c e a r n d e 'n r i o g h a c h d a c h r u i n t i i c h G a id h e i l ag u s E i l e a n a i c h a s h i r e a d h am b e b - s h l a i n t . 'S e s i n a d h ' f h a g deagh ä i r e a m h a i g an ro b h a ' G h a id h l i g mar c h i a d c h a i n n t , an d iu g h l e ' n t e a g h l a i c h e a n ann an R ois an E a r .

B 'an n an A la n a i s gu h - a r a i d h a a d h u i s g g l u a s a d am raeasg p h b r a n t a n a i r i a r r a t a s foghlum G a id h l i g a s t e i d h e a c h a d h ann an s g o i l t e a n na s g l r e , agus ' s e gun s h o i r b h i c h l e o t h a s a n a b ' a o b h a r m ise t i l l e a d h a i r a i s o c h io n n s u a s r i t r i b l i a d h n a mar f h e a r - t e a g a i s g ann an Ard S g o i l A l a n a i s . A t h u i l l e a d h a i r an Ard S g o i l t h a t r i bun s g o i l t e a n an n s a ' b h a i l e , an a i t e an aon a b h 'a n n r e nan g i n e a l a c h a d h ' f h a l b h . Tha s e o f h e i n a t o i r t

f i a n u i s a i r mar a m heudaich a iream h an t - s l u a i g h . Tha m ise a f r i t h e a l a d h nam bun s g o i l t e a n an n s a ' b h a i l e a g u s s g o i l t e a n Ard R ois ag u s C h i l i T ig h e a r n a .Le s i n a t h u i l l e a d h a i r an Ard S g o i l t h a mu dha cheud s g o i l e i r a ’ f a i g h i n n b eagan t e a g a s g G h a id h l ig gach s e a c h d a in n a r e i r

s e i n n i d h s i n n an t - b r a n s e o gun s g u i r a i g modan ag u s a i g c e i l i d h e a n . "

Ged a th a an dan s e o , d 'am b 'a in m "Suas l e i s a ' G h b id h l ig " na o r a n t l a c h d m h o r i o n m h o l t a , chan e i l ann ach s p i o r a d na n ao i th eam h l i n n e deug n u a i r a bha an lo m p a i r e a c h d a s mo san t - s a o g h a i l a i g S a su n n . L e is a s i n , 1sna l b i t h e a n ud cha b ' u r r a i n n d ' a r s i n n s e a r a h ach a g h l e i d h e a d h ag u s a d h lo n ad h na c h a n a in A lb an n ach .

Ach, an d iu g h , t h a d i f i r mor a n n . C h a i l l Sasunn an lo m p a i r e a c h d a i c e ag u s chan e i l a i c e ach c r io m ag an beaga ag u s i a d u i l e gu l e i r a i r am b ag rad h

dhomh.

Chaidh meur d e ' n Chomunn G h l id h e a l a c h a s t e id h e a c h a d h ag u s t h a s e o ' na f h l o r c h u l - t a i c e a t h a o b h fb g h lu m . B 'e an Comunn ag u s i a r r a t a s nam p b r a n t a n a c h u i d i c h s i n n gu t a g r a d h a dheanamh r i Roinn na G a id h e a l t a c h d a i r son t i d s e a r bhun s g o i l t e a n a m hain a s h u i s h e a c h a d h ' s an s g i r e . 'S math a b ' f h i a c h a r s a o t h a i r o i r t h a e a ' t o i r t t o i l e a c h a s i n n t i n n n ach beag dhomhsa in n s e a d h d h u ib h gum b i c a i l e a g og a s Na H earadh a ' t e a g a s g na G h a id h l ig a i r f e a d h bun s g o i l t e a n A la n a i s ag u s I n b h i r G o rd a in aon u a i r ag u s gun t e i d a i c e a i r p o sad h ag u s na l a i t h e a n s a o r a f h a i g h i n n s e a c h a d .

Calum Mac.Le.od La the Gae.dc. teacheA a t AlneAA Academy, Roaa- Ahlae. Hejie. he outtlneA how Gaeilc edu.catc.on ca beeng n.e- btu.it tkaough tocat demand ln an anea ob tke HlghiancLi whlch lo&t a lange paJit i tc Gaeilc ipeaklng populatlon befioae 1850.

With th e new Infilux. ofc Highland people to uionk l n th e heavy In d - u A tn le i ob tagten. Ro a i ln c e 1965, a G aeilc a e v lv a i , whlch ca demandlng pnlmany and iecondany educatlon ln th e A ub jec t and oh- gancAlng pne-Achool ptaygaoupA, I a Ahowlng paomlAe ob a. new leoAe ob i l b e boh th e language ln th e afiea.

l e d u th e h a n n a n e i l e mar G i b r a l ­t a r , Hong Cong ag u s E i l e a n a n sa Chuan S i a r [ A t l a n t i c . ] rau Dheas agus a i t e a n e i l e mar s i n .

Ach g ed a t h a Sasunn n as l a i g e , t h a c a i r d e a n co m asa ich a i g a ' B h e u r la a n d iu g h n ach ro b h r iam h an n , gu h - a r a i d h TV ag u s na h - o r a i n f u a d a i n Cno ' p o p ' ] l e c h e i l e ' s a B h e u r la .

Tha f i o s a g a in n gum b h e i l an fh e a d h a in n ag g e a r a i n gu s e a r b h b h o 'n a t h a an TV ' s a B h e u r la agus na h - o r a i n f u a d a i n [pop]' s a B h e u r la a ' g l a c a d h f e a d h a i n n oga ag u s l e i s a s i n t h a an o i g r i d h s i n a ' t r e i g s i n n na G a id h l i g a i r son na B e u r l a . Gun teagam h t h a l u c h d - g e a r a i n c e a r t gu l e b l r , bu mhor am b eud . Ach, an a i t e a b h i fo b h ro n , b ' f h e a r r l e i n n an cflon f a r am b h e i l s i n n a ' t o i r t i o n n s a i g h .

A r e i r a n t - s e a n f h a c a i l :"N a s i r i s n a s e a e n a i n a n c a t - h ! " a g u s , gun teag am h , i s mSr an c a t h a t h ' a n n . Chan e i l moran d h u th eh an n a n an n s an Roinn Eorpa cho c h r u a i d h - c h a s a c h r i u n n a th a o b h na c a n a i n a g a i n n .

'S a ch eu d a i t e , t h a na S a s u n n a i c h ag u s na c a i r d e a n aca ann an Alba ag c u m a i l a mach n ach e i l e b n a in a g a in n i d i r ! Feadh nan l i n n t e a n , f a i s g a i r m l le b l i a d h n a bo 1070 , n u a i r a phos a r r i g h G a id h l i g d 'am b 'a in m Calum Ceann Mor ag u s n ig h e a n a i g P r io n n s a E id e a r d d l u t h - c h a i r d e a c h d o 'n r i g h S asu n n ach r i s an a b r a r M a i re a ra d nam M a l la c h d . Bha i s e a g c u m a i l a mach n ach ro b h a ' c h a n a in A lbannach a c h na c a i n n t ch o im h each , ged a bha a h - u i l e mac m a th a r ga b r u i d h i n n f e a d h na h - A lb a i n n a i g an am s i n ! B h o 'n am s e o bha R i a g h a l t a s na h - A lb a i n n fo smachd lu c h d na B e u r l a !

Ged a t h a , g u s a n s i a th a m h l i n n d e u g , n u a i r a bha d a o in e a ' b r u i d h i n n ' s a B h e u r la , a b ra d h i a d " S c o t s " ag c i a l l a c h a d h na G a id h l i g ag u s " I n g l i s " ag c i a l l a c h a d h na B e u r l a .

A d h ' a i n d e o i n s i n , c h u r G abhain D ubhgh las an c e i l l gun ro b h " S c o t s " ag c i a l l a c h a d h na B e u r la G a l ld a an n an 1525 ged a bha an t - a i n m " G a i d h l i g " o i r r e ag u s ged a bha a ' mhor c h u id nan

Gaidhlig ann an Rois an EarLe Calum MacLebid. ' s mar a c h e a d a i c h e a s an t i d e

GARN 39 P a g e 3

Albannach a ' b r u i d h i n n na G a id h l ig f h a t h a s t !

L e is a s i n , t h a s i n n a ' t u i g s i n n gum b h e i l e f e u r a a i l f a o t a i n n R i a g h a l t a s A lbannach cho d e i d h e i l r i c u r na G a id h l i g a g a in n an a i t e ne B e u r la f e a d h na h -A lb a in n g u l e i r r i s an R i a g h a l t a s I s r a e l e a c h n u a i r a c h o i s i n n I s r a e l a s a o r s a a i r 15mh d e 'n Mhaigh 19*18. Chur i a d Eabhra ann an k i t e na B e u r la f e a d h na h - I s r a e l gu l e i r .

B i t h id h R i a g h a l t a s ag u s Co- t h i o n a i l no P a r l a m a id A lbannach an n s an Seann Ard S g o i l DunEideann a t h a a ' f e i th e a m h fa lam h r i s a s i n . Feumaidh s i n n b h i c i n n t e a c h nach d i u l t an R i a g h a l t a s s i n an d l e a s d a n a s a i g e .

Ged a t h a na S a s u n n a ic h ag rä d h daonnan nach e i l Achdan P a r lam a id e i f e a e h d a c h a th o a b h a t h - a i s e a g a g u s ag u s a t h - b h eo th ac h ad h n a c a n a i n ; r i n n ia d s i n , t a i n g d o ' n Achd 13*19 a c a a r i n n a ' B b e u r la an aon mheadhoin t h e a g a i s g ' s n a s g o i l t e a n f e a d h S asunn gu l £ i r ag u s an Achd 1362 a c h u r a 1 B h e u r la an a i t e na F r a i n g i s ann an C u i r t e a n na Lagh ag u s ' s a P h a r la m a id S h a s u n n a ic h i f h e i n . Agus nach ro b h Achd an Fhoghluim 1872 a c a uam hasach s g r i o s a i l do na s g o i l t e a n a g a in n ?

Tha a h - u i l e r l o g h a c h d gu h - a r a i d h tebm a a t h a o b h nan t a l a n t a n a c a a g u s t h a Sasunn uamhasach a i n m e i l a t h a o b h cogadh nam f a c a l , mar e i s i m p l e i r cogadh nam f a c a l a c a an a g h a id h na c a n a i n A ln a n n a lc h .

Seo a g a ib h na b a r a i l e a n a c h u r i a d :" A l b a n n a i c h , d i . - c h u i m l m i . c h g u m b h e i l a b .n a .in A l b a n n a c h a g a d — " NO ^" C h a n e i l c a n a i n a g a d a c h a ' B h e u r l a , n o s e o r s a d h e B h e u r l a a - m h a i n . . . "" A i r a n a o b h a r s i n , n a b r u i d h i n n n a s g r i - o b h a g u s n a l e u g h a c h a ' B h e u r l a . . . "

Feumaidh s i n n c u i r an a g h a id h cogadh nam f a c a l s e o . Feumaidh s i n n a b h ro s n a c h a d h nan G o i l l l e i s an f h i r i n n ' s a B h e u r la g us an t u i g i a d a ' G h a id h l i g , ag r a d h :"A d h ' a i n d e o i n g a c h c r u a i d h - c h a s a g u s g a c h g e u r - l e a n m h a i n n a r i n n M a i r e a r a d nam. M a l l a c h d a g u s a h - u i l e d r o c h n e a c h m a r s i n ,

b h o ' n 'am s i n , i s b e b a r c a n a i n A l b a n n a c h £ . . . c h a n u r r a i n n d h u t b h i n a d f m a r - A l b a n n a c h m u r e i l a r c a n a i n A l b a n n a c h a g a d , n o m a r i s c o i r d h a i b h a t h e i r e a d h ' s a B h e u r l a " S c o t t i s h " . Am b h e i l n e a c h s a m b i t h n a f h i o r - P h o l a c h a i g n a c h e i l a ' P h b i l e i s ? D e s e o r s a G h r e u g a i c h a t h ' a n n a s e u g m h a i d n a G r e u g a i s ? "

Ged a c h e a n n s a i e h na Normanaich S asun ann an 1066 a g u s c h u i r i a d an F h r a i n g i s a i r S asunn an s i n , th o g na S a s u n n a i c h s g o i l t e a n f a r an ro b h i a d a ' t e a g a i s g t r i d na B e u r la ag u s b h r o s n a i c h i a d na S a s u n n a i c h a th a o b h na B e u r la anns an t r e a s l i n n deug ag u s mar s i n c h o i s i n n i a d an a g h a id h na F r a i n g i s ' s a c h e i t h i r l i n n d e u g , mar a c h u n n a ic s i n n .

An a t h - b h l i a d h n a b i S äb h a l Mor O s ta i g (an n s an E i l e a n S g i a t h a n a c h ) a ' t e a g a i s g o i l e a n n a i c h an l a g h ag u s na m a l a i r t [commerce] t r l d na G l i d h l i g , a c h chan u r r a i n n d h u in n a t i a i l a g h a b h a i l gus am b i a h - u i l e c o l a i s t e i s o i l t h i g h f e a d h na h -A lb a in n gu l e i r a ' t e a g a i s g a h - u i l e c u s p a i r t r l d na G a i d h l i g mar an c e u d n a .

Tha o b a i r gu l e ö i r a g a i n n r i dheanamh f h a t h a s t gus a bh i na B u i l l P a r la m a id an n s an Seann Ard S g o i l DunEideann a ' b r u i d h i n n ' s a G h a id h l i g a -m h a in ag u s ag o rd u c h a d h na G ä id h l i g mar an ao n m headhoin t h e a g a i s g an n s g ach s g o i l , i s g ach c o l a i s t e i s g ach o i l t h i g h fead h na h - A lb a in n gu l e i r . Mar an ceu d n a b i c a n a i n na h -A lb a in n a ' d o l am f e o b h a s n u a i r a b h io s na G o i l l ag e a d a r - th e a t ig ach ad h a h - u i l e c a i l a c a d o 'n G h k id h l ig a c h u m a i l nan s u i p e a r Burns ' s a G h a id h l ig !

D h 'o b r a i c h na S a s u n n a i c h gu d i c h e a l l a c h a th a o b h na c a n a in a c a s a n c h e i t h i r l i n n d eug ; mar an ceu d n a r i n n n a h - I o s r a l a i c h s a n fh ic h e a d a m h l i n n a t h a o b h na h - E a b h r a - Bha i a d l e c h e i l e buadhmhor. I s u r r a i n n d h u in n deanamh an aon ru d a th a o b h na c a n a i n A lb a n n a ic h .

G i l l e a s b u i g MacMhuirlch

An anaZy^lb ofi the pobltlon the Seattle h language ln the Light 0(5 blmltan. d l ^ l c u t t l u ia^e/ied by the EngZobh and He.bn.ew languaget ln the poubt.

On the Gaelic frontl e P r a n g l. .acThom ais

The t r i a l o f G a e l i c a e t i v i s t l a i n T a y l o r , f o r m e r l y J i r e c t o r o f öabha .l . o r O s t a i g f o r a l l e g e d l y d e f a c i n g r o a d s i g n s i n J k y e w as e v e n t u a l l y d i s m i s s e d or. t e c h r i c a l g r o u n d s . One c o n g r a t u l a t e s I r . "’a y l o r on b i s c o m m i t tm e n t t o h i s e s r .o u se t l 1 an*oiage , G..e 1 i c , anc f o - ram m in g home t h e f a c t t h a t G ° l i c s t i l l h a s a l o n g , l o n g way t o g o b " f o r e i t b^co m es t r u l j r p> .r t an<‘ >v<rcel o f ‘ h<5 S c o t t i s h s o e n e . "’h e h « x t a n p e a r a n c e o f ; a e l i c i n a G c o t t i s h Court, o f lew m u s t h - i t ’n n a t i v e C a e l i e S p e a k e r s s a y , r o f u s i n g t o pay t.. e i r TV l i c e n c e . i t h t h e i r C la im f o r G a e l i c a s t h e i r f i r s t an:: n a t i v e l a n g u a g e , t r e y s h o u l d b‘» a c l o t o c l e a r u p on t h i s00 i n t .

T h e Gael i c o t u d y . , r o u p o f t h e1 ro-'-rica:: l . i r g C o u n c i l f o r o c o t . l a n d r e o e n t l y o n b l i s h e d i ^ s f i n d i n r s . The G roup s u g g e a t s , i r t e r a l i a , t h a t t h e BBO's o u tp u t , o f G a e l i c r a d i o '■r ofr' r a m s s s h o u l d be d e ’. b l e d o v e r t h e n e x t f i v e y e a r s t o at, l e a s t }(! h o u r s a w e o k . T h i s s l i o u l d be a c d o m p a n ;e d by a s t .ea.dy e x r a n s i o n in G a e l I c TV p r o g r a n m e s an d a Programme o f i n c r e a s e i C a p i t a l and revenu t» s p e n d i .n g on G a e l i c l a r v u a g e b r o a d c a u t i n g . f o r t h e f u ' u r e . The C ro u p a l s o s a i d t h a t ' The 330 s h o u l d a f f i r m t h e i r c o m n i t tm e .o t to th e c o n t i r . u a t i o n and e n r i c h - m ent o f h r o a d a a s t in g ir.O .-o l i c by l?:!G S c o t l a n d a s a m i t t e r o f pr i n c i n l e . "

l e r h a p s nome h o p e f o r t h e f o t u r e o f G -.-l i c b r o a d c a s t i n g may l i a in t h e f a c t t h a t th e new BBC l - ' n t r o l l e r , r ' ' i l n e , i s a C .- .e l ic S p e a k e r , oho l e ä r i i e d t h ° l a n g u a g e manjr ; e i.rs a . -o . I f n o t h i n ; ’ e l d e , t h e 1 e an b e a s s u r e do" u s y - i x t h e t i c h e a r i n g .Tut « b e i h e r r . i l n e c a n a s s a i l t ' r e b n lk o f t.be dBO's b n r e a u o . r a t ic s t r n c t u r e i s a "0 h e r m a t t e r . I t w i l l be d m a t t e r o f v / a i t i n g t u s e e .

'be b a t t o n a l . od o r' Ar. Oomunn i; to ne h o id .in k o v a d c o t i a ln l ’d " ; . .h i l . e *-bs a T g u n e n t r a g e s a s t o w h e i h e r t h i s i s * th e ' • i . ' r t +.h i n g t o d o , i t

( C o n t in u e d o v e r i e a f )

Page 4 CARN 39

Ifroni page j )

mpp”!3 t n h'i t + •i“ s t f t i n gro -r* nn? v ° 'vr t o a

r .r* *. •» V •».v ; C ” v rtnh* 1 •: .0 i* - d i ] t u r ' x l - ir .d1 r' : 1 • 1 p f ; ' v/ i •;) p1 i*vi, i -r i . r * 1 ii'. • i on#iTV'» rn CO, •. i *. \ n ' ‘ •. J-.arilf iC t . ' *'11 -* «v r »■-nt r»'!V. in

* •.* ir.Ve' t ’i•• r*1; i<: i * *r i n »io o»: !»• ’jOVi..C : t Vi . (*:»«r- ; y . r t \ n i-«/r

r .r t r ■ firi.-t fu ; \V. • r 1 ^ w i 1 :ir*ori n , * «v :« n o ^ e -t* i - r > 1<-r ■ r r f-• ■■■. ' " = *■ i : j *t

• f . •• h t . - . r t i r r i . r ;;•.V nf. .*<» r •; i ** ■ •+ ' •* i n ■» v r t o

> v, , ^ ,; ■1 rv . f - •t] o»!In .><:o< in i .

■ »VOJV'!'' \S i\ixyw i ! ' soon : r r i v o •y-inri

• t i l l ' Oei » i l l MaV“ f,o-' i ' ■ t r u c t u r e ho t i m t

C' ii r:: /. i 1 r o t have t o :;i end. • 'i'lO: t 1 iv- . e n e r g y nn

f u n d - r a i s i n g . „iaybe An Gomunn l i a i f l h e a l ach. , t n e R a t i o n a l l.loa s - m s o r i n y Sony, s r o u l r i l o o k u t ways ?.nd x e a n s t o 1 e l p c p o i r s in th® f i n a n e i a l s i n e o f t> e i r a t t e r v b a n c e . ( . f t e n o h i i I r e n ' s c o n i r s arv.: sc .nool c r o i r : . • ave t o d r o r o u t o f t h e

ori : i:-i■ 1 y o p eau n e o f t h e“ x r e n s X i. j j i n v o lv e ä • An .'omunr.■ i y 1 V-» t *> 1 o o V ■ i S y s temo f i n d n - f i t r ?r i l ar.r! 0 0 mmerc i a l• ?; o n a o ts ’.v r: o •/; v , } . • j n e r h a r s

i a c !’ « i r . i • ;0 •j i t c h a' V.' r Inv- t v r> c ; ' i r s

r t i / i r e . ] n n f i i r j p r 1:n f i ' t h e J i n a n -.•i-U 3 o r t vv i in t l e .v i: ' t« :ld-f • : • ': -*rfJ t p ’ ;C •. y « i r t r H'y-tr t ,i~ lc rt r n p T. « ’jnir* f 1 u n irs t t or s t i p ii* T •: •- o c 1 ." n u r t of a c e . - :.v r. •r o f t u e );r>avjn o rd e n 0 i : r« 3 ■•-.ireii ryc h o r a l f;r -)»i •>s *

a y I • t . r p r a o r a 1 t r i b u t et o O ai t j n f j r i e , v; - o ef a s s i n « ho. n c m a t e d s i c h a m p . To t'.n.'se o f •;.? who h ad t h e r r i v i l e g e o f b e i n « i n h e r

Government sinks smelter:,o i ru y ° r f r u n d f o r t u “1 ? y*vir n id a l u m i n i u n s m e l t e r at, l u v e •-, orcion w1’ i c h wan c l o s e d l a s t , p o n h e r a f t e rt .h r e e m o n th s de b ä t e wi th th e omrners, B r i t i s h » lu t i i n iu s n . A u u o u n o in g t h e t o t a l f a i l o r e o f t •» so o o n d o f th e t o n f i v e r i f h l a n d i n d u s t r i a l b o n c e r n s t o f o l d in two y e a r n , J e c r e - tn r .v o f - j t . i t e f n r . Icot, 1 and , G e o rg e Y oungyr üU" sa .M on 2 " t l : Jo l.v, t h . i t thr> w o r ld slutmp had h i t h i n e f f o r t s t o o o r t i n u e R -n s l t in .1’.' w i t h a new -lo.v-^r oe,a 1 w o r th Cki*>« o v e r f i v e y ° t r : - , . ,'h i t !r Y oungerd id not. H dm it t o t h e H ause o f dom:n.ins and th e r e d u n d a n t work f e r o p j,, . a s t e r Tonsw i r t h » c r o s s m i s c a l c u l a t i o n o f : i s l o o t . t i s h O f f i c e in l ' a i l i n r v> r o v e r t h e f a o t o r y an n,-.r t o f th e f i n a n ­c ia l . S e t t l e m e n t w i t h ei, in .p ee rrh e - j p ^ i .

Th» s o n r t a s t e o f s h a t t e r e d 'n o ie s an l t. g lo o m y O u t lo o k f o r l a r g o f i . - u l au 1 c o n o e r - s w f io h r e l y >n a w o r ld m a r k e t f o ” ' •'CTi r b u s i n e s s was u n d e r - 1 in**** ty d o u b t s e x ~ ’"p;'o e d o v e r t- e .'ov'n v i r f > *-t ^ -’1 in s f o r t e J o u n r e a v . - .x re r im en « -^ y - i s t P r e o d e r o a c t o r * .h ich su p p ? i e s .«o mar.v j o b s i n i j a i t ’n n e s s , t;v,p o n d i r . ' o f o i l c o r . n t r u c t , i o n w ork on t r e J u l l o m V o e , ,dp 11 a n d , t a n k f a r r t s ano ur .ee * a i.r. ty

o ve r n°w O rd e rs f o r o i l r i g s t o open ur> new f . i e ld s a ro un d d c o t l a n i i ' s d o r t h and „ e s t .■Cven ft e t e m p o r a r y exporfc o f t i m b e r to fo rw ay 'v h ie h h e l p e d r.o c u s h i o n th « t im b e y y r o w in g I n d u s t r y f r o r t tu e l o s » o f t h e l o c h a b e r p u l e m i ld i a now a t a s t a n d s t i l l w i t h r e c e s s i o n i n t h e N o rw eg ian m i l l i n g b u s i n e s s .

The G o v e rn m en t h a s p r o m is e d an e n t e r o r i s “ zo n e f o r I n v o r g o r d o n a s n a r t o f i t s j h i l o s o p h y t o e n c o u r a g e new j o b s t u t t h e c o n c e p t i s in i t s i n f a n c y and f a l l s f a r s h o r t o f t n e d u t y - f r e e s e t u p a r o u n d d h a n n o n A i r n o r t , d i r e . . j c o t t i s h H ig h la n d h i s t o r y sh o w s t h a t a o o n c e . n t r a t i.on on e x p o r t l e d j o b s h a s b r o u g h t i n s t a b i l i t y , e m i g r a t i o n ar.f . l e n e n d e n o e on O u t s i d e r s w i t h o u t r e a l • ' r o g r e s s t,o b u i l d m odern s e i f s u f f i c i e n t j o b s t o s e r v e l o c a l m a r k e t s . . • i t h o u t . i c o t s s e i f - c o v e r n m e n t and p o s i t i v e I n t e r v e n t i o n by g o v e rn m e n t e n t e r p r i s e t o er .c— o u r a g e su ch t r e n d s t h e h o p e s o f c n l t u r a l r e g e n e r a t i o n f o r th e G i e l t a c h t w i l l f o u n u o r i n a r . o t h p r o a n i t a l i s t l e d a s s a u l t t o o .it o u r r e s o u r c e s f o r o u i c k p - o f i t s .

Hob G ib s o n .

Company, sh e was a s o u r c e o f ln.3t.ing- i n s r - i r a t i o n . I f u n e ’ s c c e - i t t m e n t t e n d e d t o f l a g , h e r e x a m n le was a lw a y s a b o o s t t o c a r r y on w h a t e v e r a s p e c t o f C e l t i c c u l t u r a l and l i n g u i s t i c c a u s e we » ° r e w o r k in g i n .

’ -S i th do Q 'an am , i s C la c h a i r do C h a m 'N o t r e f e l i c i t a t - i o n s a I a - i n T a y l o r , q u i a d e f e r d e s a l a n g u e d a n s l e s t r i b u n a l s a v e a s u c c e s s [ P e u t - £ t r e l e p r o a h a i - n p r o a e s s e m - t - i l d e q u e l q u ' u n q u i a r e f u s ' e a c h e t e r s o n p e r r r . i s p a r e e q u ' i l n ' y a p a s d i s e s d e l a l a n g u e s u r l e r a d i o e t T V ] .Un n o u v e a u r a p p o r t r e c c o m a n d e q u ’ i l f a i t q u e l e n o rr .b re d s p r o g r a m r . e s e n G a e l i c s o i t d o u b l e e n c i n q a n s . Au s u j e t - d e l a c u l t u r e , i l e s t t r £ s e h e r m a i n t e n a n t p o u r l e s c h o r a l e s , p a r e x a r r . p l e , a l l e r a u f e s t i v a l n a t i o n a l , l e M o d . F e u t - e t r e s e r a i t - i l p o s s i b l e t r o u v e r d e s g a r a n t s , p o u r l e s a i d e r .

CELTICCALENDAR

EXTENDING FROM NOVEMBER I s t 1982 TO OCTOBER 3 I s t 1983.

P r i r r t e d i n t h e s i x C e l t i c l a n g u o g e s ;W ith i 1l u s t r a t i o n s ond i m p o r t a n t d a t e s in th e h i s t o r y o f t h e C e l t i c n o t i o n s .

A v a ila b le from :C e l t i c League,American B ranch,2971 V a le n t i n e Avenue, Bronx,N.Y. 10458,U .S .A .

P r i c e : $ 4 .0 0 A m erican,$ 5 .0 0 e i s e w h e r e .

Ce r a p p o r t t - r a i t e d e l 'a u g r r . e n - t a t i o n d u c h fc r .a g e e n E a o s s e , q u i " e t a i t a g g r a v e p a r l a d Z e i s i o n d u g o u v e r m n e n t a f e r n e r l a f o n d e r i e a I n v e r - g o i d o n .

CARN 39 Page 5breizhGouel ar BrezhongThe e i g h t h a n n a u l B r e t o n l a n g u a g e f e s t i v a l , G o u e l a r B r e z h o n e g , w as h e l d t h i s y e a r in Gwengamp and i t s v i o i n i t y , f ro m Kay 2 5 t o 5 0 . I t was o r g a n i s e d by G k o l an Bmsav,Diwan, t h e R o p a rz Hemor.C u l t u r a l C e n t r e and t h e T o u s e g - N i j t h e a t r e g r o u p .A p p e a l s f o r h e l p t o o t h e r s who c o n s i d e r t h e m s e l v e s a s b e l o n g i n g t o t h e B r e t o n movement got. n n r r - A r o n s e .The o r g a n i s e r s h ad t o w ork

A Cultural Convention?The B r e t o n C u l t u r a l C h a r t e r ' g r a u t e ' oy t h e r ’r e n c h g o v e r r . - m en t e a r l y i n 197B e x p i r e s t h i s y e . - r . Of t h e 2 2 . rj M i l l i o n f r a n c s o f .S tu t e o r e d i t n a l l o c - a+.ed to i t , 4ä > f r n o s w ere s p e n t on b u i l d i n g t h e L o r i e n t O o n s e r v a t o r y o f T r a d i t i o n a l o o n g , D ance an-:; K u s i e , now e o T n l e t e d . I t c o r t a i n s P, l e c t u r e ro o m s , a ha.11 w i t h a. £(,*n s t a i j e an a s e t i n g o a p a c i t y o f 6C0 f o r c o n o e r t s , o l a y s , f e r , t o u - n o z a .n u s ie i a b o r a t o r y , v a r i o u s O f f i c e s , ■ u r t h e r s u b s i d i e s a r e to be a v a i l a b l e f o r i t . s m a in - te r . a n c e ine s t a f f s a l a r i e s t u t n o h h i n g , s o f a r , f o r o r g a n i s i n , ' c o u r s e s . 2 ^0 s t u d e n t s ’ a p p l i c - a t i o n s h av e b e e n t u r n e d down.

k -V eneh C u l t u r e . . « i n i a t r y sookesm ari a r .n o u n c e d t h a t a new a g r e e m e n t , a C u l t u r a l C o n v en t i io n would be s i g n e d b e f o r e t h e s u m e r . w as i t ? "T h ey w an ted to e n c o u r a g e t h e B r e to n c u l t u r a l d ev e lo p m en t- i n a l l i t s f o r m s " . T h a t i n c l u r i e d f e s t i v a l s , 'uibV iS 'h in g , m a r - i c u l t u r e ( ! w h a t h a s t h a t g o t t o <Jo w i t h i t ? ) , a r p g nr .a1 s o n g c ^ n t r e i n A o a z h o r . .0 r e n t i o n o f th e B r e to n

l a n g u a g e ( u n l e s s t h a t i s t o be u n d s r . .b o o t i in t.o© r e f e r e n c e t o > 1 *. i c eul t u r e ; .

Unity demonstrationA t h o u s a n ö B r a t o n s l i v i n g i n t h e B a r i s a r e a j o i n e d by o t h e r g who had corae m a i n l y f r o m arourfiä i a n t e s , aem o n - s t r a t e d in P a r i s on May i g * h in S u p p o r t o f t h e a d m i n i s t r ­a t i v e u n i t v o f B r i t t a n y .

v « r y h a r d f o r w eek s d u r i n g t h e i r s p a r e t i m e , u n v e m u n e r a t e d in o r d e r t o be r e a d y i n t i m e .They c o u l d n o t c o n n t nn any p u b l i c s u b s i d y , in s n i t e o f

e c l a r a t i o n s o f s n p o o r t f o r B r e to n by e lp c t e ^ l o u a l " e n r ° s e n ■ a t i v - o s . Y e t , i n S t u t e o.f a few t e o l n i c a l h i t e h e s , t h e 1 mad* a g r e a t s u c c e s s o f i t : t h e f e s t i v a l , f o r th e f i r s t t im e 1 s t i n g a f u l l w eek , w ; t t e n d e d oy a t o t a l oi ' a b o u t p 000 p e o p l e .The Programme i n c l u d e . i ao .ngs, c o n o e r t s , o l a y s and f i l m s - e v e r y t h i n g on t u e . t a g e had to be i n B r e t o n , a s t r i o t l y c n f o r c ° d r u l e , b u t a b i ­l i n g u a l f i l m w ;• sbown i n a c in e m a , r.vfioe t o f u l l c a p a c i t y .In a l l , s o n e 50 a c t o r s , SO S i n g e r s ( a i o n g tv er. A l i G rogan f ro m , a l e s and t r e g ro - ip I l . u v r i n i f ro m C o r s i c a ) and 15 m u s i c ä l g r o ” p s to o k p a r t .The o l a y s , Dahuo. bv th-» g r o u p k e n n a r B ed , u s i n r t h e o l d l e g e n d o f : . e r - I s , and d o o n t u s - C i r c u a . on t h e tneme o f th e c o m n e t i t i o n b e tw eeri a b i g o i r c u s Company ( T r a n c e ) and a s m a l l one ( B r i t t a n y ) w ere p a r t i c y J a r l y s u c c e s s f u l .

G ouel a r B r e z h o n e g i s now a n i m p o r t a n t e v e n t i n t h e s t r u g g l e f o r t h e B r e t o n J a n g u a g e . l t w ou ld be a p p r o - ' r i a t e i f i t w ere i n o l u d ^ d i n t h e schem e o f e x c h a n g e o f f r a t e r n a l d e l e g a t e s o p o r a t i n g b e tw e e n t h e o t h e r g r e a t C e l t i c l a n g u a g e f e s t i v a l s s u c h a s t h e C i r e a c h t a s an d t h e d i s t e d u f o d . T h e r e i s no d o u b t t h a t G o u e l a r B r e z h o n e g o r o v i d e s t h e be t window f o r w a t c h i n g ••hat, i s done t o p ro m o te th e e s s e n t i a l c h . V a o t e r i s t i c s o f B r i t t a n y , i t s C e l t i c l a n g u a g e .

The n e t p r o f i t o f i-’.2 0 000 w i l l be u s e d t o h e l p t h e o r g u . n i s a t i o n s ann g r o u p s w h ic h o a r r i e d t h e b ü rd e n out. r r - r t o f i . t w i l l De l o n a t e d t o B . H e r r e n a n d B .K ö r b e l

who s t i l l i n . i a i l f o rr e f u s i n g t o o i r . th e t r e n c h a rm v . (T h e i n i s t e r o f / e f e n o e r e c o p r j i s e d t h a t t f - f . t • g o t 2 v e a r s in > : t ° a c o.f one i t 'was 1 p p o b a o l y ' p e c a u s e th"..- w ould n c s n e a k l 'Vpnch in c o u r t - i n b th e . ' W o rd s , . i r e t o n ’n u s t be k e p t in i t s p l . e e ) .

T e x t y e , r , Gouel a r B r e z h o n e g w i l l b e h e l d in i s t i n i d —B u b r i .

Bank robberyOne o f t h e b a n k s n a t i o n a l i s e d b y t h e K l i t t e r a n d g o v e r n m e n t was th e Banque de B r e t a g n e . B s t a b l i s h e d in 1909 w i t h b r a n c h e s i n R e n n e s an d ' l o u d e a c , i t s p r e a d r a p i d l y t o o t h e r B r e t o n to w n s b u t f o u n d i t . s e l f i n c o m p e t i t i o n w i t h t h e C r e d i t N a n t a i s •which h a d a h o l d on t h e S o u t h ­e r n h a l f o f B r i t t a n y . an a t t e m p t e d m e r g e r f a i l e d i n 19^3 ow i n r t o t h e r i v a l r y b e tw e e n u e n n e s and N a n t e s . S i n c e 1 9 ^ 0 th e Banque de B r e t a g n e c o v e r e d a l l o f B r i t t a n y e x c e o t J j o i r e - A t l a n t i q u e w here i t h ad o n l y two O f f i c e s , w h i l e t h e C r e d i t N a n t a i s ( t r a n s f o r m e d a f t e r a m e rg e r w i t h an A n g e r s b an k i n t o t h e C r e d i t I n d u s t r i e 1 de l ' O u e s t ) e x t e n d e d n o t o n l y o v e r B r i t t a n y b u t b e v o n d as w e l l .

? 0 ; o f tDe B anque de B r e t a g n e c a p i t a l b e l o n g e d t o B r r - to n s (sßCO s h a r e h o l d e r s ) . A l l i t s l l b ü - s t r o n g s t a f f was B r e t o n . I t s dec’i s i o n s w ere g e n e r a l l y t a k e n a t b r a n c h l e v e l o r n o t f u r t h e r uway t h a n in H e n n e s .C f i t s t w e l v e d i r e c t o r s , t e n w e re B r e t o n . The s a v i n g s i t a d m i n i ' t e r e d w ere c o l l e c t e d in B r i t t a n y an d i n v e s t e d in th e B r e t o n e c o n o m y . I t s a im w s t o m a i n t a i n a f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n w h ic h w o u ld e n a b l e t h e B r e t o n s t o u s e t h e i r s a v i n g s i n t h e i r own c o u n t r y . I t h a d a n O f f i c e i n B a r i s and a n o t h e r a t . H u n g i s f o r h a n d l i n g t h e e x p o r t o f t h e p r o d u c t s o f t h e 3 r e t o n a g r i - c u l t u r e and f o o d i n d u s t r y .

T ho u g h b o u n d t o o u e r a t e w i t h i n t b e C a p i t a l i s t S y s te m , i t w as a n i n s t r u m a n t i n t h e S e r v i c e o f B r i t t a n y . I t h e l p e d t o d e v e l o 1.' c o o p e r a t - i v o s , B r i t t a r .y -P e r r i e s , s m a l l arid m i d n l e - s i z e i e n t e r o r i s o s a n d i t f i n a n c e d an a s s o c i a t i o n f o r t h e p r o t ­e c t i o n o f e n v i r o n m e n t i n . o r b i h a n .

A g re e m e n t s w i t h t h e C r e d i t N a n t a i s / c r e d i t I n d u s t r i e l de l ' O u e s t l i m i t e d i t s d e v e l ­op m en t in L o i r e - s t l a n t i q u e butt a t t h e t im e o f M i t t e r a n d ' s x n k e - o v e r i t w as a o o u t t o s e t up new ö r a h e h e s t h r o u g h o u t

( c o n t i n u e d o v e r l e a f )

P age b CARH 39

Radio partitionkol low itvg +/•-« - p c p n t «Separ­a t i o n o f t h " " ' ren ch T e l e v i s i o n and r a d i o . 'S e r v i c e s , P P ' - R a d i o A rm o r iq u e , wl i c h r o v e r e d a l l o r „ r i t t a n y c d .m a c e n * a r e a s , • !'ee>. -j • and r e ; l a c e df o r t. o r. ■ * o f . - i r i t t a n y oy ,1 t i t ; o n , Bac io .» re tag r .e

•ie.- t f p i?,h I t“ "1 . ran ss - L t t i n g f r o n ( r>— e r ,,x i 7.

( t u ‘ i P t ' . ' - r o rd i 1 ■ ° • * r* i ! K t* r rt t •■vr:

l?* • O T* f r r> • ; p C ' r ; i 4 .v i ) l

r r o , J e t.r, t f r i n ■' n t o 1 t m

O*". >Af(X P V 1 j c r r < m i * •‘m m ' a m f o

" i . 1 , h t o n . g i n ! i y . n . l t

i l,i(i ,

^r.i. » n u 1 1 i c - - ir 'c *

r • J : K l - . •I ri. f* T* • l. 1 • ■ 3

/ j .i* i c "-VO" w i l l t>« f o r« k i 'n i l . I * i 1 ' e xoy !' f'i t riT*‘/-Tci ;-.v rO':’»CATS• t ' re wob amnis tun l 8 t-eo i-i j i c i o s e f r i e b y / i th•p r I n in . " V " ’ !.«, " h e 1 ; " r s a ü Iw i n v o l v e din '.l o : i o a n mp:;, ’• eM r e c T n r i « n « A lijea r t ,

«©1 i- :<no»r. Po-- 1 in r o l e in > • - i n i n i i .■ t r a d i t i o n a lcf o r a l i d i ‘ r i e t .

in.- in, in th e cc. f o r i. in

n ok>: on i t i o n o f th e e i n t ä t e "...r • u r h ...ul " w h ichP X * rp;;c./3*• t h e f e e i ir tr .s o rr.or, t .tl j’ i a , r - iv o l t und h o pe

: ’ r *■*. n f - i i i ,y B r i t t a j : -.1( a / z ’' , :n Li >• c o r d o f M i e5 ■ v t i 1

M / W }.abl*», AU! ■< ‘

f f i c L'\. ' V 11 • n U i.i;g ' h '• •tl r1t < P b ,

■ * ' i ' jon 1 o f t e ' i n i n t e r e114*’ r i ! ' . ' n u n c ; . , i-romiseri

t h a t i + a m i s s i on would fce t o d ev e lo T ' th e B r e t o n l a r tUifp an c u l t u r e . A r e r r o s o n - . ^ t i v e o f d a d i o - ’r a n c e n a i ) t r a t w h i le

t h e v u l - e u d y had t-vo r e g i o n a l d e c e n r r a l i s e o s t a t i o n s , t -h is

*,•**> f i r s t h i - l i n g u a l or.e, bah U n h e i l i n r e c o r r i t i o n

o f hr- i n t e r . s i t y o f fche . ire t.on y e r s o n a l i t y and o f t * e v i jw o j r c f t,"p d r e i e r

i : . ' r . a e e , -,nr i i wo ; l d he T “ n t o a l l f r . i t i t i o n s and enrrents 0r 9horea- - r ; »je " f u l l *-.ryur s l i c e s " a l l o ö a te r t t o B r e to n on* i* «'■'■JUl n o t n» n i e 1 o sed in a-Vo *. I q a

I ' 1 an i n ' i . v ievi r i v e r . t o Lf__LH: ' 1 e ; re Tor., Jn l y i t i s u e ,t x t . • us iske.-i t". e l a b o r a t . eOf) t- i s . i f i t f.-ut «- o r 7hon r s du;: , t ; ;» an , - i a g e would0 f ' •’avr>(i , -o;' i f i t s s l ' a r e o ft.i ne in e i : . : t u r a i '• r Ocrrammesrrr n a i - t . o d o.nly o f .» s p r i n k l ei ;* B re tn f. V an • une r e , i t

V/o 1 d =e o l’u r t h e r te r . i n i t sL’hrt r * o l y v' a.*u n o t

r r “ c i s p l y r e a s s u r i n , . : ■. ".»e m u s tS t 'X t f r o.'n ". <• f a c t t h a t i i o s t1 ’ .u te r ie r s .' r ■' •Tericii n y .o a k e r s .Jo Tin cr*«jgramme.o w i l l DOen t i r e Ly i n B r e t o n : u f in3t- iu - rc o r t i c i o a n t n ’ w i l 1 u se

V? \ i c h 1. a orua,*- o t h e y 1 i k e .

, a>0>i- n s a i d t h a t i t w as a l s oio i.ended t o s". t up a *1’'/ S e r v i c ei.n i r e o t . Bl.lt u l ] T iö d o e sno ■■ CO TH43 .near t.i.e ok o 1 ur; ,ms ivTillan f o r a B r e t o n c h a n n e l on

Nuclear Station-'he F r e n n h g o v e r n m e n t a b a n d o a e d i t s p l a n s t o b u i l d n u c l e a r s t a t i o n s i n P l o g o f f ( i i . B r i t t a n y ) an d i n Le P e i l e r i n ( n e a r N a n t e s ) i n t h e f a c e o f s t r o n g p o p u l ä r O p p o s i t i o n b u t l a t e s t moves i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e y may t r y t o h av e one s i t e d n e a r t h e m outh o f t h e L o i r e . To t h e a rg u m ert t t h a t i f L o i r e - A t l a n t i q u e w ere u n i t e d w i t h th e r e s t o f B r i t t a n y o u r c o u n t r y w o u ld h av e enough e n e r g y , t h e s o c i a l i s t rnayor o f n e n n e s r e p l i e d t h a t " i t i s n o t B r i t t a n y t h a t c o u n t s b u t t h e .- ' rench n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t " .

t h e i n e s o f J.CA ( v e l s h C h a n n e l ) A p a r t f r o m tn e u n c e r t a i n t y a b o u t t h e l a c e o f B r e t o n on r . a a i o Bre i z h I z e l , t h e S p l i t ­t i n g m~. o f .tad i o - A r c o r i q u e be tw eer i t h i s S t a t i o n and a n o t .h e r t o b« s e t u p f o x U p p er B r i t t a n y ( a n a t h e r e i s t o be a t h i r d one f o r th e N a n te s a r e a ) am o-m ts t o i g n o r i n g t h e dem and f o r a r e e o g n i t i o n o f th p u n i t y o f B r i t .+ a n y . Are th e n e o p l e o f t h e e a s t e r n h a l f o 1 b r i t t a n y t o be d e p r i v e d now o f n e a r i n g B r e t o n on t h e r a d i o ? A b je a n s a i d he w .. a w a re o f t h e s h o r t co T .ings o f t h e p r e s e n t a r r a n g e m e n t b u t he w o u ld p r e s s f o r c o n c e r t a t i o n b e tw eer . t h e t l i r e e s t a t i o n s , an d s e e k t o k e e p b i s l i s t e n e r s in f o r m e d o f ar.y i m p o r t a n t r o l i t i c a l , c u l t u r a l and s p e r t - i n g e v e .n t s i n U p p er B r i t t a n y .B u t w i l l th e d i r e c t o r s o f t h e o t h e r two s t a t i o n s a l s o in f o rn . a b o u t Lower B r i t t a n y ?

( co n t in ue d from page 5)

t ) i s -Ip-iar temen t . I t s o u t - g o i n g ^ r e s i d e n t , J e a n H o u y e r , r e p l a c e : I by t.h.e nephew o f a P r e n c h p o l i t i c i a n whn i s t b p ”e-' r e t h e o o m ih a t , io n o f a n e v i n L n i ' t r a t i v e c o u n c i l by t - i “ .>t ‘ e . w.i.“ n - o m o t i n g t h i s "x - i . i s i o r . , n o t L;ecause L o i r e - A t l H n t i q ü e i : ; p .^ r t o f t i i s t o r i c B r i t t a n y b u t f o r e c o n o m ic r e a r s o n s : b r i t t a n y n e e n s t h e ' i a r i t e s - j t , ' n z a i r e i n d u s t r i a l b a s e .

Aske/i why banque de br-*t— a / n e d iu n o t , 1 ike t.h.e C r e d i t • u t u o l de B r e t a g n e , i s s u e cn e q u e books in B r e t o n , o u y er s a i d t p lenar.c iv :: n o t a u f f - i c i e n * " b u t ou r Cus tomer s a r f r e e tu v»riti> t i : » i r C r e m e s in o r e t o n " .

Thove ]'.• -tov; n r .L y one s h a r e — h i ' l d e r : t h e h r^ r tc h . S t a t e . l t w l * • a p p o i n t th e m a n a g e r s an d i '» c l i ie t t ie oü.”. k 1 :> n o l i c y . a t

a s t r e i t e o f t h e n e n , B r i t t a n y h a s l o s t c o n t r o l o f a n imp­o r t a n t "Paris ol' d e v e l o p m e n t .•>hat i s l e f t t.o p r e v e n t t h e I n v e s t m e n t o f t h e money o u t s i d e th e c o u n t r y ? I t i n t h e l a t e ä r t c r y i n g ex am p le o f t h e c o l o n i a l e x " l o i r . a t , i o n t o w h ic h i t i s s u b . j e c t e d . I n r e c e n t y e a r s t.he B r e to n econom y h ad ex rp e r - ie r rced s u c v’ a n y n a m i s n t h a t i f was t e n p t e d t o go i t s own w ay , B r i t t a n y —h e r r i e s i s one o f i t s i m n r e s n i v e a c h i e v e m e n t s , t h e © x p o r t o f o h i c k e n s t o • l ä s t e r n h u ro p e and t o T h i r d ...o r l d c o u n t r i e s i s a r o t h e r But t h e r e was o f f i o i a l l y - backei) 'O p p o s i t i o n t o t h i s . L e c l o r c w as p r e v e n t e d f ro m g o i n g ah®ad w i t h a r r a n g e n e n t s f o r c -u i - ibe r l i l i m n o r t a ; an puiv«.- Lim.it v i s f i x e d t o ' . ' i l L y 1 r c i c k e n « r o w w e t i o n . h’rom now o n , w n e n e v o r B r e t o n i n a ' i s t r i a - l i s t s neeti i ' » . l . i t s t t h e y w i l l h a v e l i t . t l e O p t i o n o u t t o b e g t - e . r e n c h j t . a t e . I t w i l l be e a s y a~ H in t o rn -e tp n d t h a t

B r i t t a n y i s t o o p o o r t o be a b l e t o g o v e r n i t s e l f !

O p p o n e n ts o f c a p i t a l i s m w i l l a g r e e t h a t r e a l s o l i a l i s m c a n n o t c o - e x i s t w i t h c o l o n i a l e x r l o i t a t i o n ; i t s h o n l d mean c o n t r o l o f t h e means o f p r o d - u c t i o n an d e x c h a n g e by t h e p e o p l e , a t a l e v e l a s c l o s e a s p o s s i b l e t c th e m . The B anque de B r e t a g n e s e e m s t o . h a v e b e e n much c l o s e r t o t h i s model u p t o now t h a n w i l l be c o s s i b l e u n d e r i t s new r e g i m e . T h e re i s n o i n d i c a t i o n t h a t i t c o u l d be s u b o r d i n a t e d to t h e r e g i o n a l A sse m b ly d u e t o be e l e c t e d i n 1 9 8 3 , an a s s e m ­b l y w h ich w i l l an.vway h av e l i t t . l e pow er o f d e c i s i o n . d e a l s o c i a l i s m i n 3 r i t t a n y r e q o i r e s f r e e i n g t h e c o u n t r y f r o m t h e F r e n c h p o l i t i c a l g r i p .

( C o n d e n s e d f ro m a r t i c l e in c e p u b l i q u e B r e t o n n e )

A.H.

CARN 39 Page 7

Diwan- towards recognition as a public ServiceR e p r ä s e n t a t i v e s o f J i w a n had t a l k s w i t h t o p F r e n c h J d u c a t i i n o f f i c i a l s in Ju n e an d J u l y w i t h a v ie w t o o b t u i n r e c o g n i t i o n a s a p u b l i c S e r v i c e , u n d e r s u c h c o n d i t i o n s a s woulid g u a r a n t e e t h e a s s o c i a t i o n e o n t i n u e d C o n t r o l s o v e r i t s own wavs o i t e a c h i n g and e n a b l e i t t o f u l f i l l i t s a im : t o t r a n - s m i t th e B r e t o n l a n g u a g e t o t h e c h i l d r e n . Two a l t e r n a t i v e s w e re o f f e r e d : t h e n a r e n t s who vvishe.i t i . e i r c h i l d r e n t o l e a r n i t ab s c h o o l c o u l b s e n d them t o p u b l i c s c h o o l s w h e re t h e y woulö ge t a few h o u r s a week o f B r e to n an d t h e J iw a n t e a - c h .e r s w o u ld be: t a k e n i n t o t h e p u b l i c t e a c h i n g b o d y : o r Biwan c o u l n s i g n a c o n v e n t i o n w i th t h e o t . i t e , r e c e i v e a s u b s i d y , r e t a i n i t s au to n o m y b u t a c c e p t c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s ( e . g . c o n - c e r o i n g t h e nurnber o f c h i l d r e n i n e a c h d a s s ) ; an y a g r e e m e n t w o u la dp r e v i e w e d i n t h r e e y e a r s . The o f f i c i a x s w ere i n t e r e s t e d i n s e e i n g l i n k s e s t a b l i s h e d o » tw een t h e )i.wan s c h o o l s a n d t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s a t l o c a l e v e l . I f l iw an r e - m a in ed a u t o n o n o u s , i t s t e a c h e r s c o u ld a t t e n d c o u r s e s in t h e «Jtat.e t r a i n i n g C o l l e g e s .

At t h e I AGM h e I d a t

P l e u v e u r , n e a r An O r i a n t , on J u l y l O t h , t h e g r e a t n a j o r i t y o f t h e bü d e l e g a t e s r e j e c t e d b o t h o p t i o n s . The f i r s t b e c a u s e w i t h t h e g e n e r a l l a c k o f t e a c h e r s c o m p e t e n t i n B r e t o n , t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s cou lr i n o t t a k e o v e r t h e r o l e o f Bi.van; t h e s e c o n d b e c a u s e what- J iw an nee-’s , rno” e t.han s u b s i d i e s , i s t h e f r e e d o n t o t .eac h _in B r e t o n , o n l y g r a d - u a l l y o r r . g i n g i n t h e t e a c 'n i n g o f F r e n c h , w h e r e a s w h a t t h e 3 t ä t e p r o p o s e s i n b i l i n g u a l s d o o l s f r o n t h e s t >rt o r t h e g r a d u a l i n t r o d u c t i o n o f B r e t o n , liwan * u n t s ~ c h o c l s t o be

opened v ih .e rever f i v e c h i l d r e n a r e r e a d y r.o a t t e n d , o u t no d a s s s h o u l d h a v e more t ’r a n 15 p u p i l s b e c a u a o ol' t i e p r e s e n t s t a t e o f t i e l a n g u a g e ; t e a c h e r s s h o u l d be e n a i . l e l t o r e c e i v e t r a i n i n g Tor t e a c h i n g ir. o r ^ t o n in t n e ' . c o l o s f o r m a l e r * . A l l p a r e n t s s h o a l r l oe i n f o r m e d o f w hat w. ? on o f f e r s o t- .• t h e y covild » f f e c t i v e l y c h o o s e b e tw e e n s c h o o l s in B r e t o n and s c h o o l s in > ° n c h w i t h g r a d u a l t . n i t i o h i n B r e t o n , " f r o r t t h e r m r s e r y s c h o o l t o t s « u n i v e r s i t y " •

Diwan wou'ld a c c e o t t r a n s i t o r y c o n d i t i o n s f o r a o e r i o d o.f

t h r e e y e a r s , p r o v i d e d t h e S i t u a t i o n and t h e r e s o l t s a c h e i v e d in b o th S y s t e m s wer® t e p t u n d e r c o n - b t n i r e v i e w .

. I n a d i i t i o n t o i t s 17 n n r s e r y s c h o o l s ••r:. two p r i m a r y s c h o o l s w h ic h h a v e a t o t a l o f ? 5 0 n h i l I r e n a n d em- p l o y a s t a f f o f 7 iwan w o u ld l i k e t o o p e n 5 new s c h o s c h o o l s i n t h e au tu m n b a t l a c k s t h e n e c e s s a r y f u n d s . V h a t i s t h e r » a s o n f o r t h e J e m a n d , Sup­p o r t e n by a p u b l i c d e m o n s t r a t - i o n i n e n p e r l a s t : a y , t r a t i t be o f f i e i a l l y r e c o g n i s e d . But t h e r o i r a .-*•«»a t r i sV . j.r b e h o n - i n g f i n a n c i a l l y u « p e n d e n t on a F i a t « ».■•■.ich, w l t h i n -1 f “ W y e a r s , c o u l d a ; H in be r u l e d by a r t i - B re to n p a r t i e s ; t h e r p i s a l s o s t i l l goo<i r e c i s o n t o d i s t r u g t t h e p r e s e n t y o v e r n m e n t ' s a t b i t u d e .

t.eps b a c h w a rd ■A m e e t i n g o f t e a c h e r s and . c tu - d e n t s o f r r e t o n v;as h e l d in t ien n es on J u n e ?f> t o A n a ly s e r e c e n t S t a t e m e n t s by t h e k r e u c h B d u c a t i c n i n i s t e r ~ r 'i t h e R en n es e c t e u r ■< 'e c a . i i e m i e " . i’h r y fo u rv i t h a t , t h e new c o n d i ­t i o n s f o r t e a . c h . i r g t - e B r e to n in s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l s r e p r ^ s e n - t e d h l o t e r i o r a t i o n : t h e two h o u r s a week a l l o v i e d t o i t h i t h e r t o i n t h e y t h a n d 6 t h c l a a s e n a r e r e d u c e d t o one h o u r , and t h e m in inm n n u m b er o f s t n - c e n t f i n ec ied f o r a d a s s h a s b e e n r a i s e d f r o n 10 t o l 'y . l iowhere a r e t h e " g e n e r o u s m e a s u r e e " p r o m i s e d a s a n a c to f b i s t o r i c r e r m r a t i o n t c be n o t i c e iL .o f h i s t o r i c r e p a r a t i o n t o be n o t i o e d . I n s t e a J o f a Cal !S in Breton, ( s e e G a rn 3ü) t h e J e c t e u r p r o p o s e s a " ' e r t i f i c a t e o f P r o f e s s i o n a l .ppr<?n t i c < ' s h i p " p a r t i c u l a r t o B r e t o n , n o t one o f " A p t i t u .d e " a s rnearit by a -Ai Md. .»!:Y JHCULJ PaJACÜÄrtd 0kBHGTGA .'it T BE KNkUlk.vi) TO POd- SN.iJ VriJ JAi-.B LiiVUL UF iOAliLK— i . r t . l l ( . i r..j 1’ h j Ok

JUrJBü'Pdy O ur l a n g u a g e i s s t i M o o n d ö n n e d t o an i n f e r ­i o r s t a t u s . '"he T’r e r . c h g o v e r n - merrt c o n t- l r ru e s t o r e f u s e t o c o n s i o . e r t h e p r o b l e m c o m p r e h e n - s i v e l y , t o p u t i n t o p r a c t i c e a r e a l B r e t o n l a n g u a g e . o l i c y ; i t i g n o r e s t h e d e c i s i o n s o f t h e B u ro p e a n i a r l i a m e n t . I t a l l • O s t e n s a s u s p i c i o r . b h a t t h e r e c e n t , m e a s u r e s a r e c n l y r i e s - i.gned a s p a l l i a t i v e s . I t i s c -ad in g t o a h a r d e n i n g o f a t t -

i t u ü e s and a n g e r i n B r i t t a n y .

Not for celebration350 y e a r s a r o ß r i t t a n y had to s i g n a t r e a t y o f u n io n w i t h F r a n c e . '.0 y e a r s a g o , t h e ■non iment r e p r e s e n t i n g t h a t u n i o n in R e n n e s " b l e w u p " -

Canadal e r B e n e s , t n e .iennes U n i v e r - s i t y l e e t u r e r who l e a t h e s u c c e s s f u l c a n o a i g n f o r t h e I n s t i t u t i o n o f a d e g r e e in B r e t o n , g av e a s e r i e s o f l e c t u r e s in C a n a d a e a r l y l a s t J p r i n g . d i s l i s t e n e r s in O t ta w a w ere m a in i .y I r i s h , w e l s h an d d c o t l . i s h . T h e r e , a s a t th e . . o n t r e a l and H a l i f a x u n i v e r s i t i e s ar.c th e A n t i g o n i s h C a s l i c C o l l e g e , he c ro u g .n t t h e m e s sa g e t h a t d r i t t . a n t i s w e l l a l i v e and t h e B r e t o n l a n g u a g e i s s n o w in g s i g n s o f renev ;en v i t a l i t y . l n :l o n t r e a l a c o u r s e in B r e to n i s im e t o oe e s t a b l i s h e u l e a h i n g t o a d i p l o n a . The c o s t o f t i e t o u r was fcorne ty t h e e i l f u r a l S e r v i c e n o f t h e . rench . im b a s s y .

t h e f i r s t , a c t o f t h e s e c r e t a s s o c i a t i o n C '.venn-ha-D u.

T b i s y e n r a few g r o u p s , c o n s i d e r i n g t h a t t h e B r e t o n s a r e n o t t a i g h t t h e i r h i s t o r y anc s h o u l i a t l e e . s t be made aw are o f i t s m o s t s a l i e n t e v e n t s , d e c i d e d t o 1a y a rd a p u e in G w en ed /V an n es a s an o b j e c t i v e r e m i n d e r o f th e t r e a t y . U n f o r t u n a t e l y t h e •nayor o f t h a t c i t y u s e i t h e o p p o r t u n i t y he was g i v e n t o s p e a k a t t " i s c e re m o n y t o v aun t . t h e u n i o n . f h i s diel n o t go u n c h a l l e n r e d : a g r o u p o f bw eo ty m i l i f c a r t ts boo»d h im w h i l e t h e o l a o ’ie w-.s ia u b e d w i t h a r o t f u l o f t.a r , anu a r ' re n c h f l a r was b u r n t w i t h o u t an y r e a c t i o n frorn t.he " o l i c e .

l'fee b a b b l e oi' . J t , A u b L n -d u - Ü o rm ie r vir io - t o o k n lac .e i n 1 ftrf e n ' ie d w i t h a r t r e io n t i e f e a t l«af i ins- e v e n t u a l ] y t o t h e l ’f.7? i ' r e a t y w as commem- o r a b e d a s » v e r y ye r on J u l y z n t h .

Page Ö CARN 39

Inter-Celtic festivalI t i s a m a jo r a c h i e v e u e n t t o c r i n g e v e r y y e a r i n « .u g u s t , 5 t a n ( .V r i a n t / L o r i e n t a b o u t one h u n d re . i t ro -u san d p eo r - le t o g e t r h e r t o l i s t e n t o +.-,<■* m u s ie o f th e ' e l t i c o o u n t r i e s . - o s t i v a l s 1 ik e t ‘ i s ans i n d i v i d u a l m u s i c i a n s 1 i k e «.1 'in J t i v e l l h a v e a o n e much ■io r e f a n t u e n r I n t e l word couLa p v <t a o *vo s t i t n u l a t e th e s e n s e oi' e l t i c * i n s h i p and L know t b a t nany- o f t h e n n r t i c i p a n t s do n o t i-ii.ay on t h i s p a s s i v e 1 1 - v e l o u t a r - ’ a l s o i n v o l v e d i n ucr. iv e i n t e r n e i t i c s o l i r t n r i t y .

O T g a n i s e r s rr±y ! '° e i t h a t t r e i r .tob iss to p ro v i t i e an o c c a s i o n f o r mass e r . t e r t a i n m e m t u.nsier s o e l . o f (Je 11 io raus i c and .1° t tu e r e u t 1 o 0k a f t e r i t s e . - l i f ! i t n i n k , h o w v » r , t h a t t n o y cort i o g i v e a g r e a t c o o s t t o t ho t r » t on — ann th e o t h e r :pl t ic l u t i - n a g e s - w i t h o u t

l o s i n g p o p u l ä r i t y , by , ' i v i n g t ‘ oT a '1 ico in th « Show. I t « « e u s t h a t , s o n g s a p a r t ( ? )• l e . ' gef, n o n e . k w i f n e s s t e i l s "i" t n 'r-e ton was u s e d in.unnonncenon t s o v e r t h e l o u d - —s p " a k e r s and t h a t th e n a n e s o l i he ’Je l t ic c o u n t . r i e s were Hl'.o-.vn onl,v in •• 'rennh, an I r i s h K r e s s r e - o r t e r w r o t e t h a t in t h e L o r u s n t "" 'ower o f d a b e i , th « rn o b le m « o f L anghage w e re r e s o l v e d t b r iugh m u s ic , d a n c e , s p o r t , c a m a r a d e r i e and a l l t i n g s f o : k l n r i q u e " . ’l 'h i s •n ig h t c . . f o r t p e o p l e in t h e n o t • on t o ,i t t he r e i s no n e e d t > : a y u t r e s s , a s t io , on o u r 1 ar .- ruages a s t h e e s s e n t i a l f a c t n r s o f o u r O l t . i c i t y . I r e c o , - n i s e th e pow er o f m u s ic t o convey e rao t iö n s and e x p r e s s

m oods , b u t i t c a n n o t t a k e t h e r o l e o f l a n f u a g e a s a p r e c i s e means o f t h o u g h t and com m unic- - a t i o n . I t c a n b r i n g u s t o g e t h e r in + o a k in d o f communion. b u t i t l e a v e s is on a l e v e l o f co n —- ■ c io u u n esg c l o s e t o c i r eam in g .

•fe n e e d t h a t a t t i m e s b u t we n e e d r t i l l more t o t h i n k c l e a r l y and e n a c t o u t t h o u g h t e in o r d e r t o n a i n t a i n o u r i i e n t i t i e s . .«na i t seem s t o ne t h a t i t i s t h e t r a d i t i o n a l t u s i c and t ke i n t e m r e t a t i o n s o r l e v e i Q r m e n t s g i v e n t o i t by p ’ a ( » n t - d a y m u s ic i a n u w h ich b in d u s . C o n ld t h e y l o n g r e t a i n t h a t n o p u l a r a n p e a l an d r e s i s t t h e r r e s s u r e o f f a s h i o n s i f t h e y w ere n t f i r m l y l i n k e d w i t h o u r l a n g u a g e s ? Y here t h i s i s th e c a s e i n I r e l a n d , one s e n !e s s o m e t h i n g s o l i d . And i n B r i t t a n y , th « g r o w i n g i m p o r t - - a n c e o f t r e Kan a r 3 o b l f e s t i v a l ( h e l d i n A p r i l a l s o in An O r i a n t ) may w e l l be due to a s i m i l a r c o n n e c t i o n , s i n c e i ^ s m o s t o r i g i n a l f e a t u r e i s a t r a d i t i o n a l f o l k s o n g c o m p e t i t - - i o n in B r e to n in w h io h a l a r g e num ber o f r e o r l e t a k e p a T t . Ve h av e u n f o r t . u n a t e l y n o t g o t a common C e l t i c l a n g u a g e b u t t h e r e *vre, in t h e v a r i e t y w h ich we po s e s s , s o u n d s an d i n t o n a t i o n s w h ich c a n r e - - i n f o r c e o u r s e n s e o f com m unity e v e n w here t h e m e a n in g o f t h e w ords e s c u p e s u s . W ith c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n i t c o u l d c o n t r i - - b u t e t o make th e h rr .rer . t F e s t i v a l t r u l y i n t e r c e l t i c .

A. H e u s a f f .

Youth hostel twinning

’l’he B r e t o n Y o u th H o s t e l s A s s o c i a t i o n , p a r t o f t h e o v e r - a l l P r e n c h Y.H. a s s o c - i a t i o n , i s i n t e r e s t e d i n a 1 i r .k -u p w i t h i t s c o u n t e r - p a r t s i n I r e l a n d ( N .a n d J . ) W a le s , S c o t l a n d , .<iann,C o r n w a l l and G a l i c i a a s w e l l , " ’o e c a u s e B r i t t a n y i s a c o u n t r y w i t h t r a r i i t i o n s ar.d a c u l t u r e v e r y c l o s e t o t h o s e o f t h “ o t h e r C e l t i c c o u n t r i e s " . I t i s t r y i n g to a r r a n g e f o r c h e a n f a r e s w i t h ü r i t t a n y - F e r r i e s t o b e a v a i l a b l e t o Y .H. members i f s u c h a " t w i n n i n g " i s e s t a b l i s h e d . Members o f t h e C e l t i c u e a g u e who h a v e c o n t a c t s w i t h th e Y .H. a s s o c i a t i o n s a r e i n v i t e d t o h e l p i n w i n n i n g t h e i r S u p p o r t f o r t h i s p r o p o s a l . C o n t a c t K erve F r a n g e u l ,. . e l e e u e , A s s o c i a t i o n H re to n n e d e n Au’b e r g e s de J e u n e s s e ,■<C 'u e ' o n t a i g n e , 35100 i l e n n e s .

L e f e s t i v a l i n t e r c e l t i q u e d e L o r i e n t e s t p l u s g r a v d c h a q u e a n n e e , p a r a i t - i l . C ' e s t u n g r a r id a c c o m p l i s s e r r . e n t d ' s t t i P e r t - o u t d e g e n s p o u r e c o u t e r I s m e i l l e u r m u s i q u e a e l t i q u e , m a i s i l s e r a i t m i e u x s i l e f e s t i v a l f a i s a i t p l u s p o u r l e l a n g u e b r e t o n n e , e t l e s a u t r e s l a n g u e s c e l t i q u e . B i e n q u e l a m u s i q u e p u i s s e n o u s a m e n e r l ' u n a l ' a u t - v e , e i l e n e p e u t p a s p r e r d r e l a p l a c e d e s l a n g u e s .

W a n te dT o i m .p r o v e a n d b r - i g h t e n - u p C A R N , w e n e e d m a n y rr .o re p h o t o - g r a p h s , C a r t o o n s , e t c . , e t c .

D r a w i n g s s h o u l d b e i n b l a c k i n k ; p h o t o g r a p h s s h o u l d b e b l a c k a n d w h i t e w i t h s t r o n g c o n t - r a s t .

Pays de GallesSUR LE PROCHAINE PAGE:

C e t t - e a s s o c i a t i o n d e d r c u r . a t u r g e s g a l l o i s d e m a n d e q u e l e C o n s e i l d e s A r t - s d u p a y s d e G a l l e s , e t l e s t h ' e c l t r e s e n l e p a y s d e G a l l e s e u x -r r & r r .e s , f o n t d e s e s m i e u x d ' a i d e r l e s c o m p a g n i e s e t l e s d r a m . a t u r g e s g a l l o i s a v a n t c e u x d ' a i l l e u r s .

CARN 39 Page 9

c y m r uThe Welsh Dramatists Network By Dedwydd Jo n e s

To p T e v e n t f u r t h e r w a s t a g e s o f p u b l i c m oney , t h e Welsh d r a m a t i s t s N e tw o rk ( WDK) c a l l s at. o n ce f o r a s t o p t o a l l i e l s h A r t s C o u n c i l T h e a t r e g r a n t s i n A a le s u n t i l th e P a r i i a m e n t a r v C o m m it tee i n v e s t t - - i g a t i n g t h e a r t s h a s s i f t e a i t s e v i d e n c e an d i s s u e d i t s f i n d i n g s . The _)N co n d em n s u t t e r l y t h e c o n t i n u i n g r u i n o u s afcscenoe o f an o v e r a l l p l a n o r p o l i c y i n t h e a t r e g r a n t s , e s p e c i a l l y a s t h e y a f f e c t ..‘e l s h o l a y w r i g h t s .

The vV-QK a l s o co ndem ns t h e u n b r i d l e d p r e j u d i c e d i s p l a y e d b y t h e .Velsh A r t s C o u n c i l and t h e rnain t h e a t r e s o f W a le s a g a i n s t » 'e l s h d r a m a t i s t s . At b e s t , t h e d r a m a t i s t s c o n t i n u e t o be r e g a r d e d a s b i t t e r , u n - -w a s h e d b o h e m ia n s t o be a v o id » d a t a l l e o s t s , o r , a t w o r s t , a s i r r e l e v a n t n u i s a n c e s t o be i g n o r e d o r i n s u l t e d a s t h e o c c a s i o n a r i s e s , The p a t n e t i c f i n a n c i a l s c r a p s t ö s s e d . th t o t h e o l a y w r i g h t s and to s m a l l C o m p an ies t r y i r . g t o p r e s e n t new w ork c a n o n l y be i n t e n u e d t o h o ld up i n d i g e n o u s t a l e n t t o c o n te m p t and r i d i c u l e .

Prom among many e x a m p l e s , th e w JN f u r t h e r condem ns t h e f o l l - - o w in g r e c e n t b u r a u c r a t i c o u t r a g e s !

1 . I'i io. .. l i (.'■•' «... :U( jlnG

The . e l s h a r t s C o u n c i l ' s g r a n t s t o T h e a t r e .V ales a r e t y p i o a l o " a l l g r a n t s t o new C o m p a n ie s . J a c h g r an t i s made on a n ad hoc o n e - o f f b a s L s. i v e r y f u r t h e r g r a n t i . made de p e n d a n t on th e " s u c c e s s " o f r.he r r e c e d i n g v e n t u r e , t 'h i s S y s t e m , i n th e a b s e n c e o f a l o n g - t e r r a r o l i c y , r a e r e l v t .ends t o r r o v o k e r i v a l - - r i e s , d i s o o r d and S r a g m e n t a t i o n - a s , i n d e e d , h a s h a n p e n e d w i t h T h e a t r e . a l e s , . . . s o , i t a l l o w so i ' t ' i c i a l , a r b i t r a r y t e r m i n a f ’on o f " u n n o r .u l ..r" . r o u p s , s u c h a s t h e now d e f u n c t ".Hag and o a g r a g e oompar.y . ..nr v±jr. c a l l s f o r a S y s tem in w h ic r th e . . e l s h A r t s C o u n c i l i s » a d e a c c o u n t a b l e f o r i t s d e n ! s i o n s .

2 . ll ■■■!-. L'. . 33.... . tlT.aj

Vhe ’j’’ c o n d em n s t h e . r - l s r Arts . C -y .n c i i ' s ir c ' - . ^ n r e n e n s i b l e

g r a n t oj‘ f . l •> oOO t o t h e "new im age" T h e a t r e A a le« f o r a p r o d u c t i o n o f I r i s h m a n ij r i e nh’r ie 1 1s p l a y " T r a n s l a t i o n s " ;and t r . i s a t a t i m e when t h enow .. 'e ls h ( prou V ’M a !•» in Wale:WrlS f o r c e i t o pr-=»r e n t C a r d i f fd r a - a t i s t Mick >Jdw ■ rds ' P l a y

"on a s h o e —r ' . r b u d g e t " f o rone r . i g h + o r . ly f

'Phe .CN c a l l s f DT a t o t f j ,1 b a non a11 g r a n t s t o o u t s i d e r s a.slo n £ a s one p I a h w r : x e r o r o'if*1 s h t h e a t r e r r o n p h a s t O fiOb e g g i n g .

• " fL aY Pt'h WaU-B1'CU.J IT T 1 ul;

-’r (»m t'r.e s t . r r o f I s i s comp—t i t i n n ne t. one a j o r t h e a t r e

in Va e s müde any c o m m i t t n e n t v tha+ .soever i o a p r o d u c t i o n o f th e w i n n i n g r>l a y , n o r w as one penr.y s**t a s i d e ny t t » .Vel.nn A r t s C o u n c i l t o s u n n o r t s u c h a p r o d u c t i o n . d t i n a t e l y th e w i n n e r s w ere f o b b e o o f f w i t h ’ vOp and ’ r * ' ; .-.' i “ d r e a d i n g s "( J . f . f’h o m a s ' s w i n n i n g p l a y

n o t p ro e n t e i l a t a l l on th e g r o u n d s t .b a t t h e a u t h o r " l i v e d in New Z e a l a n d " ) . The ’•’* r)N e x p r e s s e s i t s d i a g u s t a t t h i s s h o d d y and u n p r o f e s s i o h a l t r e a t i s e n t .

4 . TluJ CiiAh'J Tui.eAuJ f~, !V

•'he g r a n t o f c-'.l'ü -V. 0 by th e ■ e s h Art:? C o u n c i l to Jwansee.

i .ranrl T hea+.re f o r " i r n r o v e m e n t a ov° r t h e u ex h f i v e y e a r s " g r o v o s c o n c l u s i v e l y t h a t lo n g - te r .m o o m m i t t n e n t s c a n be made - b u t , a p p a r e r . t l y , on l y t o l i k e - m i n d e d t h e a t r e b u r e a u c r a t s . No n r o v - - i s i o n w h a t s o e v e r h a s b een made f o r « e l s h w erk .in t h i s W elsh t h e a t r e . P r e n u i r .a b ly t h e W elsh

uöunc i : m e r e l y i n t e n o ' s t o ; ; e ] i 4 t s H a t o f p s e u d o - s w a n k W ' i t e e l e u h a n t t h e a t r e s f o r tn e s o l e b e n e f i t y f f e ü o w - t r a v e l l e r s .

—-Vl_Aj ' iMl. | j' iv'TIC

..' e . J?‘ d e n l o r e s t h e c o n t i n u i n g » P p o in t w a - » o f n’ t s i d e r s t.o '.»?

f n ^ a t T e J o b s a v u i l a b l e i n '•aies. Cucr t i - e . - i t r e s T'vtiidly b ^co n e p l a n e s w hore n o n - e l s h t a t& r v s l i s r r e s e n t . e d . Th» .7 DK tem ar .d s t h -• «n f u t u r e t u e

a p p o i n t m e n t o f v r i t e r s , a c t o r s and t e c h n i c i a n s s t ' o u l d b e t o ■velsh p e o p l e o n l y in t h e t h e a t r e s o f . a l e h . "ne ,7l)N f u r t h e r d e c l a r e s th-vt a l l f u t u r e g r a n t s t o th e t r e s s h o u l d be nad. i e p e n d a n t on g i v i n g em-'l o y m en t p r i m a r i l y t o .Velsh t h e a t r e a r t i s t s .

-'i .’ ■ i1,:.."• i' / jc.iij '.vj

The ;.JN r ° s e r v e s i t s m o s t p r o f o u n d o x r r e s a i o n o f d i s g u s t f o r f>e t r » a t m e n +. a o o o r d e d t o S c r i p t s s u o m i t t e d t o t r i» !- . t re s in ,« a l» s . J u c h t r e a t m e r t vari<>s f ro m o u t r i g h t l o s s , u n a c k n o w - - l e d g a d r o t e r , t i o n . o f s c r i p t s f o r i . n t e r - i n a b l e p e r i o d s , i ’’i oo l i t e d i s c l a i m e r s o f th e r e c e i p t o f post»c ; s c r i p t s , t o f i n a l o n e - 1 i n e , c o f f e e - s t a i n e d c ru m r. led r e . ' - e n t i o n s . Buch t r e a t m e n t , a l l » y p e r i » n c e d by «DK memlicTs, p r o v i d e s t h e u l t i m a t e n r o o f o f t ? co n tem p t. in w h ich th » i n d i g e n o u s d r a m a t i s t i s h e i d in h i s n a t i v e ,Val“ s .

CCNCLL iCK

J i r Hywel h v a n s , t h e new C h a i rm a n o f t> e .Velsh A r t s C o u n c i l , h a s d o c l a r e d t h a t he w a n t s t o b r i n g "some r e a l v im i n t o t h » w h o le t h e a t r e s c e n e " . The iVDN wmild l i k e t o p o i n t o u t t h a t i t i s n o t "v im " t h a t i s n e e d e d - t h e w r i t . e r s h av e a l w a y s r r o v i d e d o l e n t y o f t h a t - but. a p l a n o r n o l i c y a n d a l o n g - t e r m com- i t . t r r . e n t .

The W elsh A r t s C o u n c i l i s a s u n c c m m i t te d now a s i t h a s b e e n d u r i n g t h e w h o le o f i t s m i s e r a b l e f i f t e e r . y e a r m o n o p o ly .The .VON t h e r e f o r e c a l l s f o r a c e s s a t i o n o f a l l t h e a t r e g r a n t s u n t i l t h e P a r i i a m e n t a r y Comm- v - i t t e e on t h e A r t s h a s p u b l i s h e d i t s f in d i n g s .

L a s t l y , t h e j N w i s h e s t o r » : i i n d Abi, W e lsh w r i t e r s o f t h e wevrds o f t n e o f f i c i a l P a r i i a m e n t a r y p r e s s R e l e a s e :"Any o r gar, i s a t io n o r i n d i v i d u a l w i s h i n g t o subm .i t e v i d e n c e (o n *he . ^ r t s ) s h o u l d s e n d t h e i r s u b m i s s i o n s t o t n e C l e r k o f t h e C o m m it tee o f j . d u o a t i o n , J c i e n c e and t h e A r t s , K o u s e o f Commons ■ e s t m i n s t e r , L o n d o n , . SVV1 ACAA.

We u r g e J.i « e l s h w r i t e r s t o s u b m i t e v i a e n c e NOW.

Page 10 CAM 39 eireAn Fheile Phan-CheilteachBhi b r e i s ag u s dha m h i le d u in e i l a t h a i r a g an b h F e i l e Phan- C h e i l t e a c h , a r e a c h t a i l e a d h i g C i l l A irne a r Ö-16 B e a l t a i n e , 19ÖB. Ta meadu raÖr t a g t h a a r an b h F e i l e se o 1971 i i e i t h , agus t a ” an e a g r a f o c h t a g h ab h an n l e i b u n a i t h e go m a i th i gach ceann de u t ' f o r t h a C e i l t e a c h a . Bfonn e a g s u l a c h t m h a i th i m e a c h t a f a n n , a r a mbfonn c e o l , a m h r a n a io c h t a g u s r i u c e .

^ ** ' yI s e an o om ortao a m h r a n a io c h t C e i l t i f i s e im e a c h t mhor na s e a c h t a i n e gach b l i a i n .Coraortas e s e o l e h ag h a id h am h ra in n u a -c h u m th a , ag u s n f mor do na l i r i c f a b h e i t h s a t e a n g a d u c h a i s C h e i l t e a c h i g ach c a s . R o g h n a f te a r ua ham h ra in i g e o m o r t a i s n a i s i ü n t a i gach t f r a r l e i t h . An g a s r a B re a tn a c h "B ando", a b h u a ig h an co m o r ta s i m b l i a n a . Bhf t h a r t f a o i 600 d u i n e i l a t h a i r n u a i r a b ronnadh an d u a i s o r t h u , ach n fo s t S b h a c h t a f na s i n , r i n n e f o i r n e eearnara Z g ach c e a n n de na t i o r t h a C e i l t e a c h a , nach mor, an c o m o r ta s a t h e i l i f f s i u . Ta an t - a d h a r c h o i c t e na F e i l e go n - e i r f o n n l e o p a t r u n t a c h t t r a c h t a l a a ^ f h a i l 6 T u f S h o e s L t d . , C l i i A i rn e , don ch o m o r ta s s e o , rud a c h i a l l a f o n n g u r f e i d i r an im e a c h t a r e a e b t a i i a r bhonn g a . i r i n i u i l , s n a s t a .

ß fodh i s g u rb ”e an c o m o r ta s C e i l t i f i s e o c a id na d r a i o c h t a ag u s na g a l a n t a c h a , i s t a i t n e a m h a f go mor l e a t i - c h u id d a o in e ua c o m o r ta s s a n A m h ran a io ch t C h e i l t e a c h . Tornas0 N e a c h ta in on S p id 'e a l a g h n o th a i g h an ch ead d u a i s s a c h o m o r ta s a o n a i r a r f s i m b l ia n a . Ba e seo an d a r a u a i r n d i a i d h a c h e i l e g u r e i r i g h l e Tumas ari " d u b a i l t " a b h a i n t amach - Corn S h e a in Uf R iada a g an O i r e a c h t a § ag u s an A m hrana ioch t C h e i l t e a c h1 g C i l l A i r n e . Sa d a r a a i t b h f P en e lo p e Mac I n t y r e a s U i d h i s t a Deas, d u in e de na h a jn h r a n a i th e i s b r e a t h e a t h a i n i g c h u g a in n on Mod l e f a d a an l a .

" C w l i th " o L l a n b e r i s sa B h r e a t a i n Bbeag a r ü g an c h ra o b h l e ö s a ch o m o r ta s do g h r u p a f .N i l s e de nos ag na m o l t o i n i g C i l l V ir i le m o i t o i r e a c h t b h f i l a t h a b h a i r t no aon c h a i n t a dheanamh s e a c h a s an t o r a d h a f h o g a i r t , a c h sa c h a s s e o ,

m hoth a ig h s i a d nS r m h i s t e d o ib h a m b r e i t h a m h f n iu . P e a d a r 6 Riada a b h f mar u r l a b h r a f a c u . Mhol s e go l a i d i r do na g ru p ax c l o f l e n a d t r a i d i s - i u n f e i n agus a b h e i t h d x l i s do s t . i l a m h ra n a fo c h ta a d t f r e f e i n .N ior l e o r a i t h r i s a dheanamh a r g h r u p a f a b h a in d u a i s e a n n a amach b l i a n t a e i l e , ag u s b h f meascan d £ a n ta ag r o i n n t de na dreamanna i d i r an c i n e ä l l e i r i t h e a bheadh o i r i u n a c h don C h e i l t i f f s agus an c i n e a l a bheadh c u f m axdir l e i s an a m h r a n a fo c h t t h r a i d i s i u n t a .

Bhi” r e im s e mor im each ta i e i l e a n n , m .s h . Ofche D ram afo ch ta , Comortas Chor, Comortas R ince , & r l . Cuid a n - t a i t n e a m h a c h den b h F e i l e i s ea na h o ic h e a n ta n ä i s i u u t a - O iche C hornach ,Ofche B h r io t a n a c h A r l . Thug na C orna igh an Pen Gwyn - c a p a l l b r e i g e o c h t d t r o i g h a r a i r d e - o P e n s a n s . Bhfbdh c a p a i l l b h re ig e da l e i t h e i d c o i t i a n t a t r a t h ag f e i l t e t r a i d i s i u n t a i Kernow. M aireann an nös i Padstow i g e o n a f , ag u s r i u n e a d h e a a th b h e o c h a n i P en san s l e d e i r e a n o s t a r e i e b r i e e a d h 150 b l i a i n .

L e i r i g h Jan F e n n e i l t r a i d i s i u n Cornach e i l e s a t a i s p o a n t a s d ' f h f o d o i r e a c h t s u g a in a th u g s f g ach l a . B h f m u i n t i r Kernow a g an b h F e i l e in a s l u a i t e i m b l ia n a , ag u s b h f c e a r d l a n n a C o rn a i s e ann chomh m a i th l e c e a r d l a n n G a e i lg e . B h f c e a r d l a n n a r i n c e ann chomh m a i th , i n a r a i b h t e a g a s c agus e l e a c h t a d h a r f ä i l sa r i n c e G ae la c h , B re a tn a c h no Cornach do d h u in e a r b i t h a r a i b h a l e i t h ­e id u a id h .

y y w'One a n - t a b h a c h t a c h den b h F e i l e P h a n - C h e i l t e a c h i s ea an c l u i c h e b l i a n t u i l i d i r io m a n a i th e na h E i r a n n ag u s i m r i t h e o i r i ^ . ^ cam an ach ta na hA lb an . E i r e Og 6 C h o rca ig h ag u s f o i r e a n n € L ochaber a b h f san io m a f o c h t i m b l i a n a . A rd -c h o m h a i r l e Chumann L u th c h l e a s GaeX a r i n n e p a t r u n t a c h t a r an g c l u i c h e .

Nfor m h i s t e dhä" im e a c h t a l u a go s p e i s i a l t a . Ar an B e a rd a o in b h f s io ra p o is ia m f a o i c h o im i r c c G h a e l s c o i l e a n n a a n n , i n a r mfnfodh na c o n s t a i c f a c h u i r t e a r s a b h e a la c h a r s c o i l e a n n a G a e i lg e i n E i r i n n .

L a b h a i r c a i n t e o i r f o A lb a in agus on B h r e a t a in Bheag f a o i n a d t a i t h f f e i n a r an g e e i s t s e o .An l a d a r g e io n n , b h f s e i m i n e a r an n , " P a n - C e l t i - c T e n Y e a r s Ort- W h e r e t o f r o m n o w ? " . I measc na g c a i n t e o i r f a b h f i l a t h a i r , b h f Delwyn P h i l l i p s ag u s an Dr C l iv e A rch e r , a l a b h a i r f a o i n C hom hair le L o ch la n n a c h .L e i r f o n n na h i m e a c h t a f s e o go b h f u i l t u i s c i n t a i r i t h e ag l u c h t e a g r a i t h e na F e i l e a th e a n n n f o s dolrahne n a c u r s a f c a id r im h s a c h i a l l i s c u in g e . L e i r f o n n s e f r e i s i n go b h f u i l an f h o i b e f a o i n " p h o l a i t f o c h t "- g a l a r n ach b h f u i l t e o r a n t a don F h e i l e P h a n - C h e i l t e a c h amhäin - a g d u l i l £ i g . (N il ann ach t a m a i l l f n g e a r r o rafnfodh nach b h f e a d f a f c u i r e a d h a t h a b h a i r t d ' o i f i g e a c h a i r i t h e den Chonradh C e i l t e a c h l a b h a i r t a r a b h a r a r a i b h s e i n a s h a i n e o l a f a i r , a r an mbonn go r a i b h "an io m arca b a i n t a i g e l e p o l a i t f o c h t " ! ! )

Gne e i l e den P h a n - C h e i l t e a c h a b h f u i l f e a b h a s mor t a g t h a a i r i s ea u s a i d na G a e i lg e . I m b l i a n t a t o s a i g h na F e i l e i s e an B e a r la a b h f i n u a c h t a r go mor, ach c a i t h f e a r a admh'ail go r a i b h b eagnach an o i r e a d eeanna G a e i lg e ag u s B e a r la i n u s a i d a r an a rö a n i m b l ia n a . B ' f h e i d i r go mbeadh C o i s t e na F e i l e s a s t a s t a d a s e i g i n a t h a b h a i r t i n d ' f r e a c h don smaoineamh seo sa t u a i r i s e a tu g a d h ann a r o r a i d A ire na G a e l t a c h t a o f c h e na h o s c a i l t e . Arsa " I n n i u " : "Lean an t A i r e a i r a n s i n g u r a i t h r i s , i m B ear la , beag n ach f o c a l a r f h o c a l , an meid a b h f r f i t e ch ean a i n G a e i ig e a i g e . ( I n a a i t s i n , b ' f h e i d i r n a r m h i s t e , a r ’o c a i d f mar e amach a n s e o , go s o l a th ro d h . S t a t s e i r b h f s i g h na Roinne a b a i r t no dh'o i g ach t e a n g a de na t e a n g a c h a e a g s u l a C e i l t e a c h a don A i r e , mar c h u i r t e i s do na c u a i r t e o i r f a b h f u i l s i a d a c u . ) "

Locht a l u a i t e a r c o i t i a n t a l e i s an b h F f i l e P h a n - C h e i l t e a c h , g u r a r m h a i th e l e i s an t u r a s o i r e a c h t a c u i r e a d h a r bun f an chead l a r ia m h . Bfodh i s go b h f u i l bunus l e i s an t u a i r i m s i n , n f bheadh s f co th ro m do na d a o in e a t a gnfomhach a r c h o i s t f na F e i l e go n g l a c f a f l e i s g u rb 's c u r chun c in t i na t u r a s ö i r e a c h t a an rud ba

CARN 39 Page 11

And how is poorF ro u d b u t p o o r e r t h a n i t was a d e c a d e a g o a s a r g u m e n t s s p e c i o u s and p l a u s i b l e ad d ed u s - h o w ev e r t h e s l e i g h t o f t i m i n g had i t - a c a u d a l a p p e n d a g e a g a i n w i t h E n g la n d in t h e Common M a r k e t .

T hose o f u s who a r g u e d a g a i n s t i t t h e n u r g e d t h a t p r i c e s would r i s s a s a r e s u l t - t h e y d id ( a r i s e e x a c e r b a t e d o f c o u r s e by t h e A r a b ' s c h o k e on o u r o i l s u p p l i e s : a s q u e e z e t h a t i n t h e I o n t e r m w i l l e r o d e much o f t h e b a s e o f th e b e n e v o l e n t d i s p o s i t i o n o f many i n t . h e i r r e g a r d ) . We a r g u e d t h a t u n e m o lo y m e n t w ou ld r i s e b u t r e a l l y we h a r a l y e n v i s a g e d a c o u n t r y t o t a l o f a q u a r t e r o f a m i i l i o n . »Ve s p o k e o f s o v - - r e i g n t y b u t w ere l a u g h e d a t r e a l l y and y e t c o u r t c a s e s a r e o n l y one i n d i c a t i o n o f i t s a t t e n u a t i o n : we h a v e n ' t s i g n e d a U .N .E .G .C .O . c o n - - v e n t i o n on i l l e g a l t r a d e i n c u l t u r a l o b j e c t s on t h e g r o u n d s t h a t t h e EKO C o m m iss io n ( i t s n o n - e l e c t e d b u r e a u c r a t i c g o v e r n m e n t ) f e e l s i t m i g h t l e a d t o a n i n c r e a s e i n c r o s s - b o r d e r o r b o r d e r - p o s t c u s to m a c t i v i t y and p o l i c i n g ( i t a l y an d G re e c e - two o f t h e m o s t f l e e c e d i n t h i s r e g a r d - h a v e s i g n e d ) . vVe u r g e d t h a t o u r own l a n g u a g e

mho a b h i a s p r e a g a d h .

Ta t e o r a i n n l e i s an t i o n c h a r a t a ag an b h F e i l e P h a n - C h e i l t e a c h .Mar S in f e i n , i s i n s t i t d l d £ a n e a r t a f o n n a n co m fh io s C e i l t e a c h ag u s a c h u i r e a n n go mor l e i s an g c a id re a m h a bhxonn ag na t i a i s i u i n e a g s u l a l e n a e h e i l e .Ar an ä b h a r s i n go p r io m h d a , i s c o i r t a c u l e i .

B r ia n 6 R a g h n a i l l .

T h e t h i A t e e n t h a n n u a l P a n - C e Z t i e F e t t i v a Z h e Z d i n K i Z Z a A n e y i n t h e . t p A i n g a i a t a n o u t t t a n d i n g t u c e e t t a n d p e A h a p t t h e , b e t t t o d a t e . T h Z t e v e n t h a t , d e v e Z o p e d q u i t e a t o t t i n c e i t t e a n Z y d a y t . T h e o K g a n i t e A A h a v e t h o r n a u i i Z Z i n g n e t t t o g o b e y o n d e n t e A - t a i n m e n t - o M e n t a t e d a c t i v i t i e t . C n i X i c i t m o fi t h e n a A A o u i , n o n - p o i i t i e a Z a n d t o u A i t t i e n a t u A e o{j t h e F e t t i v a Z i t i n a d e q u a t e i £ i t { , a i l t t o A e e o g n i t e t h a t t h e P a n - C e Z t i e - i t p Z a y i n g a p a A t i n (So A m in g a C e & c i c c o n t e i o u t n e t t a n d i n c A e a t i n g c o n t a c t b e t m e n t h e 6 i x n a t i o n t . Fo a t h i t n e a t o n i t i t u i o a t h y o ^ t u . p p o n . t -

old Ireland?would be e n d a n g e r e d a s t o

t a t u s a s a c o n s e q u e n c e .T h a t i t s s t a t u s h a s d e t e r i o ^ - - a t e d was m a n i f e s t i n t h e r e c e n t Suprem e C o u r t r u l i n g a g a i n s t Tornas C “ o n a c h a i n , th o u g h t h a t c a n n o t be shown t o h a v e b e e n a d i r e c t c o n s e - - q u e n c e o f o u r s u b s u m a t i o n i n t o t h e S . E . C . we r e f u s e d t o a c c e p t t h a t t h e w i t h e r l n g away o f b o r d e r s we were p r o m is e d w ou ld f a c i l i t a t e t h e s o l u t i o n o f o u r p a r t i t i o n p ro b le m ( a n d th e c u r r e n t w ar was a t i t s i n i t i a l f i e r c e n e s s , and i t s s p e c t a t o r s l e s s b l a s e , l e s s c y n i c a l , l e s s i n c l i n e a t o t h e o s t r i c h P o s i t i o n t h a n o f n o w ) , and th e w o r ld i t s e l f m u s t s u r e l y know by now t h a t t h a t i s c e r t a i n l y n o t s o . iVe n o t e t h a t G r e e n l a n d w a n ts o u t , t h e 1‘a r o e s t oo p e r h a p s , n o t e M o rw a y 's s u c c e s s o u t s i d e and s o m e t im e s w onder i f we h av e th<= g u t s t o g o i t a l o n e .

Time may oe on o u r s i d e in t h i s - t h e b e a u t y s e e n i n G a r p a r . t u a many t h i n k s u r p a s s e d i n th e s c a l e o f s m a l l e r t h i n ^ s . E c o n o m ie s o f s c a l e a r e b e i n g q u e r i e d more and more a s u n i d i m e n s i o n a l c r i t e r i a f o r more c-omplex - i . e . more human - s i t u a t i o n s .

Be t h a t a s i t may - s u c h i s in t h e f u t u r e . A l l h a s n o t b een b l a c k , d e p r e s s i n g o r n e g a t i v e in t n e p a s t d e c a d e . We h a r d l y e n v i s a g e d t h a t a g r o w i n g 1 P o p u l a t i o n - f o r t h e f i r s t t im e s i n c e 18- 1 ( t h e opusus w h ic h r e v e a l e d t h e human c o s t o f t h e h u n g e r i n t h e f o r t i e s , and w h ich s e t a p a t t e m o f d e c l i n e a r r e s t e d o n l y s i n c e t h a t o f 1 9 7 1 ) and a v o u n g one t o o w i t h a l l t h e c h a l l e n g e arid a l l t.he hope t h a t o b t a i n s i n t h e v i b r a n c y o f y o u t h - f o r a l l i t s P ro b le m s ( a n d t h e y a r e many: D u b l in h a s a bad t i a rd d r u g c r i m e r a t e o f l a t e , o r g a n i s e d a t t h a t ) . Mo, t h a t i s a i a j o r p l u s , and one n e v e r to be i g n o r e d o r u n d e r p l a y e d . T h a t v e r y f a c t o f c o u r s e a c o e l e r a t e s t h e t im e s c a l e f o r a e c i s i o n s on s o many i s s u e s - t h a t g e n e r a t t o n c o u l i o h an g e a l l , a n c may,; w h e t h e r n a t i o n a l m ovem ents a r « s u p p l e en o u g h .in t h e i r r e s p o n s e t o t h a t n o v e l t y i s a g a i n a m a t t e r f o r f u t u r e nen,

A n o th e r o c c u r e n c e w h ic h g av e r i s e to a c e r t a i n p s y c h o l o g i c a l b o o s t - w n a t e v e r e c o n o m i s t s o f v a r y i n g h u e s o f u l u e m ig h t s a y

- w as t h e t e c h n i c a l b r e a k w i t h s t e r l i n g w h ic h l e a v e s o u r c u r r e n c y a weak b u t i n d e p e n d e n t e n t i t y on t h e r o u l e t t e t a b l e s o f t h e w o r l o f h i g h f i n a n c e . A h a t e v e r t h e m o t i v e s i t i s l i g h t y e a r s away i n a t t i t u d e f rom th e a r o p p i n g o f t h e 1 0 / - c o i n o f 1966 and t h e i m i t a t i o n i n s i z e , s h a n e and d e s i g n a t i o n o f E n g l a n d ' s i n t h e l a t e r d e c i m a l c o i n a g e i s s u e a h e r e .I t was a p r a e t i c a l d e m o n s t r a t i o n o f t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f i r . ö e p - - e n d e n t a c t i o n i n a n a r e a w h ere - w h a t e v e r t h e o r i s t s and a d v o c a t e s d i d s a y — d e c a d e s o f d i t h e r i n g , d o u b t an d f e a r o f c o .n s e q u e n c e s h ad p r e c e d e d sam e . I t was a S t r i p p i n g o f some s l i g h t s c a r t i s s u e f ro m t h e w ounds o f c e n t u r i e s o f E m p ire and i t r e v e a l e d a g r e a t e r h e a l t h b e n e a t h t h a n many r e a l l y b e l i e v e d e x i s t e d . Tho se n o t now o r n o t r e c e n t l y b e i n g h u r t by i m p e r i a l i s m - a n 1 c o n s c i o u s o f t h a t h u r t ( a s a s s i m i l a d o e s t e n d n o t t o b e ) - w o u ld n o t a p p r e c i a t e t h i s p o i n t I t h i n k .

B u t t h e . . .r i n t h e N o r t h show s n o s i g n o f a b a t i n g , a n d h o w e v e r much n o n - p a r t i s a n s i n B e l f a s t - s a y - m i g h t d e p r e c a t e t h e e x t e n s i o n o f t h a t w ar t o L o n d o n , c e r t a i n l y n o t one o f them w ould p r e t e n d n o t to u n d e r s t a n d t h e w h y s . The w o r l d , t h e m e u i a , - e s p e c i a l l y a t t h e i n s t a n t r e a o t i o n l e v e l - , t h e s a f e may f o r g e t t h e l o n g t e r m c o n t e x t o f t h a t w a r ; t h e y may p r e f e r t o i g n o r e - i f t h e y h av e n o t f o r g o t t e n - t h e im m e d ia te c a u s e s i n 1968 an d 1 9 6 9 ; t h e y may o v e r l o o k B lo o d y S u n d a y , C a s t l e r e a g h , t h e h u n g e r s t r i k e s , t h e r u b b e r b u l l e t s , e v e n t h e u r i n e f i l l e d w a t e r p i s t o l s d i s c h a r g e d a t c h i l d r e n i n p ra m s i n W est B e l f a s t - t h e y may e v e n w e ig h a d e a d h o r s e ' s w h in n y m o r e , i n some c r u d e a r i t h m e t i c . o f d e a t h o u t t h e e v e r - w i d e n i n g c i r c l e s o f f r i e n d s and r e l a t i o n - : o f t h o s e a b u s e d , i m p r i s o n e d , t o r t u r e d o r k i l l e d c a n n o t do s o , and d o n ' t and n ore and more a r e t .ous i n v o l v e d th e f u r t h e r mad d re a m o f a m i l i t a r y s o ? u t : o n r e o e d e s i n t o some K i t s o n i a n u t o p i a o f s t a l a g l i f e ( i f l i f e u n d e r t h e h e e l be l i f e ) .

I t was o f t e n s a i d t h a t t h e N orth was u n iq u e , t h a t i t c o u l d n ' t hap p en h e r e ; b u t a l t h o u g h th e f a n t a s t i c i d e a o f d e p o r t i n g a l l e g e d c i t i z e n s o f t h e UK to

( c o n t i n u e d o v e r l e a f )

Page 12 CARN 39

( c o n t in u e d from page 11)

t h e UK, and th e r e c u r r i n g d i f - f e r e n t i a t i o n be tw een UK and 'm a i n l a n d ' B r i t a i n even in t r a d e a d v e r t i s e m e n t s p o i n t up th e d i f - r 'e re n c e - a d i f f e r e n c e most t r a g i c a l l y u n d e r i i n e d when t e n I r i s h d e a t h s on h unger s t r i k e c o u l d n ' t move h e r Tory h e a r t a l t h o u g h G w y n fo r 's v e ry t h r e a t r e s u l t e d in a m a jo r and most welcome win f o r Wales - f o r a l l t h a t n e ’' e r t h e l e s s t h e e x p e r i e n - c e s o f t h e m i l i t a r y a r e r e a l l y b e in g looked a t in t h e s e n s e o f m a in lan d c o n f r o n t a t i o n s ; d o n ' t a s k t h e r i , f e l l o w v i c t i m s o f E n g l i s h a m b i t i o n , f o r whom th e guns b a rk , th o y barl< f o r th e e (and r e s o l u t i o n s b a n n in g p l a s t i c b a to n ro u n d s from t h e m a in lan d s t r e e t s t u r n b u t t h e b l u n t and n o t t h e c u t t i n g edge o f m i l i t ­a r y S o l u t i o n s t o endemic d i s - a f f e c t i o n ).

The w o r ld - i f i t w anted to l e a r n - and we - who have t o - g o t a r e f r e s h e r c o u r s e i n th e n a t u r e o f E n g l i s h a t t i t u d e s to us wogs i n t h e M a lv in as r a i d s ; and th e y rem inded u s once a g a in o f a fu n d a m e n ta l t r u t h : th e c o s t o f a s t r u g g l e f o r l i b e r - a t i o n w i l l be f i x e d n o t by t h e n a t u r e o f t h e u n d e r f o o t b u t by t h e v i c i o u s n e s s o f t h e C r u s h ­e r ' s j a c k b o o t . S im ple enough , a s w i t n e s s I r e l a n d ' s b i s t o r y v i s - a - v i s England a s a g a i n s t N orw ay 's s h a k i n g o f f o f Sweden. That r e f r e s h e r s h o u ld a t l e a s t e n c o u ra g e c o a l e s o e n c e and u n d - e r l i n e t h e im p o r ta n o e o f each v i c t o r y , e a c h a c h ie v m e n t , e v e ry ch an g e to w a rd s im proveinen t, how ever s m a l l . Mao T s e t u n g ' s r e c e n s i o n o f an o ld Chinese f a b l e i s to t h e p o i n t h e r e I t h i n k :

" T h e r e i s a n ä n d e r e t C h i n e s e f a b l e c a l l e d 'T h e F o o l i s h O ld M an W ho R e m o v e d t h e M o u n t a i n s ' . I t t e l s o f a n o l d m a n w h o l i v e d i n n o r t h e r n C h i n a l o n g , l a n g a g o a n d w a s k n o w n a s t h e F o o l i s h O ld M an o f N o r t h M o u n t a i n . H s h o u s e f a c e d s o u t h a n d b e y o n g h i s d o o r w a y s t o o d t h e W o g r e a t p e a k s , T a i h a n g a n d W a n g w u , o b - s t r u c t i n g t h e w a y . W i t h g r e a t d e t e r m i n a t i o n , h e l e d h i s s o n s i n d i g g i n g u p t h e s e r r . o u n t a i n s h o w i n h a n d . A n o t h e r g r e y b e a r d , k n o w n a s t h e W i s e O ld M a n , s a u th e r r . a n d s a i d d e r i s i v e l y , 'H o w s i l l y o f y o u t o d o t h i s ! I t i s q u i t e i - r r p o s s i b l e f o r y o u f e w t o t o d i g u p t h e s e t w o h u g e rr .oun­t a i n s ' . T h e F o o l i s h O ld M an r e p l i e d , 'W h e n I d i e , r .y s o n s w i l l c a r r y o n ; w h e n t h e y d i e ,

t h e r e w i l l b e rr.y g r a n d s o n s , a n d t h e n t h e i r s o n s a n d g r a n d s o n s , a n d s o o n t o i n f i n i t y . H i g h a s t h e y a r e , t h e r r . o u n t a i n s c a n n o t g v o w a n y h i g h e r a n d w i t h e v e r y b i - t w e d i g , t h e y w i l l b e t h a t m u c h l o w e r . W hy c a n ' t - w e c l e a r th err . a w a y ? ' . H a v i n g r e f u t e d t h e W i s e O ld M a n 's w r o n g v i - e w , h e w e n t o n d i g g i n g e v e r y d a y , u n - s h a k e n i n h i s o o n v i c t i o n . Ood w a s rr.oved b y t h i s , a n d h e s e n t d o w n t w o a n g e l s , w h o c a r v i e d t h e r r . o u n t a i n s a w a y o n t h e i r b a c k s .We rn u s t. p e r s e v e r e a n d w o r k i n - c r e a s i n g l y a n d w e , t o o , w i l l t o u c h G o d ' s h e a r t . O u r G e d i s n o n e o t h e r t -h a n t h e m a s s e s o f t h e C h i n e s e p e o p l e . I f t h e y s ta n d , u p and . d i g t o g e t . h a r i,yi.f.h u s , w h y c a n ' t t h e s e t w o rr.oun­t a i n s o e c l e a r e d a w a y . "(We a r e d e a l i n g h e re w i th two m o u n ta in s - t h e g lo w e r in g p eaks o f E n g l i s h and French a r r o g a n t a n n e x a t i o n a l i s m ) .

The I r i s h la n g u a g e i s i n a s t r ä n g e p o s i t i o n a s o f now - t h e G a e l t a c h t i s now w eaker i n num- b e r s th a n S c o t l a n d ' s i s b u t t h e r e i s a w id e r s p r e a d o f c o u r s e in t h e r e s t o f I r e l a n d .

The s e t b a c k s marked s i n c e th e f o r t i e s may have a c c e l e r a t e d l n p ace a s a r e s u l t o f d e c l i n i n g Standards o f I r i s h in t e a e h e r s ' t r a i r i i n g C o l l e g e s {caused by two main i t e m s : t h e a c c e p t a n c e o f F r . McNamara's ou tw orn and b y - p a s s e d , s u p e r c e d e d t h e s i s a g a i n s t b i l i n g u a l i s m i n 1962; and th e rem o v a l o f e x a m in a t io n e s s e n t i a l i t y from t h e s t u d y o f I r i s h t e n y e a r s l a t e r ) . But a l l i s n o t b l u e ; i t can be s a i d now t h a t t h o s e who sp eak I r i s h to d a y do s o by c o n s c i o u s c h o ic e in G a e l t a c h t and o u t s i d e ; th e d e m o c r a t i c q u o t i e n t i n th e G a e l t a c h t A u t h o r i t y o v e r Bur- e a u c r a t i c O p p o s i t i o n h a s been b e n e f i c i a l and h a s h e lp e d i n t h e v i t a l a r e a o f c o n f i d c n c c - s e l f - c o n f i d e n c e , m u tu a l c o n f i d e n c e , c o n f i d e n c e in t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f m e l i o r a t i o n ; raore and more p a r - e n t s a r e r e a l i s i n g th e d e p r i v - a t i o n and a r e o r g a n i s i n g a l l I r i s h p r im a ry s c h o o l s ( i t i s o n ly t r e a d i n g w a te r o f c o u r s e b u t t h a t ' s b e t t e r t h a n d row ning in a p a t h y o r a c q u i e s c e n c e ) and s i g n i f i c a n t l y enough many o u t ­s i d e D u b l in , t h e h a r d c o r e and k e r n e l o f s u c h ; t h a t b u i l d i n g a s was e x p e c t e d on th e n a f s c o i l (so many Welsh p a r a l l e l s h e r e ) has begun t o Xead t o demand a t s e c o n d a r y l e v e l ( l i t t l e enough to b o a s t - a s t r e a m i n Navan, an e x c i t i n g new fo r m u la in C lu a in D o lc ä in , and an i n s t i t -

Irish language in courtThe Gupreme C o u r t i n D u b l inf i n a l l y , i n m i d - J u l y , l i e l i v e r e di t s ju d g e m e n t on two c a s e s o fg r e a t im p o r t a n c e t o t h e I r i s hl a n g u a g e w h ic h i t h a d h e a r dl a s t y e a r . The f i r s t o f t h e s ec a s e s c o n e e m e d t h e u s e o f t h eI r i s h l a n g u a g e i n c o u r t ss i t t i n g i n G a e l t a c h t a r e a s ;t h e s e c o n d c a s e d e a l t w i t h th e*P o s i t i o n o f I r i s h on RT3, t h e n a t i o n a l t e l e v i s i o n S e r v i c e .

D o n eg a l C o im ty C o u n c i l p r o s e c u t - - » d Tornas 0 f . .o n ach £ in i n 1 9 76 f o r f a i l i n g t o c o n p l y w i t h c e r t a i n n r o v i s i o n s o f t h e P i a F l a n n i n g A c ts by i l l e g a l l y P ' . r k i n g a o a r -v a n . The e n s u i n g c o u r t c a s e s wpre h e l d i n t h e G a e l t a c h t an on b o t h o c c a s i o r . s Tornas 6 M o n a c h a in o b j e c t e d to t h e u s e o f an I n t e r p r e t e r by t h e p r e s v d i n g jn e ig e . He m a i n t a i n e d t h a t t h e G o vernm ent was o b l i g e d by t h e 1924 C o u r t s o f J u s t i c e A c t t o a s s i g n j u d g e s who- e k n o w led g e o f I r i s h w as s u c h t h a t t h e y w o u ld h av e no n e e d o f I n t e r p r e t e r s , t o J i s t r i c t C o u r t a r e a s c o n t a i n - - i n g p a r t s o f t h e G a e l t a c h t .He a r g u e d t h a t t h e two j u d g e s who d e a l t w i t h h i s ^ a s e i n Bur» B eag C o u r t w ere n o t c o m p e t e n t t o do s o a s t h e y had a p p o i n t e d i n t e r p r e t e r s f o r t h e i r own u s e t h u s sh o w - - i n g t h a t t h e y h ad n o t a w o r k in g k n o w le d g e o f I r i s h .

iV ith t h e S u p p o r t an d f i n a n c i a l b a c k i n g o f Ü o n rad h n a G a e i l g e Tornas 0 K o n a c h a in i n s t i t u t e d

uti .on u n d e r VEC s u p e r v i s i o n in TiV C h o n a i l l ' s G a e l t a c h t Lar - a s i g n i f i c a n t v i c t o r y a t t h a t ) . Bord na G a e i lg e how ever , th e Government agency i s s t i l l b e in g funded a s i f t h e ESB were g iv e n enough t o g i v e ea c h h o u se a c a n d ie when t h e i r b r i e f was t o b r i n g e l e c t r i c i t y to a l l th e p e o p le o f th e s t a t e .

M a t t e r s m u s ic a l a r e so u n d , and so r e a l l y i s s p o r t ; d a n c in g i s s t i l l p o i s e d be tw een a r t and b u s i n e s s - b u t t h e o t h e r a r t s a r e f i n e ( a l t h o u g h a few more p u r c h a s e r s would h e l p ) . P o l ­i t i c a l l i f e i s s t r ä n g e - h a r d l y e x t a n t i n t h e l im bo o f t h e S ix C o u n t i e s , b u t t a u t l y p o is e d be tw een d i f f e r e n t f o r c e s o v e r t h r e e e l e c t i o n s i n t h e r e s t o f I r e l a n d . Some s a i d we were a p p r o a c h i n g t h e I t a l i a n m u s ic a l c h a i r so en e b u t t h e r e i s a c e r ­t a i n c o n f i d e n c e a b r o a d among t h e p u n t e r s - in my view - t h a t i s n o t p a n i c k i n g a t t h i s bu t building towards what I du not

p r o c e e d i n g s i n t h e H ig h C o u r t c l a i m i n g t h a t t h e G o v ern m en t had f a i l e d t o co m p ly w i t h t h e 1924 C o u r t s o f J u s t i c e A c t i n a s s i g n i n g t h a tw o j u d g e s i n q u e s t i o n t o t h e D on eg a l D i s t r i c t C o u r t a r e a . The c a s e f i n a l l y w en t on a p p e a l t o t h e Suprem e C o u r t .

The t h r e e j u d g e s o f th e S uprem e C o u r t w er u n a n im o u s i n t h e i r r e j e c t i o n o f Tornas C t . - o n a c h a in ' s c a s e . The j u d g e m e n t s t h e y g av e h i g h - - l i g h t e d t h e p r e c a r i o u s P o s i t i o n o f t h e I r i s h l a n g u a g e - a l t h o u g h i t i s r e c o g n i s e d in t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n a s h e i n g t h e n a t i o n a l l a n g u a g e a n d " t h e r e f o r e t h e f i r s t o f f i c i a l l a n g u a g e " , t h i s S t a t u s h a s n o t b een e l a b - - o r a t e d u p o n i n l e g i s l a t i o n .

In a s t a t e m e n t , (Jo n rad h na G a e i l g e c a l l e d a t t e n t i o n t o " t h r e e v e r y s e r i o u s i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e Suprem e C o u r t ' s ju d g e m e n t :

* A l t h o u g h I r i s h S p e a k e r s h av e t h e r i g h t t o u s e I r i s h i n c o u r t , t h e C o u r t s a r e n o t o b l i g e d t o d e a l w i t h t h e i x c a s e s t h r o u g h I r i s h .

* iVhile t h e G o v e rn m e n t i s r e q u i r e d t o a p p o i n t j u d g e s w i t h a c o m p e t e n t w o r k in g f ' l u e n c y i n I r i s h t o c o u r t d i s t r i c t s w h ic h c o n t a i n G a e l t a c h t a r e a s , t h e s e I r i s h - s p e a k i n g j u d g e s a r e n o t o b l i g e d t o u s e an y I r i s h i n t h e i r G a e l t a c h t c o u r t s , a n d may u s e K n g l i s h a l l t h e t i m e

know, b u t somehow I do n o t f e a r .

Hut what - w i th o u t a p p e a r i n g p a r a n o i d a b o u t i t - we do f e a r i s w hat t h e d e l a y s and h i n d - r a n c e s , t h e f a i l u r e o f t h e mass media ( e s p e c i a l l y t e l e v i s i o n ) t o e n d o r s e , r e f l e c t , e n c o u ra g e and s u p p o r t n a t i o n a l v a l u e s w i l l c a u s e i n t h e b u i l d i n g on t h a t c o n f i d e n c e j u s t now a d u m b ra te d . Here we have n o t p r o g r e s s e d l a t e l y - i t i s sad t h a t c e r t a i n p i r a t e s s e e more p e r c e n t a g e i n th e u s e o f I r i s h t h a n t h e n a t ­i o n a l S e r v i c e o f t e n d o e s . The campaign t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e 2nd C hanne l would n o t s im p ly be a b o o s t e r f ö r BBC and ITV was won bu t t h e b e n e f i t t o t h e a c h i t - e c t s o f t h a t v i c t o r y h av e been v e ry s l i g h t i n d e e d . I t r e m a in s in f a c t one o f t h e c a u t i o n a r y t a i e s t o be l e a r n e d by s u b j e c t p e o p ia - d o n ' t do a s th e y d id when th e y had t h e Chance.

P a d r a i g 0 S n o d a ig h

s h o u l d t h e y s o w i s h .* S t a t e e m p ln y e e s p a r t i e i p a t i n g

in o r r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e s t a t e i n c o u r t i n v o l v i n g I r i s h S p e a k e r s , a r e n o t o b l i g e d t o u s e I r i s h .

C a r r i e d t o i t s l o g i c a l c o n c l u - - s i o n t h e Suprem e C o u r t ' s r u l i n g m eans t h a t I r i s h s p e a l e e r s who know K n g l i s h may u s e I r i s h i n t h e i r b u s i n e s s w i t h t h e S t a t e i f t n e y s o w i s h , b u t t h a t th e s t a t e i s n o t d o i n g them an i n j u s t i c e by d e a l i n g w i t h them i n K n g l i s h . T h i s P o s i t i o n i s t o t a l l y a t v a r i a n c e w i t h t h e o f f i c i a l t h o u g h u n im p le m e n te d p o l i c y o f s u c c e s s i v e g o v e r n m e n t s - t h a t p e o p l e who w i s h t o do b u s i n e s s w i t h t h e s t a t e t h r o u g h I r i s h s h a l l be s o f a c i l i t a t e d . C o n ra d h n a G a e i l g e h a s t h e r e f o r e u r g e d t h e G o v e rn m e n t a n d t h e O p p o s i t i o n p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s t o im p le m e n t a K i l l o f K i g h t s f o r t h e I r i s h L a n g u a g e t h e r e b y e n s u r i n g t h a t t h e r i g h t s o f I r i s h S p e a k e r s t o u s e I r i s h w i l l be u p h e l d i n f u t u r e . T h i s i s one o f t h e p o i n t s w h ic h w i l l be r a i s e d i n e a r l y K e p te m b e r a t a m e e t i n g b e tw e e n r e p r e s e n t - - a t i v e s o f t h e I r i s h l a n g u a g e m ovem ent a n d An T a o i s e a c h .

The s e c o n d c o u r t c a s e h a d a r i s e n f ro m th e r e f u s a l o f C a i t 3 e a n V x C h a d h a in t o p u r c h a s e a t e l e v i s i o n l i c e n c e a s a p r o t e s t a g a i n s t HTK's a b y s m a l f a i l u r e t o p r o v i d e an a d e q u a t e num ber o<' I r i s hl a n g u a g e t e l e v i s i o n p io g ra m m e s f o r b o t h c h i l d r e n a n d a d u l t s .

The ju d g e i n t h e J u p r e m e C o u r t who h e a r d Bean V { C h a d h a i n ’ s a p p e a l a g a i n s t a f i n e w h ich had b e e n im p o s e d u p o n h e r p r o v e d q u i t e s y m p a t h e t i c and a g r e e d , w i t h h e r h a r s h c r i t i c i s m o f RTE. He r e q u e s t e d t h e S u prem e C o u r t t o r u l e on c e r t a i n a s p e c t s o f t h e c a s e .U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e buprem e C o u r t h e l d t h a t , j . t was th e d u t y o f J i s t r i c t and C i r c u i t C o u r t j u s t i c e s t o u n h o l d t h e l e t t e r o f t h e l a w : p e o p l e who h a d t e l e v i s i o n e t s m u s t by la w p u r c h a s e an u p - t o - d a t e l i c e n c e and no d e f i c i e n e i e s i n ^ t h e s e v i c e p r o v i d e d by RTE c o u l d s e t t h a t O b l i g a t i o n a s i d e .

The S u p rem e C o u r t s a i d t h a t t h e g e n e r a l q u e s t i o n o f w h e t h e r o r n o t KTE w as f u l f i l l i n g i t s s t a t u t o r y O b l i g a t i o n t o t h e I r i s h l a n g u a g e c o u l d be d i s - - c u s s e d i n t h e H ig h C o u r t . C o n ra d h n a G a e i l g e i- s t u d y i n g

Opinions,pleaseT r o d i t i o n a l l y , CARN h a s been p u b l i s h e d in t h e ' s t o n d a r d ' fo rm e t o f : A lb a , B r e i z h , Cymru, E i r e , Kernow Männin an d G e n e ra l Ce 11 i o .

I f e e l t h o t CARN, and i t s r e a d - e r s , w ould b e n e f i t f rom o change away from t h i s t r a d i t i o n a l o c t - t e r n . I would l i k e t o i n t r o d u c e a fo r m a t w hereby a r t i c l e s w ere d i s t r i b u t e d o c c o r d i n g to su b ­j e c t , i n s t e a d o f on t h e n a t i o n a l b a s i s . Thus d i f f e r e n t a r t i c l e s o r r e p o r t s c o u ld b e g iv e n prom- in e n c e , o t h e r s c o u ld b e h i g h - l i g h t e d , on t h e i r own m e r i t s . T h is w ould n e c e s s a r i l y i n v o l v e a l e s s s t r i c t a l l o c a t i o n o f s p a c e to e ach c o u n t r y j i t would a l s o make l e s s o b v io u s t h e S i t ­u a t i o n w here a r t i c l e s from any one c o u n t r y a r e e i t h e r n o t r e - c e iv e d o r , a s in t h e c a s e of Welsh m a t e r i a l in t h i s i s s u e , go a s t r a y .

I do n o t i n t e n d , h o w ev er , to s im p ly ch an g e t h e n a t u r e o f CARN on my own c o g n i s a n c e - i t i s n o t m^ m ag az in e b u t b e lo n g s t o th e Leogue and t o i t s r e a d - e r s .

L would t h e r e f o r e o p p r e c i a t e y o u r comments on t h i s m a t t e r .My d e o d l i n e f o r a r t i c l e s f o r CARN 40 i s December I 4 t h - i f I r e c e i v e no a d v e r s e r e o c t i o n s to t h i s S u g g e s t i o n by December 21s t , I s h o l l p ro d u c e t h a t i s s u e a l o n g t h e l i n e s I have p r o p o s e d . P l e a s e l e t me know w hat you th i n k .

P ed y r P r i o r .

CARN 39 Page 13

t h i s q u e s t i o n w i t h i t s l e g a l a d v i s o r s t o d e c i d e w h e t h e r s u c h p x o c e e d i n g s s h o u l d be i n i t i a t e d .

Ge a n M ac ' . ia th u n a .

TL y avait deux proces dans les tvibunals qui. essaifat La place que La langue irlandaise tien t dans l ’e ta t. Le premier montra qu’i l ne fau t pas que les juges dans le Gaeltacht emploi l 'i-rlandai.se dans leur tvibunals, bien que le defen- deur veuille l'employer.L 'a u tre t r a i ta de la resp o n s- a b i l i t ä de RTE fo u r n ir d es progvarjr.es dans la langue. Ces proces m onterent que V Ir la n d a is e n ’e s t pas la premi&re langue du p a ys , malgre la C o n s titu tio n .

kemowAn Towl KeschanjUnwyth a r t a yma’n S e n e th yn L oun d res ow c u l ag a g w e l l a dhe d h y s t rew y an .gemeneth G e l tek yn Kembry hag yn Kernow d e r aga t h a l s o g h n e t h yn un gomendya an Towl K eschanj G o b ren p ry o n .

S o la b r y s yraa gw anheans a ' n Hobel G e l te k d r e Dren a e y l jyow ha hewosow - annedhow a d a l mos dhe dus t y t h y a k mes d r e f e n bos moy a a r g h a n s d h e 'n Saw son, nyns u s chons v y th d h e 'n au s o an l e aga f r e n a .Hep mar, a ' y u s n yns o mes chyow y 'n leow moy t e k r e bu p re n y s - leow mayth u s gwyth ha goverow byghan f y t h u s , po ryb an a l s yn d a l l e t h n egys ' Gwely ha H a n s e l ' , b y t e g e n s , hep p r e d e r y a ' n a c h e so n r a g aga f r e n , bos an chyow r e bu p re n y s d e se d h y s y r . , po o g a s dhe b e n a r s po t rev o w byghan m aytn e sa p u p p ry s kem eneth G e l te k c r e f . Kaghenna, nyns us ethom c a f o s mes n y v e r byghan a sawson dhe wanhe, po g w e th , d y s t r e w y kynda G e l te k an b en d ra h a 'y hem ene th ,

CNP affiliateE o l l o w i n g a n e e t i n g o f t h e e x e c u t i v e oi’ t h e C o r n i s h N a t i o n a l i s t , i a r t y , t h e o r g a n - - i s a t i o n h a s iiecid>*<i t o s e e k a f f i l i a t i o n w i t h t h e e u r o p e a n F e d e r a l I a r t y . The EPP was fo u n u e d i n 1974 w i t h t h e ob.j.’ c t i v e o f b u i l d i n g a u n i t e d m r n p e on a f e d e r a l b a s i s a s p a r t o f a f u t u r e w o r ld f e d e r a t i o n The EFP w o rk s f o r B u r o p e ' s p o l i t i c a l , s o c i a l an d c u l t u r a l r e v i v a l a c c o r d i n g t o th e p r i n - - c i n l e s o f f e d e r a l i s m . I t c o n s i d e r s t h e p r e s e n t Common V .arket d i c t a t o r i a l and u n - - d e m o c r a t i c and a i n s t o b r i n g now er c l o s e r t o tr .e r e o n l e by d e c e n t r a l i s a t i o n t o t h e t r u e r e g i o n s . n n . i t i o n s o f t h e c o n t i n e n t . i t D e l i e v e s t h a t i t w i l l o n l y be by E u r o p e a n c o - - o p e r a t i o n and i n v o l v e m e n t t h a t t h e o u r c e i i t e c o n o m ic c r i s i s w i l l be o v e rco m e and t h e i n d i v i d u a l n a t i o n a l i l e n t i t i e s t h t. co 'rraose t h e c o n t i n e n t w i l l be p r e s e r v e d . The EPl i . - s u b d i v i d e u i n t o s e c t i o n s on t h e b a s i s o f e x i s t i n g S t a t e s and t h e C o r n i s h N a t i o n a l i s t P a r t y w i l l s e e k r e c o g r . i t io n o f C o r n w a l l a s orae o f th e c o n s t i t u e n t n a t i o n s and r e g i o n s o f t h e c o n t i n e n t .

Gobrenoryonha d e l w othyr y n - t a , yma mur a bendrevow yn Kembry hag yn Kernow r e g o l i a s p u p t r a a ' g a bew ag a honen - aga y e t h , aga manerow h a 'g a s p y r y s . Y r e o n e th ha bos Sawsnek y n - t y e n , du aga b y s . .

Wel, ny re w e la s , hag y th e so n ow q u e le s w nath , a y s t r e w y a n s a vew G e l tek y 'n pendrevow mes f a t e l yu yn k e v e r an t r ev o w b r a s ? Ivyns yu an r e - n a mar dek d e l yu u sy e s hag y th o a ' y us nyns e s a whans d h e 'n Sawson omvuvya d h e d h a . Dre hemma, y f e p upprys kemenedhow c r e f a G e lty o n omma; ha p l e h y l l y r c a f o s p o ra n an kemenedhow c r e f y ' n t r e v o w ? Yn t r e f b a r c o w an c o n s e l , l e ma na vyn an sawson ry c h p re n a aga c h y -h u n r o s . Lemmyn y th h e v e l y f y t h an c a d a rn le o w dewetha-ma d y s t re w y s ynweth d y s to u g h .

Y c le w e s l y e s a s c u s gwan ow sco d h y a an Towl K e sc h a n j-m a , an b r a s s a ran anedha hep mar aw o rth c o n s e l e r s S t r o g w y t h .Onen a ' n re-m a a l e v e r y 3 y fy a chons d a r a k t u s yn a s r a n a fo w t whel ug 'ne l , d r e f e n y dhe a l l o s mos dhe nep l e a r a l a v e l L oun d res ha c a f o s o b e r , hep p o n v o t t e r v y th ! F a t e l yu y th o yn k e v e r an d us adhy w o rth L o u n d res , po py l e pynak a vo, a dhe dhe Gernow po dhe Gembry? Ny v y th o b e r r a g t h a namoy es d e l e s a o b e r r a g an r e - n a a a s a s aga t h r e d y th y a k yn k e n sa l e . Ny wra namoy e s gwanhe an g em en e th . Den an moyha sem pel a y l co n v ed h es h en n a .

C e r ta n y th yu bos r e s dhyn-ny s e v e l y n - c r e f o r t n an tow l u tnek- tua dhe s u r h e na v y th gwanhes p e l l a an gem eneth G e l t e k .

Tue. neu> s ckerne, iiiitta ted by -Che London Government, to en- eouAage counc-cl-house exckanges oetu/een ^a/nilte-j in dififierent parts o{, britain uuill put. oua Ce ltic iden tity , especiaiiy in Cor m a ll and Wal ec , ander greater strain than ever betöre-, council es totes atready a u emble 'ruenvatiotw ' and i t seems that these bastions o Celtic Settlement are no langer sa$e.

Tewennow

No nukesThe l o n g - r u n n i n g sa g a o f w h e t- h e r o r n o t a n u c l e a r power S t a t i o n s h o u ld be b u l l t i n C ornw all r e a c h e d a s i g n i f i c a n t s t a g e d u r i n g t h e e a r l y summer.

The f i r s t announcem ent came when C ornw all 'C o u n ty ' C o u n c i l v o t e d , by 45 t o l y , t o o p - p ose t h e s i t i n g o f any such S t a t i o n i n C o rn w a l l . The C o rn is h A n t i - N u c l e a r A l l i a n c e , fo u n d ed i n 1979 by Mebyon Kernow, g r e e t e d t h e news w i th c a u t i o u s o p t im ism - c o u n c i l s i n C orn w all a r e n o t o r i o u s f o r c h a n g in g t h e i r p o i i c i e s . Yet t h i s d e c i s i o n must be s e e n a s an im p o r t a n t tnove by t h e e l - e c t e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f th e C o rn is h p e o p le and w i l l , h o p e - f u l l y , h e r a l d th e S t a r t o f a more p o s i t i v e a p p ro a c h by t h i s l a s t b a s t i o n o f s o - c a i l e d ' i n d e p e n d e n t t h o u g n t ' i n B r i t a i n .

The second i m p o r t a n t rnove was t h e d e c i s i o n o f t h e C e n t r a l E l e c t r i c i t y G e n e r a t i n g Board to b u i l d t h e i r f i r s t n u c l e a r power Station o f t h e c u r r e n t g ro u p a t H in k ley P o i n t , i n E n g lan d , r a t h e r t h a n a t L uxu lyan i n C o rn w a l l . CANA have h a i l e d t h i s a s a m ajo r v i c t o r y , m a i n t a i n i n g t h a t i t was t h e o c c u p a t i o n o f th e L uxulyan s i t e w hich f o r c e d t h e CEGB t o t a k e n o te o f o p in i o n w i t h i n C o rn w a l l .

The d a n g e r now i s t h a t CANA may a ro p t h e i r g u a r d , o r even f a l l a p a r t a l t o g e t h e r . In O rd e r t o a v o id su c h a d e v e lo p ­m en t , i t s l e a d e r s a r e m ou n t in g a cam paign o f s o l i d a r i t y w i th t h e i r c o l l e a g u e s i n England and in t e n d t o m u s te r C o rn is h o p i n i o n a g a i n s t any n u c l e a r S t a t i o n in S o u th - t f e s t B r i t a i n .

MKMebyon Kernow has b een s i l e n t

s i n c e G o l in Lawry won a s e a t on P enw ith D i s t r i c t C o u n c i l in May t h i s y e a r . The p a r t y i s h o ld i n g i t s Annual C o n fe re n c e in e a r l y November, to o l a t e f o r CARN's p u b l i c a t i o n d a t e . In CARN 40, we s h a l i p r e s e n t o f u l l r e p o r t o f t h a t C o n fe re n c e and w here Mebyon Kernow g oes from h e r e .

CARN 39 Page 15

r_ m a im mSheeloghe noa ny Manninee dooieAyns dagh h e e r C h e l t i a g h b oay l t a ' n chen g ey g o l l n a a rd e y t a kesmadyn c h e d d in r y - a k i n .1. T a 'n chen g ey ec d y - c h o o i l l e y p h e ia g h v e i h ' n c h l e a n .2 . Ta chengey e l l e y c h e e t s t i a g h ec s l e i h t ' e r chosney b a r r i a g h t ennagh ( c u l t o o r a g h , a r g i d a g h , s i d o o r a g h ) .3- Ta p a a r t dy l e i h c h e e t dy ve d a a - h e n g o i l e r - y n - o y r dy b e ig n dou d e l l a l r i s h yn r e i l t y s n o a .4 . Ayns a ig n e y yn vun l u g h t t a ' n chengey noa c o - k i a n g l t r i s h s p e e i d e i l y s a s n i a r t r e i l t a g h .5 . Ta s h e e lo g h e r e i h dyn gynsag h ey yn c h i e d ch en g ey r i s h nyn m a i tc h y n .6 . Tra t a ' n s h e e lo g h e shoh g ' a a s e ny s h in n e y t a b a a rn ey f o s l e y ed d y r o c a s p a i t c h y n j e h ' n nah h e e lo g h e .7 . Ta ny l o a y r t e e d o o g h y ssag h geddyn b aase a s fod yn chengey geddyn b aase m a r ro o .8 . My v e e s s l e i h f o a s t ayn t a g ' e e a r e e l o a y r t yn c h i e d chengey t ' o r r o o dy y n sag h ey e e myr nah h e n g e y .

Fod yn chengey f a r r a g h t y n b io e r a g h t ennagh r i s h b l e e a n t y n agh t ' e e fo b a g g y r t ay n s dagh h e e lo g h e a s t ' e h l a n e d o o i l l e e dy a a v io g h e y e e . Ta s l e i h l o a y r t a s g ' a r g a n e y r i s h fo d d ey e r ' n a g h t S h a re dy a a v io g h e y e e . S ' l h i a s s d o o in b r a s t a l y n , l i o a r y n , t a p e y n , t r o g g a l e r - l h e h , a r g i d , f i r - y n s e e as reddyn e l l e y t ' a d g r a . T 'e h j a r r o o d i t oc f e e r - v e n n i c k dy v e l p a i t c h y n g ’ y nsaghey nyn chengey oc f e g o o i s h ny red d y n sh o h . Son a a v io g h e y f i r r i n a g h s h e g i n da chen g ey ve ec p a i t c h y n v o i s h y c h l e a n . Er a g h t ennagh d a ' n s l e i h g o l l e r a sb bunnys e r ' n c h a s s a n c h e d d in l i o r i s h y n h o o ar yn ch en g ey b a a s e .

Ta bunnys cho b a g h t a l n ag h v e l eh yramyrchagh dy g h ra a dy v e l s l e i h t r o g g a l p a i t c h y n t r a a t ' a d e d d y r mysh h o g h t - j e i g a s d aeed v l e i n d ' e a s h . T 'ad g y n sag h ey yn chengey r i s h nyn m a i tc h y n ay n s ny c h i e d k i a r e b le e a n e y j e h nyn mea. Mannagh v e l yn ch en g ey f l a a o i l oc r o i s h my v e l ad t r o g g a l p a i t c h y n t ' a d ro ' a i t c h a g h dy g y n sag h ey ee r i s h nyn m a i tc h y n .

Ayns N e r in , B re ty n , Kernow a s B r i t a a n Beg t a s l e i h e r ve

s p e e i d e i l a g h hannah t r o g g a l s h e e l o g h e noa j e h l o a y r t e e d o o g h y ssag h . Fodmayds ja n n o o yn red c h e d d in ayns Mannin? Ta l u g h t - t h i e ny j e e s e r ph ro w al sh en y yan n o o , a s t ' e h d o o i l l e e dy l i o o a r . T 'a d e r ve s p e e i d e i l a g h ay n s ny c h e e ra g h y n e l l e y e r - y n - o y r dy row p o ssan y n beggey dy p h a i t c h y n ayn oddagh c l o i e c o o i d j a g h . Ayns N e r in , B re ty n a s B r i t a a n Beg va l o a y r t e e - d o o i e f o a s t a y n , agh ch a row ay n s Kernow. Va s t a y d yn chengey ay n s s h e n c a s l e y r i s h Mannin tam m y lt beg e r dy h e n n e y . Va o o i l l e y ny l o a y r t e e - d o o i e maroo a s cha row yn chengey ec p e ia g h e r - lh im m e y j e u s y n t ' e r n . 'y n sag h ey , e e rayr nah h e n g ey .

S h e g in da ve f e e r c h r o n n a l n i s h nagh vodmayd g o a i l l yn nah chesmad e r a s h ( t r o g g a l s h e e l o g h e noa v io s h y c h l e a n ) a y n s Mannin d e r r e y t a mysh l i e h - c n e e a d dy l e i h ayn mysh yn e a s h h o g h t b le e a n e y j e i g a s G ae lg f l a a o i l o c . E r - y n - o y r dy v e l p a i t c h y n g y n sag h ey smoo v o i s h yn v o i r ny v o i s h yn a y r , t ' e h smoo s c a n s h o i l dy g y n sag h ey r i s h mraane ny r i s h d e ln e y .Ayns ny c h e e ra g h y n t a mee e r n ' i m r a a t ' a d e r h r o g g a l p a i t c h y n a s yn ch en g ey ec yn a y r . J e e a g h - j e e m y g e a y r t ny v r a s t a l y n , v e l s l e i h a e g d y - l i o o a r ayn?Vel m raane a e g e y d y - l i o o a r ayn?

C r e 'n a g h t fod mayd g re in n a g h e y s l e i h a e g dy y n sag h ey G haelg? S h eg in d au e g o a i l l t o s h i a g h t ec mysh k i a r e ny sh ey j e i g b le e a n e y d ' e a s h dy beagh ad f l a a o i l e c h o g h t b l e e a n e y j e i g . E c .yn e a s h sh e n t ' a d e r n ' g h o a i l l t o s h i a g h t e r veag h ey a s r e i h e r - n y n - s o n h e n e . Ec yn e a s h c h e d d in n e e s n t t ' a d smoo cum m aghti t ec yn t h e i l l j e i a n a g h . T 'a d c eau ed d eey n quaagh noa - em shyragh , t ' a d c l a s h t y n r i s h k i a u l l .

J e i a n a g h a s t ' a d c a g h la a nyn a ig n a g h y n oc dagh v e e . Cha nod t r a a sm essey ve ayn son co sn ey ad dys yn g l e a s h a g h t G hae lg ag h , t r a t ' o u . sm o o in ag h ty n e r ' n y a lo o sh en n - em shyragh t ' e r ' n C-haelg. Ta l a n e f y s a i n - h e n e dy v e l ee nycnen g ey j e i a n a g h agh mannagh v e l yn s h e e lo g h e s ' a a sm o o in ag h ty n dy v e l ch a bee ad g r e i n n i t dy c h eau t r a a u r r e e .

Ta s h i n e r n ' g h o a i l l t o s h i a g h t

e r c h ro o a g h t - b e a g h e y n o a - em shyragh G h ae lg ag h . Ta a i t t y s ry -g h e d d y n ' s y n a g h t - b e a g h e y s h o h . Ta k i a u l l , r i n c y n a s s p o tc h y n ayn a y n s ny f e a i l l a g h y n e d d y r - C e l t i a g h as t a p a a r t dy l e i h a e g g o a i l l a y r n a y n d a u e .Dy vodmayds s o i l s h a g h e y d aue dy v e l Gaelg ny c l a g h u n d in a g h ' s y n c h o o is h cosneemayd b a r r i a g h t s c a n s h o i l . Dy vodmayds n e e s h t b i s h a g h e y ny f e a i l l a g h y n a s g o a i l l s t i a g h ny smoo s l e i h a e g (p u n k s , mods, new r o m a n t i c s a s s l e i h aeg e r b e e ) a s s o i l s h a g h e y daue dy v e l ny smoo a i t t y s r y - gheddyn ay n d au e ny ay n s yn a g h t - beaghey b o g h t t ' a d g y n sag h ey v o i s h yn c h e l v e e i s h , d i s c o a s Hadio V annin , f o d d e e b ee ad nyn moiraghyr. a s a y ra g h y n yn s h e e l ­oghe G aelgagh n o a . Cha n e l eh cho d o o i l l e e s h e n . Cha n e l a u i n i d ny f e e u i d ' s y n v ea j e i a n a g h t ' a d g e i y r t e r n i s h a s cha n e l ee f a r r a g h t y n .

Fod ad g y n sag h ey a y n s ny s c o i l l y n agh ch a nee monney. Ta k i e d e r ve c u r r i t l i o r i s h yn v o ay rd dy yannoo ymmyd j e h ' n G haelg ay n d a u e , agh ch a n e l ny p a i t c h y n s o i a g h e y mooar j e h red d y n t ' a d g y n sag h ey t r a t ' a d aeg ay n s s c o i l l y n . Cha n e l ad g y n sag h ey G ae lg ay n s yn nah s c o i l l ä s e e r dy row a d , ch a bee sh en j e h monney f e e u i d . Ta f y s a i n o o i l l e y e r ' n a g h t v a s h i n g y n sag h ey F r a n g i s h son f e y s h t .Cha n e l ad s o i a g h e y mooar j e h ' n ch en g ey c o l o a y r t y s s a g h a y n s f e s h t y n , a s t a sh e n yn r e d smoo s c a n s h o i l d o o in y n . Fod mayds g y n sag h ey g r a i h e r ' n chen g ey ( a s red d y n c u l t o o r a g h e l l e y ) ro o ay n s ny s c o i l l y n . S ' t r e i h lh iem g r a dy v e l ad y n s i t ny red d y n shoh e r - l h e h so n c o - h i r r a g h y n , (G u ild a s y l h i e d ) a s t a p a a r t j e u c u r dw oaie d a u e ny s 'a n m e y . T 'e h n i a r t a g h e y yn e i e nagh v e l ny red d y n shoh a y r n j e h ' n v ea j e i a n a g h m y rg e d d in . Cha n e l ad agh red d y n t ' o u ja n n o o ee yn s c o i l l so n c o - h i r r e y , a s g o l l r i s h ram red d y n e l l e y dyn ymmyd t ' o u f a a g a i l o i t y ch o o y l ad t r a t ' o u g ' a a s e ny s h i n n e y .Fod s c o i l l y n ja n n o o j e e i l l d a ' n c h o o is h e r ' n a g h t sh o h .

Honnick mee e a r i s h - l i o o a r Kernagh tammylt beg e r - d y - h e n n e y . V 'eh s c r e e u i t ay n s G aelg agh va ny s k e e a l y n m ychione red d y n j e i a n a g h a s va a r t y n ayn

Page Io CA RN 39

mychione nv c h ie d daeed c h a r e r ' n r a d i o , reddyr, b ' v i e i e s n yn a e g i d . C h eay l l mee l e a g h t n e e s h t v o i s h A lb in ag h ta g 'o b b r a g n d a 'n BBC. V 'eh ny s t i u r e y d e r j e n ' n c l a a r e y n sa g h t noa e r ' n c h e l v e e i s h e r - n y n - s o n b ’v i e l h i e n g y n sag n ey r i l b i n i s h . Hoish yn c l a a r e noa shoh , myr d o o y r t eh , v ’ou gynsag h ey yn a g h t dy chumraal c r o i t veg n e e s h t . Veagh oo sm o o in ag h ty n nagh dod p e ia g h l o a y r t m ychione reddyn e l l e y ’ syn G haelg , v ’eh d y - k i n j a g h mychione k i r r e e ny e e a s t a g n . V’eh s o i l s h a g h e y a o o in c l a a r e r e n e h j e h p u r t - y - b e e a l e r a g h t j e i a n a g n . Va’n doodee g o a i l l a r r a r t e e r a g h t t r a d i s h o o n a g h agh v ’ad jan n o o ymmyd j e h dagh s c h l e i noa ay n s ny j a l l o o g h y n , s o i l s h a g h y n e h e n ty n a s y l h i e d , a s g r e i e n y n - k i a u l l e e n o a -em sh y rag h l e c t r a g h . Smooineeagh oo dy row c l a a r e o n i a u l l c a d j i n v ’ayn g o l l r i s h "Top o f th e P o p s" . Va un red a n c h a s l e y a y n , v a ’n k i a u l l shoh foddey ny s h a r e . D ooyrt eh dy row s l e i h g o a i l l y in d y s t r a h o n n ick ad s l e i h l o a y r t mychione coo ishyri c h a d j i n ay n s t h i e o a s t a s s y G h ae lg . Cha row f y s oo dy row y l h i e d a y n .

Ta wheesh ny f e a i l l a g h y n ayn ny laghyn t ’ayn j i u veagh caa ec k i a r e ny q u ie g p o ssan y n k i a u l l e y a s r i r ic e y g o l l dys j e e s j e u dagh v l e i n . Ta c u i r r e y e r ve c u r r i t dys Bock Yuan Fannee dy g h o l l dys t h r e e j e u m leeaney n a s t e e .Cha nod ad g o l l d y s o o i l l e y j e u a s cha n e l p o ssan e l l e y a y n . Fodmayd jan n o o ymmyd j e u dy c h u r l e s h s t i a g h s l e i h aeg ay n s y vea C h ae lg ag h . Agh h o s h i a g h t t ’eh ymmyrchagh dy h ay rn ad s t i a g h a s g y n sag h ey k i a u l l a s r i n c e y ro o yn a g h t bee ad a a r l o o . S heg in d a ’n k i a u l l a s r i n c e y je e a g h y n daue dy ve f e e u a s j e i a n a g h e r E l l a n V ann in . Fodmayds g r e i n n a g h e y t o o i l l e y j e u dy h e e t dys yn C h ru in n a g h t dy a k i n a s g o a i l l a y rn ayns yn c h l o i e a s a i t t y s . Fod k i a u l l e y d e r y n g o l l ny s ’menckey s t i a g h ’sy t h i e y n - l h i o n n e y , a s l o a y r t e e m a r ro o sy n , jan n o o t a i s h b y n n y s r o i s h yn th e a y dy v e l Gaelg b i o , f o a y s s a g h a s a i t t .

YIlei aKtlclc cxamln&i the. pno- gsuia wade -in te.acJu.ng Gazllc to ciUldM.cn ln otn&M. countMla and ipccatatu on uiayi ln wiUch concUtlom could 6e cccated ln Mann uiiu.cn uiouta inad to 4liU- laA acociopmcnti .

Language surveyThe l a t e s t Manx G e n e ra l E l e c t i o n h e ld i n November 1981 w h e re b t t w e n t y - f o u r members were e l e c t e d t o t h e House o f Keys, was u sed by B anglane Twoaie ny S h esh ag h t G h a i lck a g h a s an o p p o r tu n e mom- e n t t o p r e s e n t a l l p r o s p e c t i v e c a n d i d a t e s w i th a q u e s t i o n a l r e on t h e i r v iew s o o n c e r n in g t h e f u t u r e S t a t u s o f t h e Manx Lan­guage in Mann and i n p a r t i c u l a r to a s c e r t a i n t h e im pending g o v e rn m e n t ’s l i k e l y a t t i t u d e in t h i s r e s p e c t .

The body t o which c a n d i d a t e s d e s i r e d t o be e l e c t e d i s p a r t o f a l e g i s l a t u r e t h a t i s o f f - i c i a l l y bound to tise t h e Manx Language t o p u b l i c l y d e c l a r e a resum e o f th e laws e n a c t e d by them d u r i n g t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r . T h e o r e t i c a l l y t h e n , Manx e n jo y s an e q u a l l e g a l S t a t u s w i th E n g l i s h , th o u g h i n f a c t any a t t e m p t t o e x e r c i s e t h a t r i g h t o u t s i d e t h e l 'o r m a l i s e d s e t t i n g o f lawmaking i s s t i l l r e g a r d e d i f n o t q u i t e t h e a c t o f a s o c i a l d e v i a n t , th e n a t l e a s t t h a t o f a l i n g u i s t i c e c c e n t r i c . That t h e Manx Language V e rs io n o f t h e law re tn a in s t o t a l l y i n c o m p r e h e n s ib l e t o t h o s e who a c t u a l l y f o r m u la t e d i t a p p e a r s to be a m a t t e r o f i n d i f f e r e n c e to g o v ern m en t members.

The t e n p o i n t s c o v e re d by t h e q u e s t i o n a i r e were drawn a lm o s t exclusively from th o s e Services

I a l r e a d y p r o v id e d and f i n a n c e d by Bord na G a e i lg e i n E i r e and were t h o u g h t t o be im p o r t a n t

a r e a s i n t h e f u t u r e d e v e lo p m en t o f M an x , ie : P r o v i s i o n f o r : -1) A c o m p reh en s iv e Information

S e r v i c e ;2 ) P r o j e c t s and schem es to

d e v e lo p Manx;T) C o u rses and a i d s t o l e a r n e r s

and t e a c h e r s ;■4) E x h i b i t i o n f a o i l i t i e s ;5 ) Commissions o f l i t e r a r y

work;6 ) P ro m o t io n a l m a t e r i a l , Manx

and b i - l i n g u a l ;7) Development o f Manx in

e d u c a t i o n ;8 ) P u b l i s h i n g i n Manx;9) Use o f Manx i n l o c a l

f e s t i v a l s ;K>) B r o a d c a s t i n g i n Manx.

To r e g u l a r i s e t h e C o m p i la t io n o f r e t u r n s t h e c a n d i d a t e s were a s k e d f o r one o f t h e f o l l o w i n g r e s p o n s e s t o e ach q u e s t i o n r" That the Government should:

AJ Not s u p p o r t b j S u p p o r tCj P ro v id e f i n a n c e f o r .

D i s a p p o i n t i n g l y , a l t h o u g h t h e s u r v e y was h e ld a t a t im e when most a s p i r i n g p o l i t i c i a n s a r e p o t e n t i a l l y a t t h e i r most r e o e p t i v e t o o u t s i d e i n f l u e n c e s , t h a t i s t o s a y t h e weeks im m e d ia te ly p r i o r t o th e e l e c t i o n , o n ly 66% o f t h e p r o s p e c t i v e c a n d i d a t e s b o th e r e d t o r e p l y and when t h e r e t u r n s were c o n f i n e d t o th e r e s p o n s e s o f t h o s e e v e n t u a l l y e l e c t e d , d ro p p ed t o a mere 62%. In a l l c a s e s , f a i l u r e t o make a r e t u r n by p o l l i n g day was t a k e n t o be

CARN 39 Page 17

Studeyrys Yernagh sy GhoallA ish Stu.cU.eA haue be.en (and s t i l l ojie.) ge.neA.ally ne.gte.cXed in B n ita in , both in s id e and ouX- side. Xhe 6to t e cducation System . Re.ce.nX developments go a l i t t l e way XomoacU impAoving th e S i t ­ua tion .

Ta ram j e h my c h a a r j y n l a n e s h i c k y r dy v e l mish e r chummal ay n s S o s ty n r i s h yramodee b l e i n . Cha n e l sh en k i a r t . Ta m ish e r chummal ay n s L e r p o y l l (ny fa g g y s d a ) . Cha nee S o s ty n t ' a y n n o a d y r . S orch dy Hostyu C h e l t i a g h t ' a y n , dy j a r o o . Son y ch o o id sm oo , sh e B re tn e e a s Yernee ny s h e n n - a y ra g h y n j e h ' n s l e i h t a baghey sy c h e e r whaagh sh o h . Kyndagh r i s h s h e n , cha n e l ny S o s tn e e k i a r t c o o n te y L e r p o y l l y ve S o s tn a g h dy f i r r i n a g h , ga nagh v e l monney C e l t i e e e r n g a r r a g h e y gys y " c h e e r " snoh r i s h s b e e lo g h e ny g h a a .

Ta ny L e r p o l l e e h ene t o i g g a l dy

Ta ny L e r p o y l l e e hene t o i g g a l dy d o o g h y ssag b dy nee s l u i g h t e r lh e h a d . T 'a d b r e e o i l as g a s t e y a s m e e - r e i l t a g h . Dy m enn ick , t a moyrn cam oc e r y f a dy v e l d ro g h ghoo oc kyndagh r i s h m e s h t a l l y s , cag g ag h y n - s t r a i d a s s t h o l k y n . E rsk y n o o i l l e y , ch a n e l ny L e r p o y l l e e c u r a rrym da s l e i h mannagh v e l ad t o i l c h y n e h . She t r o g h y n C e l t i a g h ad sh o h , oddagh oo

an i n d i c a t i o n o f no s u p p o r t .

The breakdown o f r e p l i e s wasa s f o l lo w s :

Q uest A 1

B C

Q uest A B C1 59% 33% 13%2 50% U6% U%3 92% 37% 21%4 97% 37% 16%5 75% 21% 9%b 59% 33% 8%7 59% 33% 8%8 67% 29% 9%9 50% 3Ö% 12%

10 58% 29% 13%

There i s r e a s o n to b e l i e v e t h a t th e g e n e r a l p u b l i c ' s a t t i t u d e to t h e l a n g u a g e i s r e f l e c t e d i n th e o p i n i o n s o f t h e i r e l e c t e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , t h a t i s a p p r o x i m a t e ly 56% who a d v o c a t e no o f f i c i a l s u p p o r t f o r th e l a n g u a g e . The s u r v e y conx 'irms t h a t , w h i l o t t h e la n g u a g e i s

g r a ! Cha n h y r r y s dy v e l Lunnin c u r f e o h da L e r p o y l l .

Ga dy v e l ny p a i t c h y n j e h Yernee ( a s C e l t i e e e l l e y ) ay n s L e r p o y l l c o o n te y ad hene y ve S o s tn a g h n i s h , t a ram je u g o a i l l t a i t n y s sy s l u i g h t oc h e n e . Dy d o o g h y ss a g h , t a ’n t a i t n y s sh en ny s t r o s h e y ay n s b a l j y n g o l l r i s h C o v en try a s L u n n in , r a a d t a ymmodee Yernee r e u c h e e t v e ih N erin s h i a r t a n s e dy v l e e a n t y n e r dy henney (cha n e l monney s l e i h va r u g g i t ayns N e r in cummal ay n s L e r p o y l l n i s h ) . Ta s l e i h s h i r r e y b r a s t y l l y n t a c u r fyo daue mychione c u l t o o r a s sh en n ag h y s ny h E r i n . Gyn o u r y s , t a k use j e u ja n n o o shoh kyndagh r i s h y chag g ey ayns N er in t w o a i e .T 'a d e r n a k i n c l a a r y n mychione sh e n n a g y s Yernagh e r c h e l l o o i s h S o s tn a g h a s by v i e l h i e u feddyn magh ny smoo na s h e n . T 'ad s h i r r e y nyn b e r s o o n a g h t Yernagh.

Ta d o i l l e e i d e r lh e h oc s h id t a s h i r r e y c u r s t u d e y r y s Yernagh e r e h o s h i a g h t ay n s S o s t y n .T a 'n ch o o id smoo dy ' l e i h y n s i t v e i h ' n c h l e a n dy c h u r fe o h da ny Y ernee n y , e r y c h o o id s l o o , dy yannoo c r a i d my nyn g i o n e (y r e d c h e d d in ay n s Mannin t a e r ve b a i h t ay n s P ropaganda G oaldagh r i s h keead y n dy v l e e a n t y n n i s h ) . Ta ram s l e i h c h e e t dy ve c o r r e e t r a t ' o u g a c c a n mychione ny s p o tc h y n Yernagh ( ' a i t t y s gyn o i k ' ) .

n o t s u b j e c t e d t o o v e r t s u p p r e s s i o n , i t r e m a in s th e v i c t i m o f i g n o r a n c e and i n d i f f e r e n c e e m a n a t in g from th e h i g h e s t l e v e l i n th e Community, i t i s s e l f - e v i d e n t t h a t th e l a n g u a g e s o c i e t i e s w i t h i n Mann n eed n o t l o o k t o t h e i r own g o v e rn m en t f o r s u p p o r t , e i t h e r m o ra l o r f i n a n c i a l , a s t h e i r a m b i t i o n s a r e d e m o n s t r a b ly low i n t h e l e a g u e t a b l e o f p o l i t i c a l p o l i t i c a l p r i o r i t i e s .

The la n g u a g e movement i n Mann m us t e i t h e r c o n t i n u e t o draw more d e e p ly upon i t s a l r e a d y d e p l e t e d r e s e r v e s o f manpower and f i n a n c e o r , a l t e r n a t i v e l y , lo o k f u r t h e r a f i e l d f o r th e r e c o g n i t . i o n and en c o u ra g e m e n t t h a t i t d e s e r v e s and n e e d s to f l o u r i s h . U n t i l t h i s h ap p en s t h e o u t l o o k re m a in s b l e a k f o r any p o s i t i v e a c t i o n and e x p a n s io n on th e l a n g u a g e f r o n t in Mann.

P J K e l ly

Myr s h e n , t ' e h f e e r s c a n s h o i l dy c h u r e r e h o s h i a g h t b r a s t y l l y n Y e rn l s h , b r a s t y l l y n s h e n n a g h y s , b r a s t y l l y n k i a u l l e e a s myr sh e n f o a s t . Cha j e a n y l h i e d dy b rag h dooney ny g i b j e h ny kimmee t a f o a s t g e e a r r e e cu r ny Y ernee f o c h o s h . Agh nee y l h i e d n i a r t a g h e y ad s h i d t a s h i r r e y nyn Y ernaghys ay n s c h e e r j o a r r e e .

Ta t o o i l l e y s l e i h c o -o b b ra g h e y ay n s ny c o o i s h y n sh o h n i s h .Myr s a m p le y r , t a e a r i s h l i o a r e n m y s s i t " I r i s h S t u d i e s i n B r i t a i n " e r ve c u r r i t e r bun. Ta'n earishlioar shoh olouit ay n s B eea l F e i r s h t e y a s c u r r i t magh ay n s L u n n in . T 'e e geddyn cooney v e i h r e i l t y s D iv ly n .T a 'n e a r i s h l i o a r c u r f y s mychione l i o a r y n a s scan n an ey n as y l h i e d r y h o i s t u d e y r y s Yernagh sy G hoal.

Ta t u s h t e y dy l i o o a r c h e e t v e i h ' n sm o o in a g h t dy v e l eh fo d d ey ny s a s s e y dy yannoo s t u d e y r y s e r c o o i s h y n F r a n g a g h , Rooshagh, G iarm aanagh , Sheenagh a s myr sh e n na e r c o o i s h y n C e l t i a g h . Dy j i g y l a a t r a v ee s dy c h o o i l l e y p h a i t c h e y ay n s Mannin ja n n o o s t u d e y r y s M anninagh.

B r ia n Mac S t o y l l , 13 L u a n i s t y n 1982.

ErrataThe follow i-ng a o rrec tio n s and amendments have been re c e iv e d . Should any reader have e i th e r more o f the same or any new In fo rm a tio n , we would be g r a te fu l to re c e iv e i t . Note the new address f o r C’AJtN on page 24.

L s n r n i n g t h e C e l t i c L a n p u a g e s . ari i u n o e r h-.d^HOfHTc, ( J a s s e t t e s , •<onia N ow en ,: d e c o n d p d i t i o n , c a s s e t t e ' ( a n s w e r s t o < = x e r c i s e s ) 1992 -IT»; 1 - 5 0 . f r o n t h e a u t h o r , " r e m l y n , T a l - y - L l y n , g e r achyr.) l e t h , J fow ys.

. . I s o n o t e u n t l e r / . e r n e w e k :•ooks a v a i l a b l e now f r o m Mrs..

P . b a s o o e , G a r n g l a z e , o t . N e o t , l i s k e a r d ; and d e t a i l s o f c la s 3 e s ann c o u r s e s f r o m ■.teila d ro w n , Ghy ar. G e l l ,° r i t h H ä . , j a l t a s h .

Page 1tf CAHN 39

—general———Celtic League AGM*'• e A nnual G e n e r a l .'*»<»t i n g o f t.ho •-«l'tifi ,"» .-ue . a s ' p i d on t r p •: ! ts. !uiu lV th o!‘ A u g u s t in «1 '•">* t - i r l u n n , f " ? - n a d - T j ;* r « * r s '•>' Jo '•alt-.HR d e o l t o i r f "■ ■ ' r e n n n , v i r •/.)•• I i n . i t‘.ViS a* r* r i : uv oi";i! n u r r '■ n c h e s p x c e n t Hre i 7.h ar. • o r t .h n m e r i c a , t . 1 a r g e r : t

r t i c i ” t t i n r i f h e r i r e l . i.rsfi ' » i n , f'roTi ann i n . ip :o rfc s e o v e r e d »i-o 3 i*>n in and t f “ u eM v d f .y n f oi.c- i r a n c h ,Mo o v o rn i i f i n a n c i a l S i t u a t i o n i": : t* •» «d i t i n-- .m ; ” u b l i c . a t j o n

• *i C . " > e m r a l :>ecr«> t a r yl*. -lO.0 t o '* h.-r» c o —

orri i n a t i o n a c h e i v e d d n r i .n g th e .'.'•»ar, t h e d i s s e y i i n a t io n o f tr. fo rm a i i >n ano th « S e r v i c e‘ '"'W i i°:l t". o '1-'* ’t L« f ! ‘ ;i»vIru m o ro i;s • ^ ■ | ' ) i r p r s , J : i t i s f a c t io n w •» * v/ i t h tPp iT io ro vo — ■r.r> >t i a r - p ia y - o u t o f C a R!\ and w i t ^ *, ( i c t i v i t y o f th p , 'a n x b ru n e r in v i r t i c . i l a r • how ever n u r ‘n o m b o rs h it i and s u b s c r ip t io n s ■ d • . rd ;r e t th e le v e i reach*»;i a y e .r r a m o x c e n t in •.vüsru ’ir,d a n n in and s a le s ins ' .o s hart d e o l i n e d . n g r e a t e r e f f o r t was t h e r e f o r e n e e d e d in f f co m in g y e a r . The m ee t . in g d e v o fp . l much o f i t R t i m e to i n t n r n a l • n a t t o r s w i t h a v iew tn i m r o v i n g th » O r g a n i s a t i o n ' r .

efficier.cy. It eiected Peöyr Prior (Xerr.ow) cditor of GASE in aimcession to Cathal C Luain who is unfortunately unable to continue except as Irish sub- editor ' t» r»c?ivei a unar. imous vote of thanks for the excellent work he hart done over the ysara as p .itor;. . rs :..ary Jenavan(Albaj w :• eiected to the Ghair in suocessinn to Jhorys y Jreayrip (who handled two sensions mont expprtlyl); iS?murrt offat { 'annin) will, as a.nsistant uocrot.ary general, t.ake Charge of central admin- i trutive funetions in addition to being .;,anx branch secr°tary; and Patricia dridson (Tannin) will, as director of Information seek ways of naking th° Geltic Lp.iine and i.ts aims more widely knoy/n. ,nhe other central ofTiners remainert unchungert.

i f e s o l u t i o n s .The AGM TT r p a f f i r m e o th e l ' d i l AGM r e s o l u t io n f r , ? u m g in g t h e Gelt, i c l a n g u a g e o r g a n i s a t i o n s t o i n c r e a s e t h e i r c ( i n > v . : t io n , in n . - . r t i c u l a r t o g i v e he l n when a S i t u a t io n a r i s i n g in one c o u n t r y n i g h t havo oepn a l r e a d y met s u c c e s s - f u l l y in a n o t h e r ; k ) n ro p o s e d t o dra'velop G e l t i c i .eague g r o u p s

in u n i v e r s i t i e s and C o l l e g e s o f t h e J e l t i c c o u n t r i e s ;}} condem ned t h e i m o o s i t i o n o f m i l i t a r y S e r v i c e in j i r i t t a n y and Jp n o u n o e a t h e f a l s e n r e t e n c e o f th e . . i t t e r a n d a n n e s t y shown cy th e i . t p r i s o n m e n t o f H e r v e X e r r a i n and d e r n e z V o r b e i ;/.) d e c i r ie d t o n o n i t o r t h e cievelöpmer.t. o f m i l i t a r y a c t i v i f i e s an d . i n s t a l l a t i o n s in th e G e l t i c c c u n t r i e s w i th a v i»w to a ! e r t i n g p u b l i c o p i n i o n t o t r . e i r d a n g e r a n d , an P a r a s 1 m . and i s c o n c e r n e d , t o t h e •:r.<ie»’n i n i n g o f I r i s h neu f r a l i t y .

(;n th e Ju n - ta y a f t e r r . o o n , t i e ACM p a r t i c I n a n + s w e re t a k e n or. a g i ) id e d t o u r o f .‘o l a i s t e Wanna, . . a t h r a r n a i n w h p re , in ' h e y ° :- .rs p r i o r t o ’ t l rß ,

’r i c k P e a r s e o u t i r i t o n r a c t i . e e h in p r i n c i n i e s f o r a t r u l y G u e l i c e d u c i t i o n v-hich w ere w e i l ; i l v a n c e d f o r h i s t i me.

A d r a f t f o r a r ° v i s e t i const^ - ’i t u t i o n was r e f e r r e d t o t h e b r a n c h c o w m i t t e e s f o r c l a r - i f i c a t i o . n o f p o i n t ] . d o f t f o o r e s e n t c o n s t i t v t , i.t»n a b o u t a forma.': a s s o c i a t i o n o f f r e e C e l t i c n a t i o n s . y e x t y e a r ' n aGM w 111 :>e h e l d i r h e rn o w .

GARN 39 Page 19

National identity-.ti s e m i n a r on th e s m a l l and s t a t e l e s s n a t i o n s o f L u ro p e was o r g a n i s e d in L enm ark f ro m 1 3 t h t o 1 8 t h o f A u g u s t 1 9 8 2 .

K r i s t i a n K j a e r N i e l s e n , t e a c h e r a t R0h s h o v e d F o l k h i g h s c h o o l , was th e o r g a n i s e r o f th e s e m i n a r . I n h i s i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h i s m e e t i n g he s a i d s "We b e l i e v e t h a t t h e N o r d ic P e o p le c a n b r i n g i n s p i r a t i o n t o t h e s m a l l and s t a t e l e s s n a t i o n s o f S u r o p e ; many o f them a r e t o d a y i n th e m id d le o f a f i g h t f o r f r e e d o m an d e x i s t e n c e . We t h i n k t h a t t h e N o r d i c h i g h s c h o o l h a s b r o u g h t a g r e a t d e a l o f i n s p i r a t i o n t o t h e p r o c e s s o f l i b e r a t i o n w h ic h h a s t a k e n p l a c e among t h e N o r d ic n a t i o n s a l t h o u g h t o d a y n o t a l l t h e N o r d i c p e o p l e s have g o t t h e i r f r e e d o m . ,Ve b e l i e v e , by w o r k in g t o g e t h e r on a s w id e a e u r o p e a n b a s i s a s p o s s i b l e , t h a t t h e s t a t e l e s s e u r o p e a n n a t i o n s h a v e a Chance o f g e t t i n g o f f i c i a l r e c o g n i t i o n " .

The J a n i s h F o l k h i g h s c h o o l s , s e t u p t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t r y s i h c e a b o u t 1840 w ere fo u n d e d by N i k o l a j G r u n d t v i g t o t i e v e lo p e d u c a t i o n in t h e r u r a l a r e a s o f J J e n n a rk . G r a d i i a l l y , t h e y became c e n t r e s f o r ' p e r m a n e n t e d u c a t i o n o p e n t o e v e r y b o d y , w h e re N o r d i c a n d L a n i s h c u l t u r e s w ere d i s s e m i n a t e d .T h e re a r e now 91 f o l k h i g h - s c h o o l s i n Lenmark an d many in b w eden and Norway. ( F o r more I n f o r m a t i o n , a b o o k l e t i n u n g l i s h i s o b t a i n a b l e f ro m : H o j s k o l e r n e s S e k r e t a r i a t - V a r t o v - F a r v e r g a d e 2 7 , 0 DK - 1 4 6 3 KJrfBfiNHAVN K t e l s 009 45 1 13 98 22

But why s u c h a m e e t i n g a b o u t m i n o r i t i e s i n Lenmark?

Be c a u s e lienm ark i s a s m a l l n a t i o n ( a r e a : 45 OCOkra2; f i v e m i l l i o n i n h a b . ) w h ic h h a s b e e n a t a l l t i m e s i n f l u e n c e d by German and b o a n d i n a v i a n c u l t u r e s , an d c r o s s e a by t r a v - e l l e r s a n d a r m i e s - e l l e r s and a r m i e s , 1 i k e a b r i d g e D e tv e e n t h e N o r t h and S o u t h o f B u r o p e . B u t , in s p i t e o f i n v a s i o n s , a n n e x i o n s an d w w ars an s e a an d on l a n d , t h e D anes m a i n t a i n e d t h e m s e l v e s . M ow adays, i t i s one o f t h e r i o h e s t n a t i o n s i n t h e Common H a rk e t !

I n s o u t h B en m ark , w h ich i s c a l l e d N o r t h C c h l e s v i g , t h e r e i s a s t r o n g Germar. communit.y;

Danish seminaron t h e o t h e r s i d e o f t h e J a n i s h - G e r m a n b o r d e r , i n S o u t h - B c h l e s v i g , t h e r e i s an i m p o r t a n t L a n i s h n i n o r i t y .T h o se tw o m i n o r i t i e s h a v e t h e i r c u l t u r a l c e n t r e s , t h e i r n e w s p a p e r s , t h e i r s c h o o l s .T h e i r p a s t and p r e s e n t P ro b le m s w ere o u t l i n e d by t h e i r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a t t h i s s e m i n a r .

J e v e r a l e u r o p e a n m i n o r i t i e s a t t e n d e d a t t h e H d n shoved H o j s k o l e : p e o e l e f ro m G ra u b u n d e n ( b w i t z e r l a n d ) , S c o t l a n d ( SNF f o r e i g n a f f a i r s s p o k e s m a n ) , F r I s l a n d ( N e t h e r - - l a n d s ) , V la a n d e r e r . ( B e l g i u m ; , t h e B e l g i a n g e r iaan S p e a k e r s ' a r e a , L a t v i a ( U iS R ) , S r e i z h (SPV, k e n d a l c 1h ) , t h e C e l t i c L e a g u e , The G e r m a n - l l a n i s h , th e J a n i s h - G e r m a n , German g r o u p s , an i - . u s t r i a n g r o u p and n u n e r o u s d a n e s f ro m t h e a r e a .

L e e tu r e s w er» g i v e n a b o u t "The r e t u r n o f t h e O r a l s p e e c h a s a c r e a t u r e o f I d e n t i t y " by K r i s t i a n N i e l s e n ( L a n i s h o r g a n i s e r ) , "O ie I n d u s t r i e d e s ^ y e r s c h w i n d e n s " ( ü b e r I r u i t und i n d u s t i e l l e n R a s s i m u s ) , b y i ' r o f .H . N i c h b e r g ( C e r m a n y ) , ?.!i n d e r h e i t s v e r - h a l t n i s zum M u t t e r l a n d , by R i s iS. L i s t l e t e r s e n (M an ag e r o f t h e German c e n t r e i n N o r t h o c h l e s v i g ) , J r . I). S t e v e n s o n ( S c o t l a n d , SNP) sp o k e a b o u t " N a t i o n a l I d e n t i t y - f r o m a S c o t t i s h and w o r ld v i e w p o i n t " T h o r B e r g e r s ( V i a a n d e r e n - V o l k s u n i e ) d e v e l o p e d t h e i d e a o f i n t e g r a l f e d e r a l i s m in Bel B e lg iu m an d i n l u r o p e , a s a g o o d s o l u t i o n t o t h e p r o b l e m o f m i n o r i t i e s . A t l a s t J a k » z G a u e b e r s p o k e a b o u t t h e B r e t o n f i g h t f o r f r e e d o m t h r o u g h o u t h i s t o r y a n d t h e ] n . t » s t d e v e l o p - - m e n t s i n t h e B r e t o n movement i n b o t h i t s c u l t u r a l a n d p o l i t i c a l a p e c t s .

L u .r ing th e s e m i n a r , we w ere i n t r o d u c e d t o srnne a s p e c t s o f t h e L a n i s h way o f l i f e : t h a t l i t t l e n a t i o n , b a s e d on a s t r o n g N o r d i c c u l t u r e t a u g h t i n t h e L a n i s h N o l k h i g h s c h o o l s , w i t h a s o c i a l s t r n c t u r e s n p p o r t e d by a v e r y t o l e r a n t an d s o c i a l i s t o u t l o o k , c a n be an ex a m p le f o r t h e G e l t i c N a t i o n s f i g h t i n g "dir Treedom an d p r e s p e r i t y .

P e n d a n t l ’ & t& j i l y a v a i t u n c o n g r e s e n D ä n e m a r k a u s u j . - . r . d e s p e t i t e s n a t i o n s s a n s e t a t

ReviewCBI.TIC: A COKPAüaTIVK GTUBY by i o u g l a s B . G r e g o r . 598 p p . P u b l i s h e d by t h e O l e a n d e r P r e s s , 17 G t a n s g a t e A v e . ,Carcbr id g e , i n g l a n d , 1 9 8 0 . B o f tb o u n d GTC5-95» h a r d b o u n d S T t ' l J - r 0 .

• h i s book w i l l i n t e r e s t t h o s e who want, *0 know vrhat t h e

C e l t i c l a n g u a g e s h a v e in common, n o t o n l y a s r e g a r d s t h e i r g ra m m e rs , t h e i r v o n a b ­

u l a r i e s , t h e i r p a r t i c u l a r w ays o f e x p r e s s i n g o r d i n a r y t h o u g h t s , b u t a l s o t h e h i s t o r i c a l c i r c ü m s t a n c e s in w h ic h t h e y d e v e l o p e d a n d a r e s t r o g g l i n g t o e x i s t t o d a y .

T h e r e a r e o t h e r b o o h s d e a l i n g w i t h t h e same s u b j e c t tfcovgh c o n o e n t r a t i n g on t h e p h i l - o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s . Th i r t , y - f i v e y e a r s a g o I g o t e r . g r o s s e d in L e w i s - P e d s r s e n ' s o m n a r a t iv e C e l t i c Gramm a r . a more a r d u o u s and a c a d e m ic w ork f r o m w h ic h I l e u r n e o a good d e a l a b o u t t h e r u l e s g o v e r n i n g t h e e v o l u t v o n f ro m O ld C e l t i c t o t h e m od ern f n r i r s o f o u r l a n g u a g e s . I n t h e s i x t i e s , t h e B r e to n p e r i o d i c a l Hör Yezh p u b l i s h e d A r z e l S v e n ' s I s t o r a r Yezhou - e l t i e t ( ' v o l u m e s ) , a th o ro u g h . p i e c e o f w ork d a l i n g in t h e g r e a t e s t d e t a i l w i th t h e v a r i o u s p h a s e s o f t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t . ß . B . G r e g o r ' s b o o k i s o f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t i n t h a t i t m ak es a p o i n t by p o i n t c o m p a r i s o n b » tw e e n th em : common e l e m e n t a r e a n a l y s e d , w i t h n u m e ro u s e x a m p l e s , u n d e r 26 h e a d i n g s , sorae o f w h i c h c o v e r v a r i o u s s u b d i v i s i o n s .T h i s s e c t i o n , w h ic h t& k e s one t h i r d o f t h e b o o k , s h o u l d a t t r a c t t h o s e who w o u ld l i k e t o s e e a n a r t i f i c i a l C e l t i c l i n g u a f r a n c a w o rk ed o u t a s a means t o r “ d u c e t h e u s e o f F n g l i s h ( o r F r a n c h ) i n i n t e r - c e l t i c r e l a t i o n s : t h e y v / i l l r e a l i s e t h e d i f f i c u l t . i e s o f t h e t a s k , e v e n i f s u c h a ko i.ne w ere t o t a k e a c c o u n t o f a s many o f t h e s i m i l a r i t i e s a s p o s s i b l e .

( c o n t in u e d o v e r l e a f )

e n E u r o p e . T I y a v a i t d e s r e p r e s e n t a n t s d e b e a u o o u p d e n a t i o n s e t o r g a n i s a t i o n s e t i l y a v a i t q u e l q u e s d o s c o u r s . TL s e m b l e q u e n o u s p u i s s i o n s a p p r e n d r e b e a u c o u p d e s D a n o i s , d n n t l e s e n f a n t s a p p r e n d a l e u r c u l t u r e d a n s l e s e c o l e s .

Page 20 GARN 39

Lizher- Cam e yezhou Keltiek hepken?H i j o u t a. r a f e d i n T s s p o n t da b e n n a d J o r ? Cwegen e r b a r m e t e n iv e r e r .n ' 5 GARN d i w a r - b e n n a r C ' h e n d a l c ' h k e l t i e k C t r e - v r o a d e l e l a n r iu o n , jjrfzJIZH e t r e an 1 ' s*w an. 23 a v i z Grviere 1 ••>‘"•1.

'.wi- eo o na a r C ’ h e n d a l c ' li-man” a < 'z e t "ia* h a k t e r , e B r e i z h , r. i k o u r ° t n t ' » r - L a r a u o n . Ar wech k e n ta n e oa d in raont d ’a r C 1h ^ n d a l e ' h b •- k ave t ' x e u s an o t»iö ,* e n b i l t i ;o s na uedanTiui:; h a 'i ' -ko t e u s u r D»rn f r a u o

i • i r -b n - in l e l t i a a - c " z ! " .

(o o n t ln u o d from page 19)

f>(. f i r n - ».'• i r d s u r v e y s th e > i s t o r y o f th«> r.nc L es t Gel t s and o f +. » s ix C e l t . i c -. .t, i o n s

An W erynA f te r s u c c e s s f u l l y m a i n t a i n i n g i t s S t a n d a r d s and c i r c u l a t i o n f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s , A n W e r y n , t h e r a d i c a i C o rn is h m ag az in e , h a s c e a s e d p u b l i c a t i o n .

Founded i n t h e m i d - 1 9 7 0 's by a g ro u p o f p r o g e s s i v e a u to n o m is t s and s o c i a l i s t s , t h e p a p e r had b u i l t up a r e p u t a t i o n f o r d e - r a o i i s h in g s a e r e d cows w h e re - e v e r th e y a p p e a re d i n t h e n a t ­i o n a l movement i n C ornw all and f o r a t t a c k i n g th o s e i m p e r i a l - i s t s , w i th i n and w i tn o u t C o rn w a l l . A n W e r y n s t a r t e ü l i f e a s a b i - m o n th ly , d i s a p - •ea red f o r f i v e m onths and th e n

was r e - l a u n c h e d a s a q u a r t e r l y , w i tn i n c r e a s e d c i r c u l a t i o n and c o v e r a g e . The r e a s o n f o r i t s d em ise h a s been iziven a s a l a c k o f t im e on t h e p a r t o f t h e s m a l l e d i t o r i a l team b u t p l a n s h ave a l r e a d y been l a i d t o p r o - dupe a s e r i e s o f o f f - p r i n t s , s i m i i a r t o t h e s u c c e s s f u l T r i b u t a r i e s which c o n ta i n e d a number o f e s s a y s on t h e f u t - u r e o f t h e C o rn is h p o l i t i c a l movement, by w r i t e r s from a l l a r e a s o f t h e s o c i a l i s t , a u t o n - r a i s t and n a t i o n a l i s t sp e c t ru m .

As we go t o p r e s s , how ever, rum o u rs abound t h a t A n W e r y n may make y e t a n o t h e r com e-b ack . B e rn a rd Deacon, one o f t h e p a p e r ' s f o u n d e r s , a lo n g w i th t h e n o t o r i o u s W il l Rodda, i s r e p o r t e d t o be p l a n n i n g i t s r e - l a u n c h . Such a move would u n d o u b te d iy be welcomeo by t h e p r o g r e s s i v e f a c t i o n o f t h e n a t i o n a l movement i n C o r n w a l l .

B e z 'o a t u d d r e i s t n a f e i l e d e z h o k o x z n a g a l l e g n-a s a o z n e g k e n n e b e u t .

G w e le t e x e u s t r a o l i i v e z , ne f e i l e k e t e i n g v v e lo u t . T r o c ' h e t ' o a a r C ' h e n d a l c ' h e d a o u dämm e gw irtonez- . : Tud B r e i z h - V e u r g a n t fiid Bro I w e r z h o n , ha tu d ä r e i z h . u - p a d u r f e s t - n o z ’ x e u s k l e v e t u r v a o u e z e u s (-ernow o l a ' r o u t : " a r / r e t o n e d h a r p T b r e i z a zo i m p a l a e r o u r i e n " h i e v e t ’ x e u s u r c ’ h e x b r e a d o l a ' r o u t : " . 'u d B ro I w e r z h o n a zo f o r z h p e n a o s a r o c ' h . "

w i t h e i p h a s i s on t h e l i n g u i s t i c a s n e c t s . The a u t k o r , a r fe lshm an who h a s .p - t rn e d 1 i s h in B e l f a s t , i s s v m p a t n e t i c t o t h e e f f o r t s or. o e h a l f o f o u r l a n g - u a g e s . The l a s t p a r t c o n t a i n s an a n & l y s i s o f t h e c a u s e s o f th e i r d e c l i n e anc a g l a n c e a t t h e s t r u g g l e s f o r t h e i r r e v i v a l ( e x o l u d i n g C y m r ä e g ) . A werk c o v e r i n g s u c h a v a s t g r o u n d i s a l l th e more s t i m u l a t i n g when i t e x n r e s s e s i t s a u t h o r ' s p e r s o n a l v i e w s and one m us t r e c o g n i s e t h a t i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o a v o i d e r r o r s a l t o g e t h e r . I would n o t a g r e e t h a t ’ i t i s l u c k y f o r S c o t l a n d t o h av e tw o l a n g u a g e s ' ( i t i s j u s t a f a c t ) ; o r t h a t ’ l a n g u a g e s a r e n o t k i l l e d : t h e y conim it s u i c i o e ' : t h i s seem s t o e x o n e r a t e t h o s e '.vho, t o s a y t h e l e a s t , d r i v e thfim t o s u i e i . d e , I t i s more t h a n d i s p u t a b l e t h a t I r i s h u n i t y p r i o r t o t h e Normans was t o be f o u n d o n l y i n t h e C h u rch (w as G a e l i c n o t s y o k e n a l l o v e r I r e l a n d ? d i d t h e d r e h e n 1 ws n o t p r e v a i l t h r o u g h o n t t h e c o u n t r y ? ) . Had L'. 3 . G re g o r c o n s u l t . e d L . i ' T e u r i o t ' s m a s t e r - p i e c e , " J i c t i o n n a i r e d e s G l o s e s on V i e u x - B r e t o n " 0 H i n t e r 2 , he w ould n o t h av e w r i t t e n t h a t ' t h e s o l l t b e tw e e r t h e B r i t t o n i c . 1an fp räg es was r a p i d ' . I m u s t s a y t h a t n o t e n o n g h c a r e w as t a k e n t o c h e c k t h e c o r r e c t n e s s o f t B r a t e n e x a m p l e s o f s i m i i a r i t . i e . Borne o f t h e e r r o r s nt-.y be due h- oad e d i t i n g b u t o t h e r s a r e l e s s p a r d o n a b l e , l i k e 1x e am e u 3 e e t d a g o z ' o r ' u a o u ;-an n ' az " l j j o n t " . The I r i s h e x a m p l e s a r e on t h e w h o le r e l i a b l e . i ' r o v i d e d t h e r e a d e r s p x e r c i s e a c e r t a i n c a u t i o n h o w e v e r , t h e y w i l l f i n d t h e Book v e r y u s e f u l . I s t r o r . g l y recom m end t h a t , fo T a r e - e d i t i o n , t h e h e i p o f som eone f a m i l i ä r w i t h B r e t o n De e n l i s t e d .A.H e u s a f f .

Met p a ' x e u s g w e l e t m eur a Gembread o v o n t k u i t p a voe k a n e t u r g e n a o u e n n e v i t Bobhy B ands ' oa t r i s t v a c ' h a l o n .

/ vAr gwashan 'o a e -p a d a r v o d a d e g v e u r . J ' a r m a re—se 1m e u s g w e l e t p i v ' o a o r e n a r C ' h e n d a l c ' h . An h o l l a f e r i o u ■oa b e t d i v i z e t e s a o z n e g d am d o s t h e p komz y e z h k e l t i e k e b e t . Mont a r a e mat. g a n t t r a o u a r s e v e n a d u r x e t p a ' o a dam- v e n e g e t ' o a t u d ' a r C ' h e n d a l c ' h k a s u r p e l l s k r i d d ' a n I t r o n T h a t c h e r a - e n e p d ' a n h a r z - d e b r i n a oa en e g e r z , ne f e i l e k e t d a C e m b re iz n a d ' a n d u d e u s 1 e r n e v - V e u r o b e r t r a pe d r a . i t e t ' o a d a dud B r e i z h - V e u r r e n w ar a r c ' h e n d a l c ' h g a n t l ^ z e n n a r B ao zo n a - e n e p d ' a r G e l t e d . h e t ' o a d ' a r C ' h e n d a l c ' h a - b e z h l e z e l a r p e l l s k r i d "w a r an d a o l " e - g i z ' l a r e un den e u s B ro -G e m b re . Ne o a k e t a r C ' h e n d a l c ' h e B r e i z - V e u r . P i v ' o a n e u z e an i m p a l a e r o u r i e n ? i)' a.x m enoz , t u d B r e i z h - V e u r , g a n t s p e r e d a r B ao zo n h a h i n i T h a t c h e r . Bmaon o ' n em • c ' h o u l e n n d a b e t r a ' s e r v i j a r C ' h e n d a l c ' h n e u z e . Ne v e z e k e t k o m zo t a r y e z h o u k e l t i e k e —pad bociadegou p o u e z u s o c ' h a r C ' h e n d a l c ' h ( k o m z e t ' v e z e k e l t i e g g a n t a r s t r o l l a d o u l a b o u r ) h a ne oa k e t t u deomp harparT h ö r b r e u d e u r a zo o s t o u r m e v i t c i e u b i d i g e z h lw e r z h o n a - b e z h . M a ' f e l l d a dud B r e i z h - V e u r s t o u r m g a n t a r B ao zo n a - e n e p o b r e u d e u r g e l t i e k d a b e t r a ' s e r v i j a r C' h e n d a l c ' h? Re t ' o a de omp s i k n u r a n I w e r z h o n i z t o u l l — b a c ' h e t e Bong K esh !

Ar meines t r a e o e v i t GARN, da b e t r a ' s e r v i j GARN ? B e z 'o a 24 b a j e n n e - b a r z h an n i v e r e n n d i u e z h a f f h a 17 e s a o z n e g . j ' l 'eo k e t a r s a o z n e g u r y e z h k e l t i e k ! Ja b e t r a ' s e r v i j a r s a o z n e g e - b a r z h u r g e l a o e n n g e l t i e k ? Tu a zo s k r iv a f f h e v e i e p p e n n ad e meur a y e z h k e l t i e k . Tu a zo moulaff n e b e u t o e ' h a b en n a d o u i v e z . i e r a k a r s a o z n e g ? Ar y e l a o u e n n ROBC he r ieu s an h e v e l e p k u d e n n - r e a s a o z n e g ! A l l i z h i r i p o u e z u s o c ' h s k r i v e t g a n t A lan H e u s a f f ' v e z e s a o z n e g !H a r te z e eo a e s o c ' h s k r i v a r f e s a o z n e g - a e s o c ' h e o d i n s k r i v a f i e g a l l e g , pe en i t a l i a n a g , n e u z e e v e f e t u da em b a rn p e n n a d o u en . l a n a n e g e Oa /.N , n ^ r a k nc voz k o t g r a s t m ori-se?

CAHN 39 Page 21

Kmaon o p a o u e z r e s e v a r f o l l e n o b e j isk r lv a fT e v l t montda G e n d a l c ' h K e l t i e k B o n s - a n - B an e , k e r n o w . N 'e u s g e r k e l t i e k e b e t w a r n e , g e r k e r n e v e u r e g e b e t d a o u s t d ' a r C 'h e n d a l c ' h bexan d a l c ' h e t e K ernow h e v l e n e . B e z ' e z e u s Br S to n e d h a G a l l o u e d na g o m p re n o n t k e t a r s a o z n e g ma n ' o u z e c ' h k e t !

r ie t eo aeorap c s ib ab , d 'a m n e n o z : ’J i a zo K e l t e d pe b a o z o n ; B r e t o n e d pe G a l l o u e d , I w e r z h o n i z ■e b a o z o n , l e m b r e i z pe Daozon

h a g a l l . 1. a n e f e i l k e t d e o c ' h d i b a b , ne s e r v i l d a n e t r a a r C ' h e n d a l c ' h ~ .Go! ' a r b p e c i a l B ra n c h ha d ' a n hGed. K.a'z omp ! e l t e d ’vo r e t deomp s t o u r m e j e l t i a a - e n e p d ' a r o a o z o n h a d ' a r G ' h a l l o u e d .

T im o zeo z T ad h g rfßlJGi.'_rf.h Y ann-L ug £8Y.

Respont.-.1 l i z h e r - m a n a l a k a u r p i k - g o u l e n n a t a d i w a r - b e n n a r stmrnn a v e z r o e t g a n t a r C 'h e v r e K e l t i e k h a g un a o z a d u r a l l d ' a n b a r e m p r e d o h e t r e k e l t i e k .0 v e z a r f ma k a v a b e g ennomp h a g e t a o l d i a k r e d w ar d a l v o u d e g e z h a r p e z h a reo m p e r e s p o n t a n e n u r p e n n a d h a g a z i s p l e g o iv e z p e r a k e z e o e s a o z n e g ez eo s k r i v e t . Hak m at eo s p i s a a t u n a n e u s p a l i o b a r C'FLevre K e l t i e k en e s e r .

CARN, e v e l KCGC, 1 zo u r b e n v e g b r u d e r e z h . ,‘*e ’ g a v d i n e z eo p o e l l e k o b e r g a n t a r s a o z n e g , h ag a r g a l l e g d i o u z h ma vo e v i t d i s k l e r i a n d ' a r r e n ' i n t k e t o ' h o a z h g o u n e z e t d ' hoT m e n o z io u a r p e z h a f e i l deom p, h a d ' a n d i a v a e z i d i n e t r a a reo m p h a p e r a k . fc .oarva t u n c r e d e r e n n v a t e u s l e n n e r i e n CAHN ’ zo o chom e r —maez e u s a r b r o i o u k e l t i e k pe r . ' o u z o n t l e n n y e z b k e l t i e k e b e t . k o u l3 K o u d e e c ' h o u zo n e z e u s e n o zou«>z meiir a h i n i h a g en d e u s h a r n e t hon e m s a v io u s d o a r e pe z o a r e . Vlanaviz o u z o n t k e t m a n a v e g , d a s k o u e r h a r e a l l n ' o d e u s m o a r v e t k e r e n t i e z h k e l t i e k e b e t , o d e u s h a r n e t K o r b e i ha • e r r e n g o u d e l e n n h ö r g a l v . Un A m e r ik a n e z h a n ' eo tarr.m k e l ' - e z e b e t , a r a l a b o u r d r e i s t e n he b r o a—du ga r . i a r b r e z h - o n e g : l a v a r o u t a r a he d e u s t e n n e t g o u n id e u s CA.'U! h a g a l l i z h e r i o u e s a o z n e g a< e u s s k r i v e t d e z h i .

Letter" I s u g g e s t t h a t a f u l l p ag e o f CAHN be r e s e r v e d f o r :

a ) a n n o u n c i n g f e s t i v a l s , C o n f e r e n c e s , d e m o n s t r t i o n s , eGM's o f t h e n a t i o n a l p a r t i e s , l a n g u a g e c o u r s e , e t c ;

b,> a d v e r t i s i n g p r o p o s a i s f o r a l l s o r t s o f “ x c h a n g e s , t w i n n i n g , r e n - f r i e n d s , h o l i d a y s p t c ;

c ) r e v i e w s o f b o o k s , r e c o r c i s , r o a g a z i n e s , e t c . I’n i s i . my o p i n i o n w o u ld be v e r y u s e f u l i f we w an t t o d e v e l o p t h e i n t e r c e l t i o r e l a t i o n s " .

J a k e z G a u c h e r , B r e i z h .

C o m m u n ic a t io n s t o s u c h e f f e c t w i l l be w elcom e b u r s h ö n l d p r e f e r a b l y be i ' o r - a r d > d t h r r u g h o u r b r a n c h s e c r e t a r i e s , b e f o r e t h e m i d d le o f e a c h c a l e n d a r t e r r r .

C e l e t t r e d e m a n d e s ' i l e s t p o s s - i b l e u t i - l i s e r u n p a g e ^ d a n s C a r n p o u r ^ a n n o n c e r d e s f e t - e s ,

d e s c o n g r e s , e t c . 3 e n c h a q u e p a y s 3 p o u r p u b l - i e r d e s a r i t - i - q u e s d e l i v r e s e t d e d - i s c s , p o u r a n n o n c e r e t d e r m n d e r l e s e x c h a n g e s e u t r e l e s p a y s c e l t - i - q u e s . I I a u t q u e a e t t e i-r r f o v r r . a t i o n s o i t e n v o y e a u x s e c r e t a - l r e s d e s b r a n c h . e s .

Hag e r b r o i o u k e l t i e k , u n r i a rn v a t e u s a n dud a o a r komz e u s a r g e r e n t i e z h a zo e t r e a r p o b l o u k e l t i e k , d a o u s t ma ne g o m zo n t k e t u r y e z h k e l t i e k . J t a d r e n e r i e n e v e l Be V a l e r a h a k a n n a d e d e v e l O w ynfor Bvans o d e u s h a r n e t a - z e v r i u r e t o n e d h e s k i n e t , n ' e o k e t h e p k e n d r e:na o a n t d o u g e t deomp inet p e o g w i r e o u i e n t e v i j e t i e u t - m at i v e z g a n t a r r e o d o a o d i l e n . n e t .

...ar d eo g w i r e z e o e s a o z n e g e s k r i v a n a l * i z h e r i o u p o u ezu sa 'n e z e o d r e ma' 7. eo r e t e v i t -‘a s ar. a o z a d u r - m a n e n - d r o ■ n am z e r v a k a g a v a n e v i t h e r o b e r , h e g a v f e p i i j u s . o c ' h r - x r i v a “ e b r e z h o n e g n e o k e n e v i t a r r ' h e i a n u e n n o u b r e i z h a t r e t n 'e .n t i e v e z an den n e n e t o r v u h e z . d p i am e u s e t u l v e z ht s e r v i j - u i a v a e z d ' a r V r e t o n e d . je zu o d a l a v a r o u t ,r a k 1 ' e o r e t e v i d o n n a-- inan e v z p r a e t .

Al an ' H e u s a f f .

Playsand poem sf rom B r e t o n t o ^eI r h : H i y s and f o e m s .

C h r . i a v i e s ( h l a n d y b i e , W a ie s ) h a s j u s t p u b l i s h e d u n r ie r t h e t i t l e liramau o ' r ^ l y d a w e g t r a n s l a t i o n s i n t o .v e ls h o f f o u r r l a y s by l’a n r i . a l m a n c h e , one o f t v.-e « r e u t e s t n r e t o n w r i t e r s U n 7 5 - 1 9 5 5 J ; t o Gwyn G r i f f i t h s au t .hör o f a t o u r i s t g u i d e C rw ydro h lygaw untl o f a book a o o u t t h e l a s t B r e t o n s e l l i n g o n io n o or. f c i c v o le i n n r i t a i n , wo O'.e Y s b a i l y ...or f r o n Ar da g a n i z l i n w h ic h t h e m a in c h a r a c t e r s a r e a d r e t or s h i p w r e c k e r , h i s d a u g h t e r an d a i ' o r n i s h ea . i l o r whom t h e g i r l I m a g in e s t o be t h e o r i n o e o fh e r d r e a m s ) and Y_-eddw , frornAn I n t a n v e z a r z h n r ; w h i l e ü i t . a W i l l i a m s , 1 e c t u r e r i n B r e t o n at. A b e ry s tw y t .n , a u t h o r o f d y f l w y n o ' r l l y r i a i veg c o n t - r i b', j *ed Gur v an y 1 a r c n og _ d e . i t .h r ( G u r v a r a r a r c ' h e g • . s t . ro . io u r , a; o u t t . tp f a t e o f

a ° t >~ C e n t u r y o r e t o n l e a d e r ) ar.d Gwra i g y i'owr ( w re g an ' o e r ; . The book (2R 0 r p ) can

be o r d e r e d f r o n Y . 'yngorL l y f r a u O y m raeg , a s t e i l B ry ch ar . , A h e ry s t .w '- th f o r o n ly v’.2—'j ‘3. The B r e to n o r i g i n a l w o rk s a r e a v a i l - ab l .e f r o n 'A l l e . J . ,<ue i l l e ,I I r u e to t , r e - jame ,Gwengamo, B r i t t a n y .

A ls o j u s t p u b l i s h e d by Y L o l f a , T a l y b o n t ,B e r e d i g i o n , C y:nru/ a i e s :Qu a Gwyn, a C o l l e c t i o n o f 51 poems oy j e - o d e r n B r e to n w r i t e r s , w h ich p r e s e n t s s i d e d by s id e t b e o i g i n a l s and th e t r a n s l a t i o n s i n t o .v e l s h by ilewi J o n e s and k i k s e l M adeg. T h a t Ls g o o d Ce I t i c b r i d g e b u i l d i n g !

A. H e u s a f f .

T h ro u g h o u t t h e C e l t i c n a t i o n s t h e r e o r e many and v a r i e d d a n c e te o m s . T hese g ro u p s o f men ond women o r e n o t o n ly e n - Jo y in g th e m s e l v e s - th e y o r e m a i n t a i n i n g o u r c u l t u r e in o l i v i n g way.

Many o f them go t o o t h e r c o u n t r i e s , b o th C e l t i c and i . n o n - C e l t i c . I f you know o f , o r a r e a member o f one o f t h e s e donce teom s, why n o t sen d a r e p o r t o f t h e i r a c t i v - i t i e s to CARN?

Page 2 2 CARfJ 39

No contradictionH lscw here i n t h i s i s s u e w i l l be found Che B re to n V e rs io n o f a l e t t e r , a l s o r e c e i v e d i n I r i s h and Welsh ( b y t h e a u t h o r n o t r r . y s e l f - E d i t o r ) , in which we, a lo n g w i th t h e C e l t i c C o n g re ss , a r e t a k e n t o t a s k f o r t h e arnount o f E n g l i s h u sed in o u r w ork. Our c r i t i c w ants th e t h r e e v e r s i o n s p u b l i s h e d , w i th o u t any E n g l i s h o r French t r a n s l a t i o n . He i s s u r e CARN c o u ld do w i th o u t t h e s e I m p e r i a l i s t i a n g u a g e s and p u b l i s h i t s a r t i c l e s i n v a r i o u s C e l t i c i a n g u a g e s .

I t i s , i r id eed , a g r e a t w eakness o f i n t e r c e l t i c r e l a c i o n s t h a t th e y depend so much on one o f t h e I a n g u a g e s w hiche a r e s m o th e r in g o u r s .Hut we d o n ' t a c c e p t t h a t we a r e c o n t r a d i c t irig th e airas we have s e t o u r s e l v e s , o r t h a t o u r a im s a r e s e l f - c o n t r a d i c t o r y . ln t h e Publicity l e a f l e t t h a t we have d i s s e r n in a te d s i n c e we s t a r t e d CARN, they a r e s t a t e d a s i n c l u d i n g "deoeloping the. a o m c io u in e u oq th e tp e c ia l t e la t io iu k ip and i o l i a a t i t y [between th e C e lt ic p e o p tu "> i id "m kin g oua na tio n a l ^ ttu g g le i> and achieven\entt>

b e tte t, unom ab toad".

T h is i n v o l v e s t r y i n g to r e a c h p e o p le , o u t s i d e and i n s i d e th e C e l t i c c o u n t r i e s , who u n f o r t - u n a t e l y c a n n o t r e a d any C e l t i c l a n g u a g e . In t h i s age o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l o p in i o n and c o m m u n ic a t io n , i c i s im p o r t a n t t o win o u t s i d e S u p p o r t f o r o u r n a t i o n a l c a u s e s . We c a n n o t a . l l c o n f i n e o u r s e l v e s t o th e c e r t a i n l y most e s s e n t i a l t a s k o f s t r e n g t h e n i n g th e i n t e r n a l P o s i t i o n o f o u r I a n g u a g e s .F'ree p e o p le s m a i n t a i n a n e t - work o f e x t e r n a l r e l a t i o n s ; i t i s , t o s a y t h e l e a s t , e q u a l l y n e c e s s a r y f o r o u r movements to do th e same. I t r e q u i r e s t h e u s e o f n ö n - C e l t i c I a n g u a g e s ; we do o c c a s i o n a l l y u se S p a n is h and German; we u se t h e C e l t i c I a n g u a g e s w henever p o s s i b l e ; b u t we have found E n g l i s h t o be t h e most e x p e d i e n t f o r t h a t p u r p o s e . And we have t o s t r i k e a b a la n c e betw een th e need to pay f o r p r i n t i n g and p o s t a g e and t h e need to up- h o ld our C e l t i c I a n g u a g e s :" we g iv e tiiem tn e l a t g e t t p lace com pdtible w ith a wide a ifä a iio n ana f in a n c ia l iuppoh t" , t h e l e a f l e t s a y s .

I t i s a m a t t e r f o r s p e c u l a t i o n t o a sk what would happen i f we abandoned o u r e x t e r n a l r o l e and d ev o ted o u r s e l v e s s t r i c t l y to f a m i l i a r i s i n g o u r r e a d e r s w i th one a n o t h e r ’s C e l t i c la n g u a g e .A l a r g e number o f o u r p r e s e n t s u b s c r i b e r s would n o t renew and I d o u b t v e ry mucn i f we would h ave more th a n a few dozen l e f t a f t e r a w h i l e . The f a c t t h a t th e t h r e e v e r s i o n s o f t h e l e t ­t e r r e f e r r e d to a r e n o t i d e n t - i c a l in c o n t e n t p o i n t s , i n i t - s e l f , t o t h e c o m p le x i ty o f such an O p t io n . I t i s by no means c e r t a i n t h a t we c o u ld f i n d an E d i t o r b o th co m p e ten t and w i l - l i n g t o engage in t h e e x e r c i s e .

We b e l i e v e t h a t we a r e h e l p i n g to d e v e lo p i n t e r e s t i n th e C e l t i c I a n g u a g e s . We c o u ld do more, i f we co u ld g e t h e lp from members and r e a d e r s . We c o u l d , a s s u g g e s t e d a t o u r 19Ö2 AGM, o r g a n i s e , i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i th m e e t i n g s , c o u r s e s f o r p e o p le w i th b e g i n n e r s ' knowledge to p r a c t i s e t h e d i f f e r e n t C e l t i c I a n g u a g e s , u s i n g t h e d i r e c t m e th o d . L e t t h o s e i n t e r e s t e d an n o u n ce t h e i r r e a d i n e s s t o h e l p o r to p a r t i c i p a t e .Alan H eu sa f f

editorial CARN 3 9 P a g e 23

I tak e o v e r the E d i t o r s h i p o f C A R N at a time o f c h a n g e in the C e l t i c w o r l d . In Irelar.d, the G o v e r n m e n t o f the R e p u b l i c i ooks s h a k y ana the A s s e m b l y o f the S i x Cour.ties is a bout to be e l e c t e d . The ar.r.our.ceraent by Provisior.al Sir.r. F ein that t h e y wil l field c a n d i d a t e s in this l a t t e r c o n t e s t is s i g n i f i c a n t , if for no o t h e r r e a s o n tha n it m a y h e r a l d a n e w p h a s e in the w h o l e c o u n t r y ' s p o l i t - ical life: a s u b s e q u e n t d e c i s i o n to c o n t e s t s e a t s in the riepublic c o u l d af- fect the actions, and inaeed, pol i c i e s , of the G o v e r n m e n t there. It r e m a i n s to be s een w h e t h e r e i t h e r P r i o r or H a u g h e y c a n n a i n t a l n t h e i r p o s i t l o n s .

In S c o t l a n d , the recer.t expulsior. of the 79 G r o u p frora the S c o t t i s h N a t i o n a l Pa r t y , w h i l s t it m a y i n a i c a t e a step b a c k t o w a r d s 'n o n - c o n t r o v e r s i a l ' n a t - i o n a l i s m on the part o f the S N P ' s lead- ers, w i l l d o u b t l e s s hav e r e p e r c u s s i o n s w n i c h t hose of us in s m a l l e r , l e s s m o b - i l i s e d c o u n t r i e s w o u l d do wel l to take n ote of. At a time w h e n E n g l a n d ' s SDP s e e m s to be r u n n i n g o u t o f steara, a re- t reat into the R e d m o n d b r a n d o f n a t i o n ­al ism w ould a p p e a r to be a rnove a g a i n s t the trend. Y e t w i d e s p r e a ö r e c e s s i o n and a r i g h t w a r d t rend ir. the g o v e r n m e n t of raost E u r o p e a n S t a t e s raust be see n as at l e a s t p a r t i a l l y r e s p o n s i b l e for an y 'moderatior.' in n a t i o n a l m o v e m e n t s .

B r i t t a n y s till a w a i t s a 'regional' a s s ­e m b l y alor.g C o r s i c a n lir.es. T h e s o c ­i a l i s t G o v e r n m e n t o f M i t t e r a n d has h a d to bena to the e c o n o m i c p r e s s u r e w h i c h a f f e c t u s all but is this a d e q u a t e ex- cus e for the f a i l u r e to b r i n g a b o u t the r a d i c a l c h a n g e e x p e c t e d by the m a n y Bretor.s w h o v o t e d for hin? A n d coe s it e x p l a i n the a p p a r e n t lack o f n a t i o n a l O p p o s i t i o n frora an y B r e t o n p a r t y ? P e r - h a p s B r i t t a n v w i l l r e g a i n some of h e r forrner S t a t u s b u t there is no o b v i o u s a u t o n o m i s t g r o u p r e a d y to a s s u m e the r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s w h i c h go w i t h Self­g o v e r n m e n t , to h o w e v e r s m a l l a degr e e .

T h e S i t u a t i o n in M a n is, p e r haps, iess v o l a t i l e than e l s e w h e r e . A s the s u r v e y o n l a n g u a g e ( p u b l i s h e a ir. t his issue of CARN) shows, t h e r e is p r e c i o u s l i t t l e p o l i t i c a l s u p p o r t for th e M a r x r.atior., d e s p i t e the t r a p p i n g s o f p o w e r s e e n at the anr.ual proclamatior. o f the laws.

W a l e s s till a w a i t s the ' turnir.g o f the tide'; d e s p i t e the s u c c e s s f u l c a m p a i g n to h a v e e s t a b l i s h e d a W e l s h 4th chanr.el and the p r o g r e s s i v e t r e n d s öemor.strated by the B l a i d las t year, W a l e s h a s not risen. T h e r e h a v e b e e n r u n b i i n g s , h o w ­ever: w i t h i n P l a i a C y m r u the N a t i o n a l L e f t has r e s i s t e d the m o v e s w h i c h w o u l d h a v e lef t i t in th e P o s i t i o n o f S c o t - iar.a's 79 G r o u p . Bu t t h e s e m o v e s h a v e

b e e n p a r a l l e l e a by o b s c u r e r u m o u r s - is D a f y a ö E l i s Tornas a b o u t to joir. the SDP or are L a b o u r ' s o v e r t u r e s m o r e l i k e l y to s u c c e e d ? If, as is p r o b a b l e , n e i t - he r p a r t y w ill g a i n h i m as a c o n vert, doe s not the m e r e fact o f r u m o u r i n d - i c a t e an u n c e r t a i n t y ?

F i n a l l y , to C o r n w a l l . M e b y o n K e r n o w h a s no w b e e n s i l e n t for o v e r a year. Is the p a r t y a b o u t to be o v e r t a k e n b y the CNP? Ir. the l ight o f C o l i n L a w r y ' s v i c t o r y , S t a n d i n g as an MK c a n d i d a t e b u t w i t h a d i s t i n c t r a d i c a l edge, w o u l d it no t be b e t t e r for he (and the res t o f th e 1913 Group) to l eave M'K and the CNP to a h a s t i l y - a r r a n g e d m a r r i a g e a n d s t r i k e out independer.tly?

I raake no a p o l o g y for givir.g o n l y ray t h o u g h t (or q u e s t i o n s ? ) on the p o l i t i ­cal s c e n e in o u r c o u n t r i e s . M y p e r s ­o n a l l e a n i n g s ar e in that d i r e e t i o n .H a d I examir.ed, e v e n s l i g h t l y , the cul- t u r a l scene: m u s i c , dar.ce, l a n g u a g e , I m i g h t have w r i t t e n a m o r e s e c u r e , l ess c o n t r o v e r s i a l a r t i c l e . N o n e o f w h a t I ^ have said is autoraatically L e a g u e p o l - f icy but these a r e m a t t e r s w i t h w h i c h , in my hurable o p i n i o n , we m u s t c o n c e r n o u r s e l v e s , not to the exclusior. o f all oth e r s , but at l east in the kr.owledge tha t p o l i t i c s h a s an u n a v o i d a b l e e f f - c c t on e v e r y o t h e r a s p e c t o f o u r r e s - p e c t i v e n a t i o n a l m o v e m e n t s .

I t i s p r o b a b l y t r u e t h a t I h a v e s u g g e s - t e d t h i n g s w h i c h , v i e w e d f r o m y o u r h o m e , a p p e a r i n a d i f f e r e n t l i g h t ; I m a y , i n d e e a ; b e w r o n g i n s o m e o f m y a s s u m p t - i o n s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , I c a n o n l y p a i n t a p i c t u r e a s s e e n t h r o u g h m y o w n e y e s . I s h a l l n o t a t t e m p t t o l o o k a r o u n d C o r n ­e r s .

I d o u b t i f fu t u r e E d i t o r i a l s w i l l be as lor.g; the y w i l l p r o b a b l y be b a s e d on a f i r m e r f o u n d a t i o n o f k n o w l e d g e . I h a v e c h o s e n thi s b e g i n n i n g , though, as b e i n g p r e f e r a b l e to a n e c e s s a r i l y v a i n a t t ­e m p t to i m i t a t e C a t h a l ' s s t y l e . He has p e r f o r m e d a g r e a t S e r v i c e to u s a l l in hi s p e r i o d as E d i t o r . I h o p e I can contir.ue his w o r k . Bu t the o l d o r d e r c h a n g e t h a n d I s h a l l not h i d e the fact that I l o o k f o r w a r d to p r o d u c i n g a C A R N w h i c h is d i f f e r e n t in m o r e t han l a y o u t .

E o w y n ,

(EITIC l£ÄGU€

&MEMBERSHIP SUBSCRIPTIONS

VüÄyK GahAy Pfiio'L

A ll t h o s e who a g r e e w i th t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n an d Aims o f t h e C e l t i c League o r e e l i g i b l e f o r m e m b e r s h ip . The m em bersh ip f e e ( e n t i t l i n g t o CARN) ond t h e s u b s c r i p t i o n r o t e s a r e IR£4 ( I r e l a n d ) , S t l £ 4 ( B r i t e i n ) , 40FF ( C o n t i n e n t a l E u ro p e ) ond $9 (US) [n o n -E u ro p e a n c o u n t r i e s - a i r m a i l ] . F o r I n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e C e l t i c L eag u e , a p p l i c a t i o n s f o r memb- e r s h i p , s u b s c r i p t i o n s , e t c . , w r i t e t o ony o f t h e f o l l o w i n g CL B ranch S e c r e t o r i e s :

A1 ba : Ö r e i z h :

Cymru t Ei r e : Ke rnow: M a n n in : L o ndon :U . S . A . :

Mrs M a i r i D enovan, 9 O o l g l e i s h R d . , Dundee DD4 7JN;J o r j ab H erve Gwegen, K e r b e r e n e s , 29260 L esn ev en ( S u b s c r i p t i o n s t o CCR G. G ueguen, 2 204 24N R e n n e s ) ;T. I f o r W i l l i a m s , 2 T y 'n P w l l , R h o s t r e h w f o , LL77 7AZ., L l a n g e f n i , Gwynedd; M ^ ire B h r e a th n a c h , 27 C o r ra n na C o i l l e G i t f i s e , Ath C l i a t h 11;J e n e f e r Lowe, B o u n d y 's House, Lower L e l a n t , P o r t . h y a /S t . I v e s ; ö e r n a r d M o f f a t t , 24 S t . G e r m a in ' s P l a c e , P e e l ;M ic h e a l 0 L o o i r e , 5 B e i t o n R d. , B e rk h a m s te d , H e r t s . , E n g lan d ;M a d e le in e M. T okach , PO Box 322, Rego P a r k , N.Y. 11374.

G e n e r a l S e c r e t a r y : A lan H e u s s a f f , 9 B r . Cnoc S io n , D rom chonrach , Ath C l i o t h 9.

H e lp t o s e i l CARN a t g a t h e r i n g s , o r by f i n d i n g b o o k s e l l e r s t o s t o c k i t (20% r e t a i l a l l o w a n c e w i t h s a l e o r r e t u r n ) , o r by a d v e r t i s i n g i t i n n a t i o n a l p e r i o d i c a l s . A r t i c l e s f o r CARN s h o u i d be t i d i l y t y p e d o r i n c l e a r h a n d w r i t i n g , w i t h d o u b le s p a c i n g . Those w r i t t e n in o t h e r th a n Kernewek o r t n g l i s h s h o u i d be marked t o f a c i l i t a t e e d i t i n g ( i f n e c e s s o r y ) . E n d e a v o u r t o e x p r e s s i d e a s c l e a r l y , b e a r i n g i n mind t h a t some r e o d e r s a r e u n f a m i l i a r w i t h E n g l i s h o n d / a r t h e c o n t e x t o f e v e n t s r e f e r r e d t o . S u p p o r t a rg u e m e n ts w i t h f a c t s ond be p r e c i s e . Send us r e p o r t s , l e t t e r s and c u t t i n g s o f i n t e r e s t .

REQUESTS FOR INFORMATION WILL BE DEALT WITH ONLY IF SAEs OR INTERNATIONAL REPLY COUP­ONS ARE ENCLOSED AND THE REPLY NEEDS RELATIVELY LITTLE TIME.

CARN i s p u b l i s h e d by t h e C e l t i c L eag u e , 9 B r . Cnoc S i o n , D rom chonrach , A th C l i o t h 9. The E d i t o r i s P e d y r G a r ry P r i o r , c / o PPSU, D roke C i r c u s , P ly m o u th , E n g lan d an d ony c o n t r i b u t i o n s s h o u i d b e s e n t to h im . Views e x p r e s s e d by c o n t r i b u t o r s , w here d i v e r g i n g to o much f rom g e n e r a l C e l t i c League p o l i c i e s , s h o u i d be s i g n e d by t h e i r a u t h o r s . Use o f m a t e r i a l p u b l i s h e d in CARN i s g r o n t e d f r e e p r o v i d e d th e s o u r c e i s a c k n o w le d g e d , in w h ich c a s e , an i n d i c a t i o n o f o u r a d d r e s s w ould b e g r e a t l y a p p r e c i a t e d .