Plenary Lecture

8th U. S. National Combustion Meeting Organized by the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute

and hosted by the University of Utah May 19-22, 2013

A Tribute to Adel F. Sarofim

Acknowledging His Contributions to Combustion Science

Reginald E. Mitchell1 and Joseph J. Helble2

1Mechanical Engineering Department, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305 2Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755

Abstract

In the paper, Professor Adel F. Sarofim’s contributions to combustion science are highlighted. Adel Sarofim spent more than 50 years working on combustion utilization-related issues, focusing on energy conversion efficiency and pollutant emissions. In this paper, the range of combustion problems he addressed over his prolific career is examined, and a detailed cataloguing of his extensive literature contributions in each major area is noted. Nitrogen oxide formation during combustion, combustion-generated aerosols, soot formation during combustion, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation, and characterization of carbon structure and reactivity are some of the areas in which his work has provided fundamental insights into underlying science and technology. In this paper, Prof. Sarofim’s contributions to combustion science are discussed with respect to the following categories, which are representative of colloquia topics that have been used at several International Combustion Symposia:

• Combustion Fundamentals for Solid Fuels: PF, FBC and Waste • Stationary Combustion Systems: Measurements and Modeling • Gaseous Combustion: Measurements and Mechanistic Modeling • NOx, SOx and Pollutant Emission Kinetics • Soot, PAH and Air Toxics

The variety of “reactor devices” used in Sarofim’s experimental endeavors are noted. These include laboratory flames, electrodynamic balances, jet stirred reactors, fluidized beds, incinerators, MHD combustors, and industrial boilers. Also of note are the many different fuels employed in his studies, amongst them, small gaseous fuels (e.g., CH4, C2H4, CO, propene, heptane); aromatic and paraffinic fuels (e.g., benzene, toluene, tars, anthracene, naphthalene, pyrene, arene, cyclohexane); chloro-organic fuels (e.g., dichlorobenzene and polychlorinated biphenyls); waste-derived fuels; petroleum cokes; carbons, coals, biomass materials, and liquid transportation fuels (e.g., diesel fuel, JP8, gasoline, bio-diesel fuels, and heavy oils). He also employed a variety of diagnostic techniques to obtain kinetic data and to gain information about rate-limiting processes occurring during the combustion process. Diagnostic techniques included wet chemistry methods, NMR and FTIR analyses, light scattering, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and laser-induced fluorescence.

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Also highlighted in the paper are Professor Sarofim’s modeling activities, which include modeling laminar diffusion flame structure, solids conversion phenomena in fluidized beds and gasifiers, and pollutant emissions characteristics during coal combustion. His modeling of chemical kinetics phenomena included mechanism reduction studies, molecular orbital calculations as well as density functional theory and Hartree-Fock wave function calculations and Monte Carlo simulations. These contributions to combustion science are mentioned to acknowledge Prof. Sarofim’s research, which has significantly advanced our understanding of key phenomena in energy conversion efficiency and pollutant emissions during combustion. Introduction

Adel F. Sarofim spent more than 50 years supervising research in areas concerned with the efficient use of energy and with reducing pollutant emissions during energy conversion processes. This research was performed while he was a professor in the chemical engineering departments at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the University of Utah. He supervised about 80 Ph.D. students at these institutions. Professor Sarofim died in December 2011.

This paper was written to highlight the many contributions that Prof. Sarofim made to combustion science. The information was obtained by enlisting Scopus, the bibliographic database that contains abstracts and citations for academic journal articles. According to this database, Sarofim has received over 5700 citations to the approximately 380 papers that he either authored or coauthored on topics concerned with radiation heat transfer, nitrogen oxide formation during combustion, combustion-generated aerosols, soot formation during combustion, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation, and characterization of carbon structure and reactivity. In this paper, we highlight some of the contributions that he made in combustion science and technology, emphasizing work that has provided fundamental insights into phenomena that govern the energy conversion process or that govern soot and pollutant formation and destruction rates during the combustion process.

In highlighting Prof. Sarofim’s contributions to combustion science and technology, we have considered his publications in the following categories:

• Combustion Fundamentals for Solid Fuels: PF, FBC and Waste • Stationary Combustion Systems: Measurements and Modeling • Gaseous Combustion: Measurements and Mechanistic Modeling • NOx, SOx and Pollutant Emission Kinetics • Soot, PAH and Air Toxics

These categories are representative of colloquium topics that have been used at several of the International Combustion Symposia. Much of Sarofim’s research has been published in the Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, since his early publication in the Proceedings of the 14th Combustion Symposium in 1973 [203].

It should be mentioned that this paper only considers Prof. Sarofim’s research in combustion science and technology. His research efforts in areas associated with radiation heat transfer, modeling natural convection in enclosures, and characterizing ice nucleation and the ice crystallization process are not included. Of significant note however, are his important contributions to the field of radiation heat transfer. Sarofim’s book with Prof. Hoyt C. Hottel while at MIT, Radiation Heat Transfer [93], has received over 1200 citations. In the sections below, we acknowledge Adel F. Sarofim’s (AFS’s) research contributions that have advanced our

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understanding of the underlying science governing fuel conversion phenomena and pollutant emissions during combustion.

Adel F. Sarofim’s Contributions to Combustion Science Combustion Fundamentals for Solid Fuels: PF, FBC and Waste

Several of Prof. Sarofim’s research efforts focused on characterizing the combustion behaviors of solid fuels, primarily coal. Coal utilization in industrial utility boilers [66, 69, 118, 148, 244], fluidized beds [10, 13, 14, 21-25, 31, 43, 81, 119, 120, 128, 151, 229, 240, 255, 256] and furnaces [71, 84] were topics of interests. Coal-fired combustors studies were concerned with coal pyrolysis [36], coal devolatilization [31, 113, 119, 147], the formation of inorganic aerosols [9, 84, 130, 167, 169, 201, 261], the mineral matter in coal [15, 20, 42] and mineral matter transformations [65, 143, 168, 207] as well as with the formation of ultra-fine particulate matter [218]. Also of concern were studies on fly ash phenomena [16, 89, 103, 134], ash vaporization [66, 90, 118, 168], ash deposition [20, 134, 257], and ash fouling [259]. The dynamic behavior of flowing particles [282] and particle rotations [108] in combustion environments were also the subjects of investigations. Carbon burnout and unburned carbon in ash [128, 135, 242, 243] and the fates of trace elements during coal combustion were also investigated in studies undertaken by Sarofim and co-workers [170, 214, 215, 219, 270, 271]. The fate of nitrogen in coal during coal combustion was also studied [71, 121, 179, 225]. Nitrogen oxide emissions and NOx control during coal combustion were investigated as well [78, 83, 120, 148, 149, 150, 197, 199, 204, 224, 225, 240]. In addition, sulfur capture during coal combustion was investigated [238, 239].

Many studies focused on fluidized bed phenomena. Fluidized bed related studies were concerned with devolatilization [119], carbon burnout [10], elutriation of fines [13, 256], particle fragmentation behavior [229], and unburned carbon-in-ash [128]. In addition, several studies were directed at characterizing the fate of NO during combustion in fluidized beds [21, 22, 23, 24, 77, 83, 114, 120, 151, 240, 255].

Fundamental studies concerned with the vaporization and condensation of mineral matter during pulverized coal combustion were also undertaken by Sarofim and co-workers [143, 168, 207]. Papers were published detailing results of studies on the vaporization of refractory oxides [185] and mineral matter distributions in individual coal particles [15].

Studies were devoted towards understanding the behaviors of char particles during combustion. The intrinsic chemical reactivity of microporous carbons was the subject of several studies [39, 74, 75, 95, 97-99]. The consequences of reaction in the boundary layers surrounding particles were also investigated [76]. Fundamental studies were focused on pore structure [209, 279] and pore structure evolution [96,], pore diffusivity [79], particle apparent density [50], and carbon densification [94, 97]. Studies were also focused on gasification reaction order [39], gasification reactivity [95, 98, 99], and char fragmentation [92, 117, 229].

In order to gain information on the conversion behavior of single particles in combustion environments, an electrodynamic balance was employed in many studies [17, 18, 19, 51, 226, 227, 235, 236]. The electrodynamic balance was used in experiments designed to obtain information on the structural changes [279] and evolution of porosity and thermal conductivity [258] of char particles during chemically controlled oxidation. The balance was also used to determine oxidation rates of single char particles [51] and to make particle surface area [59] and temperature measurements [227]. Single particle behavior was also studied in a drop tube [112, 121].

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Besides studies concerned with utilization of coal, studies were also concerned with the combustion characteristics of shredded refuse [190], waste-derived fuels [202] and hazardous wastes [54, 55, 56] as well as with coal-water fuels [269], aqueous wastes [157], and green and calcined petroleum cokes [216]. The products of incomplete combustion (PIC) during the combustion of simple hydrocarbons in incineration systems were also the topics of research [182]. Mercury emissions in cement kilns [194, 212] and emissions of metal and organic compounds from cement kilns [202] were also subjects investigated by Sarofim and co-workers. Stationary Combustion Systems: Measurements and Modeling

Prof. Sarofim and co-workers published several papers on the results of research concerned with making measurements of fuel conversion phenomena in stationary combustion systems and developing models that described the conversion process. Models were developed for a variety of combustion systems such as flash smelters [1], incinerators [28, 56, 191], fluidized beds [14, 31, 81, 196], utility boilers [244], and well-stirred reactors [165]. Radiation heat transfer during combustion was given some consideration [195, 198]. The modeling studies were designed to enhance our understanding of underlying principles.

Models of fluidized bed were focused on predicting the efficiency of steam generation [14], volatiles release [31, 119], particle fragmentation behavior [229] and the production and loss of char fines [256]. Models were also developed to predict coal nitrogen and NO formation [120], NO reduction [24, 82, 255] and NO emissions [78, 81, 82, 120] in fluidized beds.

Models were developed for predicting such phenomena as fly ash evolution rates and size and chemical composition distributions [16, 20, 103, 104], ash and mineral matter vaporization phenomena [66, 118, 143] and ash agglomeration [107] during combustion. Models were also developed to describe the sulfation of CaCO3 [86] and the fundamentals of coal-water fuel droplet combustion [106].

Models that described the behavior of selenium [213] and arsenic [217] during pulverized coal combustion were developed as well. Numerical models of a metal parts furnace [54], a chemical demilitarization deactivation furnace system [55] and a chemical liquid incineration chamber [56] were also developed by Sarofim and co-workers.

Gaseous Combustion: Measurements and Mechanistic Modeling Several papers that were published by Sarofim and co-workers were focused on charactering the

combustion behaviors of gaseous fuels. These studies have involved making measurements in flames and combustors in order to obtain information on fuel conversion rates. The information learned has been used to advance our understanding of the key chemical pathways involved in the fuel conversion process.

Studies were undertaken having the goal of understanding the chemistry and structure of laminar diffusion flames [144, 145, 192], C1 and C2 chemistry in rich ethylene/ air flames [123, 124], olefin chemistry in heptane flames [275, 278], fuel dependence on benzene reaction pathways [277], and aromatic formation and destruction in turbulent flames [232]. The combustion of low caloric value gases was also studied [44].

Research was also directed at aerosol formation during the combustion of gaseous fuels [91, 130, 223, 245]. One study focused on inorganic aerosols and their role in catalyzing sulfuric acid production in furnaces [84]. Studies were also directed at characterizing atmospheric aerosols in urban environments [2, 3, 4].

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Some studies undertaken by Sarofim and co-workers were concerned with the formation of liquid fuels from hydrocarbon gases [272, 273]. Gasoline combustion was also the subject of research. The dependence of fuel structural functionalities on pollutant emissions [276] and the identification of transportation fuel surrogates [274] were some of the topics of concern. The results of combustion tests employing surrogates for jet fuels [47, 48, 60, 67, 254] were reported by researchers who worked with Sarofim.

NOx, SOx and Pollutant Emission Kinetics Understanding how pollutants are formed and destroyed during the combustion of fuels was one

of Prof. Sarofim’s long-time goals. Characterizing the emissions of nitrogen oxides during the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels and coal were the subjects of several of his research efforts.

Many studies were devoted towards understanding NOx chemistry and the reactions of nitrogen species in flames [146, 206, 231] and towards understanding the characteristics of low-NOx burners [230, 243]. Among the topics of interests were the interrelationship between soot and NOx control in gas turbines [27], NO reduction by char [24, 41, 122, 152] in coal combustors, and with the evolution of fuel bound nitrogen during heavy oil pyrolysis [88].

Studies concerned with the chemistry and kinetics of nitrogen oxide transformations during combustion were also undertaken by Sarofim and co-workers [77, 78, 80, 82, 83, 203, 240, 241]. Studies were also concerned with the reactions of nitrogen in coals and chars [71, 114, 120, 148, 151, 178, 204, 224, 241].

Sulfur oxide emissions during combustion is another area in which Prof. Sarofim contributed to combustion science and technology. His SOx-related research is primarily associated with sulfur removal from combustion gases. The direct sulfation of CaCO3 [86, 221], the sulfidation of zinc titanate and zinc oxide solid sorbents [125-127] and the kinetics of CaS oxidation [237-239] are among the topics addressed. Besides studies concerned with the removal of SO2, the reaction of CaO with CO2 received attention as well [141].

The reduction of SO2 to elemental sulfur was also investigated by Sarofim and co-workers [132]. The effect of SO2 on the conversion of fuel nitrogen [241] and coal combustion aerosol and SO2 [9] were investigated as well.

Soot, PAH and Air Toxics Soot and nanoparticle formation in flames and flow reactors were the foci of several of Sarofim’s

research endeavors [27, 30, 32, 46, 49, 52, 62, 63, 136, 175, 187, 193, 208, 252, 267, 268]. Soot formation in methane/oxygen flames [49], the evolution of soot size distribution in premixed ethylene/air and ethylene/benzene/air flames, and soot surface area evolution during air oxidation were investigated [62, 63, 102]. The interrelationship between soot and NOx control in gas turbine combustors was also investigated [27]. Soot formation during coal combustion was also the subject of studies [222, 242] as was soot formation in a jet fuel pool fire [46].

Research associated with soot phenomena focused on soot precursors [246-248, 250, 252], soot particle inception [253], soot burnout [60, 234], soot oxidation and fragmentation [61], metal enhanced soot formation [70], and soot suppression using organometallic fuel additives [137]. Soot morphology and the effect of oxidation on the physical structure of soot were also examined [166, 173].

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Studies were undertaken having the goal of understanding PAH formation and destruction during combustion [179] and pyrolysis [138, 147, 154, 160, 162, 261-266, 283]. Studies were also focused on the properties of polycyclic aromatic compounds [8], the kinetics of hydrogen abstraction reactions from PAHs [251], and the measurement of PAHs associated with atmospheric aerosols [2-7]. Phase and size distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel and gasoline vehicle emissions were also studied by Sarofim and co-workers [283].

Studies were undertaken to better understand the fate of chlorine-containing species during pyrolysis and combustion processes [37, 38, 85, 87, 160-164, 180, 181, 191]. The formation of polychlorinated biphenyl compounds (PCBs) during the pyrolysis of dichlorobenzene [160], the effect of fuel chlorine on the ignition of droplet streams [158], the bacterial mutagenicity of pyrolysis tars produced from chloro-organic fuels [161], and the effects of organic chlorine on the chemical composition of pyrolysis tars [163] were some of the topics of interests. The products of incomplete combustion (PIC) during chloro-carbon combustion were also investigated by Sarofim and co-workers [191].

Some of Sarofim’s research focused on the measurement technique. Laser-induced fluorescence was employed to monitor the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic compounds in diffusion flames [233], photoacoustic instruments and photoelectric aerosol sensors were used to monitor aerosol and PAH emissions from gasoline and diesel powered vehicles [11], and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy were employed in the study of aerosols [223]. Solid-state NMR was also used in studies concerned with soot formation [183, 222]. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy was employed to study fine particulate matter from a diesel engine [33-35], soot morphology [173] and the transformation of organically bound metals during lignite combustion [184]. In addition, ultra-small angle X-ray scattering was employed to obtain information on diesel soot [32, 35].

Some of Sarofim’s research involved theoretical techniques. Molecular orbital calculations were made to estimate the stability of polychlorinated biphenyl isomers [162] and Monte Carlo calculations were made to investigate soot precursor growth [246, 247] and soot inception [250]. Density functional theory was applied in a study of the reaction of NO with char-nitrogen during combustion [152] and Hartree-Fock and density functional theory wave functions were applied in modeling gas adsorption on graphite [153]. In addition, CFD was applied to model drop tube kinetics and flash smelter combustion [1] and low-NOx burners in process heaters [230].

Sarofim considered the health effects of combustion products in some of his work [12, 30, 40, 53, 130. 161, 200, 205]. Among the issues discussed are the mutations induced in human cells by combustion-generated soot [30], the mutagenic effects of organic emissions from coal pyrolysis [36, 161, 260], and the environmental impact of cadmium [72]. The impact of aerosols [130] and fine particles [200] on human health was also considered in publications.

Conclusions Professor Adel F. Sarofim and collaborators have undertaken many studies that were focused on

combustion science phenomena. The results of their research have increased significantly our understanding of the factors that govern fuel conversion and pollutant emissions during the pyrolysis, gasification and combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, primarily coal. Some of the research areas in which his work has provided fundamental insights into underlying principles include nitrogen oxide formation during combustion, combustion-generated aerosols, soot and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation and destruction during combustion, and carbon structure and

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reactivity. Based on the many citations made to his work, many combustion scientists and engineers highly value the contributions to combustion science made by Adel F. Sarofim.

References 1. Adams, B. R., Davis, K. A., Heap, M. P., Sarofim, A. F., Eltringham, G. A., and Shook, A. A.

(1999). Application of a reacting CFD model to drop tube kinetics and flash smelter combustion. 4th International Conference COPPER 99-COBRE 99, 4 389-402.

2. Allen, J. O., Dookeran, N. M., Smith, K. A., Sarofim, A. F., Taghizadeh, K., and Lafleur, A. L. (1996). Measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with size-segregated atmospheric aerosols in Massachusetts. Env. Sci. and Tech, 30(3), 1023-1031.

3. Allen, J. O., Dookeran, N. M., Taghizadeh, K., Lafleur, A. L., Smith, K. A., and Sarofim, A. F. (1997). Measurement of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with a size-segregated urban aerosol. Env. Sci. and Tech, 31(7), 2064-2070.

4. Allen, J. O., Durant, J. L., Dookeran, N. M., Taghizadeh, K., Plummer, E. F., Lafleur, A. L., Sarofim, A. F., Smith, K. A. (1998). Measurement of C24H14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with a size-segregated urban aerosol. Env. Sci. and Tech., 32(13), 1928-1932.

5. Allen, J. O., Paschkewitz, J. S., Plummer, E. F., Lafleur, A. L., Sarofim, A. F., and Smith, K. A. (1997). Absorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the gas phase to greased impaction plates. Journal of Aerosol Science, 28(suppl. 1), S683-S684.

6. Allen, J. O., Paschkewitz, J. S., Plummer, E. F., Lafleur, A. L., Sarofim, A. F., and Smith, K. A. (1999). Absorption of semi-volatile compounds in oiled impaction substrates: Measurement of pyrene absorption. Aerosol Science and Technology, 30(1), 16-29.

7. Allen, J. O., Sarofim, A. F., and Smith, K. A. (1997). A critical evaluation of two proposed atmospheric partitioning mechanisms, adsorption and absorption, using atmospheric data for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Journal of Aerosol Science, 28(suppl. 1), S335-S336.

8. Allen, J. O., Sarofim, A. F., and Smith, K. A. (1999). Thermodynamic properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the subcooled liquid state. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 13(3), 261-283.

9. Amdur, M. O., Sarofim, A. F., Neville, M., Quann, R. J., McCarthy, J. F., Elliott, J. F., Lam, H. F., Rogers, A. E., and Conner, M. W. (1986). Coal combustion aerosols and SO2: An interdisciplinary analysis. Env. Sci. and Tech, 20(2), 138-145.

10. Andrei, M. A., Sarofim, A. F., and Beér, J. M. (1985). Time-resolved burnout of coal particles in a fluidized bed. Combust. Flame, 61(1), 17-22.

11. Arnott, W. P., Zielinska, B., Rogers, C. F., Sagebiel, J., Park, K., Chow, J., Moosmuller, H, Sarofim, A. F., and Palmer, G. (2005). Evaluation of 1047-nm photoacoustic instruments and photoelectric aerosol sensors in source-sampling of black carbon aerosol and particle-bound PAHs from gasoline and diesel powered vehicles. Env. Sci. and Tech, 39(14), 5398-5406.

12. Avakian, M. D., Dellinger, B., Fiedler, H., Gullet, B., Koshland, C., Marklund, S., Oberdörster, G., Sarofim, A. F., and Suk, W. A. (2002). The origin, fate, and health effects of combustion by-products: A research framework. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(11), 1155-1162.

13. Bachovchin, D. M., Beer, J. M., and Sarofim, A. F. (1981). Investigation into the steady-state elutriation of fines from a fluidized bed. AIChE Symposium Series, (205), 76-85.

14. Baron, R. E., Hodges, J. L., and Sarofim, A. F. (1978). Mathematical model for predicting efficiency of fluidized bed steam generators. AIChE Symposium Series, 74(176), 120-125.

15. Barta, L. E., Horvath, F., Beér, J. M., and Sarofim, A. F. (1991). Variation of mineral matter distribution in individual pulverized coal particles: Application of the "URN" model. Proc. Combust. Inst., 23(1), 1289-1296.

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16. Barta, L. E., Toqan, M. A., Beér, J. M., and Sarofim, A. F. (1992). Prediction of fly ash size and chemical composition distributions: The random coalescence model. Proc. Combust. Inst., 24(1), 1135-1144.

17. Bar-Ziv, E., Jones, D. B., Spjut, R. E., Dudek, D. R., Sarofim, A. F., and Longwell, J. P. (1989). Measurement of combustion kinetics of a single char particle in an electrodynamic thermogravimetric analyzer. Combust. Flame, 75(1), 81-106.

18. Bar-Ziv, E., Longwell, J. P., and Sarofim, A. F. (1991). Determination of the surface area of single particles from high-pressure CO2 adsorption-desorption measurements in an electrodynamic chamber [1]. Energy and Fuels, 5(1), 227-228.

19. Bar-Ziv, E., and Sarofim, A. F. (1991). The electrodynamic chamber: A tool for studying high temperature kinetics involving liquid and solid particles. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 17(1), 1-65.

20. Beer, J. M., Sarofim, A. F., and Barta, L. E. (1992). From properties of coal mineral matter to deposition tendencies of fly ash. A modeling route. Journal of the Institute of Energy, 65(462), 55-62.

21. Beer, J. M., Sarofim, A. F., and Lee, Y. Y. (1981). NO formation and reduction in fluidized bed combustion of coal. Journal of the Institute of Energy, 54(418), 38-47.

22. Beer, J. M., Sarofim, A. F., and Lee, Y. Y. (1982). NO formation and reduction in fluidized bed combustion of coal. Proceedings of the International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion, 3, 942-956.

23. Beer, J. M., Sarofim, A. F., Sharma, P. K., Chaung, T. Z., and Sandhu, S. S. (1980). Fluidized coal combustion: The effect of sorbent and coal feed particle size upon the combustion efficiency and NOx emission. Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, 185-194.

24. Beer, J. M., Sarofim, A. F., Chan, L. K., and Sprouse, A. M. (1978). NO reduction by char in fluidized combustion. Proceedings of the International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion, 2, 577-592.

25. Beer, J. M., Sarofim, A. F., and Walsh, P. M. (1985). Fluidized coal combustion: some results of basic studies and their implication for design. Proceedings of the International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion, 1 74.

26. Benavides, J., Senel, G. I., Flemings, M. C., Tester, J. W., and Sarofim, A. F. (2001). The evaporation rates and mechanisms of cadmium from a bubble-stirred molten copper bath. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science, 32(2), 285-295.

27. Blazowski, W. S., Sarofim, A. F., and Keck, J. C. (1981). The interrelationship between soot and fuel NOx control in gas turbine combustors. Journal of Engineering for Power, 103(1), 43-48.

28. Bockelie, M., Denison, M., Sarofim, A., and Wendt, J. (2006). A configured incinerator model. A and WM, Annual International Conference on Incineration and Thermal Treatment Technologies, IT3, 2 551-566.

29. Bockelie, M. J., Swensen, D. A., Dension, M. K., Chen, Z., Senior, C. L., and Sarofim, A. F. (2002). A computational workbench environment for virtual simulation of a vision 21 energyplex. Proceedings of the 2002 International Joint Power Generation Conference, 979-986.

30. Bolsaitis, P. P., Feitelberg, A. S., Dekermendjian, V., Elliott, J. F., Sarofim, A. F., and Thilly, W. G. (1991). Assay of mutation induced in human lymphoblastoid cells by combustion-generated soot particles. Environmental Health Perspectives, 96, 239-243.

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31. Borghi, G., Sarofim, A. F., and Beér, J. M. (1985). A model of coal devolatilization and combustion in fluidized beds. Combust. Flame, 61(1), 1-16.

32. Braun, A., Huggins, F. E., Seifert, S., Ilavsky, J., Shah, N., Kelly, K. E., Sarofim, A., and Huffman, G. P. (2004). Size-range analysis of diesel soot with ultra-small angle X-ray scattering. Combust. Flame, 137(1-2), 63-72.

33. Braun, A., Shah, N., Huggins, F. E., Huffman, G. P., Kelly, K., Sarofim, A., Wirick, S., and Jacobsen, C. (2002). Investigation of fine particulate matter from a diesel engine using scanning transmission X-ray microspectroscopy. ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints, 47(2) 627-628.

34. Braun, A., Shah, N., Huggins, F. E., Huffman, G. P., Wirick, S., Jacobsen, C., Kelly, K., and Sarofim, A. F. (2004). A study of diesel PM with X-ray microspectroscopy. Fuel, 83(7-8), 997-1000.

35. Braun, A., Shah, N., Huggins, F. E., Kelly, K. E., Sarofim, A., Jacobsen, C., Wirick, S., and Huffman, G. P. (2005). X-ray scattering and spectroscopy studies on diesel soot from oxygenated fuel under various engine load conditions. Carbon, 43(12), 2588-2599.

36. Braun, A. G., Wornat, M. J., Mitra, A., and Sarofim, A. F. (1987). Organic emissions from coal pyrolysis: Mutagenic effects. Environmental Health Perspectives, 73, 215-221.

37. Brouwer, J., Longwell, J. P., Sarofim, A. F., Barat, R. B., and Bozzelli, J. W. (1992). Chlorocarbon-induced incomplete combustion in a jet-stirred reactor. Combust. Sci. Tech., 85(1-6), 87-100.

38. Brouwer, J., Sacchi, G., Longwell, J. P., and Sarofim, A. F. (1994). Mixing and chemical kinetic constraints on PIC production during chlorocarbon combustion. Combust. Flame, 99(2), 231-239.

39. Calleja, G., Sarofim, A. F., and Georgakis, C. (1981). Effect of char gasification reaction order on bounding solutions for char combustion. Chemical Engineering Science, 36(5), 919-929.

40. Carpenter, D. O., Bláha, K., Buekens, A., Cikrt, M., Damstra, T., Dellinger, B., Sarofim, A., and Zejda, J. (1998). Conference on remediation of hazardous wastes in central and eastern Europe: Technology and health effects, in Prague, November 16-19, 1997. Central European Journal of Public Health, 6(2), 77-78.

41. Chan, L. K., Sarofim, A. F., and Beér, J. M. (1983). Kinetics of the NO carbon reaction at fluidized bed combustor conditions. Combust. Flame, 52(C), 37-45.

42. Charon, O., Sarofim, A. F., and Beér, J. M. (1990). Distribution of mineral matter in pulverized coal. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 16(4), 319-326.

43. Chirone, R., Sundback, C., Sarofim, A. F., and Beer, J. M. (1989). Time-resolved gas concentrations as a measure of particle circulation frequency in fluidized beds. Proc. Combust. Inst. 22, 231-238.

44. Chomiak, J., Longwell, J. P., and Sarofim, A. F. (1989). Combustion of low calorific value gases; problems and prospects. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 15(2), 109-129.

45. Chomiak, J., and Sarofim, A. F. (1984). "Combustion rate of carbon" fifty years after. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 11(1), 3-14.

46. Ciro, W. D., Eddings, E. G., and Sarofim, A. F. (2006). Experimental and numerical investigation of transient soot buildup on a cylindrical container immersed in a jet fuel pool fire. Combust. Sci. Tech., 178(12), 2199-2218.

47. Colket, M., Edwards, T., Williams, S., Cernansky, N. P., Miller, D. L., Egolfopoulos, F., Dryer, F. L., Sarofim, A. F., and Tsang, W. (2008). Identification of target validation data for development of surrogate jet fuels. 46th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, art. no.

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2008-0972. 48. Colket, M., Edwards, T., Williams, S., Cernansky, N. P., Miller, D. L., Egolfopoulos, F.,

Lindstedt, P., Sarofim, A., and Tsang, W. (2007). Development of an experimental database and kinetic models for surrogate jet fuels. 45th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 14, 9446-9466.

49. D'Alessio, A., Di Lorenzo, A., Sarofim, A. F., Beretta, F., Masi, S., and Venitozzi, C. (1975). Soot formation in methane-oxygen flames. Proc. Combust. Inst., 15(1), 1427-1438.

50. D'Amore, M., Dudek, R. D., Sarofim, A. F., and Longwell, J. P. (1988). Apparent particle density of a fine particle. Powder Technology, 56(2), 129-134.

51. D'Amore, M., Tognotti, L., and Sarofim, A. F. (1993). Oxidation rates of a single char particle in an electrodynamic balance. Combust. Flame, 95(4), 374-382.

52. D'Anna, A., Violi, A., D'Alessio, A., and Sarofim, A. F. (2001). A reaction pathway for nanoparticle formation in rich premixed flames. Combust. Flame, 127(1-2), 1995-2003.

53. Dellinger, B., D'Alessio, A., D'Anna, A., Ciajolo, A., Gullett, B., Henry, H., Keener, M, Sarofim, A., and Zimmermann, R. (2008). Combustion byproducts and their health effects: Summary of the 10th international congress. Environmental Engineering Science, 25(8), 1107-1114.

54. Denison, M., Senior, C., Sarofim, A., and Bockelie, M. (2009). A numerical model for the metal parts furnace. Joint Conference: International Thermal Treatment Technologies (IT3) and Hazardous Waste Combustors (HWC), 183 CP 511-525.

55. Denison, M. K., Montgomery, C. J., Sarofim, A. F., Bockelie, M. J., and Webster, A. G. (2005). Computational modeling of a chemical demilitarization deactivation furnace system. Environmental Engineering Science, 22(2), 232-240.

56. Denison, M. K., Sadler, B. A., Montgomery, C. J., Sarofim, A. F., and Bockelie, M. J. (2007). Computational modeling of a chemical liquid incinerator chamber (LIC). Progress in Computational Fluid Dynamics, 7(1), 51-57.

57. Du, Z., Sarofim, A. F., and Longwell, J. P. (1990). Activation energy distribution in temperature-programmed desorption: Modeling and application to the soot-oxygen system. Energy and Fuels, 4(3), 296-302.

58. Du, Z., Sarofim, A. F., Longwell, J. P., and Mims, C. A. (1991). Kinetic measurement and modeling of carbon oxidation. Energy and Fuels, 5(1), 214-221.

59. Dudek, D. R., Longwell, J. P., and Sarofim, A. F. (1989). Single-particle surface area measurements in the electrodynamic balance. Energy and Fuels, 3(1), 24-28.

60. Echavarria, C. A., Jaramillo, I. C., Sarofim, A. F., and Lighty, J. S. (2012). Burnout of soot particles in a two-stage burner with a JP-8 surrogate fuel. Combust. Flame, 159(7), 2441-2448.

61. Echavarria, C. A., Jaramillo, I. C., Sarofim, A. F., and Lighty, J. S. (2011). Studies of soot oxidation and fragmentation in a two-stage burner under fuel-lean and fuel-rich conditions. Proc. Combust. Inst., 33(1) 659-666.

62. Echavarria, C. A., Sarofim, A. F., Lighty, J. S., and D'Anna, A. (2011). Evolution of soot size distribution in premixed ethylene/air and ethylene/benzene/air flames: Experimental and modeling study. Combust. Flame, 158(1), 98-104.

63. Echavarria, C. A., Sarofim, A. F., Lighty, J. S., and D'Anna, A. (2009). Modeling and measurements of size distributions in premixed ethylene and benzene flames. Proc. Combust. Inst., 32 I 705-711.

64. Eddings, E. G., Ciro, W., and Sarofim, A. F. (2001). Transient heat transfer in exploding and detonating systems. Khimicheskaya Fizika, 20(6), 108-116.

65. Eddings, E. G., Davis, K. A., Heap, M. P., Valentine, J. R., and Sarofim, A. F. (2001). Mineral

11

matter transformation during pulverized coal combustion. Developments in Chemical Engineering and Mineral Processing, 9(3-4), 313-327.

66. Eddings, E. G., Sarofim, A. F., Lee, C. M., Davis, K. A., and Valentine, J. R. (2001). Trends in predicting and controlling ash vaporization in coal-fired utility boilers. Fuel Processing Technology, 71(1-3), 39-51.

67. Eddings, E. G., Yan, S., Ciro, W., and Sarofim, A. F. (2005). Formulation of a surrogate for the simulation of jet fuel pool fires. Combust. Sci. Tech., 177(4), 715-739.

68. Eyring, E. M., Konya, G., Lighty, J. S., Sahir, A. H., Sarofim, A. F., and Whitty, K. (2011). Chemical looping with copper oxide as carrier and coal as fuel. Oil and Gas Science and Technology, 66(2), 209-221.

69. Fang, J., Zeng, T., Yang, L. I. S., Oye, K. A., Sarofim, A. F., and Beér, J. M. (1999). Coal utilization in industrial boilers in china - A prospect for mitigating CO2 emissions. Applied Energy, 63(1), 35-52.

70. Feitelberg, A. S., Longwell, J. P., and Sarofim, A. F. (1993). Metal enhanced soot and PAH formation. Combust. Flame, 92(3), 241-253.

71. Fine, D. H., Slater, S. M., Sarofim, A. F., and Williams, G. C. (1974). Nitrogen in coal as a source of nitrogen oxide emission from furnaces. Fuel, 53(2), 120-125.

72. Fleischer, M., Sarofim, A. F., and Fassett, D. W. (1974). Environmental impact of cadmium: A review by the panel on hazardous trace substances. Environmental Health Perspectives, no. 7, 253-323.

73. Floess, J. K., Chomiak, J., Sarofim, A. F., and Longwell, J. P. (1991). A method for decreasing baseline noise in thermogravimetric measurements. Energy and Fuels, 5(1), 138-140.

74. Floess, J. K., Longwell, J. P., and Sarofim, A. F. (1988). Intrinsic reaction kinetics of microporous carbons. 1. noncatalyzed chars. Energy and Fuels, 2(1), 18-26.

75. Floess, J. K., Longwell, J. P., and Sarofim, A. F. (1988). Intrinsic reaction kinetics of microporous carbons. 2. Catalyzed chars. Energy and Fuels, 2(6), 756-764.

76. Goel, S., Lee, C. H., Longwell, J. P., and Sarofim, A. F. (1996). Modeling of ignition and CO oxidation in the boundary layer of a single char particle. Energy and Fuels, 10(5), 1091-1098.

77. Goel, S., Molina, A., and Sarofim, A. F. (2002). Factors influencing the time-resolved evolution of NO, HCN, and N2O during char oxidation at fluidized bed conditions. Energy and Fuels, 16(4), 823-830.

78. Goel, S., Sarofim, A., Kilpinen, P., and Hupa, M. (1996). Emissions of nitrogen oxides from circulating fluidized-bed combustors: Modeling results using detailed chemistry. Proc. Combust. Inst., 26(2), 3317-3324.

79. Goel, S., Sarofim, A. F., and Lu, J. (1996). A new approach to studying pore diffusivity during char combustion at FBC conditions. Proc. Combust. Inst., 26(2), 3127-3135.

80. Goel, S., Zhang, B., and Sarofim, A. F. (1996). NO and N2O formation during char combustion: Is it HCN or surface attached nitrogen? Combust. Flame, 104(1-2), 213-217.

81. Goel, S. K., Beér, J. M., and Sarofim, A. F. (1996). An emissions model for a bubbling FBC using detailed chemical kinetics: Significance of destruction reactions. Journal of the Institute of Energy, 69(481), 201-213.

82. Goel, S. K., Morihara, A., Tullin, C. J., and Sarofim, A. F. (1994). Effect of NO and O2 concentration on N2O formation during coal combustion in a fluidized-bed combustor: Modeling results. Proc. Combust. Inst., 25(1), 1051-1059.

83. Goel, S. K., Beer, J. M., and Sarofim, A. F. (1995). Significance of destruction reactions in determining net emission of nitrogen oxides. Proceedings of the International Conference on

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Fluidized Bed Combustion, 2 887-898. 84. Graham, K. A., and Sarofim, A. F. (1998). Inorganic aerosols and their role in catalyzing

sulfuric acid production in furnaces. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 48(2), 106-112.

85. Gullett, B. K., Sarofim, A. F., Smith, K. A., and Procaccini, C. (2000). The role of chlorine in dioxin formation. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 78(1), 47-52.

86. Hajaligol, M. R., Longwell, J. P., and Sarofim, A. F. (1988). Analysis and modeling of the direct sulfation of CaCO3. Industrials and Engineering Chemistry Research®, 27(12), 2203-2210.

87. Hammond, P. B., Nisbet, L. C. T., and Sarofim, A. F. (1972). Polychlorinated biphenyls - environmental impact. A review by the panel on hazardous trace substances, March 1972. Environmental Research, 5(3), 249-362.

88. Hanson, S. P., Beer, J. M., and Sarofim, A. F. (1983). Evolution of fuel bound nitrogen during heavy oil pyrolysis. Electric Power Research Institute, Coal Combustion Systems Division, (Report) EPRI CS, 34. 1-34. 20.

89. Haynes, B. S., Neville, M., Quann, R. J., and Sarofim, A. F. (1982). Factors governing the surface enrichment of fly ash in volatile trace species. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 87(1), 266-278.

90. Helble, J., Neville, M., and Sarofim, A. F. (1988). Aggregate formation from vaporized ash during pulverized coal combustion. Proc. Combust. Inst., 21(1), 411-417.

91. Helble, J. J. and Sarofim, A. F. (1989). Factors determining the primary particle size of flame-generated inorganic aerosols. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 128(2), 348-362.

92. Helble, J. J. and Sarofim, A. F. (1989). Influence of char fragmentation on ash particle size distributions. Combust. Flame, 76(2), 183-196.

93. Hottel, H. C. and Sarofim, A. F. (1967). Radiative Transfer, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.

94. Hurt, R. H., Dudek, D. R., Longwell, J. P., and Sarofim, A. F. (1988). The phenomenon of gasification-induced carbon densification and its influence on pore structure evolution. Carbon, 26(4), 433-449.

95. Hurt, R. H., Longwell, J. P., and Sarofim, A. F. (1986). Gasification reactivity of chars from low rank coal lithotypes. Fuel, 65(3), 451-452.

96. Hurt, R. H., Sarofim, A. F., and Longwell, J. P. (1991). Effect of nonuniform surface reactivity on the evolution of pore structure and surface area during carbon gasification. Energy and Fuels, 5(3), 463-468.

97. Hurt, R. H., Sarofim, A. F., and Longwell, J. P. (1993). Gasification-induced densification of carbons: From soot to form coke. Combust. Flame, 95(4), 430-432.

98. Hurt, R. H., Sarofim, A. F., and Longwell, J. P. (1991). Role of microporous surface area in uncatalyzed carbon gasification. Energy and Fuels, 5(2), 290-299.

99. Hurt, R. H., Sarofim, A. F., and Longwell, J. P. (1991). The role of microporous surface area in the gasification of chars from a sub-bituminous coal. Fuel, 70(9), 1079-1082.

100. Huynh, L. K., Zhang, H. R., Zhang, S., Eddings, E., Sarofim, A., Law, M. E., Westmoreland, P. R., and Truong, T. N. (2009). Kinetics of enol formation from reaction of OH with propene. Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 113(13), 3177-3185.

101. Jiang, P., Lignell, D. O., Kelly, K. E., Lighty, J. S., Sarofim, A. F., and Montgomery, C. J. (2005). Simulation of the evolution of particle size distributions in a vehicle exhaust plume with unconfined dilution by ambient air. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association,

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55(4), 437-445. 102. Kandas, A. W., Senel, I. G., Levendis, Y., and Sarofim, A. F. (2005). Soot surface area

evolution during air oxidation as evaluated by small angle X-ray scattering and CO2 adsorption. Carbon, 43(2), 241-251.

103. Kang, S.-G., Helble, J. J., Sarofim, A. F., and Beér, J. M. (1989). Time-resolved evolution of fly ash during pulverized coal combustion. Proc. Combust. Inst., 22(1), 231-238.

104. Kang, S.-G., Kerstein, A. R., Helble, J. J., and Sarofim, A. F. (1990). Simulation of residual ash formation during pulverized coal combustion: Bimodal ash particle size distribution. Aerosol Science and Technology, 13(4), 401-412.

105. Kang, S. G., Sarofim, A. F., and Beér, J. M. (1992). Effect of char structure on residual ash formation during pulverized coal combustion. Proc. Combust. Inst., 24(1), 1153-1159.

106. Kang, S. W., Sarofim, A. F., and Beer, J. M. (1966). Fundamentals of coal-water fuel droplet combustion. In: Third European Conference On Coal-Liquid Mixtures, (Malmo, Sweden: Oct.14-15, 1987), Rugby, U.K., Inst. Chem. Engrs., (107))

107. Kang, S.-G., Sarofim, A. F., and Beer, J. M. (1991). Agglomerate formation during coal combustion: A mechanistic model. Combust. Flame, 86(3), 258-268.

108. Kang, S.-G., Sarofim, A. F., and Beér, J. M. (1989). Particle rotation in coal combustion: Statistical, experimental and theoretical studies. Proc. Combust. Inst., 22(1), 145-153.

109. Kelly, K. E., Silcox, G. D., Sarofim, A. F., and Pershing, D. W. (2011). An evaluation of ex situ, industrial-scale, aqueous CO2 mineralization. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 5(6), 1587-1595.

110. Kelly, K. E., Wagner, D. A., Lighty, J. S., Sarofim, A. F., Bretecher, B., Holden, B., Helgeson, N., Sarofim, A., and Nardi, Z. (2004). Evaluation of catalyzed and electrically heated filters for removal of particulate emissions from diesel-A- and JP-8-fueled engines. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 54(1), 83-92.

111. Kelly, K. E., Wagner, D. A., Lighty, J. S., Sarofim, A. F., Rogers, C. F., Sagebiel, J., Zielinska, B., Sarofim, A., and Palmer, G. (2003). Characterization of exhaust particles from military vehicles fueled with diesel, gasoline and JP-8. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 53(3), 273-282.

112. Khatami, R., Stivers, C., Joshi, K., Levendis, Y. A., and Sarofim, A. F. (2012). Combustion behavior of single particles from three different coal ranks and from sugar cane bagasse in O2/N2 and O2/CO2 atmospheres. Combust. Flame, 159(3), 1253-1271.

113. Kobayashi, H., Howard, J. B., and Sarofim, A. F. (1977). Coal devolatilization at high temperatures. Proc. Combust. Inst., 16(1), 411-425.

114. Krammer, G. F., and Sarofim, A. F. (1994). Reaction of char nitrogen during fluidized bed coal combustion - influence of nitric oxide and oxygen on nitrous oxide. Combust. Flame, 97(1), 118-124.

115. Kridiotis, A. C., Longwell, J. P., Sarofim, A. F., and Bar-Ziv, E. (1989). Application of a stochastic model of imperfect mixing to the combustion of fuel-lean CO/H2 mixtures in air. Chemical Engineering Science, 44(5), 1039-1046.

116. Lafleur, A. L., Sarofim, A. F., and Wornat, M. J. (1993). A simple multimode size exclusion chromatographic method for the determination of the degree of thermal treatment of fossil fuel pyrolysis products. Energy and Fuels, 7(3), 357-361.

117. Lee, C. L., Davis, K. A., Heap, M. P., Sarofim, A. F., and Eddings, E. G. (2000). Trends in predicting and controlling emissions from coal fired boilers. ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints, 45(1), 93-95.

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118. Lee, C. M., Davis, K. A., Heap, M. P., Eddings, E., and Sarofim, A. (2000). Modeling the vaporization of ash constituents in a coal-fired boiler. Proc. Combust. Inst., 28(2), 2375-2381.

119. Lee, Y. Y., Sarofim, A. F., and Beer, J. M. (1984). Effects of modes of coal feeding on coal volatile release in fluidized-bed combustors. Fluid Bed Combust. and Appl. Technol. First Int. Symp. III/85-III/116.

120. Lee, Y. Y., Walsh, P. M., Dutts, A., Beer, J. M., and Sarofim, A. F. (1983). Spatial distributions of coal nitrogen and nitric oxide in the bed of a fluidized combustor. Int. Conf. on Fluidized Bed Combustion 7, 264-264I.

121. Levendis, Y. A., Joshi, K., Khatami, R., and Sarofim, A. F. (2011). Combustion behavior in air of single particles from three different coal ranks and from sugarcane bagasse. Combust. Flame, 158(3), 452-465.

122. Levy, J. M., Chan, L. K., Sarofim, A. F., and Beér, J. M. (1981). NO/char reactions at pulverized coal flame conditions. Proc. Combust. Inst., 18(1), 111-120.

123. Levy, J. M., and Sarofim, A. F. (1983). Higher hydrocarbon combustion: 2. Fuel-rich C1/C2 mechanism. Combust. Flame, 53(1-3), 1-15.

124. Levy, J. M., Taylor, B. R., Longwell, J. P., and Sarofim, A. F. (1982). C1 and C2 chemistry in rich mixture, ethylene/air flames. Proc. Combust. Inst., 19(1), 167-179.

125. Lew, S., Sarofim, A. F., and Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, M. (1992). Sulfidation of zinc titanate and zinc oxide solids. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 31(8), 1890-1899.

126. Lew, S., Sarofim, A. F., and Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, M. (1992). The reduction of zinc titanate and zinc oxide solids. Chemical Engineering Science, 47(6), 1421-1431.

127. Lew, S., Sarofim, A. F., and Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, M. (1992). Modeling of the sulfidation of zinc-titanium oxide sorbents with hydrogen sulfide. AIChE Journal, 38(8), 1161-1169.

128. Li, Y., Zhang, J.-S., Liu, Q., Lu, J.-L., Yue, G.-X., Sarofim, A. F., Beer, J. M., Lee, Y. Y., and Eliasson, B. (2001). A study of the reactivity and formation of the unburnt carbon in CFB fly ashes. Developments in Chemical Engineering and Mineral Processing, 9(3-4), 301-312.

129. Lighty, J., Veranth, J., and Sarofim, A. F. (2000). Introduction to the air and waste management association's 30th annual critical review. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 50(9), 1562-1564.

130. Lighty, J. S., Veranth, J. M., and Sarofim, A. F. (2000). Combustion aerosols: Factors governing their size and composition and implications to human health. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 50(9), 1565-1618.

131. Liu, W., Sarofim, A. F., and Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, M. (1994). Complete oxidation of carbon monoxide and methane over metal-promoted fluorite oxide catalysts. Chemical Engineering Science, 49(24 PART A), 4871-4888.

132. Liu, W., Sarofim, A. F., and Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, M. (1994). Reduction of sulfur dioxide by carbon monoxide to elemental sulfur over composite oxide catalysts. Applied Catalysis B, Environmental, 4(2-3), 167-186.

133. Liu, W., Sarofim, A., and Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, M. (1994). Transition metal-promoted oxygen ion conductors as oxidation catalyst. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 344 145-150.

134. Loehden, D., Walsh, P. M., Sayre, A. N., Beer, J. M., and Sarofim, A. F. (1989). Generation and deposition of fly ash in the combustion of pulverized coal. Journal of the Institute of Energy, 62(451), 119-127.

135. Lu, J., Fang, J., and Sarofim, A. F. (1998). True density separation method for investigation of formation and combustion characteristics of unburned carbon in fly ash. Journal of Fuel

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Chemistry and Technology, 26(5), 461-462. 136. Macadam, S., Beer, J. M., Sarofim, A. F., and Gambi, G. (1997). Effect of flue gas recirculation

on soot and PAH formation in a jet-stirred/plug flow reactor. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Environmental Control Division Publication, EC, 5 335-344.

137. Marsh, N. D., Preciado, I., Eddings, E. G., Sarofim, A. F., Palotas, A. B., and Robertson, J. D. (2007). Evaluation of organometallic fuel additives for soot suppression. Combust. Sci. Tech., 179(5), 987-1001.

138. Masonjones, M. C., Mukherjee, J., Sarofim, A. F., Taghizadeh, K., and Lafleur, A. L. (1996). High temperature pyrolysis of o-terphenyl: Evidence for kinetic control in the benzene polymerization pathway and importance of arene aggregation/ condensation reactions in the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 8(4), 229-242.

139. Masonjones, M. C., and Sarofim, A. F. (1996). A broader definition of symmetry number and its application to a kinetic model describing polyarene growth. Proc. Combust. Inst., 26(1), 823-830.

140. Masonjones, M. C., Sarofim, A. F., and Lafleur, A. L. (1996). Identification of isomeric naphthyl-anthracenes generated from the pyrolysis of an anthracene/naphthalene mixture. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 8(1), 23-33.

141. Mess, D., Sarofim, A. F., and Longwell, J. P. (1999). Product layer diffusion during the reaction of calcium oxide with carbon dioxide. Energy and Fuels, 13(5), 999-1005.

142. Meuzelaar, H. L. C., Dworzanski, J. P., Sheya, S. N., Jeon, S. J., Lighty, J., Sarofim, A. F., and Mejia Velazquez, G. M. (2000). Rapid, measurement-based source apportionment of air particulate matter. ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints, 45(1), 50-53.

143. Mims, C. A., Neville, M., Quann, R. J., House, K., and Sarofim, A. F. (1979). Laboratory studies of mineral matter vaporization during coal combustion. AIChE Symposium Series, 76(201), 188-119.

144. Mitchell, R. E., Sarofim, A. F., and Clomburg, L. A. (1980). Experimental and numerical investigation of confined laminar diffusion flames. Combust. Flame, 37(C), 227-244.

145. Mitchell, R. E., Sarofim, A. F., and Clomburg, L. A. (1980). Partial equilibrium in the reaction zone of methane-air diffusion flames. Combust. Flame, 37(C), 201-206.

146. Mitchell, R. E., Sarofim, A. F., and Yu, R. (1980). Nitric oxide and hydrogen cyanide formation in laminar methane/air diffusion flames. Combust. Sci. Tech., 21(3-4), 157-167.

147. Mitra, A., Sarofim, A. F., and Bar-Ziv, E. (1987). The influence of coal type on the evolution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during coal devolatilization. Aerosol Science and Technology, 6(3), 261-271.

148. Molina, A., Eddings, E. G., Pershing, D. W., and Sarofim, A. F. (2000). Char nitrogen conversion: Implications to emissions from coal-fired utility boilers. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 26(4), 507-531.

149. Molina, A., Eddings, E. G., Pershing, D. W., and Sarofim, A. F. (2004). Nitric oxide destruction during coal and char oxidation under pulverized-coal combustion conditions. Combust. Flame, 136(3), 303-312.

150. Molina, A., Eddings, E. G., Pershing, D. W., and Sarofim, A. F. (2002). Reduction of nitric oxide on the char surface at pulverized combustion conditions. Proc. Combust. Inst., 29(2) 2275-2281.

151. Molina, A., Sarofim, A. F., Ren, W., Lu, J., Yue, G., Beér, J. M., and Haynes, B. S. (2002). Effect of boundary layer reactions on the conversion of char-N to NO, N2O, and HCN at

16

fluidized-bed combustion conditions. Combust. Sci. Tech., 174(11-12), 43-71. 152. Montoya, A., Truong, T. N., and Sarofim, A. F. (2000). Application of density functional theory

to the study of the reaction of NO with char-bound nitrogen during combustion. Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 104(36), 8409-8417.

153. Montoya, A., Truong, T. N., and Sarofim, A. F. (2000). Spin contamination in Hartree-Fock and density functional theory wavefunctions in modeling of adsorption on graphite. Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 104(26), 6108-6110.

154. Mukherjee, J., Sarofim, A. F., and Longwell, J. P. (1994). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the high-temperature pyrolysis of pyrene. Combust. Flame, 96(3), 191-200.

155. Mulholland, J. A., Mukherjee, J., and Sarofim, A. F. (1997). Statistical and steric effects on pyrene pyrolysis product distributions at high temperature. Energy and Fuels, 11(2), 392-395.

156. Mulholland, J. A., Mukherjee, J., Wornat, M. J., Sarofim, A. F., and Rutledge, G. C. (1993). Semiempirical molecular orbital estimation of the relative stability of bianthryls produced by anthracene pyrolysis. Combust. Flame, 94(3), 233-243.

157. Mulholland, J. A., and Sarofim, A. F. (1991). Mechanisms of inorganic particle formation during suspension heating of simulated aqueous wastes. Env. Sci. and Tech, 25(2), 268-274.

158. Mulholland, J. A., Sarofim, A. F., and Beer, J. M. (1992). Chemical effects of fuel chlorine on the envelope flame ignition of droplet streams. Combust. Sci. Tech., 85(1-6), 405-417.

159. Mulholland, J. A., Sarofim, A. F., and Beer, J. M. (1993). On the derivation of global ignition kinetics from a detailed mechanism for simple hydrocarbon oxidation. Combust. Sci. Tech., 87(1-6), 139-156.

160. Mulholland, J. A., Sarofim, A. F., Beér, J. M., and Lafleur, A. L. (1992). Formation of PCBs and other biaryls during pyrolysis of o-dichlorobenzene and toluene. Proc. Combust. Inst., 24(1), 1091-1099.

161. Mulholland, J. A., Sarofim, A. F., Longwell, J. P., Lafleur, A. L., and Thilly, W. G. (1994). Bacterial mutagenicity of pyrolysis tars produced from chloro-organic fuels. Environmental Health Perspectives, 102(suppl. 1), 283-289.

162. Mulholland, J. A., Sarofim, A. F., and Rutledge, G. C. (1993). Semiempirical molecular orbital estimation of the relative stability of polychlorinated biphenyl isomers produced by o-dichlorobenzene pyrolysis. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 97(26), 6890-6896.

163. Mulholland, J. A., Sarofim, A. F., Sosothikul, P., and Lafleur, A. L. (1993). Effects of organic chlorine on the chemical composition and carbon number distribution of pyrolysis tars. Combust. Flame, 92(1-2), 161-177.

164. Mulholland, J. A., Sarofim, A. F., Sosothikul, P., Monchamp, P. A., Plummer, E. F., and Lafleur, A. L. (1992). Formation of perchloroaromatics during trichloroethylene pyrolysis. Combust. Flame, 89(1), 103-115.

165. Nenniger, J. E., Kridiotis, A., Chomiak, J., Longwell, J. P., and Sarofim, A. F. (1985). Characterization of a toroidal well-stirred reactor. Proc. Combust. Inst., 20(1), 473-479.

166. Neoh, K. G., Howard, J. B., and Sarofim, A. F. (1985). Effect of oxidation on the physical structure of soot. Proc. Combust. Inst., 20(1), 951-957.

167. Neville, M., McCarthy, J. F., and Sarofim, A. F. (1983). Size fractionation of submicrometer coal combustion aerosol for chemical analysis. Atmospheric Environment, 17(12), 2599-2604.

168. Neville, M., Quann, R. J., Haynes, B. S., and Sarofim, A. F. (1981). Vaporization and condensation of mineral matter during pulverized coal combustion. Proc. Combust. Inst., 18(1), 1267-1274.

169. Neville, M., and Sarofim, A. F. (1983). Nucleation and growth of aerosols in the reactive

17

boundary layer of a burning char particle. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2(2), 227. 170. Neville, M., and Sarofim, A. F. (1985). The fate of sodium during pulverized coal combustion.

Fuel, 64(3), 384-390. 171. Neville, M., and Sarofim, A. F. (1982). The stratified composition of inorganic submicron

particles produced during coal combustion. Proc. Combust. Inst., 19(1), 1441-1449. 172. Owens, W. D., Sarofim, A. F., and Pershing, D. W. (1994). The use of recycle for enhanced

volatile metal capture. Fuel Processing Technology, 39(1-3), 337-356. 173. Palotas, A. B., Rainey, L. C., Feldermann, C. J., Sarofim, A. F., and Vander Sande, J. B. (1996).

Soot morphology: An application of image analysis in high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Microscopy Research and Technique, 33(3), 266-278.

174. Palotás, Á. B., Rainey, L. C., Sarofim, A. F., Vander Sande, J. B., and Ciambelli, P. (1996). Effect of oxidation on the microstructure of carbon blacks. Energy and Fuels, 10(1), 254-259.

175. Palotás, Á. B., Rainey, L. C., Sarofim, A. F., Vander Sande, J. B., and Flagan, R. C. (1998). Where did that soot come from? Chemtech, 28(7), 24-30.

176. Pantelides, C. C., Erickson, W. D., Longwell, J. P., and Sarofim, A. F. (1985). Use of relative reaction rates of CO and H2 as a measure of micro-mixing in combustion systems. Chemical Engineering Science, 40(3), 375-383.

177. Peterson, T. W., Scotto, M. V., and Sarofim, A. F. (1985). Comparison of comminution data with analytical solutions of the fragmentation equation. Powder Technology, 45(1), 87-93.

178. Pohl, J. H., and Sarofim, A. F. (1977). Devolatilization and oxidation of coal nitrogen. Proc. Combust. Inst., 16(1), 491-501.

179. Prado, G., Garo, A., Ko, A., and Sarofim, A. (1985). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons formation and destruction in a laminar diffusion flame. Proc. Combust. Inst., 20(1), 989-996.

180. Procaccini, C., Bozzelli, J. W., Longwell, J. P., Sarofim, A. F., and Smith, K. A. (2003). Formation of chlorinated aromatics by reactions of Cl, Cl2 and HCl with benzene in the cool-down zone of a combustor. Env. Sci. and Tech, 37(8), 1684-1689.

181. Procaccini, C., Bozzelli, J. W., Longwell, J. P., Smith, K. A., and Sarofim, A. F. (2000). Presence of chlorine radicals and formation of molecular chlorine in the post-flame region of chlorocarbon combustion. Env. Sci. and Tech, 34(21), 4565-4570.

182. Procaccini, C., Kraft, M., Fey, H., Bockhorn, H., Longwell, J. P., Sarofim, A. F., and Smith, K. A. (1998). PIC formation during the combustion of simple hydrocarbons in inhomogeneous incineration systems. Proc. Combust. Inst., 1, 1275-1281.

183. Pugmire, R. J., Solum, M. S., Jiang, Y. J., Sarofim, A. F., Veranth, J., Schobert, H. H., and Pappano, P. J. (2002). The study of soot formation by solid-state NMR spectroscopy. ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints, 47(2) 733-735.

184. Quann, R. J., and Sarofim, A. F. (1986). A scanning electron microscopy study of the transformations of organically bound metals during lignite combustion. Fuel, 65(1), 40-46.

185. Quann, R. J., and Sarofim, A. F. (1982). Vaporization of refractory oxides during pulverized coal combustion. Proc. Combust. Inst., 19(1), 1429-1440.

186. Rainey, L., Palotás, Á., Bolsaitis, P., Vander Sande, J. B., and Sarofim, A. F. (1996). Application of high-resolution electron microscopy for the characterization and source assignment of diesel particulates. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 11(7), 777-781.

187. Ritrievi, K. E., Longwell, J. P., and Sarofim, A. F. (1987). The effects of ferrocene addition on soot particle inception and growth in premixed ethylene flames. Combust. Flame, 70(1), 17-31.

188. Rogers, C. F., Sagebiel, J. C., Zielinska, B., Arnott, W. P., Fujita, E. M., McDonald, J. D.,

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Griffin, J. B., Sarofim, A. F., and Palmer, G. (2003). Characterization of submicron exhaust particles from engines operating without load on diesel and JP-8 fuels. Aerosol Science and Technology, 37(4), 355-368.

189. Rogers, F., Arnott, P., Zielinska, B., Sagebiel, J., Kelly, K. E., Wagner, D., Lighty, J. S., and Sarofim, A. F. (2005). Real-time measurements of jet aircraft engine exhaust. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 55(5), 583-593.

190. Rogers, J. E. L., Sarofim, A. F., Howard, J. B., Williams, G. C., and Fine, D. H. (1975). Combustion characteristics of simulated and shredded refuse. Proc. Combust. Inst., 15(1), 1137-1148.

191. Sacchi, G. F., Procaccini, C., Longwell, J. P., and Sarofim, A. F. (1996). Experimental and numerical studies of PIC formation during chlorocarbon combustion: Development of a failure mode diagnostic system for hazardous waste incinerators. Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials, 13(1), 39-49.

192. Santamaría, A., Mondragón, F., Molina, A., Marsh, N. D., Eddings, E. G., and Sarofim, A. F. (2006). FT-IR and 1H NMR characterization of the products of an ethylene inverse diffusion flame. Combust. Flame, 146(1-2), 52-62.

193. Santamaría, A., Mondragón, F., Quiñónez, W., Eddings, E. G., and Sarofim, A. F. (2007). Average structural analysis of the extractable material of young soot gathered in an ethylene inverse diffusion flame. Fuel, 86(12-13), 1908-1917.

194. Sarofim, A., and Eddings, E. (2003). Behavior and measurement of mercury in cement kilns. IEEE Cement Industry Technical Conference (Paper), 233-248.

195. Sarofim, A. F. (1988). Radiative heat transfer in combustion: Friend or foe. Proc. Combust. Inst., 21(1), 1-23.

196. Sarofim, A. F., and Beér, J. M. (1979). Modeling of fluidized bed combustion. Proc. Combust. Inst., 17(1), 189-204.

197. Sarofim, A. F., and Flagan, R. C. (1976). NOx control for stationary combustion sources. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 2(1), 1-25.

198. Sarofim, A. F., and Hottel, H. C. (1979). Radiative transfer in combustion chambers: influence of alternative fuels. Proceedings of the Sixth International Heat Transfer Conference, 6, 199-217.

199. Sarofim, A. F., and Hurt, R. (2000). Experimental investigation of NO from pulverized char combustion: Comments. Proc. Combust. Inst., 28(2), 2278.

200. Sarofim, A. F., Lighty, J. S., and Eddings, E. G. (2002). Fine particles: Health effects, characterization, mechanisms of formation, and modeling. ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints, 47(2) 618-621.

201. Sarofim, A. F., Neville, M., and Quann, R. (1984). Formation of condensation aerosols in coal-fired combustors. American Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Chemistry, 24(1) 114-116.

202. Sarofim, A. F., Pershing, D. W., Dellinger, B., Heap, M. P., and Owens, W. D. (1994). Emissions of metal and organic compounds from cement kilns using waste derived fuels. Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials, 11(1), 169-192.

203. Sarofim, A. F., and Pohl, J. H. (1973). Kinetics of nitric oxide formation in premixed laminar flames. Proc. Combust. Inst., 14(1), 739-754.

204. Sarofim, A. F., Pohl, J. H., and Taylor, B. R. (1978). Strategies for controlling nitrogen oxide emissions during combustion of nitrogen-bearing fuels. AIChE Symposium Series, 74(175).

205. Sarofim, A. F., and Suk, W. A. (1994). Health effects of combustion by-products.

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Environmental Health Perspectives, 102(suppl. 1), 237-244. 206. Sarofim, A. F., Williams, G. C., Modell, M., and Slater, S. M. (1973). Conversion of fuel

nitrogen to nitric oxide in premixed and diffusion flames. AIChE Symposium Series, 71(148), 51-61.

207. Sarofim, A. F., Howard, J. B., and Padia, A. S. (1977). Physical transformation of the mineral matter in pulverized coal under simulated combustion conditions. Combust. Sci. Tech., 16(3-6), 187-204.

208. Sarofim, A. F., Longwell, J. P., Wornat, M. J., and Mukherjee, J. (1994). Role of biaryl reactions in PAH and soot formation. Springer Series in Chemical Physics 59, 485-496.

209. Şenel, I. G., Gürz, A. G., Yücel, H., Kandas, A. W., and Sarofim, A. F. (2001). Characterization of pore structure of Turkish coals. Energy and Fuels, 15(2), 331-338.

210. Senior, C., Denison, M., Bockelie, M., Sarofim, A., Siperstein, J., and He, Q. (2010). Modeling of thermal desorption of Hg from activated carbon. Fuel Processing Technology, 91(10), 1282-1287.

211. Senior, C., Fry, A., Montgomery, C., Sarofim, A., and Wendt, J. (2006). Modeling tool for evaluation of utility mercury control strategies. Proceedings of the EPA-DOE-EPRI-A and WMA Power Plant Air Pollutant Control Mega Symposium 2006, 1 312-326.

212. Senior, C., Montgomery, C. J., and Sarofim, A. (2010). Transient model for behavior of mercury in Portland cement kilns. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 49(3), 1436-1443.

213. Senior, C., Otten, B. V., Wendt, J. O. L., and Sarofim, A. (2010). Modeling the behavior of selenium in pulverized-coal combustion systems. Combust. Flame, 157(11), 2095-2105.

214. Senior, C., Van Otten, B., Wendt, J. O. L., and Sarofim, A. F. (2010). Behavior of selenium in coal-fired power plants: Implications for multi-media emissions. Air and Waste Management Association - 8th Power Plant Air Pollutant Control Mega Symposium 2010, 3 2042-2086.

215. Senior, C. L., Helble, J. J., and Sarofim, A. F. (2000). Emissions of mercury, trace elements, and fine particles from stationary combustion sources. Fuel Processing Technology, 65, 263-288.

216. Senior, C. L., Lignell, D. O., Chen, Z., Sarofim, A. F., and Dixon, T. W. (2005). Characterization of reactivity of green and calcined petroleum coke with oxygen for application to combustion systems. TMS Light Metals, 597-600.

217. Senior, C. L., Lignell, D. O., Sarofim, A. F., and Mehta, A. (2006). Modeling arsenic partitioning in coal-fired power plants. Combust. Flame, 147(3), 209-221.

218. Senior, C. L., Panagiotou, T., Sarofim, A. F., and Helble, J. J. (2000). Formation of ultra-fine particulate matter from pulverized coal combustion. ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints, 45(1), 19-23.

219. Senior, C. L., Sarofim, A. F., Zeng, T., Helble, J. J., and Mamani-Paco, R. (2000). Gas-phase transformations of mercury in coal-fired power plants. Fuel Processing Technology, 63(2), 197-213.

220. Senior, C. L., Zeng, T., Che, J., Ames, M. R., Sarofim, A. F., Olmez, I., Huggins, F. E., and Finkelman, R. (2000). Distribution of trace elements in selected pulverized coals as a function of particle size and density. Fuel Processing Technology, 63(2), 215-241.

221. Snow, M. J. H., Longwell, J. P., and Sarofim, A. F. (1988). Direct sulfation of calcium carbonate. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 27(2), 268-273.

222. Solum, M. S., Sarofim, A. F., Pugmire, R. J., Fletcher, T. H., and Zhang, H. (2001). 13C NMR analysis of soot produced from model compounds and a coal. Energy and Fuels, 15(4), 961-

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971. 223. Solum, M. S., Veranth, J. M., Jiang, Y.-J., Orendt, A. M., Sarofim, A. F., and Pugmire, R. J.

(2003). The study of anthracene aerosols by solid-state NMR and ESR. Energy and Fuels, 17(3), 738-743.

224. Song, Y. H., Beer, J. M., and Sarofim, A. F. (1982). Oxidation and devolatilization of nitrogen in coal char. Combust. Sci. Tech., 28(5 /6) 177-183.

225. Song, Y. H., Pohl, J. H., Beer, J. M., and Sarofim, A. F. (1982). Nitric oxide formation during pulverized coal combustion. Combust. Sci. Tech., 28(1-2), 31-39.

226. Spjut, R. E., Bar-Ziv, E., Sarofim, A. F., and Longwell, J. P. (1986). Electrodynamic thermogravimetric analyzer. Review of Scientific Instruments, 57(8), 1604-1610.

227. Spjut, R. E., Sarofim, A. F., and Longwell, J. P. (1985). Laser heating and particle temperature measurement in an electrodynamic balance. Langmuir, 1(3), 355-360.

228. Sun, Joo Jeon, Meuzelaar, H. L. C., Sheya, S. A. N., Lighty, J. A. S., Jarman, W. M., Kasteler, C., Sarofim, A. F., and Simoneit, B. R. T. (2001). Exploratory studies of PM10 receptor and source profiling by GC/MS and principal component analysis of temporally and spatially resolved ambient samples. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 51(5), 766-784.

229. Sundback, C. A., Beér, J. M., and Sarofim, A. F. (1985). Fragmentation behavior of single coal particles in a fluidized bed. Proc. Combust. Inst., 20(1), 1495-1503.

230. Tang, Q., Adams, B., Bockelie, M., Cremer, M., Denison, M., Montgomery, C., Sarofim, A., and Brown, D. J. (2005). Towards comprehensive CFD modeling of lean premixed ultra-low NOx burners in process heaters. 2005 AIChE Spring National Meeting, Conference Proceedings, art. no. 47d, 1013-1038.

231. Taylor, B. R., Longwell, J. P., and Sarofim, A. F. (1986). Reactions of nitrogen species in fuel-rich flames. American Chemical Society, Division of Petroleum Chemistry, Preprints, 31(2) 424-434.

232. Thijssen, J. H., Toqan, M. A., Beér, J. M., and Sarofim, A. F. (1994). The formation and destruction of aromatic compounds in a turbulent flame. Proc. Combust. Inst., 25(1), 1215-1222.

233. Thijssen, J. H., Toqan, M. A., Beer, J. M., and Sarofim, A. F. (1993). Monitoring of PAC concentrations in semi-industrial scale turbulent diffusion flames by laser induced fluorescence. Combust. Sci. Tech., 90(1-4), 101-110.

234. Timothy, L. D., Froelich, D., Sarofim, A. F., and Béer, J. M. (1988). Soot formation and burnout during the combustion of dispersed pulverized coal particles. Proc. Combust. Inst., 21(1), 1141-1148.

235. Timothy, L. D., Sarofim, A. F., and Béer, J. M. (1982). Characteristics of single particle coal combustion. Proc. Combust. Inst., 19(1), 1123-1130.

236. Tognotti, L., Longwell, J. P., and Sarofim, A. F. (1991). The products of the high temperature oxidation of a single char particle in an electrodynamic balance. Proc. Combust. Inst., 23(1), 1207-1213.

237. Torres-Ordoñez, R. J., Longwell, J. P., and Sarofim, A. F. (1989). Intrinsic kinetics of CaS(s) oxidation. Energy and Fuels, 3(4), 506-515.

238. Torres-Ordoñez, R. J., Longwell, J. P., and Sarofim, A. F. (1989). Physical transformations during CaS(s) oxidation. Energy and Fuels, 3(5), 595-603.

239. Torres-Ordonez, R. J., Wall, T. F., Longwell, J. P., and Sarofim, A. F. (1993). Sulphur retention as CaS(s) during coal combustion: A modeling study to define mechanisms and possible

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technologies. Fuel, 72(5), 633-643. 240. Tullin, C. J., Goel, S., Morihara, A., Sarofim, A. F., and Beér, J. M. (1993). NO and N2O

formation for coal combustion in a fluidized bed: Effect of carbon conversion and bed temperature. Energy and Fuels, 7(6), 796-802.

241. Tullin, C. J., Sarofim, A. F., Béer, J. M., and Teare, J. D. (1995). Effect of SO2 and NO on the conversion of fuel nitrogen to N2O and NO in single particle combustion of coal. Combust. Sci. Tech., 106(1-3), 153-166.

242. Veranth, J. M., Fletcher, T. H., Pershing, D. W., and Sarofim, A. F. (2000). Measurement of soot and char in pulverized coal fly ash. Fuel, 79(9), 1067-1075.

243. Veranth, J. M., Pershing, D. W., Sarofim, A. F., and Shield, J. E. (1998). Sources of unburned carbon in the fly ash produced from low-NOx pulverized coal combustion. Proc. Combust. Inst., 2, 1737-1744.

244. Vikhansky, A., Bar-Ziv, E., Chudnovsky, B., Talanker, A., Eddings, E., and Sarofim, A. (2004). Measurements and numerical simulations for optimization of the combustion process in a utility boiler. International Journal of Energy Research, 28(5), 391-401.

245. Violi, A., D'Anna, A., D'Alessio, A., and Sarofim, A. F. (2003). Modeling aerosol formation in opposed-flow diffusion flames. Chemosphere, 51(10), 1047-1054.

246. Violi, A., Kubota, A., Pitz, W., Westbrook, C. K., and Sarofim, A. F. (2002). Fully-integrated molecular dynamics kinetic Monte Carlo code: A new tool for the study of soot precursor growth in combustion conditions. ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints, 47(2) 771-772.

247. Violi, A., Kubota, A., Truong, T. N., Pitz, W. J., Westbrook, C. K., and Sarofim, A. F. (2002). A fully integrated kinetic Monte Carlo/molecular dynamics approach for the simulation of soot precursor growth. Proc. Combust. Inst., 29(2) 2343-2349.

248. Violi, A., Sarofim, A. F., and Truong, T. N. (2002). Mechanistic pathways to explain H/C ratio of soot precursors. Combust. Sci. Tech., 174(11-12), 205-222.

249. Violi, A., Sarofim, A. F., and Truong, T. N. (2001). Quantum mechanical study of molecular weight growth process by combination of aromatic molecules. Combust. Flame, 126(1-2), 1506-1515.

250. Violi, A., Sarofim, A. F., and Voth, G. A. (2004). Kinetic Monte Carlo-molecular dynamics approach to model soot inception. Combust. Sci. Tech., 176(5-6), 991-1005.

251. Violi, A., Truong, T. N., and Sarofim, A. F. (2004). Kinetics of hydrogen abstraction reactions from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by H atoms. Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 108(22), 4846-4852.

252. Violi, A., Voth, G. A., and Sarofim, A. F. (2003). A time-scale problem for the formation of soot precursors in premixed flames. ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints, 48(2) 545-547.

253. Violi, A., Voth, G. A., and Sarofim, A. F. (2005). The relative roles of acetylene and aromatic precursors during soot particle inception. Proc. Combust. Inst., 30(1) 1343-1351.

254. Violi, A., Yan, S., Eddings, E. G., Sarofim, A. F., Granata, S., Faravelli, T., and Ranzi, E. (2002). Experimental formulation and kinetic model for JP-8 surrogate mixtures. Combust. Sci. Tech., 174(11-12), 399-417.

255. Walsh, P. M., Chaung, T. Z., Dutta, A., Beér, J. M., and Sarofim, A. F. (1982). Nitric oxide reduction in the freeboard of a fluidized bed coal combustor. Proc. Combust. Inst., 19(1), 1281-1289.

256. Walsh, P. M., Dutta, A., Cox, R. J., Sarofim, A. F., and Beér, J. M. (1989). The production and loss of char fines during fluidized bed combustion of a high volatile bituminous coal. Proc. Combust. Inst., 22(1), 249-258.

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257. Walsh, P. M., Sayre, A. N., Loehden, D. O., Monroe, L. S., Beér, J. M., and Sarofim, A. F. (1990). Deposition of bituminous coal ash on an isolated heat exchanger tube: Effects of coal properties on deposit growth. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 16(4), 327-345.

258. Weiss, Y., Benari, Y., Kantorovich, I. I., Bar-Ziv, E., Krammer, G., Modestino, A., and Sarofim, A. F. (1994). Evolution of porosity and thermal conductivity during char oxidation. Proc. Combust. Inst., 25(1), 519-525.

259. Walsh, P. M., Sarofim, A. F., and Beér, J. M. (1992). Fouling of convection heat exchangers by lignitic coal ash. Energy and Fuels, 6(6), 709-715.

260. Wornat, M. J., Braun, A. G., Hawiger, A., Longwell, J. P., and Sarofim, A. F. (1990). The relationship between mutagenicity and chemical composition of polycyclic aromatic compounds from coal pyrolysis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 84, 193-201.

261. Wornat, M. J., and Sarofim, A. F. (1990). Char- and aerosol-associated polycyclic aromatic compounds from coal pyrolysis: Relationship between particle size and surface composition. Aerosol Science and Technology, 12(4), 832-841.

262. Wornat, M. J., Sarofim, A. F., and Lafleur, A. L. (1992). The pyrolysis of anthracene as a model coal-derived aromatic compound. Proc. Combust. Inst., 24(1), 955-963.

263. Wornat, M. J., Sarofim, A. F., and Longwell, J. P. (1987). Changes in the degree of substitution of polycyclic aromatic compounds from pyrolysis of a high-volatile bituminous coal. Energy and Fuels, 1(5), 431-437.

264. Wornat, M. J., Sarofim, A. F., and Longwell, J. P. (1989). Pyrolysis-induced changes in the ring number composition of polycyclic aromatic compounds from a high volatile bituminous coal. Proc. Combust. Inst., 22(1), 135-143.

265. Wornat, M. J., Sarofim, A. F., Longwell, J. P., and Lafleur, A. L. (1988). Effect of pyrolysis conditions on the composition of nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic compounds from a bituminous coal. Energy and Fuels, 2(6), 775-782.

266. Wornat, M. J., Sarofim, A. F., and Longwell, J. P. (1987). Changes in the degree of substitution of PAC from pyrolysis of a high volatile bituminous coal. ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints, 32(3) 158-174.

267. Yan, S., Eddings, E. G., Palotas, A. B., Pugmire, R. J., and Sarofim, A. F. (2005). Prediction of soothing tendency for hydrocarbon liquids in diffusion flames. Energy and Fuels, 19(6), 2408-2415.

268. Yan, S., Jiang, Y.-J., Marsh, N. D., Eddings, E. G., Sarofim, A. F., and Pugmire, R. J. (2005). Study of the evolution of soot from various fuels. Energy and Fuels, 19(5), 1804-1811.

269. Yu, T. U., Kang, S. W., Toqan, M. A., Walsh, P. M., Teare, J. D., Beér, J. M., and Sarofim, A. F. (1988). Effect of fuel treatment on coal-water fuel combustion. Proc. Combust. Inst., 21(1), 369-378.

270. Zeng, T., Helble, J. J., Bool, L. E., and Sarofim, A. F. (2009). Iron transformations during combustion of Pittsburgh #8 coal. Fuel, 88(3), 566-572.

271. Zeng, T., Sarofim, A. F., and Senior, C. L. (2001). Vaporization of arsenic, selenium and antimony during coal combustion. Combust. Flame, 126(3), 1714-1724.

272. Zhang, H. R., Eddings, E. G., and Sarofim, A. F. (2008). A journey from n-heptane to liquid transportation fuels. 1. The role of the allylic radical and its related species in aromatic precursor chemistry. Energy and Fuels, 22(2), 945-953.

273. Zhang, H. R., Eddings, E. G., and Sarofim, A. F. (2007). Combustion reactions of paraffin components in liquid transportation fuels using generic rates. Combust. Sci. Tech., 179(1-2), 61-89.

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274. Zhang, H. R., Eddings, E. G., and Sarofim, A. F. (2007). Criteria for selection of components for surrogates of natural gas and transportation fuels. Proc. Combust. Inst., 31 I 401-409.

275. Zhang, H. R., Eddings, E. G., and Sarofim, A. F. (2007). Olefin chemistry in a premixed n-heptane flame. Energy and Fuels, 21(2), 677-685.

276. Zhang, H. R., Eddings, E. G., and Sarofim, A. F. (2008). Pollutant emissions from gasoline combustion. 1. Dependence on fuel structural functionalities. Env. Sci. and Tech, 42(15), 5615-5621.

277. Zhang, H. R., Eddings, E. G., Sarofim, A. F., and Westbrook, C. K. (2009). Fuel dependence of benzene pathways. Proc. Combust. Inst., 32 I 377-385.

278. Zhang, H. R., Eddings, E. G., Sarofim, A. F., and Westbrook, C. K. (2007). Mechanism reduction and generation using analysis of major fuel consumption pathways for n-heptane in premixed and diffusion flames. Energy and Fuels, 21(4), 1967-1976.

279. Zhang, X., Dukhan, A., Kantorovich, I. I., Bar-Ziv, E., Kandas, A., and Sarofim, A. F. (1996). Structural changes of char particles during chemically controlled oxidation. Proc. Combust. Inst., 26(2), 3111-3118.

280. Zhang, Y., Leo, K. M., Sarofim, A. F., Hu, Z., and Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, M. (1995). Preparation effects on the activity of Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts for NO decomposition. Catalysis Letters, 31(1), 75-89.

281. Zhang, Y., Sun, T., Sarofim, A. F., and Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, M. (1994). Decomposition of nitric oxide over metal modified Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts. American Chemical Society, Division of Petroleum Chemistry, Preprints, 39(1) 171-174.

282. Zhao, B., Kantorovich, I., Bar-Ziv, E., and Sarofim, A. F. (1998). Dynamic behavior of flowing particles in combustion environment. Proc. Combust. Inst., 2, 3127-3134.

283. Zielinska, B., Sagebiel, J., Arnott, W. P., Rogers, C. F., Kelly, K. E., Wagner, D. A., Lighty, J. S., Sarofim, A. F., and Palmer, G. (2004). Phase and size distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel and gasoline vehicle emissions. Env. Sci. and Tech, 38(9), 2557-2567.