A Turbulent A Turbulent Time:Time:

The 17The 17thth and 18 and 18thth CenturiesCenturies

Following Queen Following Queen Elizabeth 1’s death in Elizabeth 1’s death in 1603, James 1 is 1603, James 1 is crowned King.crowned King.

King James BibleKing James Bible Died in 1625Died in 1625

New King: Charles 1New King: Charles 1(1625-1649)(1625-1649)

King Charles 1 didn’t have enough King Charles 1 didn’t have enough money to fund all of his wars. So…money to fund all of his wars. So…

So he made his rich friends So he made his rich friends give him loans…give him loans…

And forced poor people into service as sailors and And forced poor people into service as sailors and soldierssoldiers

British Parliament did not agree with British Parliament did not agree with his abuse of power, so he shut them his abuse of power, so he shut them up and did not call them into session up and did not call them into session

for 11 years.for 11 years.

Without Parliament Without Parliament there to stop him, there to stop him, Charles issued new Charles issued new religious orders. All religious orders. All ministers were to ministers were to adhere to the adhere to the Anglican church – Anglican church – which greatly which greatly outraged the outraged the Puritans. These Puritans. These Puritans were Puritans were persecuted and persecuted and tortured for going tortured for going against Charles’s against Charles’s beliefs.beliefs.

Religious freedom proved Religious freedom proved to be too important and to be too important and rebels rose up against rebels rose up against Charles I’s rule.Charles I’s rule.

He summoned Parliament He summoned Parliament to help raise the money to help raise the money needed to fight the rebels.needed to fight the rebels.

Parliament, still angry at Parliament, still angry at Charles, was not much Charles, was not much help and in 1642 they help and in 1642 they condemned him as a condemned him as a tyrant.tyrant.

The English Civil War The English Civil War BeganBegan

English Civil WarEnglish Civil War

Parliament vs. Royalist Parliament vs. Royalist ArmyArmy

Parliament led by Parliament led by Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell

Parliament victorious Parliament victorious over Royalist in 1645over Royalist in 1645

Charles I taken as Charles I taken as prisoner in 1647prisoner in 1647

And then…And then…

Charles 1 was beheaded on Charles 1 was beheaded on January 30, 1649January 30, 1649

After Charles I’s death, After Charles I’s death, England still wasn’t the England still wasn’t the free society they free society they fought to be.fought to be.

Oliver Cromwell Oliver Cromwell created the English created the English Commonwealth and Commonwealth and ruled it like a dictator ruled it like a dictator until his death in 1658.until his death in 1658.

Gambling, horse Gambling, horse racing, newspapers, racing, newspapers, fancy clothes, public fancy clothes, public dancing, and theater dancing, and theater were all outlawed.were all outlawed.

Tired of taxation, Tired of taxation, violence, and disorder, violence, and disorder, Parliament restored Parliament restored Charles I’s heir, Charles Charles I’s heir, Charles II, to the throne in 1660.II, to the throne in 1660.

This time period became This time period became known as known as

THE RESTORATIONTHE RESTORATION

Charles II was nothing Charles II was nothing like the strict and prudish like the strict and prudish Puritan leaders before Puritan leaders before him.him.

After the death of Charles After the death of Charles II, James II took the throneII, James II took the throne

James II was a devout James II was a devout Catholic and this caused Catholic and this caused problems for Puritans problems for Puritans leaders.leaders.

In 1688, James II’s In 1688, James II’s daughter Mary was asked daughter Mary was asked to take over as England’s to take over as England’s ruler along with her ruler along with her husband, William of husband, William of Orange.Orange.

Rather than fighting, James Rather than fighting, James II fled to FranceII fled to France

Glorious (Bloodless) Glorious (Bloodless) RevolutionRevolution

Constitutional MonarchyConstitutional Monarchy

Under William and Mary, England achieved a Under William and Mary, England achieved a Constitutional Monarchy with a Bill of Rights.Constitutional Monarchy with a Bill of Rights.

The Whig and Tory parties were established.The Whig and Tory parties were established. A Cabinet of Ministers and a Prime Minister were A Cabinet of Ministers and a Prime Minister were

established.established.

Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolutionlate 1600’slate 1600’s

New Farm tools = New Farm tools = More food productionMore food production

More food = More food = Population SurgePopulation Surge

Less farmhands Less farmhands needed = people leave needed = people leave countryside for countryside for growing townsgrowing towns

Growth of industry!!Growth of industry!!

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment Through reason and Through reason and

observation of nature, observation of nature, human beings could human beings could discover the order discover the order underlying all things.underlying all things.

Sir Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton published his study of published his study of gravity.gravity.

Applied to more than just Applied to more than just literature – important to literature – important to philosophers, philosophers, astronomers, scientists, astronomers, scientists, inventors, etc.inventors, etc.

The Industrial AgeThe Industrial Age1700’s1700’s

InventionsInventions + Trade+ Trade + Industry+ Industry == Enormous Wealth for Enormous Wealth for

BritainBritain

IndustryIndustry Terrible work Terrible work

conditionsconditions factories polluted the factories polluted the

airair no child labor lawsno child labor laws

1717thth & 18 & 18thth Century Literature Century Literature Cavalier Poets – English Cavalier Poets – English

gentlemen poets who gentlemen poets who supported Charles 1 supported Charles 1 during the English Civil during the English Civil Wars and were against Wars and were against Parliament.Parliament.

Richard Lovelace, Sir Richard Lovelace, Sir John Suckling, Edmund John Suckling, Edmund Waller, Robert HerrickWaller, Robert Herrick

Carpe Diem PhilosophyCarpe Diem Philosophy

1717thth and 18 and 18thth Century Literature Century Literature The School of JonsonThe School of Jonson Ben Jonson (1572-1637)Ben Jonson (1572-1637) His writing strove for His writing strove for

perfection and harmony perfection and harmony and turned away from the and turned away from the ornate style of Elizabethan ornate style of Elizabethan times.times.

““Sons of Ben” Sons of Ben”

Robert HerrickRobert Herrick

Sir John SucklingSir John Suckling

Richard LovelaceRichard Lovelace

1717thth & 18 & 18thth Century Literature Century Literature The School of DonneThe School of Donne John Donne (1572-1632)John Donne (1572-1632) Pioneered Metaphysical Pioneered Metaphysical

Poetry – highly intellectual Poetry – highly intellectual poetry that is concerned with poetry that is concerned with metaphysical/ philosophical metaphysical/ philosophical matters. Usually draws a matters. Usually draws a comparison between two very comparison between two very different things in order to different things in order to deliver a message.deliver a message.

““Sons of Donne”Sons of Donne”– George HerbetGeorge Herbet– Andrew MarvellAndrew Marvell

The Puritan WritersThe Puritan WritersJohn Milton – (1608-1674) greatest John Milton – (1608-1674) greatest

poet of the 17poet of the 17thth century century

Influenced by Greek and Latin as well Influenced by Greek and Latin as well as the Biblical Hebrewas the Biblical Hebrew

Wrote pamphlets for the Puritan Wrote pamphlets for the Puritan cause when Parliament raised up cause when Parliament raised up against Charles I.against Charles I.

Went blind by 1652 as a result of his Went blind by 1652 as a result of his labors for the Commonwealth.labors for the Commonwealth.

His last and most famous work, His last and most famous work, Paradise Lost, reflects his Paradise Lost, reflects his humanistic love of poetry and his humanistic love of poetry and his Puritan devotion to God.Puritan devotion to God.

The Age of ReasonThe Age of Reason Inspiration came from the Inspiration came from the

ancient literature of the ancient literature of the Greeks and Romans.Greeks and Romans.

Appreciated satire that Appreciated satire that made fun of the follies of made fun of the follies of societysociety

Used aphorisms to Used aphorisms to express thoughtsexpress thoughts

Favored generalities over Favored generalities over the viewpoint of the the viewpoint of the individualindividual