New Mexico Anthropologist

Volume 5 | Issue 2 Article 3

6-1-1941

A Tri-Lingual Text by Martín Colllió HuaiquillafDonald Brand

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Recommended CitationBrand, Donald. "A Tri-Lingual Text by Martín Colllió Huaiquillaf." New Mexico Anthropologist 5, 2 (1941): 36-52.https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nm_anthropologist/vol5/iss2/3

36 NEW MEXICO ANTHROPOLOGIST

A TRI-LINGUAL TEXT BY MARTIN COLLLI6 HUAIQUILLAF

Introduction by DONALD D. BRAND

To anyone who is somewhat acquainted with the southern Atha- paskans of the southwestern United States, there are a number of marked historical similarities as well as some cultural resemblances between the southern Athapaskans and the Araucanian peoples. Both the Araucanians and the southern Athapaskans constitute discrete groups within which exist considerable differences of dialect (e. g., Picunche vs. Huilliche, western Navajo vs. Mescalero Apache), habitat (e. g., Navajo in highland steppe and forest vs. San Carlos Apache in lowland desert, Mapuche in humid forest vs. eastern Pe- huenche in steppe and desert), native economy (e. g., sedentary agri- cultural Moluche vs. nomadic hunting and gathering Pehuenche of Patagonia and the pampas, sedentary agricultural Navajo vs. nomadic Lipan and Mescalero Apaches), physical type (e. g., Ranqueles vs. Chilotes, eastern Navajo vs. Mescalero Apache), etc.

Although often called "nations," neither the Araucanians nor the Athapaskans (not even the Navajo) were ever under one ruler, nor did they form complete confederacies. Neither group was ever con- quered by the Spaniards; in each case more than two centuries were made up of many peaces broken by raids; and both groups succumbed in the 1880s-the Apaches to the United States and Mexico, and the Mapuche-Pehuenche to Chile and Argentina. Both groups took over the horse, became notorious for mounted raids, and captured white women and children who gave rise to a Mediterranean blood strain. The names "Apache" and "Mapuche" or "Araucano" became awe- inspiring over large areas, and large historical and romantic litera- tures were based on both. Missionary activity has been carried on among both groups for a long time, but only a very small fraction of either has been Christianized-even on the surface. The Mapuche and Navajo are two of the most studied of American Indian languages, yet relatively few white men can speak either. Both the Araucanians and the Athapaskans were much reduced in population by disease, war and famine, in the 19th century, yet they are now strong groups rapidly increasing in population, and dominating their respective countries among the indigenous groups.

Both Araucanians and southern Athapaskans are very accul- turable. The Navajo and the Picunche and Mapuche were respectively on the northern and southern margins of the great Middle American region of higher cultures; and the respective "middlemen" were the Pueblo Indians in the north and the peoples of Diaguita culture in the south. Both groups, after the coming of the Spaniards, took to a live- stock economy, and this continues to be the mainstay for both. Both the Navajo and the Mapuche are now noted for their silverwork, and their weaving. The Araucanians do not work turquoise, but they weave

NEW MEXICO ANTHROPOLOGIST 37

a great number of items in addition to the choapino (rug), e.g., ponchos, belts, chamales (women's robes), icullas (shawls), vinchas (hair or head bands), saddlebags, slings, etc. One more interesting similarity might be mentioned, an Old World fruit-the apple-is as important to the Mapuche as is another Old World fruit-the peach- to the Navajo.

The writer was able to make a brief trip into the Frontera of Araucania, before leaving for Argentina. Upon returning to Santi- ago, and on the, day of departure on the Trans-Andean train, he was fortunate to meet Mr. Martin Colli6 Huaiquillaf, an educated Arau- canian leader of Temuco and Santiago. Mr. Colli6 had studied at the Carnegie Institute of Technology (1918-19),' and had a varying com- mand of English, Spanish, and Mapuche. At the moment of leaving, Mr. Colli6 gave the writer a longhand manuscript, in three languages, which he had drawn up that same day. It is herewith reproduced. Since there was no time to go over it with Mr. Colli6, and since time and distance have prohibited submitting proofs to him, there undoubt- edly are some errors of transcription. The Mapuche text is exactly as written, barring possible mistakes of deciphering certain letters in the longhand copy. The Spanish and English texts are essentially as written in the original, with some slight changes of grammar, spelling, and phraseology.

There is little new material in this text, but it is being published for three reasons: (1) this is the only trilingual text incorporating Mapuche of which the editor is aware; (2) it represents a Mapuche's own unsolicited and unguided selection of material, and interpretation into Spanish and English (The English is not a translation of the Spanish, but rather attempts to give the actual significance in English words of the meaning of the Mapuche. It is a basic assumption that no language can exactly express the meaning of any other language; and the translation into two foreign tongues rather than one should obtain a closer approximation to the original meaning) ; (3) it is hoped that this publication will create a greater interest in the ethnology of the Araucanians than now exists in the United Stdites. The writer knows of only one institution in the United States (The Catholic Uni- versity of America) which at the moment is devoting any attention to Araucanian studies.

1. It is probable that Frank G. Speck's "Two Araucanian Texts," pp. 371-373, Proceedings of the International Congress of Americanists, 21:I, The Hague, 1924

(which were obtained from a J. Martin Collio, from Temuco, who was at the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania 1921-1922) were obtained from the same individual. The writer was not aware of this publication when he met Martin Colli6 Huaquillaf. Interested parties can get in touch with Mr. Colli6 Huaquillaf at Calle Santo Domingo 1895, Santiago, Chile.

Since the first historic record of the Araucanian Indians, there have been three castes of native people in south- ern Chile.

The first of these three nations or castes is the Araucanians proper, the former owners of Huelen Valley, in which Santiago de Chile is located.

The Araucanian made many different attempts to maintain the independence of his native land against Spanish occupation.

Although the government recognizes the existence of only 150,000 Araucan- ians; there are really 300,000 from Bio-Bio to Chiloe.

This figure is according to the most recent census of Chile, in which the writer took charge of the Araucanian Indian population.

The second group consists of the Alka- lufe Indians, who are found in the various islands of the archipelagos of southern Chile.

Desde la 6poca en la cual relata la historia acerca de los indios Arauca- nos se han notado tres castas indi- genas en el sur de Chile.

Estas tres castas de aborigenes son: los Araucanos que fueron duefios del valle del Huelen donde se encuentra Santiago de Chile.

El Araucano hizo toda clase de resis- tencia para mantener la independencia de su tierra natal en contra de la invasi6n espafiola.

Aunque el gobierno reconoce la exis- tencia de s6lo 150,000 Araucanos; en realidad existen cerca de 300,000 entre Bio-Bio y Chilod.

Esto esta de acuerdo con la iltima noticia del censo de la poblaci6n indi- gena en la cual tom6 parte el que escribe esto.

Luego se encuentran los indios Alka- lufes que viven en las numerosas islas de los archipielagos al sur de Chile.

Chillka piam fii miilen meu kim fiei fii felen kiila rume mapuche afpun Chile.

Tiifachi kiila rume mapuche, pu Arau- cano nguen lelfiin Huelen nguefui tiifa Santiago waria miiletui.

Pu Araucano riif pilafui fiii niin ma fieyael tafii mapu, akulu pu Espafiol.

Gofiernu kifie pataka kechu mari war- anka Araucano mapuche miiten miilei pi; welu miilei kiila pataka waranka Bio-Bio engu Chilod fente pun meu.

Tiifa ta we roki chen meu kimel, fii koniin feichi kiidau meu.

Ka miilei ta tiifeichi pu alkalufu laf- ken chankifi meu.

c0

These Alkalufe Indians live by fishing, and there is no record of their popula- tion.

No one appreciates the work of the Alkalufes.

The Alkalufes are really a savage and ignorant group, and are without civil- ized protection.

The Alkalufes wear no clothing.

The Alkalufes refuse civilized cloth- ing, and do not care for civilization.

The Alkalufes have a language or idiom that sounds like the noise of a bird; when they speak they open their mouths and make sounds with their tongues.

The Alkalufes have their own means of transportation from island to island --canoes made from logs.

If an Alkalufe changes to another cli- mate, he will surely die. Several years ago the Chilean government brought

Los indios Alkalufes se mantienen de la pesca y no hay noticias estadisticas sobre la poblaci6n.

Nadie aprecia el trabajo de los Alka- lufes.

Los Alkalufes son en realidad una tribu de salvajes e ignorantes, sin protecci6n civilizada.

Los Alkalufes andan desnudos. No usan ropa.

Los Alkalufes rehusan ropa civilizada, y no les importa la civilizaci6n.

Los Alkalufes hablan un idioma o dialecto parecido al de los pajaros. Cuando empiezan a hablar abren la boca y hacen ruido con la lengua.

Los .Alkalufes tienen sus propios. medios de transportaci6n de una isla a otra-canoas hechas de airboles gruesos.

Si un Alkalufe cambia su residencia a otro clima se muere de seguro. Hace unos afios, el gobierno de Chile tras-

Pu alkalufe mapuche challwa meu mongue kei, kimfielai tunte len engiien.

Falil mangue kelai fii kiidau pu alka- lufe.

Pu alkalufe kullin reke wed, wed kiilei, kim chillka tulu kellu niyelaeyu.

Pu alkalufe triltran kiilei takun niye- lai.

Pu alkalufe weri kimkeche takun, duam lofi chillkatu monguen.

Pu alkalufe fii dungun giifiiim reke millei, dungu ayiim engiin giilalen polol kei fii keum engiin.

Pu alkalufe niyen kisuke noam kake chankifi meu, maniiill wampo meu.

Kafipiile alkalufe layafui. Kuife, Chile Gobierno kiipal rumei kifie welu lapai Santiago.

co CD

one of these people to Santiago, and he died because of the climate.

In the extreme southern part of Chile the Patagonian Indian is found (Pata- g6n = long foot).

The Patagonians, the people with the long feet, are tall, stout, and heavy, and have big heads (dolichocephalic).

The Patagonians are a working people -they raise cattle, sheep, and other animals; but because of European colonization they are now reduced to laborers, and are qualified by the European usurpers as unskilled men.

With said colonization, the Patagon- ian will soon join the ranks of the dead.

Those who have taken charge of the Patagonian ranches have forgotten to recognize the Patagonian rights of ownership.

The Patagonian dialect is entirely dif- ferent from the Araucanian language.

lad6 uno de estos individuos, y se muri6 a causa del clima.

En el estremo sur de Chile estain los indios Patagones.

Los Patagones, de pies largos, son altos, fuertes, gruesos, y dolicocefalos.

Los Patagones son buenos trabaja- dores. Crian animales de todas clases, pero ahora por causa de la inmigra- ci6n Europea se han degradado a obreros del campo. Por esto el usur- pador Europeo los califica como hombres ineptos, de poco talento.

Por causa del sistema de colonizaci6n del Europeo el indio Patag6n marcha hacia la muerte.

Los que se han apoderado de los ranchos de los Patagones han olvi- dado por completo los derechos de los Patagones.

El dialecto de los Patagones es com- pletamente diferente del de los Arau- canos.

Fente pum Chile miilei ta pu pata- g6n; patag6n = fiita namun.

Pu patag6n, fiita namun, fiita witran; faneche ka fiita lonko.

Pu patag6n kiidaufe che, fillkullifi yallum kei; welu akum meu Europa tuchi kolonre kona nguetui ngfin, kim kiidauloi pi fiei ngiin.

Tufachi colonizacion dungu meu, pu patag6n amulei iii layael.

Tiifeichi akulu niipolu mapu nguyui fii kim afiel pu patag6n fii fiidol ngiien engiin.

Pu patag6n iii dungun doi kanguei, Araucano mapuche fii dungun femgue- lai.

0

As for the religion of the Patagonians -they believe in God, but their God is represented by the planets, the moun- tains, the ocean, etc.

In a Patagonian marriage there is first a six-month trial period, after which the approval of the young man's parents is necessary.

The man is the head of the family; he is the master and his orders must be carried out.

The head of a Patagonian family never makes a mistake; his word is official and final.

The man cares very little for his chil- dren.

The Araucanians fought against the Spaniards to maintain the indepen- dence of their native land.

Although they have been under Span- ish restriction they are the true Chil- eans.

In every sense of the word the Arau- canians must be Chileans.

La religi6n de los Patagones: creen en Dios, pero sus dioses estin represen- tados por los planetas, por las mon- tafias, por el oceano, etcetera.

El casimiento entre los Patagones principia con seis meses de prueba. Luego hay que conseguir la aproba- ci6n de los padres del novio.

El hombre encabeza la familia. l es el maestro, y sus 6rdenes deben cum- plirse.

El jefe de la familia entre los Pata- gones nunca se equivoca. Su palabra es oficial y es la Ailtima.

Al padre no le importa mucho su familia.

Los Araucanos son los que lucharon contra los Espafioles para mantener la independencia de su tierra natal.

Han estado bajo la restricci6n de los Espafioles. Son en realidad los verdaderos Chilenos.

Sin duda alguna los Araucanos deben ser los Chilenos.

Pu patag6n feyentui fii miilen ngiine- chen; welu womgiilen meu ka kiyen lafken meu ngiinechen miilei.

Kure ngueyiim pu patag6n miilei fii kayu kiyen ngueyael fei meu ula tii- feichi wekure fielu fii chau felepe piyael.

Patag6n wentu ta fiidol, feita kimlu, iii chem pin miilei iii fele ael.

Rlidol ruka puapatag6n welulka kelai, fii chem pin miilei iii fei ngue yael.

Pu patag6n miUte duam kelai iii pu yale.

Pu Araucano mapuche tiifeichi ke- wachi chi pu Espafiol aukan meu, nifima ngueno ael fii mapu.

Tiifachi pu che rume weda kiinu paeyu pu Espafiol feiye niin mai ta Chileno fel.

Chumlele ru me dungu Araucano ma- puche miilei iii Chileno ngue yael.

1-1

In spite of this the Araucanians are not included in Chilean law.

The Araucanians take part in Chilean progress, particularly in the agricul- tural industry.

Politically, the Araucanians are pointed out as a non-producing group. This is true.

However, the wealth of southern Chile is the result of hundreds of years of Araucanian work because the popu- lation in this area is supported by Araucanian products.

The agricultural products of all Chil- ean farmers are either exported or used in central and northern Chile.

The woolen, clothing, wine, and other businesses all exist because of Arau- canian Indian products.

Araucanian transactions are behind the circulation of money in southern Chile.

Pero los Araucanos se encuentran al margen de las leyes Chilenas.

Los Araucanos toman parte en el progreso Chileno, especialmente en la industria agricola.

Los Araucanos se sefialan politica- mente como un pueblo que no trabaja, como una casta improductiva. Asi tiene que ser porque es la verdad.

Sin embargo, la riqueza de la parte sur de Chile, de Bio-Bio a Chiloe,. da muestras de cientos de afios de trabajo de los Araucanos porque los productos de los Araucanos mantienen a aquellas poblaciones.

Los productos agricolas de las grandes haciendas Chilenas se exportan y se trasladan a la parte central y al norte de Chile.

Las tiendas de ropa (vestuario), los negocios de lana, de vinos y de otras cosas funcionan por causa de los pro- ductos de los Araucanos.

Toda la moneda corriente en el sur del Chile corresponde a las transac- ciones de los Araucanos.

Pu Araucano mapuche fam tripalei Chileno chillka meu.

Pu Araucnno mapuche kellui fii pu Chileno iilmen ael, mapu kiidau meu miinguel.

Pu Araucano mapuche, pu fiicha lonko Chileno meu sicho ngue kei kiidau fen- gue nolu reke, chem kiidau meu punolu miilei fii fele ael. Felelu kai muten.

Welu, Bio-Bio ngu Chilok fente pun, pu Araucano mapuche kiidau ta tiifei, waranka tripantu, feyeniin kiidau monguel waria lei.

Pu iilmen Chileno fii kochecha ka na- cion amu kei, ka ranguin engui pikum Chile.

Kom pu kulperu, pulku engu kakelu pu mapuche fii duam miilei feyenuin kiidau fii duam.

Kom penguen kiyau chi plata Arau- cano mapuche adiim kaun ta tiifei Chile willi mapu meu.

one w eanesaay.

n 1,000 Indians

ins in Loncoche

seen 1,500 In-

seen more than ra Imperial.

i thousands of

Rio Bueno, and

. extent of In-

hout the area.

of the circula-

. It shows that ie Araucanians e.

[via,

ch means "peo-

[apuches.

the Spaniards.

nians trust no

ve been cheated

in rukas, which Lnd some light made into roof-

)use must have

ew ruka a ban- is held.

of a game: a ,t-race.

ive

aber

rasily

ansmitted from

illness.

rtal.

dies it is from

.raucanian may s life has ended but because he certain natural the manner or

1 privilege?

Lucanians them-

I by. -mine

lip.

s bad power are enii tufe.

cavern.

:o finish a human

iat takes place in it.

daun.

ie following man-

lgaged; that is, a -doctor.

It noise with her prays for every-

in tl

is ei

n against whom t be among the Wi assigns.

who is to die

er hand several

hi these stones

the stones and - work.

tid. It is given

we, lamb, horse, price. An ewe lamb for a boy, man. The real

ead of the ruka is family within

be p tals.

ed-e

u IFs5L.

e is ending the

ited by cherufe, ?mallen.

ire which falls to

ieve that to be levil.

in a vision at

Lppearance of a ite clothing and

on dark nights

vil is seen by the

seen the rs wh

e people of the

e people of the

e people of the

ie people of the

ly uses Pehuen- ,he, for the for- t point on which i big tree scien- ucania chilensis.

,e the Araucan- cause the lafken ection.

east, the north-

Lthwest.

a in the center, V, the Lelfiinche.

; Art

he, b4

-he; ocean coast mountain people, ple, Mahuidache; ie; people of the

people of the peninsular peo-

classification.

n the Spaniards is based on the arious groups, as people, working -working people, ef people.

i classification of ans.

It the v eace

Snol

kakeo refers to ,arlike but now rk and lives by

- who does not without making kas been domin- 3 and now lives

kon is "big head

ile like gypsies, - translation of

people."

itor people. The their name is

peol . Th

in;Qxr

tame comes from ng rooster.