A Translation Course in Building Vocabulary

١

KING SAUD UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF LANGUAGES & TRANSLATION

A TRANSLATION COURSE

IN

BUILDING VOCABULARY

Abdullah H. Homiedan, Ph.D

Atef F. Youssef, Ph.D

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٢

TABLE OF CONTENTS

١- INTRODUCTION

٢- How to assess your own vocabulary

- disheveled appearance - test of verbal speed

- a test of verbal responsiveness

٣- CHAPTER ONE

- lexicons related to personality types - etymology and related words

- more etymology - exercise on chapter one

٤- CHAPTER TWO

- words related to medical specialists - origins and related words

- review of etymology - match the words - recall the words

- work with the words - exercise on chapter two

٥- CHAPTER THREE

- lexicons on science and scientists - origins and related words

- review of etymology - match terms with meanings

- recall the words - love affairs

-review of etymology - test of semantic ability

-exercise on chapter three



٣

٦- CHAPTER FOUR

-language of liars and lying - match words with definitions

- recall the words - origins and related words

- review of etymology - exercise on chapter four

٧-CHAPTER FIVE

- words related to tickling and flattering - bad news

-review of etymology -definitions and words

- origins and related words - review of etymology

- match words with definitions -exercise on chapter five

٨- CHAPTER SIX

- persons and personalities - origins and related words

- words and their right expressions - recall the words - chapter review

- exercise on chapter six



٤

INTRODUCTION

When you have finished studying this book, you will no longer be the same person. You can not be. If you honestly read every page, if you do every exercise, if you take every test, you will go through an intellectual

experience that will effect a radical change in you. For if you systematically increase your vocabulary, you will also sharpen and enrich your thinking; push back your intellectual horizons; build your self-assurance; improve your facility in handling the English language and thereby your ability to express your thoughts effectively; and acquire a deeper understanding of the world in general and of yourself in particular. Increasing your vocabulary does not mean merely learning the definitions of large numbers of obscure words; it doesn't mean memorizing scores of unrelated terms. What it means -what it can only mean- is becoming acquainted with the multitudinous and fascinating phenomena of human existence for which words are, obviously, only the verbal descriptions. Surely you cannot deny that such an experience will change you intellectually. The result will have a discernible effect on your methods of thinking, on your store of information, on your ability to express your

ideas, and on your understanding of human problems. What this book can do for you. This book is designed to get you started building your vocabulary effectively and, at jet-propelled speed, helping you regain the intellectual atmosphere, the keen insatiable curiosity, and

the powerful urge to learn. The organization of the book is based on two simple principles: (١) words are the verbal symbols of ideas, and (٢) the more ideas you are familiar with, the more words you know. So, chapter by chapter, we will start with some personality type, doctors, sciences, unusual occupations, liars, actions, speech habits, insults, compliments, etc. and examine ten basic words that express various aspects of each idea. Using each word as a springboard, we will explore any others that are related to it in meaning or derivation. However, the approach is, primarily, to focus on certain ideas each of which is analyzed, with its ramifications, in one paragraph or more. There will be an etymology section where you will learn what Greek or Latin root gives the word its unique meaning and what other words contain the same or related roots. Upon reviewing etymology



٥

exercises, make sure to fill in the English word containing the prefix, root, or suffix required.

People with superior vocabularies are the people with ideas. The words they know are verbal symbols of the ideas they are familiar with-reduce one and you must reduce the other, for ideas cannot exist without verbalization. Freud once had an idea and had to coin a whole new vocabulary to make his idea clear to the world. Those who are familiar with Freud's theories know all the words that explain them the unconscious, the ego, the id, the superego, rationalization, Oedipus complex, and so on. Splitting the atom was once a new idea; anyone familiar with it knew something about fission, isotope, radioactive,

cyclotrone, etc. Your vocabulary indicates the alertness and range of your mind. The words you know show the extent of your understanding of what's going on in the world. The size of your vocabulary varies directly with the degree to which you are growing intellectually. A new word is not just another pattern of syllables with which to clutter up your mind -- a new word is a new idea to help you think, to help you understand the thoughts of others, to help you express your own thoughts, to help you

live a richer intellectual life. One of the chief purposes of this book is to get you started, to give you enough of a push so that you will begin to gather momentum, to stimulate you enough so that you will want to start gathering your own ideas. Where can you gather them? From good books on new topics. How can you gather them? By reading on a wide range of new subjects. Reference can be made to psychology, psychiatry, and psychoanalysis. If your curiosity has been piqued by these references, here is a good place to start. In these fields there is a tremendous and exciting literature and you can read as widely and as deeply as you wish. What we would like to do is offer a few suggestions as to where you might profitably begin - how far you go will depend on your own interest. We suggest, first, half a dozen older books (older, but still immensely valuable and completely

valid) available at any large public library.

-The Human Mind, by Karl A. Menninger -Mind and Body, by Flanders Dunbar

-The Mind in Action, by Eric Berne -Understandable Psychiatry, by Leland E. Hinsie

-A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis, by Sigmund Freud. -Emotional Problems of Living, by O. Spurgeon English and Gerald H.J.

Pearson



٦

Next, we suggest books on some of the newer approaches in

Psychology.These are available in inexpensive paperback editions. D.Ph, by Jess Lair, But I sure Am Better-t well 'I Ain- .by Nathaniel Brandon, The Disowned Self- .Delaid Bry. by A, A Primer of Behavioral Psychology- .D. M, by Thomas A Harris, re OK ' You-m OK 'I- .Shostrum. by Everett L,Freedom to be and Man the Manipulator- .D. M, by Eric Berne, Games People Play- . by A, pleasure and the Language of the body, Love and Orgasms-

Lowed,M. D .Jourard. by Sydney M, The Transparent Self-

by Herbert Frensterheim . t Say Yes When You Want to Say No'Don-and Jean Baer

.Perls. by Frederick S, Gestalt Therapy Verbatim- by Muriel James and Dorothy Jogeward, Born to Win-

.Schultz. by William C, Joy and Here Comes Everybody- By Robert Lindner, Minute Hour-The fifty-



٧

How do you assess your own vocabulary?

Educational testing indicates that children of ten who have grown up in families in which English is the native language have recognition vocabularies of over twenty thousand words- and that these same ten-year-olds have been learning new words at a rate of many hundreds a year since the age of four. In astonishing contrast, studies show that adults who are no longer attending school increase their vocabularies at a pace slower than twenty-five to fifty words annually. You really need to

answer questions such as: Is your vocabulary quantitatively healthy?

Is it rich in over-all range? Is it responsive to any situation in which you may find yourself?

Is it truly indicative of your intellectual potential? Do you now feel that your vocabulary is somewhat limited, your verbal skills not as sharp as you would like them to be? Then series of tests are provided to measure your vocabulary range and your verbal speed and responsiveness. Thirty eight brief phrases, each containing one underlined word are given so that you check the closest definition of each word. To

make your score valid, refrain, as far as possible, from wild guessing. ١. disheveled appearance:

a. untidy b. fierce c. foolish d. peculiar e. unhappy ٢ . repulsive personality:

a. disgusting b. attractive c. normal d. confused e. conceited ٣. audacious attempt:

a. useless b. bold c. foolish d. crazy e. necessary ٤. parry a blow:

a. word off b. fear c. expect d. invite e. ignore ٥. prevalent disease:

a. dangerous b. catching c. childhood d. fatal e. widespread ٦. ominous report:

a. loud b. threatening c. untrue d. serious e. unpleasant ٧. an ophthalmologist:

a. eye doctor b. skin doctor c. foot doctor d. heart doctor e. cancer specialist



٨

٨. performed an autopsy:

a. examination of living tissue b. examination of a corpse to determine the cause of death

c. process in the manufacture of optical lenses d. operation to cure an organic disease e. series of questions to determine the cause of

delinquent behavior ٩. an indefatigable worker:

a. well-paid b. tired c. skillful d. tireless e. pleasant ١٠. Endless loquacity:

a. misery b. fantasy c. repetitiousness d. ill health e. talkativeness ١١. a glib talker:

a. smooth b. awkward c. loud d. friendly e. boring ١٢. an ocular problem:

a. unexpected b. insoluble c. visual d. continual e. imaginary ١٣. a notorious demagogue :

a. rabble-rouser b. gambler c. perpetrator of financial frauds d. liar e. spendthrift

١٤. in retrospect:

a. view of the past b. artistic balance c. anticipation d. admiration e. second thoughts

١٥. to simulate interest:

a. pretend b. feel c. lose d. stir up e. ask for ١٦. the apathetic citizens:

a. made up of separate ethnic groups b. keenly vigilant of their rights

c. politically conservative d. different, uninterested, uninvolved

e. terrified ١٧. to placate his son:

a. please b. help c. find a job for d. make arrangements for

e. change a feeling of hostility to one of friendliness ١٨. to vacillate continually :

a. avoid b. swing back and forth in indecision c. inject d. treat e. scold

١٩. feel antipathy:

a. bashfulness b. stage fright c. friendliness d. hostility e. suspense



٩

٢٠. be more circumspect ;

a. restrained b. confident c. cautious d. honest e. intelligent ٢١. an intrepid fighter for human rights:

a. fearless b. eloquent c. popular d. experienced e. famous ٢٢. a taciturn host:

a. stingy b. generous c. disinclined to conversation d. charming e. gloomy

٢٣. to malign his friend:

a. accuse b. help c. disbelieve d. slander e. introduce ٢٤. a congenital deformity:

a. hereditary b. crippling c. slight d. incurable e. occurring at or during birth

٢٥. definite neurosis:

a. plan b. emotional disturbance c. physical disease d. feeling of fear

e. allergic reaction ٢٦. made an unequivocal statement:

a. hard to understand b. lengthy c. politically motivated d. clear and forthright e. supporting

٢٧. vicarious enjoyment:

a. complete b. unspoiled c. occurring from a feeling of identification with another

d. long-continuing e. temporary ٢٨. a tyro:

a. dominating personality b. beginner c. accomplished musician d. dabbler e. serious student

٢٩. a laconic reply:

a. immediate b. assured c. tense and meaningful d. unintelligible e. angry

٣٠. an anomalous situation:

a. dangerous b. intriguing c. unusual d. pleasant e. unhappy ٣١. posthumous child:

a.cranky b.brilliant c.physically weak d.illegitimate e.born after the death of the father

٣٢. feels enervated:

a. full of ambition b. full of strength c. completely exhausted d. troubled e. full of renewed energy



١٠

٣٣. shows perspicacity:

a. sincerely b. mental keenness c. love d. faithfulness e. longing ٣٤. gregarious person:

a. outwardly calm b. very sociable c. completely untrustworthy d. vicious e. self-effacing and timid

٣٥. generally phlegmatic:

a. smug self-satisfied b. easily pleased c. nervous, high-strung d. emotionally unresponsive e. lacking in social graces

٣٦. an inveterate gambler:

a. impoverished b. successful c. habitual d. occasional e. superstitious

٣٧. an egregious error:

a. outstandingly bad b. slight c. irreparable d. unnecessary e. deliberate

٣٨. uxorious husband:

a. henpecked b. suspicious c. guilty of infidelity d.fondly and foolishly doting on his wife e.tightfisted,penny-pinching



١١

A TEST OF VERBAL SPEED

In no more than three minutes , decide whether the word in column B is the same (or approximately the same) in meaning as the word in column A ; opposite (or approximately opposite) in meaning; or whether the two words are merely different. Citcle S for same, O for opposite, and D for

different.

A B

sweet sour

crazy insanes

stout fats

big angrys

danger perils

help hinder

furious violent

begin start

strange familiar

beyond under

return replace

growl weep

want desire

can container

idle working

rich luxurious

building structure

A TEST OF VERBAL RESPONSIVENESS



١٢

١. Write in the blank in column B a word starting with the letter P that is the same, or approximately the same, in meaning as the word given in column A.

Example: Look / peer.

Warning: Every answer must start with the letter P.

A B A B

١. bucket ١٤.location

٢. trousers ١٥.store

٣. maybe ١٦.inactive

٤. forgive ١٧.fussy

٥. separate ١٨.suffering

٦. likely ١٩.castle

٧. annoy ٢٠.gasp

٨. good-looking ٢١. fear

٩. picture ٢٢. twosome

١٠. choose ٢٣. artist

١١. ugly ٢٤. sheet

١٢. go ٢٥.collection

١٣. dish

٢. Write in the blank in column B a word starting with the letter G that is opposite, approximately opposite, or in contrast to the word given in

column A.

Example Stop / Go

Warning: Every answer must start with the letter G.



١٣

A B A B

١. lose ١٥. stingy

٢. midget ١٦. awkward

٣. special ١٧. little

٤. lady ١٨. rough

٥. take ١٩. bride

٦. moron ٢٠. ripe

٧. sad ٢١. unwanting

٨. boy ٢٢. unprotected

٩. happy ٢٣. experienced

١٠. plain ٢٤. scarcity

١١. hello ٢٥. unappreciative

١٢. here

١٣. bad

١٤. ugly

Now you know where you stand. If you are in the below average or average group, you must consider, seriously, whether an inadequate vocabulary may be holding you back. You have got to know that words are the instruments by means of which men and women grasp the thought of others and with which they do much of their own thinking. They are the tools of thought. Educational research has discovered that your IQ. is intimately related to your vocabulary. Take a standard vocabulary test and

then an intelligence test - the results in both will be substantially the same.



١٤

CHAPTER ONE

Lexicons related to personality types:

Every human being is, in one way or another, unique. Everyone's personality is determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The following are ideas appertaining to some personality types one

of which might by chance be your very own:

١. egoist: believes in self-advancement

٢. egotist: talks about accomplishments

٣. altruist: is interested in the welfare of others.

٤. introvert: turns thoughts inward

٥. extrovert: turns thoughts outward

٦. ambivert: turns thoughts both inward and outward

٧. misanthrope: hates people

٨. misogamist: hates marriage

٩. ascetic: doesn't pursue pleasures of the flesh

١٠. misogynist: hates women

Now that you have acquainted yourself with the meanings in the above list, find out if you can indicate, quickly, and without reference to any previous definitions, whether the correct answer to each of the following questions

is Yes or No ?

١. Is an egoist selfish? Y٢. Is modesty one of the characteristics of the egotist? Y

٣. Is an altruist selfish? Y٤. Does an introvert pay much attention to himself? Y

٥. Does an extrovert prefer solitude to companionship? Y٦. Are most normal people ambiverts? Y

٧. Does a misanthrope like people? Y



١٥

٨. Does a misogynist enjoy the company of women? Y٩. Does an ascetic lead a life of luxury? Y

١٠. Does a misogamist try to avoid marriage? Y

You have thus far reinforced your learning by matching them to their definitions.

Can you recall each word, without further reference to the previous material?

DEFINITIONS WORDS

١. Who lives a lonely austere life?

٢. Whose interests are turned outward?

٣. Who is supremely selfish?

٤. Who hates people?

٥. Whose interests are turned both inward and outward

٦. Who is incredibly conceited?

٧. Who is more interested in the welfare of others than in his own

٨. Who hates women?

٩. Whose interests are turned inward?

١٠. Who hates marriage?

Etymology and related words:

Every word in the English language has a history. In this section you will learn a good deal more about the words you have been working with. In addition, you will make excursions into many other words allied either in

meaning, form ,or history to the above basic ten words. Egoist and egotist are built on the same Latin root. The pronoun ego means I. If you are an egocentric, you consider yourself the center of the

universe, you are an extreme form of the egoist. And if you are an egomaniac, you carry egoism to such an extreme that your needs, desires, and interests have become a morbid obsession, a mania. The egoist or egotist is obnoxious. The egomaniac is obnoxious, dangerous and slightly mad, while the egocentric is intolerable . Egocentric is both a noun (What



١٦

an egocentric her new roommate is!) and an adjective (He is the most egocentric person I have ever met !). To derive the adjective form of egomaniac add -al, a common adjective suffix-- egomaniacal. In Latin, the word for other is alter. Altruism, the philosophy practiced by altruists, which comes from one of the variant spellings of Latin alter, other. Altruistic actions look toward the benefit of others. If you alternate, you skip one and take the other, so to speak, as when you play golf on alternate Saturdays. An alternate in a debate, contest, or convention, is the other person who will take over if the original choice is unable to attend. And if

you have no alternative, you have no other choice. You see how easy it is to understand the meanings of these words once you realize that they all come from the same source. And keeping in mind that alter means other, you can quickly understand words like alter ego, altercation, and alteration. An alteration is of course a change- a making

into something other. When you alter your plans, you make other plans. An altercation is a verbal dispute. When you have an altercation

with someone, you have a violent disagreement, a "fight with words ". And why? Because you have other ideas, plans, or opinions than those of the person on the other side of the argument. Altercation, by the way, is stronger than quarrel or dispute ,the sentiment is more heated, the disagreement is likely to be angry or even hot tempered; there may be

recourse, if the disputants are human, to profanity or obscenity. Alter ego, which combines alter, other with ego, I, self, generally refers to someone with whom you are so close that you both do the same things, think alike, react similarly, and are, in temperament, almost mirror images of each other. Any such friend is your other I, your other self, your alter

ego.

You have seen how these thirteen words derive from the two Latin roots ego, I, self, and alter, other. Now match definitions to words:

١. ego A A. One who is excessively fixated on his own dsires, needs etc

٢. ego-centric B. to change

٣. altruism C. argument

٤. to alternate D. one's concept of oneself

٥. to alter E. to take one skip one etc.

٦. altercation F. philosophy of putting another's welfare above one's own.



١٧

Now match the following adjectives to their meanings from the right column.



١٨

١. egomaniacal A. a change

٢. altruistic B. other possible

٣. alternative C. interested in the welfare of others.

٤. alteration (N) D. One's other self

٥. alter ego E. a choice

٦. alternate F. morbidly,obsessively wrapped up in oneself.

Respond to the following questions by circling either Yes or No

١. Is rejection usually a blow to one's ego? Y N

٢. Are egocentric people easy to get along with? Y N

٣. Does an egomaniac have a normal personality? Y N

٤. Are egomaniacal tendencies a sign of maturity? Y N

٥. Is altruism a characteristic of selfish people? Y N

٦. Are altruistic tendencies common to egoists? Y N

٧. Is an alternate plan necessarily inferior? Y N

٨. Does an alternative allow you some freedom of choice? Y N

٩. Does alteration imply keeping things the same? Y N

١٠. Do excitable people often engage in altercations? Y N

١١. Is your alter ego usually quite similar to yourself? Y N

Without reference to previous pages, write the correct word in each blank.

١. One's other self ١.

٢. to change ٢.

٣. a heated dispute ٣.

٤. excessively morbidly obsessed with one's own needs desires or ambitions ٤.

٥. unselfish more interested in the welfare of others than in one's own. ٥.

٦. utterly involved with oneself self-centered. ٦.

٧. a choice. ٧.

٨. one who substitutes for another. ٨.



١٩

MORE ETYMOLOGY

Introvert, extrovert, and ambivert are built on the Latin verb verto, to form. If your thoughts are constantly turned inward (intro) you are an introvert; outward (extro),an extrovert; and in both directions (ambi), an ambivert. The prefix ambi-, both, is also found in ambidextrous, able to use both hands with equal skill. Dexterous means skillful, the noun

dexterity means skill. The ending -ous is a common adjective suffix (famous, dangerous, perilous,

etc.); -ity is a common noun suffix (variety, quality, simplicity, etc.). The French word for the right hand is adroit, which we have used in building our English word adroit. Needless to say, adroit, like dexterous, means skillful, but especially in the exercise of the mental facilities. Like gauche, adroit, or its noun adroitness, usually, is used figuratively. The adroit person is quick-witted, can get out of difficult spots cleverly, can handle situations ingeniously. Adroitness is, then, quite the opposite of gaucherie. Misanthrope, Misogynist, and Misogamist are built on the Greek

root misein, to hate. The root gyne, woman, is also found in gynecologist, the medical specialist who treats female disorders. And the root gamos, marriage, occurs also in monogamy, bigamy and polygamy. Monos means one, bi- means two, polys means many. If a woman has two or more husbands, that custom is

called polyandry, from polys plus Greek andros, male. English words have various forms, using certain suffixes for nouns referring to persons, other suffixes for practices, attitudes, philosophies, etc., and

still others for adjectives.

Person Practice etc. Adjective. ١. misanthrope misanthropy misanthropic

٢. misogynist misogyny misogynous

٣. gynecologist gynecology gynecological

٤. monogamist monogamy monogamous

٥. bigamist bigamy bigamous.

٦. polygamist polygamy polygamous.

٧. polygynist polygamy polygamous.

٨. polyandrist polyandry polyandrous.

٩. philanthropist philanthropy philanthropic



٢٠

١٠. anthropologist anthropology anthropological

You note, then, that "-ist" is a common suffix for a person; -y for a practice, attitude, etc.; and "-ic" or "-ous" for an adjective.

Concerning the word ascetic, it is from the Greek word asketes, monk or hermit. A monk lives a lonely life , not for him the pleasures of the fleshpots, the laughter and merriment of convivial gatherings , the

dissipation of high living. The practice is asceticism, the adjective ascetic. Now can you recall a word we have discussed in this chapter that is built

on the indicated prefix, root, or suffix?

PREFIX, ROOT SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE ١. ego self

٢. alter other

٣. intro inside

٤. extro outside

٥. verto turn

٦. amb both

٧. misein hate

٨. anthropos mankind

٩. gyne woman

١٠. asketes monk

١١. centrum center

١٢. mania madness

١٣. dexter right-hand

١٤. sinister left-hand

١٥. gauche left-hand

١٦. droit right-hand

١٧. monos one

١٨. bi- two

١٩. polys many

٢٠. andros male

٢١. -ist person who (noun suffix)



٢١

٢٢. -y practicecustometc.(noun suffix)

٢٣. -ous adjective suffix

٢٤. -ity quality conditionetc.(noun suffix)

Exercise:

I. Match words and meanings.

١. ambidextrous a. evil threatening

٢. dexterous b. hating mankind

٣. sinister c. skillful

٤. gauche d. awkward

٥. misanthropic e. capable of using both hands with equal skil

II. Which one means which?

١. anthropology a. system of only one marriage

٢. gynecology b. hatred of women

٣. monogamy c. illegal plurality of marriages

٤. bigamy d. study of human development

٥. misogamy e. study of female ailments

III. Match each word with its appropriate meaningful phrase:

١. polygamy a. devotion to a lonely and austere life.

٢. misogamy b. skillcleverness.

٣. asceticism c. custom in which one man has many wives.

٤. philanthropy d. love of mankind.

٥. adroitness e. hatred of marriage.

IV. Match the words each with its appropriate meaningful phrase:



٢٢

١. polygamist a. student of the development of mankind.

٢. polyandrist b. one who engages in charitable works.

٣. anthropologist c. male with a plurality of wives.

٤. gynecologist d. women's doctor.

٥. philanthropist e. female with a plurality of husbands.



٢٣

V. Do you understand the underlined words?

١. Can ambidextrous people use either the left or right hand equally well?

٢. Should a surgeon be manually dexterous?

٣. Is a sinister-looking person frightening?

٤. Is gaucherie a social asset?

٥. Is an adroit speaker likely to be a successful lawyer?

٦. Is a student of anthropology interested in primitive tribes?

٧. Does a gynecologist have more male than female patients

٨. Is monogamy the custom in Western countries?

٩. Is a misogamist likely to show tendencies toward polygamy?

١٠.Is a bigamist breaking the law?

١١.Is a philanthropist generally altruistic?

١٢. Does a misanthropist enjoy human relationships?

١٣. Does a misogynist enjoy female companionship?

١٤. Are unmarried people necessarily misogamous?

١٥. Are bachelors necessarily misogynous?

١٦. Is asceticism compatible with luxurious living and the puristof pleasure?

١٧. Does a polyandrist have more than one husband?

EXERCISES ON CHAPTER ONE

I.١. Now you have read the chapter on personality types, state the difference in meaning between "personality" and "character." Use both of

them in illustrative examples.

I.٢. Provide equivalent(s) in Arabic of the underlined word(s) in the following phrases:



٢٤

a. He is a man of fine character. b. Being a public character, she did everything possible to marry

him. c. His neighbour is quite a character.

d. She was out of character.

I.٣. The word "character" can be used to mean: خلق حسن، صيت ، سمعة

Translate the following sentence into English but make sure the word "character" is used in your translation as an equivalent of the underlined

words:

انه على خلق حسن

كان في مزاج اليسمح بالتحدث اليه

له سمعة رائعة في األمانة

١,٤. Based on your analysis of ١,١ above, translate the following sentences into Arabic:

-He refused to indulge in personalities

-He is a man with personality.

I.٥. Provide four English synonyms of the word "personality"

١-

٢-

٣-

٤-

I.٦. Use the verb form of the word personality in a sentence to reflect any one of the following meanings.

١. represent

٢. live as

٣. act out

٤. imitate

I.٧. What synonyms do you know of the word "altruistic"?.



٢٥

I.٨ In this chapter, you have studied a word that is similar in meaning to the following synonyms...can you recall it ?

braggart, boaster, blowhard, windbag, trumpeter, swagger, gas con, braggadocio, strutter, swashbuckler, rodomont, peacock, blusterer,

bragger. ----------------------

I.٩. The following is a definition of a word you have studied in this chapter ... what is it?

"Excessively strict or rigid in devotions or mortifications"

١,١٠. Explain in English the difference in meaning between "egomaniac" and "egocentric".



٢٦

١,١١. Can you translate the following expression into Arabic?

Actions obnoxious to censure.

١,١٢.What are the English equivalents for the following Arabic words:

مشادة كالمية

خصام أو نقاش

نزاع

خالف فى الرأي

١,١٣. The word "dispute" in the following sentence can be translated into Arabic with a word that is semantically different from the Arabic words listed in I.١٢ above. First translate the sentence, then elaborate on its

semantic property.

-He won the prize beyond dispute.

I.١٤. In this chapter, you've studied a word with one specified meaning; but mind you that this same word also means:

لوح زجاجى صغيرمربع أو معين الشكل يستعمل فى النوافذ -١

أزميل البناء-٢ Can you recall that word?

I.١٥. From a Psychoanalytical point of view, there is an English word that means an attaching, or arresting of emotional and psycho sexual development at an early or infantile stage, often due to a childhood trauma.

The word is among the words used in chapter one - can you recall it?

I.١٦. The word "morbid" is used in this chapter to mean affected by or characteristic of disease. In the following sentences the word "morbid" has semantically different connotation. How would you reflect its connotations

in your translation of the following into Arabic?. - Morbid anatomy is his area of specialty.

- He lived in a morbid state for a long time before he passed away. - His wife divorced him for he was a morbid man.



٢٧

I.١٧. What is the English word in this chapter that means: adroit, deft, nimble?

I.١٨. In your translation of the following Arabic structure. You've got to use words from this list:

adroit كتب خالصة متقنة و بارعة عن المسرحية deft إنه لمتسلق رشيق

nimble إنها إمرأة ذات عقل نبيه أو فطن dexterou

s عزف البيانو بأ صابع رشيقة

I.١٩. There is a word in this chapter that is synonymous to "ascetic" and "monk." It also means a recluse or any of various animals of solitary habits.

It means cookery, a spiced molasses cookie. Can you recall the word?

I.٢٠. In this chapter you acquainted yourself with a word that means:

١. a place catering to indulgences and pleasure.

٢. the material comforts and sensual pleasures of high living.

٣. a vessel containing meat.

Can you recall it ?

I.٢١. You have acquainted yourself with a word that's synonymous to the following words. Recall the word.

Gaiety, laughter, mirth, hilarity

I.٢٢. The semantic property common among the following Arabic words should remind you of a word you have learned in this chapter. What is the

word?

يفرق، يبذر، يشتت، يبدد، ينقشع الضباب، ينغمس في الملذات، ينفق بحماقة

I.٢٣. The word that is the answer to question "I.٢٢" should be used in translating the following Arabic structure into English.

خليع(يا له من إنسان فاسق )!

I.٢٤. Write some synonyms for the word "sinister".



٢٨



٢٩

CHAPTER TWO

MEDICINE AND MEDICAL SPECIALISTS

In this chapter we discuss words related to medical specialists- what they do, how they do it, and what they are called. The following words take on a new color if you hear them in your own voice; they begin to belong to you more personally, more intimately, than if you merely hear them or read

them. ١. An internist: A physician who gives you a thorough physical examination, using an impressive array of tests: X-ray, blood chemistry,

urinalysis, cardiogram, and so on. ٢. A gynecologist: This specialist treats the female productive and sexual

organs. ٣. An obstetrician: This specialist delivers babies and takes care of the

mother during and immediately after the period of her pregnancy. ٤. A pediatrician: This specialist limits his practice to youngsters, taking care of babies directly after birth, supervising their diet and watching

over their growth and development. ٥. A dermatologist: This specialist treats all skin diseases such as:

infections, acne, eczema, impetigo, psoriasis, and cancer. ٦. An ophthalmologist: He is the physician whose specialty is (disorders of vision, Myopia, astigmatism, cataracts, glaucoma, etc.) He may

prescribe glasses, administer drugs, or perform surgery. ٧. An orthopedist: deals with the skeletal structure of the body, treating bone fractures, slipped disks, curvature of the spine, dislocation of the

hip, etc. ٨. A cardiologist: This specialist treats diseases of the heart and circulatory

system. ٩. A neurologist: This physician specializes in the treatment of disorders of

the nervous system. ١٠. A psychiatrist: Are you neurotic? This specialist attempts to alleviate

mental and emotional disturbances by means of various techniques, occasionally drugs of electroshock, more often private or group

psychotherapy.



٣٠

I. Match each doctor to the field:

Fields Doctors

١. mental or emotional disturbances a. internist

٢. nervous system b. gynecologist

٣. skin c. obstetrician

٤. diagnosis; internal organs d.pediatrician

٥. infants e. dermatologist

٦. female productive organs f. ophthalmologist

٧. eyes g. orthopedist

٨. heart h. cardiologist

٩. pregnancy, childbirth i. neurologist

١٠.skeletal system j. psychiatrist

II. Do you understand the underlined words? Circle Yes or No

١. Is an internist an expert in diagnosis? Y N

٢. Is a gynecologist familiar with the female reproductive organs? Y N

٣. Does an obstetrician specialize in diseases of childhood? Y N

٤. Does a pediatrician deliver babies? Y N

٥. If you had a skin disease, would you visit a dermatologist? Y N



٣١

٦. If you had trouble with your vision would you visit an orthopedist? Y N

٧. Is an ophthalmologist an eye specialist? Y N

٨. Does a cardiologist treat bone fractures? Y N

٩. Is a neurologist a nerve specialist? Y N

١٠. If you were nervous, tense, overly anxious, constantly fearful for no apparent reasons, would a psychiatrist be the specialist to see?

Y N

III. Write the name of the specialist you might visit or be referred to:

١. for a suspected brain disorder ١.

٢. for a thorough internal checkup ٢.

٣. if you have a skin disease ٣.

٤. if you have a heart problem ٤.

٥. if you are tense, fearful, insecure ٥.

٦. if you are pregnant ٦.

٧. for some disorder of the female reproductive organs ٧.

٨. for a checking for your two months old child ٨.

٩. for faulty vision ٩.

١٠. for curvature of the spine ١٠.



٣٢

ORIGINS AND RELATED WORDS

- Internist and internal derive from the same Latin root (internus = inside). Do not confuse the internist with the intern (also spelled internee) who is a

medical graduate serving an apprenticeship inside a hospital.

-Gynecologist is built on Greek" "gyne" woman (plus logos = science); etymologically, gynecologist is the medical science of women.

-Obstetrician derives from Latin (obstetrics = midwife) which has its source in a Latin verb meaning to stand. The suffix -ician, as in obstetrician,

physician, musician, magician, electrician, etc., means expert.

- Pediatrician is a combination of Greek (paidos = child, iatreia = medical healing, and -"ician" expert pediatrician), then, is by etymology the

medical healing of a child.

- Pedagogy ,which combines paidos with agogos, leading, is, etymologically, the leading of children and to what do you lead them? To learning, to development, to growth, to maturity. Hence pedagogy refers actually to

the principles and methods of teaching.

- A pedagogue is versed in pedagogy. From its original, neutral meaning of teacher, it has deteriorated, to the point where it refers to a narrow-minded, strait-laced, old-fashioned, dogmatic teacher.It is a word of contempt and should be used with caution. Like pedagogue, demagogue has also deteriorated in meaning. By derivation a leader (agogos) of the people (demos), a demagogue today is actually one who attempts to

mislead the people.



٣٣

- Dermatologist is named from Greek (dermas = Skin). The syllables derma in any English word have reference to skin e.g., hypodermic = needle penetrates under the skin. The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin; taxidermist whose business is taxidermy, prepares, stuffs, and mounts the

skins of animals.

- Pachyderm is an animal with an unusually thick skin, and dermatitis is the general name for any skin inflammation, irritation, or infection.

-Ophthalmologist -note the "ph" preceding "th" - is from Greek (ophthalmos = eye), plus (logos = science or study). An earlier title for this physician is oculist from Latin (oculus = eye), a root on which the following English words are also built: "ocular; [monocle = a lens for one (monos) eye]; [binoculars = field glass that increase the range of two(bi-) eyes]. And strangely enough, inoculate: refers to the incident when you are inoculated against a disease; an "eye", puncture, or hole is made in your skin,

or ophthalmologistDo not confuse the . through which serum is injectedwith two other practitioners who deal with the , a medical specialist, oculist

and do not , who are not physiciansoptician and optometrist the -eye perform surgery or administer drugs; they measure vision, test for glaucoma, and prescribe and fit glasses .Opticians fill an optometrist's or ophthalmologist"s prescription, grind lenses according to specifications; they do not examine patients. Optometrist combines Greek opsis, optikos, sight or vision, with metron, measurement . The optometrist, by etymology, is one who measures vision. Optician is built on opsis,

(optikos, plus - ician, expert).



٣٤

REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY

MATCH THE WORDS WITH THE PHRASES

١. gynecology a. principles of teaching

٢. obstetrics b. stuffing of skins of animals

٣. pediatrics c. specialty dealing with the delivery of newborn infants.

٤. pedagogy d. stirring up discontent among the masses.

٥. demagoguery e. treatment of skin diseases.

٦. dermatology f. specialty dealing with women's diseases.

٧. taxidermy g. specialty dealing with the treatment of children.

MATCH THE WORDS TO THEIR MEANINGS

١. hypodermic a. elephant

٢. epidermis b. eye doctor

٣. pachyderm c. under the skin

٤. dermatitis d. one who measures vision

٥. ophthalmologist e. lens grinder

٦. optometrist f. outer layer of skin

٧. optician g. inflammation of the skin



٣٥

CIRCLE EITHER (YES) OR (NO)

١. Does a treatise on obstetrics deal with childbirth?

٢. Does gynecology deal with the female reproductive organs?

٣. Is pediatrics concerned with the diseases of old age?

٤. Does pedagogy refer to teaching

٥. Is a pedagogue an expert teacher?

٦. Is a demagogue interested in the welfare of the people?

٧. Is a lion a pachyderm?

٨. Is the epidermis one of the layers of the skin?

٩. Is dermatitis an inflammation of one of the limbs?

١٠.Is a taxidermist a medical practitioner?

١١.Is an ophthalmologist a medical doctor?

١٢.Is an optometrist a medical doctor?

١٣.Does an optician prescribe glasses?

Recall the words in the right column:

١. specialty of child delivery ١.

٢. outer layer of skin ٢.

٣. principles of teaching ٣.

٤. thick-skinned animal ٤.

٥. skin inflammation ٥.

٦. one who foments political discontent ٦.

٧. one who sells optical equipment ٧.



٣٦

٨. medical graduate serving his apprenticeship. ٨.

٩. treatment of childhood diseases ٩.

١٠.practice of stirring up political dissatisfaction for purely personal gain.

١٠.

١١.one who stuffs the skins of animals. ١١.

١٢.another title for ophthalmologist ١٢.

١٣.treatment of female ailments ١٣.

١٤. medical specialty relating to diseases of the eye. ١٤.

١٥.one-lens eyeglass ١٥.

١٦ .pertaining to the eye ١٦.

١٧.one who measures vision ١٧.


-Orthopedist is from the Greek roots "orthos" = straight or correct, and paidos= child. The orthopedist straightens children = prevention of childhood diseases - the correction of spinal curvature in

children was a main concern of practitioners of orthopedics.

-Orthodontia, the straightening of teeth - is built on "orthos" plus odontos, tooth. Specializes in improving your "" bite retracting" "buck teeth", and by means of braces and other techniques seeing to it that every

noral, incisor, bicuspid, etc. is exactly where it belongs in your mouth.



٣٧

-Cardiologist combines Greek Kardia = heart, and logos = science. A cardiogram is the electricity produced record of the heartbeat.

The instrument that produce this record is called a cardiograph.

-Neurologist derives from Greek neuron = nerve, plus logos = science. Neuralgia is acute pain along the nerves and their braces; the word comes from neuron plus Lagos = pain. Neuritis is inflammation of the nerves. Neurosis, combining neuron with -osis , a suffix meaning abnormal or diseased condition, is not a disorder of the nerves, but rather an illness characterized by excessive use of energy for unproductive

purposes so that personality development is hindered or stopped.

-A neurosis is not a form of mental unbalance. A full-blown mental disorder is called a psychosis, a word built on Greek psyche spirit, soul, or mind, plus-osis. A true psychotic has lost contact with reality. Built on psyche plus ietreia, medical healing, a psychiatrist by etymology is a mind

healer.

Geriatrics, the specialty dealing with the particular medical needs of the elderly. This word combines "ietreia" with Greek geras, "old age".

The specialist is a geriatrician, the adjective is geriatric.



٣٨

REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY

ROOT,SUFFIX

MEANING ENGLISH WORD

١. orthos straight, correct ١.

٢. paidos child ٢.

٣. odontos tooth ٣.

٤. Kardia heart ٤.

٥. logos science, study ٥.

٦. neuron nerve ٦.

٧. algos pain ٧.

٨. -osis abnormal or diseased condition ٨.

٩. -itis inflammation ٩.

١٠. -psyche spirit, soul, mind ١٠.

١١. iatreia medical healing ١١.

١٢. geras old age ١٢.

ADDITIONAL MATCHING

١.orthopedics a. nerve pain



٣٩

٢.orthodontia b. specialty dealing with medical problems of the elderly.

٣. neurolgia c. straightening of teeth.

٤. neuritis d. inflammation of the nerves.

٥. geriatrics e. treatment of skeletal deformities

٦.cardiogram f. record of heart beats

٧.cardiograph g. mental unbalance

٨. neurosis h. emotional disturbance

٩. psychosis i. treatment of personality disorders.

١٠. psychiatry j. instrument for recording heart beats.

Do you understand the underlined words ? Circle true or false.

.patients are mostly mens 'gynecologistA . ١

. is the study of eye diseaseOphalmology. ٢

. is the specialty dealing with the bones and jointsOrthopedics. ٣

patient has a heart ailmentcardiacA . ٤

.orthodontia A person with a bad bite may profit from. ٥

. is a disease of the bonesNeuralgia. ٦

. is the same as a psychosisneurosis A. ٧

. is inflammation of the nervesNeuritis. ٨

and ,emotional, als with mental is a medical specialty that dePsychiatry. ٩. is a device for recording heartbeatscardiographA . ١٠

and , fears, treatment is designed to relieve tensionsPsychiatric .١١. has very old patientspediatricsA doctor who specializes in . ١٢

.has very young patients geriatricianA. ١٣



٤٠

RECALL THE WORDS

١. Specialist who straighten teeth ١.

٢. Nerve pain ٢.

٣. Medical specialty dealing with bones and joints ٣.

٤. Medical specialty dealing with emotional disturbances and mental illness

٤.

٥. Inflammation of the nerves ٥.

٦. Imotional or personality disorder ٦.

٧. Mentally unbalanced ٧.

٨. Pertaining to the heart ٨.

٩. Specialty dealing with medical problems of the elderly ٩.

١٠. Instrument that records heart action ١٠.

١١. Record produced by such an instrument ١١.



٤١

EXERCISES ON CHAPTER TWO

١. The word "intimate" is used in the introduction to mean very private, closely personal or pertaining to or existing deep within the mind. In your translation of the following sentence,make sure that the underlined words

are given the equivalent" intimate".

التركيب الجوهرى للكائنات الحية-١

الصديق الودود ال يتخلى عن صديقه-٢

كان يقضى ساعات طوال فى ناد يوحى باأللفة و الدفء-٣

كانت ترفض أن يتدخل أى شخص فى شؤونها الخصوصية-٤

طلب من صديقه أن يقدم تحليال للنص أكثر عمقا أو تفصيال-٥

II .٢. "pregnancy" is a word used in this chapter to mean "the state, period, or quality of being pregnant (carrying a fetus in the body)". But it also means full or replete e.g. pregnant with significance, showing fertility, full of consequence or significance; rich in imagination or wit. Basic to this semantic analysis of the given word, how would you render the following

structures?.

. utterances pregnantHis speech was full of. ١

pregnantHis essay was difficult to comprehend for it was . ٢with ideas.

I I .٣. Explain in English the difference between:

curvature - laceration

rupture - fracture



٤٢

rapture - concussion

II .٤. The words "alleviate" and "palliate" share the meaning: "to try to conceal the significance of ---by excuses and apologies; or to make easier to be endured or to be more tolerable. What Arabic equivalents can you come up with in translating the following structures, mainly the underlined

words?

the crime committed by his palliateThe attorney at law tried to . ١defendant.

. the severity of the calamityalleviatedHis well chosen words . ٢

II .٥. A list of synonyms of the two words "alleviate" and "palliate" are given randomly. Rearrange them in a way to show which word belongs to

which:

palliate alleviate

to ease

levity

to lessen

relieve

make easier to be endured e.g. sorrow, pain, distress

mitigate

to try to conceal the significance of by excuses and apologies

abate



٤٣

II. ٦. Does the word "skeleton" in the following structure exclusively mean: "the total bony framework which sustains the softer body parts of vertebrates" or should it necessarily be given a different equivalent in

Arabic? Provide complete Arabic translation:

١. Being faced with financial difficulties, the board of directors . staffskeletondecided to run the company by a

٢. skeleton crew

٣. skeleton key

II ٧. Provide English equivalents of the following Arabic structures where the differences in meaning are made clear.

متعلق بالقبالة أو التوليد-١

التوليد- علم القبالة -٢

قابلة قانونية-٣

علم توليد النساء-٤

II ٨. What are the Arabic equivalents for each of the following branches of medicine:

-surgery -therapy -therapeutics -anesthesiology -internal medicine -oral surgery

-general practice -experimental medicine -psychiatry -psychotherapy -psychoanalysis

-ophthalmology -neurology -cardiology -dermatology -pathology -endocrinology

-immunology -laryngology -urology -diathermy -hematology -diagnostic



٤٤

-radiotherapy -obstetrics -gynecology -pediatrics -orthopedics -otolaryngology

-otology -psycho pathology -psychosomatics -geriatrics -chiropody -veterinary

The following are not always recognized as branches of medicine, provide their meanings in Arabic:

-osteopathy

-homeopathy

-chiropractic

II.٩ Translate the following sentences into English, make sure that the underlined words are given the English equivalent "inoculate".

-١ سالمية التى كانوا يؤمنون بها تشرب باألفكار أال

أخذت طفلها للطبيب ليلقحه إال أن اللقاح كان غير متوفر-٢

Now make sure the underlined words are translated either by " imbue" or "engraft".

كبرت الفتاة وتشربت بأفكار وعواطف والدتها-١

طّعم المزارع كل أشجار الليمون آمال الحصول على نوع آخر من الفاكهة-٢

II.١٠. The word inflammation is used in this chapter in the sense of "redness and swelling of any part of the body; attended with heat and pain." Its derived adjective "inflammatory" is used in the following sentence to denote a semantic variety. Translate the following sentence and provide an

Arabic equivalent that reflects its intended meaning.

- The people considered the minister's speech inflammatory and purposeful.



٤٥

II. ١١. In this chapter you have read a word that means:

١. a warm application

٢. to promote or encourage

٣. to instigate

٤. to bathe with warm liquids

٥. encouragement toward a destructive purpose .

Recall the word: ------------------------.

II. ١٢. The word "nerve" is used in this chapter with reference to "medical anatomy whose function is to convey sensation and originate motion through all parts of the body". Figure out its intended meaning in the

following English Structures - translate them into Arabic:

. championnervelessIn the battle he proved himself as a . ١

sessing such reliable The regime governed the country due to pos. ٢.nerve centers

.nervationThe scientist studied the biology of . ٣

-nerveThe extremely annoying and irritating stress on the job was a . ٤.wracking



٤٦

CHAPTER THREE

LEXICONS ON SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS

In this chapter we deal with words that describe students of human development, of the heavens, of the earth, of plant and animal life of insect forms, of words and language, and of social organization. Who are some of the more important explorers of knowledge - and by what terms are they

known?

-An anthropologist. His field is all Mankind: how we developed in mind and body from primitive cultures and early forms.

-An astronomer: What is above? The field is the heavens and all that's in them-planets, galaxies, stars and others universes.

-A geologist: and what's below? The field is the comparatively little and insignificant whirling ball on which we live - the earth. How did our planet come into being, what is it made of, how were its mountains, oceans, rivers, plains, and valleys formed, and what's down deep if you start

digging ?

-A biologist: his field is all living organs from the simplest one called ameba to the amazingly complex and mystifying structure we call a human

being.

-A botanist: Biology classifies life into two great divisions, plant and animal. This scientist's province is the former category - flowers, trees, shrubs, mosses, marine vegetation, blossoms, fruits, seeds, grasses, and all

the rest that make up the plant kingdom.



٤٧

-A zoologist: Animals of every description, kind, and condition, from birds to bees, fish to fowl, reptiles to humans are the special area of exploration

of this scientist.

-An entomologist: There are over ٦٥٠،٠٠٠ different species and this

scientist is interested in every one of them.

- A philologist: This linguistic scientist explores the subtle, intangible, elusive uses of that unique tool that distinguishes human beings from all other forms of life to wit: language. This person is, in short, a student of linguistics, ancient and modern, primitive and cultured, Chinese, Arabic, Icelandic, Slavic, Teutonic, and every other kind spoken now or in the past by human beings, not excluding that delightful hodgepodge known as "pidgin English", in which a piano is described as "big box, you hit'm in teeth, he cry"', and in which Hamlet's famous quandary, "To be or not to be, that is the question.......," is translated into "can do, not can do-how

fashion"?

-A semanticist: This linguistic scientist explores the subtle, intangible, elusive relationship between language and thinking, between meaning and words; and is interested in determining the psychological causes and effects

of what people say and write.

-A sociologist: This scientist is a student of the ways in which people live together, their family and community structures and customs, their housing, their social relationships, their forms of government, and their layers of

caste and class.

I. Match each term with its professional field:

SCIENTIST PROFESSIONAL FIELD



٤٨

١. Anthropologist a. community and family life

٢. Astronomer b. meanings and psychological effects of words

٣. Geologist c . development of the human race

٤. Biologist d. celestial phenomena

٥. Botanist e. language

٦. Zoologist f. insect forms

٧. Entomologist g. the earth

٨. Philologist h. all forms of living matter

٩. Semanticist i. animal life

١٠. Sociologist j. plant life

II. Can you recall the words?

١. Insects ١. E....................................

٢. Language ٢. P....................................

٣. Social conditions ٣. S....................................

٤. History of development of mankind. ٤. A....................................



٤٩

٥. Meanings of words ٥. S....................................

٦. Plants ٦. B....................................

٧. The earth ٧. G....................................

٨. The heavenly bodies ٨. A....................................

٩. All living things ٩. B....................................

١٠. Animals ١٠. Z....................................



٥٠


-Anthropologist is constructed from roots we are familiar with - anthropos, mankind, and logos, science, study.

-Astronomer is built on Greek astron, star, and nomos, arrangement, law or order. The astronomer is interested in the arrangement of stars and other celestial bodies. The adjective astronomical is often used in a non-heavenly sense as in "the astronomical size of the national debt." Astron, Star, combines with logos to form astrology, which assesses the influence of planets and stars or human events. The practitioner is an astrologer. By etymology, an astronaut is a sailor among the stars (Greek neutes, sailor). This person is termed with somewhat less exaggeration a cosmonaut by the Russians (Greek, Kosmos, universe). Nautical, relating to sailors, sailing ships, or navigation, derives also from nautes, and nautes in turn is from Greek naus, ship a root used in nausea ( etymologically, ship sickness or seasickness). Aster is a star shaped flower. Asterisk, a star-shaped symbol *, is generally used in writing or printing to direct the reader to look for a footnote. Astrophysics is that branch of physics dealing with heavenly bodies. Autonomy: a word that combines nomos, law, with autos, self autonomy, then, is the self-law, self-government. Metronome is a word that combines nomos with metron, measurement. You know the instrument that beginners at the piano use to guide their timing. A pendulum swings back and forth, making an audible click at each swing, and in that way governs or orders the measure (or

timing) of the player. Hence it is called a metronome.



٥١

-Geologist: derives from Greek(geo-) earth. The science is geology. Geometry -ego plus metron - by etymology "measurement of the earth". The ancient scientist was originally concerned with the measurement of land and spaces on the earth. The mathematician is a geometrician; the adjective is geometric. Geography is writing about (graphein, to write), or mapping, the earth. The name George is also derived from ge(geo-), earth,

plus "ergon" work the first George was (an earth-worker or farmer.).

-Biologist combines "bios", life, with logos, science, study. Bios, life, is also found in biography, writing about someone's life, auto-biography, the story of one's life written by oneself, and biopsy, a medical examination, or view ( opsis, optikos, view, vision), generally through a microscope, of living tissue, frequently performed when cancer is suspected. A biopsy is contrasted with an autopsy, which is a medical examination of a corpse in order to discover the cause of death. The autos in autopsy means, self . In an autopsy, etymologically speaking, the surgeon or pathologist determines, by actual view or sight rather than by theorizing

, what brought the corpse to its present grievous state.

-Botanist is from Greek botane, plant. The field is botany; the adjective is botanical .

-Zoologist is from Greek Zoion, animal. The zodiac is a diagram, used in astrology, of the paths of the sun, moon, and planets, it contains, in part, Latin names for various animals Scorpio, scorpion; Leo, lion, cancer, crab, Taurus, bull, Aries, ram, and Pisces, fish. Hence its derivation from

zoion, animal.



٥٢

REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY

PREFIX, ROOT MEANING ENGLISH WORD

١. anthropos mankind

٢. Logos science, study

٣. astron star

٤. nautes sailor

٥. naus ship

٦. dis against

٧. nomos arrangement, law ,order

٨. autos self

٩. metron measurement

١٠. ge(geo-) earth

١١. graphein to write

١٢. bios life

١٣. opsis, optikos view, vision, sight

١٤. botane plant

١٥. zoion animal



٥٣

MATCH EACH TERM WITH ITS MEANING

١. anthropology a. theory of the influence of planets and stars on human events.

٢. astronomy b. science of earth mapping

٣. astrology c. science of all living matter

٤. geology d. science of human development

٥. biology e. science of plants

٦. geometry f. science of the composition of earth.

٧. botany g. science of animal life

٨. geography h. mathematical science of figures, shapes, etc.

٩. zoology i. science of planets and stars.

ADDITIONAL MATCHING

١. autopsy a. sailor among the stars

٢. biopsy b. star-shaped flower

٣. biography c. story of one's own life

٤. autobiography d. dissection and examination of a corpse to determine thecause of death

٥. zodiac e. great misfortune

٦. astronaut f. sailor of the universe



٥٤

٧. cosmonaut g. story of someone's life

٨. aster h. diagram of paths of sun, moon, and planets

٩. disaster i. instrument to measure musical tune

١٠. autonomy j. self-rule

١١. metronome k. examination of living tissue

DO YOU UNDERSTAND THE UNDERLINED WORDS? CIRCLE YES OR NO.

studies concerned with plant lifeanthropologicalAre . ١ N numbers extremely small astronomicalAre . ٢ N

interested in the time and date of your birthastrologerIs an . ٣ N maneuvers carried on at seanauticalAre . ٤ N

earthquake take a huge toll of the life andpropertydisastrousDoes a . ٥ N investigations sometimes determine where oil is to be geologicalDo . ٦

found?

N

work with mathematicsmetriciangeoDoes a . ٧ N shifts in population sometimes affect theeconomy of geographicalDo . ٨

an area?

N

novel deal with the life of a real personbiographicalDoes a . ٩ N sciencebiologicalIs botany a . ١٠ N

autonomousIs the United States politically . ١١ N performed on a dead bodybiopsyIs a . ١٢ N

used in the study of mathematicsmetronomeIs a . ١٣ N performed to correct a surgical problemautopsyIs an . ١٤ N



٥٥

s life'e else about someonautobiographyDoes an author write an . ١٥ N

RECALL A WORD THAT EPITOMIZES THE MEANING OF EACH ONE OF THE GIVEN EXPRESSIONS.

١. Pertaining to the science of animals ١.

٢. Pertaining to the science of plants ٢.

٣. Dissection of a corpse to determine the cause of death ٣.

٤. Story of one's life, self-written ٤.

٥. Pertaining to the science of all living matter ٥.

٦. Science of the measurement of figures ٦.

٧. Pertaining to the science of the earth composition ٧.

٨.Branch of physics dealing with the composition of celestial b ٨.

٩. Star shaped flower ٩.

١٠. Very high in number; pertaining to the science of the heavens ١٠.

١١. Science of the development of mankind ١١.

١٢. Science of heavenly bodies ١٢.

١٣. Person who believes human events are influenced by the paths of the sun, moon and planets

١٣.

١٤. Microscopic examination of living tissue ١٤.



٥٦

WORDS PROVIDED SHOULD START EACH WITH THE GIVEN LETTER

١٥. Self - government ١٥. A

١٦. time measurer for music ١٦. M

١٧. voyage among the stars ١٧. A

١٨. Traveler through the universe ١٨. C

١٩. Great misfortune ١٩. D

٢٠. Mapping of the earth ٢٠. G

٢١. Self-governing ٢١. A

٢٢. Diagram used in astrology ٢٢. Z

٢٣. Pertaining to such a diagram ٢٣. Z

٢٤. Pertaining to ships, sailing, etc. ٢٤. N

٢٥. Star-shaped symbol ٢٥. A

٢٦. Story of a person's life ٢٦. B



٥٧


The prefix "ec"-, from Greek " ek" - means out; (the Latin prefix, you will recall, is ex-.). Combine "ec-" with tome to derive the words for surgical procedures in which parts are "cut out," or removed: tonsillectomy (the tonsils), appendectomy (the appendix), mastectomy (the breast), hysterectomy (the uterus), prostatectomy (the prostate), etc. Combine "ec"-with Greek kenton, center (the Latin root, as we have discovered, is centrum), to derive eccentric - out of the center, hence deviating from the normal in behavior, attitudes, etc., or unconventional, odd, strange. The

noun is eccentricity.

The Greek prefix a- makes a root negative; the atom was so named at a time when it was considered the smallest possible particle of an

element that is, one that could not be cut any further.

The Greek prefix "Ana-" has a number of meanings, one of which is up, as in anatomy, originally the cutting up of a plant or animal to determine its structure, later the bodily structure itself. Originally any book that was part of a larger work of many volumes was called a tome- etymologically, a part out from the whole. Today, a tome designates, often disparagingly, an exceptionally large book, or one that is heavy and dull in

content.

The Greek prefix "dicha", in two, combines with tome to construct dichotomy, a splitting in two, a technical word used in astronomy, biology, botany, and the science of logic. The verb is dichotomize; the adjective is dichotomous. Dichotomous thinking is the sort that divides everything into

two parts - good and bad; white and black; etc.



٥٨

Epitome, a condensation of the whole, may refer to a summary or abridgment of language, as in " let me have an epitome of the book, "or" give me the epitome of his speech". It is from "epi-", on, upon, plus tome.

The verb is epitomize e.g. that one act epitomizes her philosophy of life.

Logos, we know, means science or study; it may also mean word or speech, as it does in philosophy, etymologically the love of words (from Greek Philein, to love, plus logos) or what is more commonly called linguistics, the science of language, a term derived from Latin Lingua,

tongue.

The verb philander, to "have love affairs", be promiscuous, or have extramarital relations, combines philein with andros, male. By etymology, philosophy is the love of wisdom (Greek "sophos", wise); Philadelphia is the city of brotherly love (Greek "adelphos", brother); Philharmonic is the love of music or ;harmony (Greek harmonia, harmony); and philter, a rarely used word, is a love potion. Today we call whatever arouses sexual desire an aphrodisiac, from Aphrodite, the Greek Goddess of love and

beauty.

Aphrodisiac is an adjective as well as a noun - aphrodisiacal is also used. A bibliophile means a book collector - the combining root is Greek biblion, book. An Anglophile admires and is fond of the British people,

customs, culture, etc. The combining root is Latin Anglus, English.

Semantics, like orthopedics, pediatrics, and obstetrics, is a singular noun despite the -s ending. Semantics is, not are, an exciting study. However, this rule applies only when we refer to the word as a science or area of study. In the following sentences, semantics is used as a plural.

The semantics of your thinking are all wrong.



٥٩

Sociology is built on Latin "Socius", companion, plus Logos, science, study. "Socius "is the source of such common words as associate, social, socialize, society, sociable, and antisocial, as well as asocial, which combines the negative prefix a- with "socius". Someone who is asocial is withdrawn and self-centered, avoids contact with others, and feels completely indifferent to the interests or welfare of society. The asocial

person doesn't want to "get involved".



٦٠

REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY

PREFIX, ROOT MEANING ENGLISH WORD

١. en- in ١.

٢. tome a cutting ٢.

٣. in- in ٣.

٤. sectus cut ٤.

٥. Kentron (centrum) center ٥.

٦. a- not, negative ٦.

٧. ana- up ٧.

٨. dicha in two ٨.

٩. epi- on, upon ٩.

١٠. Logos word, speech ١٠.

١١. Lingua tongue ١١.

١٢. Philein to love ١٢.

١٣. Sophos wise ١٣.

١٤. adelphos brother ١٤.

١٥. biblion book ١٥.

١٦. Anglus English ١٦.

١٧. Socius Companion ١٧.



٦١

١٨. anti- against ١٨.

TEST YOUR SEMANTIC ABILITY: MATCH THE NUMBER TO ITS APPROPRIATE LETTER.

١. dichotomize a. dull, heavy book

٢. epitomize b. love potion, aphrodisiac

٣. Philander c. pertaining to the study of language.

٤. Philter d. one fond of British people customs, etc.

٥. bibliophile e. pertaining to the science of group cultures, conventions, etc.

٦. Anglophile f. to split in two

٧. asocial g. withdrawn from contact with people

٨. tome h. book collector

٩. Philological i. to summarize

١٠ .Sociological j. to engage in extramarital sex.



٦٢

CIRCLE EITHER YES OR NO

١. Is a Philanderer likely to be faithful to a spouse

٢. Did Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Ryde lead a dichotomous existence

٣. Is an egoist the epitome of selfishness

٤. Is a Philanthropist antisocial

٥. Is an aphrodisiac intended to reduce sexual interest

٦. Is a Bibliophile's chief aim the enjoyment of literature

٧. Does a Philologist understand etymology

٨. Is a Semanticist interested in more than the dictionary meanings of words

٩. Is an asocial person interested in improving social conditions

١٠. Is a light novel considered a tome

CAN YOU RECALL THE WORDS? WORDS RECALLED SHOULD START WITH THE LETTER GIVEN.

١. Pertaining to the study of social customs ١. S

٢. Pertaining to the psychological effect of words ٢. S

٣. Lover and collector of books ٣. B

٤. Make love promiscuously ٤. P

٥. Pertaining to the science of linguistics ٥. P

٦. Pertaining to the study of insects ٦. E

٧. One who admires British customs ٧. A

٨. Smallest particle, so-called ٨. A

٩. Pertaining to the structure of a body ٩. A

١٠. A dull, heavy book ١٠. T

١١. Split in two (adj ١١. D

١٢. Split in two ١٢. D

١٣. A condensation, summary or representation of the whole ١٣. E

١٤. To stand for the whole; to summarize ١٤. E



٦٣

١٥. Pertaining to charitable activities (adj ١٥. P

١٦. Out of the norm, odd ١٦. E

١٧. One who "plays around ١٧. P

١٨. Arousing sexual desire (adj ١٨. A

١٩. Science of the manner in which groups functio ١٩. S

٢٠. Self-isolated from contact with people ٢٠. A



٦٤

EXERCISES ON CHAPTER THREE

III. ١. In this chapter you have come across a word that means "being the

first or earliest of the kind or in existence, especially, in an early age of the world." a. can you recall the word? b. if you have guessed it,

use it in a sentence, provided it means "rude" or "rudely simple".

III .٢. Can you think of some synonyms of the word "fundamental"- list

them.

III .٣. The verb "mystify" means" to perplex purposely, to bewilder, to

obscure, or to play on the credulity of....". Write its noun form and then explain it in English

III ٤. What is the English word you have read in this chapter that means:

"domestic or barnyard cock or hen; any of various other wild gallinaceous or similar birds as the turkey or duck" recall it.

III.٥. In this chapter there is a word that can variably be used to connote:

رقيق، دقيق، لطيف، مهذب، مصقول، حاد الذهن، حاذق، ماهر، داهية، بارع، ماكر، خبيث

a. read the chapter and recall the word.

b. provide some synonyms of the word "subtle".

III.٦. "_________", as a word inserted in this chapter it means: "impalbable

, airy, ephemeral , immaterial, without substance, ethereal incorporate". Recall the word and write it in the the this space

___________.



٦٥

III.٧. The following are synonyms of a word you studied in this chapter.

Read the synonyms and write the word in the provided space.

slippery,evanescent,occult,imponderable,equivocal,obscure "________________"

III.٨. Check your English Arabic dictionary and write down the meanings given for each word in questions /٦/ and /٧/ above.

III.٩. A. Explain the difference in meaning between "insect", "instinct" and

"insert". B. Provide English synonyms for each one of them. C. Translate the following sentences into Arabic special attention

should be given to the underlined words.

. an ad in the middle of the front pageinsertedThe editor -

. for musicinstinctThe little girl has an -

. with passioninstinctI have just read a poem -

III. ١٠. The following are sentences written in Arabic whose equivalent

versions are given in this chapter ... either recall their equivalent versions or provide translation of your own.

-١ بلغت ديون األمة مبلغا ضخما أو هائالًً

-٢ يتأرجح رقاص الساعة ذهاباًً و إياباًً محدثاًً طنيناًً عند كل تأرجح

III.١١. "Click" is also a word inserted in this chapter. It is used in the

following structures in a way where selective Arabic equivalents are needed. Provide complete translation of the following:

.clicked they claimed that the show ,when they came home last night-

.click beetlechildren on the seashore were looking for -



٦٦

III.١٢. The following two Arabic structures should remind you of a lexicon

implied in chapter three. Recall the lexicon and provide complete English translation of the following.

استأصل نسيجا من الجسد الحى ودرسه مجهريا-١

شرح الجثة ليتعرف على سبب الوفاة-٢

III. ١٣. Which one of the following words is closest in meaning to

"dissection"?: vivisection, operation, biopsy, dissemble.

III. ١٤. What is the difference in meaning between "dissection" and

"incision". Write all possible meanings that each one of them has.

III. ١٥. It can be supposed that in this chapter you have studied , the

translation versions of the following Arabic structures. Try either to recall their translated versions or provide your own translations:

هل علم النبات علم يتعلق بعلم األحياء ؟-١

هل بإمكان الدراسات الجيولوجية أن تعين األماكن التى يتواجد فيها -٢ النفط ؟

-٣ هل تنفذ المناورات البحرية فى المحيطات

المجهر هلُ يستَاصل نسيج جسد حى ليدرس تحت-٤



٦٧

III.١٦. The words:"deflect, digress, swerve, vary, shy, wander, stray,

turnaside, bear off, go out of control, divagate, depart from, break the pattern, go a miss, angle away or off, leave the beaten path, not conform, break bounds, get off the subject, edge off, and veer " , are synonyms of "keep on, keep in line". In this chapter you studied a word that falls in line with the first group of words. Can you recall

the word? "_____________".

III. ١٧. You have studied the word "disparage" and now you understand

that it means" to bring reproach or discredit upon; or to lower the estimation of; or to speak of slightingly". Can you think of some

English words that connote similar semantic reference? list them.

III. ١٨. You have come across the word "epitome" and its verb form

"epitomize" see if you can use them in your translation of the following Arabic structures.

لخص حديث صديقه بصورة مصغرة-١

كان والده صورة مصغرة عن الدماثة ا الرقة و اللطف-٢

III. ١٩. The word "promiscuous" means "something mingled

indiscriminately, forming part of a confused crowd or mass". a- What are its adverb and noun forms?

b. How would you translate the following two structures into Arabic:

١. promiscuous friendship

٢. promiscuous sexual relations.



٦٨

III. ٢٠. Does the word "dose" mean "potion"? Elaborate by explaining in

what sense each word is usually used.

III. ٢١. Supposedly, the following list is composed of synonymous words

that are relevant in meaning to the word "isolate". Bearing in mind the semantic properties of the word isolate, provide their equivalents

in Arabic.

١. confine ٢. detach ٣. seclude ٤. divide ٥. separate

٦. disunite ٧. disconnect ٨. dissolve ٩. dissever

١٠. sunder ١١. unravel ١٢. cleave ١٣. bisect ١٤. rend

١٥. unbind ١٦. half ١٧. insulate ١٨. disentangle

١٩. abscond ٢٠. circumcise ٢١. segregate ٢٢. sequester

٢٣. seclude ٢٤. draw apart



٦٩

CHAPTER FOUR

LANGUAGE OF LIARS AND LYING

Lying seems to be an integral weakness of mortal character. We doubt that few human beings would be so brash as to claim that they have never in their lives told at least a partial untruth. Indeed, one philologist goes so far as to theorize that language must have been invented for the sole purpose of deception. It is certainly true that animals seem somewhat more honest than humans, maybe because they are less gifted mentally. If lying is a prevalent and all-too-human phenomenon, there would of course be a number of interesting words to describe different types of liars. What

kind of liars are there?

-A notorious liar: A person whose personality is known for avoiding facts. He has built so solid and unsavory a reputations that only a

stranger is likely to be misled.

-A consummate liar: His ability is top-drawer rarely does anyone lie as convincingly or as artistically as he does. His skill,in short, has reached the zenith of perfection. His lying is almost always crowned with

success.

-An incorrigible liar: This person is impervious to correction. Often as he may be caught in his fabrications, there is no reforming him. He goes right on lying despite the punishment, embarrassment, or

unhappiness that this distortions of truth may bring upon him.

-An inveterate liar: This person is the victim of firmly fixed and deep-rooted habits. Telling untruths is as frequent and customary an

activity as brushing his teeth in the morning.



٧٠

-A congenital liar: This person has such a long history of persistent falsification that one can only suspect that his vice started when he was

reposing in his mother's womb.

-A chronic liar: No let up - while normal people lie on occasions and often for special reasons, he lies continually.

-A pathological liar: A strange disease. This person doesn't bother to distinguish fact from fantasy; not concerned with the difference between

truth and falsehood. His lying is a disease that no antibiotic can cure.

-An unconscionable liar: This person is completely without a conscience. No matter what misery for fabrications may cause his innocent

victims, he never feels the slightest twinges of guilt.

-A glib liar: This person possesses a lively imagination and a ready tongue, he can distort facts as smoothly and as effortlessly as he can say his

name. But he doesn't always get away with his lies.

-An egregious liar: This person's lies are so outstandingly hurtful that people gasp in amazement and disgust at hearing them.

The ten basic words mentioned above revolve rather closely around a central core. Each one, however, has a distinct, a unique meaning, and a

special implication. Note the difference:

TYPE OF LIAR SPECIAL IMPLICATION

١. notorious famous or infamous for lying; tendency to falsify is well-known

٢. consummate great skill

٣. incorrigible far gone to be reformed , impervious to rehabilitation

٤. inveterate lying has become a deep-rooted habit



٧١

٥. congenital lying had very early beginnings as if from birth

٦. chronic over and over

٧. pathological an irresistible compulsion to lie often for no rational reason

lying is a disease

٨. unconscionable lack of regret or remorse

٩. glib great smoothness

١٠. egregious viciousness of the lies

Again, these ten expressive adjectives are not restricted to lying or liars. They also have general meanings:

words meanings

١. notorious well-known for some bad quality -a notorious philanderer.

٢. consummate perfect, highly skilled-consummate artistry at the keyboards.

٣. incorrigible beyond reform, an incorrigible optimist.

٤. inveterate long accustomed, deeply habituated-an inveterate smoker (this

adjective, like notorious, usually has an unfavorable connotation)

٥. congenital happening at or during birth, a congenital deformity.

٦. chronic going on for a long time, or occurring again and again-chronic appendicitis.

٧. pathological diseased - a pathological condition

٨. unconscionable without pangs of conscience- unconscionable cruelty of children.



٧٢

٩. glib a glib witness

١٠.egregious outstandingly bad or vicious , egregious error.

With the exception of consummate and congenital, all ten adjectives have strongly derogatory implications and are generally used to describe people,

characteristics, or conditions we disapprove of.

MATCH EACH WORD WITH ITS APPROPRIATE DEFINITION:

١. notorious a. beyond reform

٢. consummate b. continuing over a long period of time; recurring

٣. incorrigible c. diseased

٤. inveterate d. from long-standing habit

٥. congenital e. suspiciously smooth

٦. chronic f. without conscience or scruples

٧. pathological g. outstandingly bad or vicious

٨. unconscionable h. unfavorably known

٩. glib i. from birth

١٠. egregious j. finished, perfect, artistic

DO YOU UNDERSTAND THE UNDERLINED WORDS? Circle EITHER YES OR NO.



٧٣

? for good actsnotoriousDo people become . ١ Y N

? musical geniusconsummateIs Beethoven considered a . ٢ Y N

is there any point in, incorrigibleIf a criminal is truly . ٣

attempting rehabilitation

Y N

? smoker smoke only occasionallyinveterateDoes an . ٤ Y N

? deformity one that occurs late in lifecongenitalIs a . ٥ Y N

? invalid ill much of the timechronicIs a . ٦ Y N

?ondition normal and healthy cpathologicalIs a . ٧ Y N

is there any regret, act of crueltyunconscionableIf a person commits an . ٨ remorse, or guilt?

Y N

? talker awkward and hesitant in speechglibIs a . ٩ Y N

? error very badegregiousIs an .١٠ Y N



٧٤

TRY TO RECALL THE WORDS. YOU ARE PROVIDED WITH THE FIRST LETTER OF EACH WORD REQUIRED .

١. Outstandingly vicious; so bad as to be in a class by itself. ١. E

٢. Starting at birth ٢. C

٣. Happening over and over again; continuing for a long time.

٣. C

٤. Widely and unfavorably known (as for antisocial acts, character weakness, immoral or unethical behavior, etc.)

٤. N

٥. Beyond correction ٥. I

٦. Smooth and persuasive; unusually, almost suspiciously, fluent ٦. G

٧. Long addicted to a habit ٧. I

٨. Perfect in the practice of an art; extremely skillful ٨. C

٩. unscrupulous; entirely without conscience ٩. U

١٠. Diseased ١٠. P

As a result of the test you are taking, you are becoming more and more familiar with these ten valuable and expressive words. Now, as a further

check on your learning, write the word that best fits each blank.

١. This person has gambled, day in and day out, for as long as anyone can remember - gambling has become a deep-rooted habit.

١. An ------------------------------ gambler

٢. Born with a clubfoot



٧٥

٢. A ___________________ deformity

٣. Someone known the world over for criminal acts

٣. A __________________criminal

٤. An invading army kills, maims, and tortures without mercy compunction, or regret.

٤. ____________________ acts of cruelty

٥.The suspect answered the detective's questions easily, fluently, almost too smoothly.

٥. ____________________ responses

٦. A person reaches the acme of perfection as an actress or actor.

٦. A ____________________performer

٧. No one can change someone's absurdly romantic attitude toward life

٧. An ________________ romantic

٨. A mistake so bad that it defies description

٨. An ___________________ blunder

٩. Drunk almost all the time, again and again - periods of sobriety are few and very, very far between.

٩. A ______________________ alcoholic

١٠. Doctors find a persistent, dangerous infection in the bladder

١٠. A ______________________condition



٧٦


-Notorious: The derivation is from Latin notus = known, from which we also get noted.

-Summit is derived from Latin summus = highest, which also gives us the mathematical term sum, as in addition. A consummate artist has reached the very highest point of perfection; and to consummate marriage, a business deal, or a contract is, etymologically, to bring it to the highest point; that is, to put the final touches to it; to bring it to completion. To make a noun out of consummate, add either -ness or -acy; consummateness or consummacy. Verbs ending in -ate invariably take on the noun suffix /-

ion/ to form nouns: create - creation; evaluate - evaluation; etc.

-Incorrigible: is derived from Latin "corrigo", to correct or set straight, plus the negative prefix in- . (This prefix, depending on the root it precedes, may be negative, may intensify the root, as in invaluable, or may

mean in.) The noun is incorrigibility or, alternatively, incorrigibleness.

-Inveterate, from Latin "vetus"= old (Latin "senex", source of senile and senescent, also means old. In inveterate" in-" means in. It is not the negative prefix found in incorrigible. Inveterate drinkers have been imbibing for so long that they have formed old, well established habits, and inveterate liars have been lying for so long, and their habits are by now so deep-rooted, that one can scarcely remember when they ever told the truth.



٧٧

-Greek genesis, birth or origin, a root we discovered in discussing psychogenic, is the source of a great many English words. Genetics is the science that treats the transmission of hereditary characteristics from parents to offspring. The scientist specializing in the field is a geneticist , the adjective is genetic. The particle in the chromosome of the germ cell containing a hereditary characteristics is a "gene". The genital, or sexual, organs are involved in the process of conception and birth. The genesis of anything " a plan, idea, thought, career, etc." is its beginning, birth, or origin, and Genesis, the first book of the Old Testament, describes the

creation, or birth, of the universe.

-Congenital is constructed by combining the prefix con-, with or together, and the root genesis, birth. So a congenital defect, deformity, condition, etc. occurs during the nine-month birth process ( or period of gestation, to become technical). A thalidomile baby results from the use of

the drug by a pregnant woman, so the deformities were congenital.

Congenital is used both literally and figuratively. Literally, the word generally refers to some medical deformity or abnormality occurring during gestation, figuratively, it wildly exaggerates, for effect, the very early existence of some quality: congenital liar, congenital fear of the dark,

etc.

REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY

PREFI, ROOT




٧٨

١. notus known

٢. summus highest

٣. carrigo to correct, set straight

٤. vetus old

٥. senex old

٦. genesis birth, origin

٧. logos science, study

٨. -in negative prefix



٧٩

MATCH THE WORDS

١. notoriety a- state of artistic height

٢. to consummate b- state of being long established in a habit

٣. consummacy c- beginning, origin

٤. incorrigibility d- science of heredity

٥. inveteracy e- bring to completion; top off

٦. genetics f- study of ancestry

٧. genealogy g- referring to characteristics passed on to offspring by parents

٨. genital h- referring to reproduction, or to the reproductive or sexual organs

٩. genesis i- will fame

١٠. hereditary j- particle that transmits hereditary characteristics

١١. gene k- state of being beyond reform or correction

Do you understand the underlined words? Circle either Yes or No

١. Does notoriety usually come to perpetrators of mass murders

٢. Is the product of a consummately skillful counterfeiter likely to be taken as genuine

٣. Is incorrigibility in a criminal a sign that rehabilitation is possible

٤. Is a geneticist interested in your parents characteristics

٥. Does inveteracy suggest that a habit is new



٨٠

٦. When you consummate a deal, do you back out of it

٧. Is a veteran actress long experienced at her art

٨. Do genes determine heredity

٩. Is a genealogist interested in your family origins

١٠. Are the genital organs used in reproduction

١١.Is the genesis of something the final point

١٢. Are hereditary characteristics derived from parents

RECALL THE WORDS, MIND THE FIRST LETTER OF EACH WORD REQUIRED.

١. sexual ; reproductive ١. G

٢. to complete ٢. C

٣. wide and unfavorable reputation ٣. N

٤. Particle in the chromosome of a cell that transmits a characteristic from parent to offspring.

٤. G

٥. completion ٥. C

٦. inability to be reformed ٦. I

٧. The science that deals with the transmission of characteristics from parents to children

٧. G

٨. referring to a quality or characteristic that is inherited ٨. H

٩. beginning or origin ٩. G

١٠. student of family roots or origins ١٠. G

١١. height of skill or artistry ١١. C



٨١

١٢. transmitted by heredity ١٢. G

١٣. quality of habit that has been established over many years. ١٣. I

١٤. a person long experienced at a profession, art, or business. ١٤. V

١٥. pertaining to a study of family origins. ١٥. G


A chronic is the derivation of the Greek word "chronos "= time. The noun is chronicity. An anachronism is someone or something out of times, out of date, belonging to a different era. The adjective is anachronous or anachronistic. An incongruous is a word combining the negative prefix, the prefix con-, with or together, and a Latin verb meaning to agree or correspond. Thus it is incongruous to wear a sweater and slacks to a formal wedding, it is anachronous to wear the wasp waist, conspicuous bustle, or powdered wig of the eighteenth century. The noun form of incongruous is incongruity. Chronological in correct time, order, comes from chronos. Chronology is the science of time order and accurate

dating of events (Logos, science)-the expert in this field is a chronologist.

A chronometer, combining chronos with metron, measurement, is a highly accurate time piece, especially one used on ships. Chronometry is

the measurement of time. The adjective is chronometric

Add the prefix "syn- " together, plus the verb suffix "-ize," to "chronos", and you have constructed synchronize. Etymologically to time together, or to move, happen , or cause to happen, at the same time or rate. The adjective is synchronous; the noun form of the verb synchronize is

synchronization .



٨٢

Pathological is diseased ( a pathologic condition) - this meaning of the word ignores the root logos, science, study . Pathology is the science or study of disease. However, another meaning of the noun ignores logos, and pathology may be any morbid, diseased or abnormal physical condition or conditions. A pathologist is an expert who examines tissue, often by autopsy or biopsy, to diagnose disease and interpret the abnormalities in such tissue that may be caused by specific diseases. Pathos occurs in some English words with the additional meaning of feeling. If you feel or suffer with someone, you are-sympathetic "-sym-"is a respelling before the letter p of the Greek prefix syn-, with or together. The noun is sympathy, the verb sympathize. The prefix anti = against-antipathy to people or things means against them. The adjective is antipathetic, as in "an antipathetic

reaction to an authority figure."

otion, oBut you may have no feeling at all, just indifference, lack of any interest, emr response, complete listlessness, especially when somes reaction is normal or expected. Then you are apathetic; a- is a negative prefix. The noun is apathy, as in voter apathy, student apathy, etc. The opposite is empathy; you empathize, you are empathetic or to use an

alternate adjective, empathic.

Em is a respelling before the letter P of the Greek prefix en-, in. A pathetic story is about suffering and , again, is likely to arouse sadness, sorrow, or pity. Telepathy = people communicate with each other without recourse to means of communication-also called mental telepathy = one person reads the mind of another. Being able to do such kind of mind-reading makes you telepathic. Telepathy is built by combining pathos = feeling with the prefix tele-, distance, the same prefix we find in telephone,

telegraph, telescope.

Review of Etymology



٨٣

Prefix, Root, suffix Meaning English Word

١. chronos time

٢. ana-, a- negative prefix

٣. con- with, together

٤. in- negative prefix

٥. logos science, study

٦. netron measurement

٧. syn-,sym- with, together

٨. ize verb suffix

٩. pathos disease, suffering, feeling

١٠. anti- against

١١. en-,em- in

١٢. tele- distance

MATCH THE WORDS WITH THEIR MEANING FROM LIST B.

A B

١. Chronicity a. something , or state of being, out of place.

٢.anachronim b.time piece; device that measures time very accurately.

٣. incongruity c. condition of continual or repeated recurrence.



٨٤

٤. chronology d. act of occurring, or of causing to occur, at the same time.

٥.chronometer e. calendar of events in order of occurrence.

٦. chronometry f. something, or someone, out of time.

٧.synchronization g. measurement of time.

٨. pathology h. a sharing or understanding of mother's feeling.

٩. sympathy i. ESP; communication from a distance.

١٠. telepathy j. disease; study of disease.

MORE MATCHING

١١. Pathologist a. identification with another's feelings.

١٢. antipathy b. share another's feelings so strongly as to experience those feelings oneself.

١٣. apathy c. out of time

١٤. empathy d. one who examines tissue to diagnose disease.

١٥. synchronize e. occurring at the same time or rate.

١٦. empathize f. relating to extrasensory perception.

١٧. anachronous g. suffering; arousing sympathy or pity.

١٨. incongruous h. lack of feeling; non-responsiveness.

١٩. Synchronous i. out of place



٨٥

٢٠. pathetic j. happen, or cause to happen, at the same time or rate

٢١. telepathic k. hostility; strong dislike

DO YOU UNDERSTAND THE UNDERLINED WORDS?

١٤٩٢،١٩٤١ ,١٥٨٦? orderchronologicalAre these dates in . ١

? the study of healthy tissuepathologyIs . ٢

? communication carried on by telephonetelepathicIs . ٣

s feelings' response show an understanding of anothersympatheticDoes a . ٤

?e agreeableor peopl, ideas, to thingsapatheticIs a person . ٥

? people react stronglyapatheticDo . ٦

response show identification with the feelings of anotherempathicDoes an . ٧

? attire at a formal ceremonyincongruousIs a swim suit . ٨

? attitude up to dateanachronisticIs an . ٩

? movements out of time with one anothersynchronousAre . ١٠

TRY TO RECALL THE WORDS, MIND THE FIRST LETTER .

١. In order of time ١. C

٢. out of place ٢. I

٣. out of time (two forms) ٣. A

٤. something, or state of being, out of place. ٤. I

٥. lack of feeling ٥. A

٦. measurer of time ٦. C

٧. study of disease ٧. P

٨. feeling of hostility or dislike ٨. A

٩. to occur, or cause to occur, at the same time or rate. ٩. S

١٠. evoking sorrow or pity ١٠. P

١١. something out of time ١١. A

١٢. state of recurring again and again ١٢. C



٨٦

١٣. extrasensory perception ١٣. T

١٤. one who examines tissue to diagnose disease ١٤. P

١٥. identification with the feelings of another ١٥. E

١٦. happening at the same time or rate(adj.) ١٦. S

١٧. skillful at thought transference without sensory ١٧. T

١٨. calendar of events in time sequence ١٨. C

١٩. referring to the one assurance of time (adj.) ١٩. C



٨٧


Unconscionable and conscience are related in derivation- the first word from Latin "Scio "= to know, the second from Latin "sciens" knowing, and both using the prefix con-, with, together. Etymologically, then your conscience is your knowledge with a moral sense of right and wrong; if you are unconscionable, your conscience is not working, or you have no conscience. The noun form is unconscionableness or unconscionability.Conscious, also from con- plus "scio", is knowledge or awareness of one's emotions or sensations, or of what is happening around

one.

Science, from "sciens" is systematized knowledge as opposed, for example, to belief, faith, intuition, or guesswork.

Add Latin" omnis "= all, to sciens, to construct omniscient = all-knowing, possessed of infinite knowledge. The noun is omniscience.

Add the prefix" pre-" = before, to sciens, to construct " knowing about events before they occur, i.e., psychic, or possessed of unusual

powers of prediction. The noun is prescience (pre ' shans).

And, finally, add the negative prefix" ne-"to sciens to produce nescient, not knowing, or ignorant.

Glib is from an old English root that means slippery. Glib Liars or glib talkers are smooth and slippery; they have ready answers, fluent tongues, a persuasive air; but, such is the implication of the word, they fool only the most nescient, for their smoothness lacks sincerity and conviction,

the noun is glibness



٨٨

Egregious is from Latin "grex", gregis = herd or flock. An egregious lie, act, crime, mistake, etc. is so exceptionally vicious that it conspicuously stands out (e-, a shortened form of the prefix ex-, out) from the herd or flock of other bad things. The noun is egregiousness. A gregarious is person who likes to be with the herd, who reaches out for friend, and is happiest when surrounded by people. Extroverts are of course gregarious-they prefer human contact, conversation, laughter, interrelationships, to solitude. The suffix -ness, as you know, can be added to an adjective to construct a noun form. Write the noun from gregarious

________.

Add the prefix con- = with, together to" grex", "gregis", to get the verb congregate; add the prefix se- = apart, to build the verb segregate; add the prefix ad- = to, toward (ad-changes to "ag-"before a root starting with g-), to construct the verb aggregate, let us see what we have. When people gather together in a herd or flock, they (write the verb) __________. The noun is congregation, one of the meanings of which is a religious "flock". Put people or things apart from the herd, and you (write the verb) _________them. Bring individual items to or toward the herd or flock, and you (write the verb) ________them. What is the noun form of

this verb?

REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY

Prefix,root, suffix Meaning English Word

١. grex, gregis herd, flock

٢. e-, ex- out

٣. -ness noun suffix

٤. con- with, together



٨٩

٥. ad-, ag- to, toward

٦. un- negative prefix

٧. scio to know

٨. sciens knowing

٩. omnis all

١٠. pre- before

١١. ne- negative prefix

١٢. se- apart

١٣. -ion noun suffix added to verbs.

MATCH THE WORDS WITH THEIR APPROPRIATE MEANINGS

١. unconscionability a. ignorance

٢. omniscience b. outstanding, badness or viciousness.

٣. prescience c. religious group; a rabbing together.

٤. nescience d. total; mass; whole

٥. glibness e.exclusion from the herd; a setting apart.

٦. egregiousness f. infinite knowledge

٧. gregariousness g. friendliness; enjoyment of mixing with people.



٩٠

٨. congregation h. lack of conscience

٩. segregation i. suspiciously smooth fluency

١٠. aggregate (n) j. foreknowledge

CIRCLE EITHER YES OR NO

١. Is unconscionability one of the signs of the psychopath? Yes No

٢. Can anyone be truly omniscient? Yes No

٣. Does a prescient fear indicate some knowledge of the future? Yes No

٤. Is nescience a result of learning? Yes No

٥. Does glibness make someone sound sincere and trustworthy? Yes No

٦. Is egregiousness an admirable quality? Yes No

٧. Do gregarious people enjoy parties? Yes No

٨. Do spectators congregate at sports events? Yes No

٩. Do we often segregate hardened criminals from the rest of society? Yes No

١٠. Is aggregation of problems a whole mass of problems? Yes No

RECALL THE WORDS

١. enjoying groups and companionship ١

٢. ignorant ٢.

٣. state of not being held back from antisocial behavior by one's conscious ٣.



٩١

٤. having knowledge of an event before it occurs (adj ٤.

٥. a religious "flock ٥.

٦. a total, whole, or mass ٦.

٧. to separate from the rest ٧.

٨. suspiciously smooth fluency ٨.

٩. all knowing (adj ٩.

١٠. to come together into a group or mass ١٠



٩٢

EXERCISES ON CHAPTER FOUR

IV. ١. One of the meanings of the word "integral" is: "forming a necessary

part of a whole". But this meaning would be very much affected if the word "integral" is used with words such as:

integral part, integral whole, integral repentance, integral calculus, integral stress

What Arabic equivalents would you think of in translating the above structures?

IV. ٢. Here you are provided just with one of the meanings of the word

"mortal". Try to figure out its other semantic properties. Choose from its integral meanings equivalents that fit in translating the following structures; but first here is its meaning: "subject to death". The

structures to be translated are:

. mortal woundsoldiers sufferedfew s, in a recent battle. a

. mortalGod stipulates that men are . b

but found no parallel to her mortal thingShe considered every . chusband.

d. While his son was in the recovery room, he was kept in .mortal hourscustody for five

e. He thought of his neighbour as a close friend but eventually . mortal enemythe friend turned to be his

.mortals previous sins as 'The priest thought of the repentant. f



٩٣

he dashed in a , When he heard that his house was on fire. g.mortal hurry

.ife has committed an adulteryhis w, mortal shameIt is a . h

it was a product of , His invention was not extra celestial . i.mortal genius

.mortal agonyhe uttered a scream of , Being brutally tortured. j

showed a decline in mortality tableThe government . kpopulation death rate.

IV. ٣. The following is an explanation of a word you have read in chapter

four. Read the explanation and try to recall the word.

hasty, rash, impudent, a confused, heep of loose, broken or angular fragments of rocks, small fragments of crushed ice, collected by winds

or currents near the shore.

IV. ٤. Again, the following are synonyms of a word you have read in this

chapter. Read the synonyms and recall the word ___________.

widespread, accepted, frequently met ,predominant, all embracing.

IV. ٥. In this chapter, you've come across a word that can be used to mean:

تافه، ال طعم له، كريه، بغيض أخالقيا

first: recall the English word.

second: provide English equivalents of the Arabic lexicons above.

IV. ٦. In your translation of the following structures, make sure the

underlined words are translated by the word "impervious"



٩٤

-١ نظر إليها غير مبال بدموعها

قال إن القاضى كان شخصا غير متقبال للوقائع والحجج المنطقية-٢

-٣ قال القاضى المجرم شخص اليمكن إصالحه

IV. ٧. The following are synonyms of a verb you've read in this

chapter - can you recall it?

- recline - slant - lie - tilt - lean - rest - loll - loaf - relax - sleep

IV. ٨. Study the following synonyms and recall from chapter four a

synonym that shares in the semantic properties of the following words.

- tingle - shiver - prickle - sting - itch - creep - grow excited

- get goose pimples all over - thrill - quiver - flutter - titillate

IV. ٩. "Core" is one of the words you've read in this chapter. Write three

structures in Arabic where the equivalent of the word "core" is used variably. Here is a clue:

-١ جزء مركزى

-٢ لب أو جوهر الشىء

-٣ صميم

IV. ١٠. If the word "vicious" is used with words such as:

- a vicious bill - vicious reasoning - a vicious headache - a vicious circle



٩٥

then precise Arabic equivalents should be recalled in rendering acceptable translations of the above structures. Try to translate them.

IV. ١١. Your translation into Enlgish of the following Arabic sentences

should involve a particular word you have learned in this chapter- see if you can recall that word and use it in your tarnslation.

-١ بالرغم من أنه تزوجها إال أنه لم يدخل بها

-٢ عرف عنه أنه رجل ذو فضيلة تامة

-٣ أبدت السكرتيرة براعة من الطراز األول

IV. ١٢. You have studied the word " inveterate" as it means : "Long

accustomed", or "deeply rooted'. What kind of Arabic equivalents would you use in translating the following especially the underlined

words?

for smoking a cigar first thing in the inveterate tendency He has an-morning.

that Lybia inveterate demands The US government insisted through -should render its two accused citizens for trial.

in that surrounding forced them to evacuate inveterate smell The-the house.

IV. ١٣. Provide as many secondary meanings as possible for each one of the

following words. Then write an essay on the semantic properties that are common among them.

- twinge - pang - throb - twitch - shiver - tingle



٩٦

IV. ١٤. How do the following words differ in meaning? Use each one of

them in a meaningful sentence.

- disparate - desperate - despair - disperse - disparage - disparity - derogate

- slight - deprecatory - disdain - reproach - deprecate

IV. ١٥. Provide English equivalents of the following Arabic words:

ذو سمعة رديئة، أثيم، شرير، آثم، فاسق، خليع، فاسد خلقيا، دنىء، حقير، ، منغمس فى الملدات، عاص، متمرد، معاند، شكس، غادر، غير شريف، فاجر

صعب المراس، متقلب، معاكس، دنس،نجس، خبيث، سيئ الطوية أو النية، منحرف، منحط، منحل، عنيد، جامح، قذر، زري، شائن، بذيء، غير محتشم،

وحشي، عديم الرحمة، شهوانى، شبق، داعر، ظالم، جائر، سفاح، بغيض، خسيس، وضيع، تافه، جدير باألزدراء

IV. ١٦. In this chapter you have come across a word that means: "to

deprive of the use of a limb; to mutilate, cripple or disable; to render defective.

Can you recall the word? ______________________.

IV. ١٧. You are provided with words listed randomly and they are

synonymous to the three underlined words below. List the synonyms under each underlined word based on closeness in meaning.

WORDS REMORSE REGRET GUILT bewail, mourn

rue, lament

repent, grief

bemoan, repine

weep, moan over

have qualms about



٩٧

compunction

contrition

self reproach

grief

culpability

fault

lapse

slip

offense

misstep

solecism

dereliction

peccability

delinquency

indiscretion

malfeasance

felonious conduct

IV.١٨. a. Does the word "guiltless" ever stand for the Arabic equivalents If so, use it in a meaningful English sentence of your ?"غر، عديم الخبرة"

own to reflect the meaning of the provided Arabic equivalents.

b. Use the word "remorseless" in an English sentence of your own to mean ""عديم الرحمة.

IV.١٩. How many lexicons are there in English that mean: "ذروة، أوج، قمة"?

Use the lexicons in English sentences where their semantic properties are sensed.

IV.٢٠. Fill in the spaces with words that can be inferred based on your

general comprehension of the following passage.

To -----------is to make a mistake through precipitance or mental confusion. As a noun, _________ means a gross and stupid mistake.



٩٨

Clue: The word that can be used in the above two spaces means the following:

يتخبط، يمشي بارتباك وإضطراب، يخطئ خطأ فاضحاًً، يقول شيئأ بحماقة أو بإضطراب

IV.٢١. Translate the following into Arabic:

- He was hilarious for he blundered upon his misplaced money.

IV.٢٢. Is there one adjective in English that means all the following:

-١ مقتصد أو غير مسرف فى تناول الطعام و الشراب

غير ثمل-٢

رزين، وقور، رصين، عاقل-٣

متسم باإل عتدال و الجد و ضبط النفس-٤

IV. ٢٣. What are the two English words you've read in this chapter that

mean:

"The state of growing old; the infirmity of age; dotage".

IV.٢٤. You have studied, in this chapter, a word that means:

"inheritance; tradition"



٩٩

Biologically, it also means the transmission of characteristics of parents to offspring through chromosomes which bear the genes; the tendency of an organism to manifest the qualities of its parentage; an individual's inherited traits and characteristics. Recall the word

________________________.

IV. ٢٥. The following are synonyms of a word you studied in this chapter.

Can you recall it?

falsify, fabricate, imitate fraudulently, trump up, feign, transcribe, duplicate, reproduce

IV.٢٦. Provide antonyms for each one of the following words:

words antonyms

corrigible

curable

correctable

reparable

corruptible

convenience

corporeal

considerable

consequential

competent

complete

comprehensible

conceivable

conclusive

coherent

consistent

couraged

consolable



١٠٠

decent IV.٢٧. Study the following definitions, and:

a. recall a synonymous word you have studied in this chapter that epitomizes its meaning.

b. Think of a word that is similar in pronunciation to the word you have provided as an answer to /a/ above( the word required can also

be used to mean:

يخون، يقنع، يتاجر به، يحبب به، يخدع، يروج للبضاعة، يبيع

"The basic unit of structure and function of all living things made up of a small mass of protoplasm which contains a nucleus and cytoplasmic material, surrounded by semipermeable membrane in

animals and a cell wall in plants."

c. There is another English word that is also close in pronunciation to words in /a/ and /b/ above but ,of course, differ in spelling. This

required word means:

- The horizontal piece at the bottom of the door, window, or similar opening.

- In geology, it also means a horizontal intrusion of igneous rock between flat layers of other rock. What is the word?

__________________.

IV.٢٨. The word "pity" means: "the suffering of one person excited by the

distresses of another; commiseration, compassion, mercy, cause of grief, a thing to be regretted ".

a. If "pity" means the above, what does the word "petty" mean?



١٠١

b. Translate the following into Arabic, mind the underlined words !

.t allowed to attend the kings audience' wasnpetty princeThe . ١

petty t divorce his wife for their differences were over 'He couldn. ٢.affairs

.petty mindt live with Omar for he has a 'She couldn. ٣

petty he kept thinking of a , Even though Omar divorced her. ٤.revenge

She decided to buy the blouse but suddenly realized that she had a . ٥.petty cash

IV.٢٩. Provide the English equivalents of the following Arabic words:

مؤيد، عاطف، ناظر بعين العطف

مفطور على كره الشىء، منفركريه، نافر

ال مبالفاتر الشعور،

التقمص العاطفى، األعتناق

مثير للشفقة، حزين، محزن

IV. ٣٠. Explain in English the semantic properties of the word "attire"

IV. ٣١. The verb "derive" is usually followed by the preposition "from"; and

it means " to obtain from; to come from". Study the following structures and translate them into Arabic:



١٠٢

- He derives a lot of pleasure from meeting new people.

- Half of his income derives from trade and commerce.

IV. ٣٢. In this chapter, you've come across a word that means "the

scientific study of the origins; history; and changing meanings of words".

a. can you recall the word? ___________________.

b. if you have been able to recall it, compare it, semantically, with "entomology", and use entomology in a sentence.

IV. ٣٣. Can the words:" belief, faith, and intuition" be considered a branch

of systematized knowledge? Elaborate.

is supposed to be synonymous to the word " slippery"The word . ٣٤. IV

"glib". But the following English structures are constructed in a way where some of the semantic properties of the word "slippery" are used. Translate them and see what Arabic equivalents can you use to

make the above secondary senses clear.

.slippery roadHe drove on a . ١

.slipperyHe came home empty handed for the fish was . ٢

t prove his creativity on job for he was working on a 'He couldn. ٣.slippery position



١٠٣

slippery It was hard to understand his essay because he writes in a . ٤.style

slippery looks Very few of his friends trusted him for he showed . ٥.of love

IV. ٣٥. Explain in English the difference in meaning between: "egregious"

and "gregarious".

IV. ٣٦. The words: "Infinite, pre-eminent, all-knowing and almighty" are,

relatively speaking synonymous of a word you studied in this chapter. Can you recall it? Use it in a sentence of your own.

IV.٣٧. The Arabic structures )ذرب اللسان) ٢(سلس البيان، ) ١ are indicative to the

English word "glib".

a. can you think of some additional Arabic structures whose equivalents in English can be :glib"?

b. How would you translate the following into Arabic:

glib manners, glib answers, glib generalizations

IV.٣٨. In this chapter you studied an equivalent of the Arabic structure: مجرم متمرس

Try to recall it and accordingly use it in your translation of :

هل تفصل الحكومة المجرمين المتمرسين عن باقي أعضاء المجتمع؟



١٠٤

CHAPTER FIVE

WORDS RELATED TO "TICKLING" AND "FLATTERING"

The word "titillate" comes from a Latin verb meaning to 'tickle', and may be used both literally and figuratively. That is (literally), you can titillate by gentle touches in strategic places, you are then causing an actual (and always very pleasant) physical sensation. Or you can (figuratively) titillate people, or their minds, fancies, palates (and this is the more common use of the word), by charm, brilliance, wit, promises, or in any other way your imagination can conceive. Titillation has the added meaning

of light sexual stimulation.

A compliment is a pleasant and courteous expression of praise; "flattery" is stronger than a compliment and often considered insincere. Adulation is flattery and worship carried to an excessive, ridiculous degree. There are often public figures (entertainers, musicians, government officials, etc.) who receive widespread adulation, but those who are not in the public eye can also be adulated, as a teacher by students, a wife by husband (and vice versa), a doctor by patients, and so on. The derivation is

from a Latin verb meaning to fawn upon.

The adjective adulatory ends in "-ory", a suffix we are meeting for the first time in these pages. Other adjective suffixes we are familiar with so

far are (-al, -ic, -ical, -ous.).



١٠٥

Proscribe, to forbid, is commonly used for medical, religious, or legal prohibitions. A doctor proscribes a food, drug, or activity that might prove harmful to the patient. The church proscribes, or announces a proscription against, such activities as may harm its parishioners. The law proscribes behavior detrimental to the public welfare. The derivation is the prefix "pro-", before, plus "scribe", "scriptus " which means to write. Scribo, Scriptus, is the building block of scores of common English words: scribe, scribble, prescribe, describe, script, the scriptures, manuscript, typescript. etc. Describe uses the prefix "de-", down - to describe is, etymologically, "to write downon or about". Manuscript, combining "manus", which means hand (as in manual labor), with scriptus,which means something handwritten-the word was coined before the invention of

the typewriter. The scriptures are holy writings.

To "subscribe" is to write one's name under an order or contract (sub-, under, as in subway, subsurface, etc.); to subscribe to philosophy or a principle is figuratively to write one's name under the statement of such philosophy or principle. To inscribe is to write in or into (a book, for example, or metal or stone). A postscript is something written after (Latin

post, means after) the main part is finished.

You are familiar with the word "via", by way of, which is from the Latin word for road. (The via Apia was one of the famous highways of ancient Roman times). When something is obvious, etymologically it is right there in the middle of the road where no one can fail to see it - hence, easily seen, not hidden, conspicuous. And if you meet an obstacle in the road and dispose of it forthwith, you are doing what obviate says. Thus, if you review your work daily in some college subject, frenzied "cramming" at the end of the semester will be obviated. A large and steady income obviates fears of financial insecurity . Leaving for work early will obviate worry about being late. To obviate, then, is to make unnecessary, to do away with, to prevent by taking effective measures or steps against (an

occurrence, a feeling, a requirement, etc.) The noun is obviation.



١٠٦

Militate derives from "Militis" one of the forms of the Latin noun meaning "soldier" or "fighting man". If something militates against you, it fights against you i.e., works to your disadvantage. Thus, your timidity may militate against your keeping your friends. Militate is always followed by the preposition against and, like obviate, never takes a personal subject - you don't militate against anyone, but some habit, action, tendency, etc. The adjective militant comes from the same root. A militant reformer is one who fights for reforms; a militant campaign is one waged aggressively and with determination. The noun is militancy, and militant is also a noun for the person example: "Sally is a militant in the women's liberation

movement".

BAD NEWS

Being built on Latin Malus which means bad, evil ,the verb to malign is to speak evil about, to defame, to slander. Malign is also an adjective meaning bad, harmful, evil, hateful, as in "the malign influence of his unconscious will is to fail". Another adjective form is malignant as in "a malignant glance" i.e., one showing deep hatred, or "a malignant growth", i.e., one that is cancerous (bad). The noun of malignant is malignancy which, medically, is a cancerous growth, or, generally, the condition, state, or attitude of harmfulness, hatefulness, evil intent, etc. The

noun form of the adjective malign is malignity.



١٠٧

Observe how English words can be constructed by combining malus with other Latin roots. Add the root dico, dictus, to say or tell, to form malediction, a curse, i.e., an evil saying. Adjective, maledictory. And the root "volvo" (to wish, to will, or to be willing) and we can construct the adjective malevolent, wishing evil or harm - a malevolent glance, attitude, feeling, etc. The noun is malevolence. Add the root facio, factus, to do or make (also spelled, in English words fec-, fic-, factus, or, as a verb ending, -fy), to form the adjective maleficent, doing harm or evil, or causing hurt-maleficent acts, deeds, behavior. A malefactor is a wrongdoer, an evildoer, a criminal - a malefactor commits a malefaction, a crime, an evil deed. The Latin malus stands for the French word mal which means bad, the source of maladroit, clumsy, bungling, awkward, unskillful, etymologically, having a bad right hand (see adroit). The noun is maladroitness. Also from French "mal",Malaise, an indefinite feeling of bodily discomfort, as in a mild illness, or as a symptom preceding an illness; etymologically, "bad

ease" just as disease is "lack of ease".

Other common words that you are familiar with also spring from Latin Malus: malicious, malice, malady, and the same malus functions as a prefix in words like maladjusted, malcontent, malpractice, malnutrition,

etc., all with connection of badness.

REVIEW OF ETYMOLOGY:

PREFIX, ROOT,


١. -ory adjective adulatory

٢. Scribo, scriptus to write prescribe



١٠٨

٣. de- down describe

٤. Manus hand Manuscript

٥. sub- under Subscribe

٦. in- in, into inscribe

٧. post after postscript

٨. via road obvious

٩. tri - three trinity

١٠. militis soldier militate

١١. malus bad, evil malign

١٢. dico, dictus to say, tell malediction

١٣. volo to wish malevolent

١٤. facio (fec-,fic-,fy) to do, make malefactor

١٥. -ence, -ancy noun suffix maleficence



١٠٩

STUDY THE MEANING OF THE FOLLOWING

١. titillation means: pleasurable stimulation ; tickling

٢. adulation means: excessive flattery

٣. proscription means: prohibition

٤. militancy aggressiveness means: expelling readiness to fight or to use

٥. malignity means: harmfulness, hatefulness

٦. malediction means: a curse

٧. maladroitness means: clumsiness

٨. obviation means: prevention

٩. malevolence means: quality of wishing evil ; ill-will

١٠. malaise discomfort means: vague feeling of bodily discomf

MATCH EACH WORD IN COLUMN A WITH ITS APPROPRIATE DEFINITION FROM COLUMN B.



١١٠

A B

a. militant a. aggressive ; fighting

b. trivial b. of no great consequence

c. malevolent c. bearing ill-will ; wishing harm

d. maledictory d. of the nature of course

e. maladroit e. clumsy, awkward

f. adulatory f. worshipful, adoring

g. malign g. bad, harmful, hateful

h. proscriptive h. relating or pertaining prohibitions

Make questions with the following words; the answer to each one of your questions is supposed to be either Yes or No.

١. Malignant ? Yes No.

٢. Trivialities ? Yes No.

٣. Trivia ? Yes No.



١١١

٤. Malignancy ? Yes No.

٥. Malediction ? Yes No.

٦. Maleficent ? Yes No.

٧. Maladroitness ? Yes No.

٨. Malefactor ? Yes No.

٩. Adulatory ? Yes No.

١٠. Militancy ? Yes No.



١١٢

DEFINITIONS & WORDS

١. Clumsy, awkward Maladroit

٢. Being ill-will ; wishing harm malevolent

٣. Pleasurable stimulation titillation

٤. A person aggressively fighting for a cause militant

٥. Prohibition against something injurious. proscription

٦. Excessive flattery ; exaggerated admiration. adulation

٧. Vague feeling of general physical discomfort. malaise

٨. A criminal ; a wrongdoer. malefactor

٩. A curse malediction

١٠. A crime, bad or evil act or behavior. malefaction

١١. Fact or act of making unnecessary or of taking effective obviation

١٢. Aggressive attitude militancy

١٣. Harmful, hurtful, bad malign,malignant,maleficent

١٤. Unimportant, insignificant. trivial

١٥. Unimportant, insignificant things ; trifles. trivialities/trivia

١٦. Cursing ; of the nature of or relating to, curses (adj.). molediatory

١٧. Worshipful. adulatory



١١٣

Origins and Related words:

"malus" is bad; "bonus" is good, the adverb from the Latin adjective "bonus" is "bene", and "bene" is the root found in words that contrast with

the mal - terms we studied in the previous session.

So "benign" and "benignant" are, kindly, good-natured, not harmful, as in benign neglect, a benign judge, a benign humor, a benignant attitude to malefactors and scoundrels. The nouns are benignity and

benignancy.

A "malediction" is a curse; a benediction is a blessing, a "saying good". The adjective is benedictory. In contrast to maleficent is "beneficent", in contrast to malefactor is benefactor, one who does good things for another. If you insist on making sexual distinctions, a woman who so operates is a benefactress. And, of course, the person receiving the benefaction is a beneficiary. Benefit and beneficial are other common words built on the combination of "bene" and a form of facio, to do or make. The adjective "bonus" good is found in English bonus-extra payment, theoretically, for some good act. "Bona fide", etymologically "in good faith" without pretense, deception or fraudulent intent-as bona fide offer, a bona fide effort to negotiate differences. "Fides" is from Latin for faith or trust, as in fidelity; Fido a stereotypical name for a dog one's faithful friend or a person's faithful friend; "infidel" a person who doesn't have the right faith or religion; and infidelity, unfaithfulness, especially to

the marriage vows.



١١٤

Benediction and malediction derive from dico, dictus - (to say), (to tell). Dictate, dictation, dictatorial - words that signify telling others what to do-are built on dico, as is predict, to tell before hand (pre-, before, as in prescient); the brand name Dictaphone combines dico with phone (sound); contradict, to say against, or to make an opposite statement (don't contradict me!) combines dico with contra-, against, opposite; and addiction, etymologically "a saying to or toward", or compulsion to say

"yes" to a habit, combines dico with ad-, to, toward.

Facio, factus to do or make as in( malefactor, benefactor), has, as noted, variant spellings in English words: fec-, fic-, or as a verb ending, -fy. Thus factory is a place where things are made (-ory, place where); a fact is something done (i.e., something that occurs, or exists, or is, therefore, true); fiction, something made up or invented; manufacture; to make by hand (manus, hand, as in manuscript, manual); and clarify, simplify, liquefy, magnify, (to make clear, simple, liquid, larger) among hundreds of

other -fy verbs.

Volvo, to wish, to will, to be willing (as in malevolent, benevolent ), occurs in voluntary, involuntary, volunte; these words are too familiar to need definition, and each quite obviously expressing wish or willingness. Less common and from the same root, is volition, the act or power of

willing or wishing, as in "of her own volition".



١١٥

Placate is built on the root plac -which derives from two related Latin verbs meaning (١) to please and (٢) appease, soothe, or pacify, the

noun is placation, the adjective either placative or placatory. A more placatory attitude to those you have offended may help you regain their friendship, implacable, im- is a respelling of in-, not, before the latter p. One who can be soothed, whose hostility can be changed to friendliness, is placable, implacable has taken on the added meaning of unyielding to entreaty or pity; hence, harsh, relentless, as "the governor was implacable in his refusal to grant clemency". The noun form of implacable is

implacability. Can you guess the noun derived from placable?

If you are placid, you are clam, easygoing, serene, undisturbed-etymologically, you are pleased with things as they are. Waters of a lake or sea, or the emotional atmosphere of a place, can also be placid. The noun is placidity. If you are complacent, you are pleased with yourself (com-, from con-, with, together); you may, in fact, such is one common connotation of the word, be smug, too pleased with your position or narrow accomplishments, too easily self-satisfied, and the hour of reckoning may be closer than you realize. The noun is complacence or

complacency.

To condone is to forgive, overlook, pardon, or be uncritical of (an offense, or of an antisocial or illegal act). You might or might not indulge in such behavior or commit such an offense, but you feel no urge to protest, or to demand censure or punishment for someone also who hatres you. You may condone cheating on one's income tax, though you personally observe the law with scrupulousness. (Not everyone, however, is so charitable or forgiving). The noun is condonation. Condone is built on Latin dono, to give, the root found in donor,which means a person who

gives, donates ; and donation is a gift.



١١٦

Review of Etymology

Prefix, root, suffix Meaning Provide an English word

١. bonus, bene good, well

٢. fides faith

٣. dico, dictus to say, tell

٤. pre- before,beforehand

٥. phone sound

٦. contra against, opposite

٧. ad- to, toward

٨. facio,factus,fec-,fic,fy to make or do

٩. -ory place where

١٠. manus hand

١١. volo to wish, to will to be willing



١١٧

١٢. plac- to please, appease

١٣. -ive adjective suffix

١٤. -ory adjective suffix

١٥. im- (in-) not, negative prefix

١٦. com- (con-) with, together

١٧. dono to give

Match the words each with its right definition :

١.being well disposed a. wishing good things (for another

٢. benedictory b. domineering ; giving orders in a manner permitting no refusal

٣. benevolent c. not to be soothed or pacified ; unyielding to pity or entreaty

٤. bona fide d. tending, or intended, to pacify, to soothe, or to change hostility to friendliness

٥. dictatorial e. kindly, good natured; not cancerous



١١٨

٦. placatory f. calm, unruffled, undisturbed

٧. implacable g. self-satisfied ;

٨. placid h. of the nature of, or relating to, blessings

٩. complacent i. in good faith ; sincere ;

Match the words each with its right definition

١. benevolence a. recipient of money, kindness

٢. benefaction b. free will

٣. beneficiary c. act of overlooking, or of forgiving, an offense or transgression

٤. infidelity d. faithfulness

٥. volition e. self-satisfaction ; smugness

٦. placation f. calmness

٧. fidelity g. act of pacifying, or of turning hostility or anger into friendly feelings

٨. condonation h. attitude of wishing good things for another



١١٩

٩. placidity i. faithlessness

١٠. complacency j. good deed ; act of charity or kindness

Answer either Yes or No :

١. Are benedictions given in houses of worship?

٢. Is it pleasant to be the recipient of a beneficent act?

٣. Are kind people benevolent?

٤. Do placatory gestures often heal wounds and soothe disgruntled friends?

٥. Are some unambitious people complacent?

٦. Does benignity show malice?

٧. Is benefaction an act of philanthropy?

٨. Is an implacable foe of corruption likely to condone corrupt acts?

٩. Is a bona fide offer made insincerely?

١٠. Does a benignant attitude indicate hostility?



١٢٠

Are the following opposite (O) or the same (S)? Tick either O or S.

١. benign hateful O S

٢. benignant kindly O S

٣. benediction malediction O S

٤. benefactor evildoer O S

٥. beneficiary giver O S

٦. benevolent well disposed O S

٧. bona fide valid O S

٨. unfaithfulness fidelity O S

٩. infidel true believer O S

١٠. dictatorial submissive O S

١١. placative unyielding O S

١٢- implacable unyielding O S



١٢١

١٣- placid calm O S

١٤- complacent discontented O S

١٥- condonation forgiveness O S

You are provided with the first letter of the word required, Can you recall the word?

١- tending to give orders D

٢- act of overlooking (an offense, etc.) C

٣- unyielding hostile; beyond soothing; relentless; pitiless I

٤- intended to soothe or pacify P

٥- one's desire, wishes, or unforced will V

٦- calmness P

٧- self-satisfaction; smugness C

٨- non-believer in the "true" religion I

٩- kindly; well disposed B



١٢٢

١٠- unfaithfulness I

١١- involving a blessing (adj.) B

١٢- doing something good or kind (adj.) B

١٣- faithfulness F

١٤- sincere, valid; in good faith B

١٥- one who does something good, kind, or charitable (for another)

B

١٦- a kind or charitable deed B

١٧- recipient of kindness, gift, etc. B

١٨- able to be soothed or pacified B

Circle the right letter:

١. to belittle :

a. titillate b. disparage c. adulate

٢. to be purposely confusing :



١٢٣

a. equivocate b. obviate c. proscribe

٣. to work to the disadvantage of :

a. malign b. militate c. placate

٤. to slander :

a. malign b. condone c. placate

٥. lack of equality :

a. parity b. disparity c. ambiguity

٦. phrase that may have two interpretations, one of them indicate off-

color :

a. equivocation b. ambiguity c. double entendre

٧. hateful :

a. malignant b. benignant c. malaise

٨. ill will :

a. malaise b. malevolence c. maleficence

٩. kindly :

a. benevolent b. placid c. complacent

١٠. inflexible hostile :



١٢٤

a. implacable b. placatory c. militant

١١. giving orders imperviously :

a. benedictory b. dictatorial c. adulatory

١٢. self-satisfaction:

a. complacency b. placation c. placidity

Study the following to recognize the meaning of the roots ?

ROOTS ENGLISH WORDS

١- par parity

٢- aequus (equ -) equivocal

٣- vox, vocis vocal

٤- nox, noctis nocturnal

٥- libra equilibrist

٦- latus, lateris equilateral

٧- equus equine

٨- pedis pedestrian

٩- paidos (ped-) pedagogue

١٠- fero vociferous



١٢٥

١١- magnus magnify

١٢- scribo, scriptus proscribe

١٣- manus manuscript

١٤- post postscript

١٥- via trivial

١٦- militis militate

١٧- malus malefactor

١٨- dico, dictus dictatorial

١٩- volo volition

٢٠- facio (fec-, fic-; fy) benefactor, fiction, simplify

٢١- bonus bona fide

٢٢- fides fidelity

٢٣- phone Dictaphone

٢٤- plac- placate

٢٥- dono donation



١٢٦

EXERCISES ON CHAPTER FIVE

V.١. Read the following statements and answer the questions below:

روى لنا قصة هروبه من السجن-١

ال أرى كيف يمكن الربط بين هاتين الفكرتين-٢

ه اليعرف كيف ينشىء عالقة منطقية بينه وبين والد-٣

ال يستطيع اإلنسجام مع أي نوع من الموسيقى-٤

إنه أحد أقربائى عن طريق النسب-٥

ال أرى ما يربط قوله بفعله-٦

The above underlined words can be given the English equivalent "relate" . Provide complete translation of the above statements using the word

"relate" as equivalent of the underlined words.



١٢٧

V.٢. Basic to your understanding of the first paragraph in this chapter, try

to come up with English sentences where the semantic properties of the word "titillate" are variably reflected in each one of your

statements.

V.٣. Discuss in English the differences in the semantic properties of the

underlined words in the following statements:

. her on her cookingflattered He -١

.of George flattering photograph s a' That-٢

.ourselves is that we can do without their helps flatter What-٣

.will get you nowhere Flattery -٤

.but she gave him a cold shoulder, hercomplimented He -٥

. for the concert ticketscomplimentary He got-٦

! to the chefcomplimentsmy : Pierr, That was an excellent dinner-٧

.him dadulatehe , To win favor-٨



١٢٨

:differ in meaning from" proscribe" How does the word -A. ٤.V

١- prescribe ٢- prescore ٣- prescind ٤- prosecute

B- Structure four sentences in English where the four listed words above are used respectively and their differences in meaning are

reflected.

Which ones of the following are synonymous to the word . ٥.V

?"adulation"

١- overpraise ٢- glorify ٣- laude ٤- exalted ٥- deceived ٦- lulled

٧- adulteration ٨- applause ٩- commendation ١٠- laudation ١١-

flattery

V.٦. In this chapter, you have come across a word that has the same

meaning of the underlined words in the following statements.

a- Recall the word

b- Translate the statements into English using the word you have recalled.

أستخدم جهدا عقليا ملحوظا لحل المسائل العسيرة-١

-٢ النشاط البشرى من إحدى ركائز رقي األمور



١٢٩

-٣ يحصل العامل على أجره لقاء جهد يقوم به

كانت فى حالة مخاض عندما قدم زوجها الى المنزل-٤

يجب المحافظة على حقوق الطبقة العاملة-٥

طلب منه والده أن ال يعالج األمر بتفصيل مفرط-٦

أثقل أو أرهق الحزن الشديد تفكيره-٧

V. ٧. Reflect in your translation of the following statements the difference

in meaning between the underlined words:

. his name on the bookinscribed She -١

.names' with the heroesinscribed The pages of history are-٢

?circle inscribedWhat is an . ٣

V.٨. Basic to your understanding of the word "obvious" in this chapter,

discuss the semantic properties as well as the difference in meaning between each of the following pair of words:



١٣٠

١- clear/visible

٢- apparent / transparent

٣- obvious/perceptible

٤- exposed/observable

٥- noticeable/conspicuous

٦- overt /glaring

٧- unmistakable /evident

٨- recognizable /discernible

٩- exoteric /discoverable

١٠- accessible /manifest

?"obviate"Are the following words related in meaning to the word . ٩. V

١- preclude ٢- forestall ٣- block ٤- hinder ٥- prevent ٦- restrain

Which one of the above words means: (يتفادى، يتحاشى، يتجنب)



١٣١

V. ١٠. From the words listed in question V.٩. choose words that fit in the

places of the missing word s below :

١- Cramming at the end of the semester should be -------------------

٢- A large steady income ------------------ fears of financial

insecurity.

٣- Leaving for work early will ------------------- worry about being

late.

, "militate"Now that you have understood the meaning of the word . ١١.V

try to translate the following statement into Arabic:

- The fact that he had been in prison militated against his chances of getting a job in a bank.

V. ١٢. Provide Arabic equivalents of each one of the following synonymous

words:

١- to malign ٢- to defame ٣- to slander ٤- to vilify ٥- calumniate ٦- asperse

٧- decry ٨- traduce ٩- libel ١٠- detract ١١- depreciate ١٢-

disparage

١٣- revile ١٤- dishonor ١٥- sully ١٦- tarnish ١٧- besmirch ١٨-

belittle



١٣٢

١٩- derogate ٢٠- sneer at

V١٣.. You have studied the word "malefactor" and have come to know that

it means: "a person who does harm or evil; a person who is an evildoer or wrongdoer." Now, check your mental dictionary for equivalents of the following Arabic listed words ; remember all the words are synonymous, in one way or another, to the word

"malefactor".

ينتهك حدود وحرمات اآلخرين-١

شخص مدان أو متهم بجرم ارتكبه-٢

خسيس، حقير-٣

وضيع-٤

نذل-٥

شخص شرير-٦

بائس، تعيس-٧

اليف السجون، مجرم-٨

شخص متهم بجريمة-٩



١٣٣

طريد العدالة-١٠

متهم بجنحة-١١

شخص لعوب، شيطاني، مؤذ-١٢

وغد السبيل الى اصالحه-١٣

المنبوذ-١٤

لئيم-١٥

وغد-١٦

شخص متوحش-١٧

سفاح، قاطع طريق، عضو في عصابة-١٨

V. ١٤. Recall some of the words you studied in this chapter to fit,

semantically, the places of missing words in the following statements:

١- He is a terrible dancer; he is too ----------- and keeps hitting other

people.

٢- You shouldn't wear such -------------- shoes for they are difficult

to walk on.



١٣٤

٣- The child was ---------------- with a knife and fork.

٤- Our visitors came at an -------------------- time.

V. ١٥. The words: "ill-disposed, spiteful, hateful, wicked" are synonymous

to the word "malicious". Study the following statement and fill in the missing words ...... provided your chosen words are from the

list above.

١- They faced a ----------- storm.

٢- They bought the house for a ------------------- price.

٣- She did her best to placate him but he didn't concede for he was

filled with anger - he was ---------------------------.

٤- Ironing shirts is a ------------------ job.

V. ١٦. In this chapter you come across words that can be useful in

translating the following statements into English - mainly the underlined words - Recall the words and provide complete

translations of the following:

تشويه سمعة الآلخرين أمر غير محبب -١

الضغينة والغل الوجود لها في حياة المسلم -٢

فعل الشر أو اإلثم أمر نهى عنه الدين -٣



١٣٥

إيذاء اآلخرين أمر مرفوض-٤

V. ١٧. The English word "injurious" can be explained in three Arabic lexicons: " مؤذ، ضار، مهني" construct three Arabic statements in which

the above Arabic lexicons are used respectively. Then translate your statements into English.

V. ١٨. The words: "overestimate, magnify, amplify exaggerate, intensify,

enlarge, overdo, hyperbolize, and misjudge" are synonymous.

a- what is their semantic denominator?

b- provide (from the above list) a word that fits the missing word.

That new machine is very useful, but he is ------------------------ when he calls it the greatest invention ever made!

V. ١٩. Sometimes a word general context helps in understanding the

meaning of a word you are not familiar with; but still a translator finds it difficult to provide its precise equivalent in Arabic! As an example, the primary meaning of the word "discomfort" is : "lack of comfort ; or something that makes one uncomfortable." But in translating the following statement, there has to be a need to come

up with an Arabic lexicon other than ( إنزعاج، قلق)

Look into your mental Arabic dictionary and provide precise lexicon in Arabic for the underlined word. Then write your complete

translation.



١٣٦

endured by the pilgrims made other prospective discomforts The pilgrims cautious.

V. ٢٠. The word aggressive, as you studied it in this chapter, can be used

with reference to adjectives such as:

١- energetic individual

٢- combative individual (or group)

a - list in column "A" synonyms to denote the meaning stated in "١" above and in "B" synonyms to denote the concept of "٢"

above.

b - Use the word "aggressive" in English sentences of your own once to mean (١) always ready to quarrel or attack; (٢) to mean not afraid of opposition; and (٣) to mean (with reference to

weapons) made for use in attack.

V. ٢١. The following words can be misleading.

a- explain in English what each one of them means:

١- adultory: ___________________________________________

٢- adultery: ___________________________________________



١٣٧

b- what is the difference in meaning between "adultery" and "fornication"?

c- one of the two words in "b" can be used to mean: (يغش، يزيف، ميذق)

first, guess which one of the them means so and then use it in an English sentence to denote either one of the three

Arabic lexicon.

١- _______________________

٢- _______________________

V. ٢٢. "infidel" is one of the words you studied in this chapter. The

following is a list of synonymous words in Arabic which are related in meaning to the word "infidel" - provide their English equivalents.

كافر غير مؤمن -١

مجادل في الدين-٢

ملحد ناكر وجود اهللا-٣

شخص يؤمن بأن الفضيلة هي الخير األوحد وأن جوهرها هو ضبط -٤ النفس

شخص نزاع إلى الشك في الدين-٥



١٣٨

مؤمن بالبديهيات أي شخص بديهي-٦

مؤمن بأن الدين هو علم القيم والجمال-٧

منافق متظاهر بالتقوى-٨

كهنوتي-٩

الهوتي-١٠

مؤمن باهللا لكن دون األعتقاد بديانات منزلة أي أن إيمانه مبني على -١١ العقل العلى الوحي

V. ٢٣. In contrast to words listed in question (٢٢) above, the following

words have the common meaning that certain people are whole-souled and righteous in nature. Can you provide their equivalents in

Arabic?

١- devout ٢- pious ٣ - puritanical ٤- pietist ٥- Godly ٦- reverend

٧- mosque-going ٨- holy ٩- spiritual ١٠- divine ١١- sacrosanct ١٢- theistic

١٣- hermit ١٤- ascetic ١٥- austere ١٦- fanatic ١٧- fundamentalist ١٨- radical

١٩- devotee ٢٠- bigot



١٣٩

V. ٢٤. In your translation of the following statements, you have to recall a word from chapter "٥" that denotes the same meaning of the

underlined words below.

قبلت الزواج منه بمحض إرادتها -١

اليمكن أن تجد مبررا لنفسها ألنها إختيارا إراديا -٢

V. ٢٥. The word " placate " has been used in this chapter to mean:"to

please; to appease; to soothe; and to pacify". How does it differ in meaning from "palliate" and alleviate? Provide examples of your own

structure.

V. ٢٦. Explain in English:

(a) if there is any relationship in meaning between "treaty" and "entreaty"?

"en" can be used as both prefix and suffix. If used as a prefix it means:

يضع على أو في-١

يجعله كذا -٢

يزود بـ -٣



١٤٠

(b) Can you come up with English words where each one means either ٢ ,١, or ٣. above?

If "en" is used as a suffix then it means:

مصنوع من -١

يجعله كذا -٢

يصبح كذا -٣

(c) again , provide examples.

V. ٢٧. In this chapter you studied a word that is,relatively speaking,

synonymous to the following lexicons - study them and recall the word then provide their equivalents in Arabic.

- inexorable - unyielding - remorseless - vindictive - ruthless - cruel

- pitiless - unpitying - tigerish - ferine - feral - ferocious - stony-hearted

- obdurate - cold-blooded - revengeful - vengeful - rancorous - unforgiving

- malevolent - hardhearted - unforbearing - vicious - sadistic - unsympathetic



١٤١

- spiteful - wicked - demoniac - rampant - swinish - evil-minded - bestial

- ravening - fiendish - truculent - virulent - pernicious - mischievous

V. ٢٨. In what sense is the word "placid" used in the following examples,

can you think of English words to denote its intended meaning? Translate the statements into Arabic.

١. If you are placid, you are pleased with things as they are.

٢- The surface of the water of the lake was placid.

٣- If you are placid then you are pleased with yourself.

٤- That animal is placid in nature.

V. ٢٩. The following words are randomly listed to be used each in its right

space below. Study both the words and the statements below and accordingly fill in the spaces.

denounce, reprove, condemn, reprimand admonish, rebuff, carping, rebuke, chastise, reproach, ostracize, moralize, castigate, remonstrate,

decry, declaim, scold, censure, disparaging, aspersion.

١- He called for a vote of __________________ on the official.



١٤٢

٢- The father didn't like his son's staying out late, he

_____________him.

٣- He didn't only criticize him in private but insisted on scolding him

officially and severely, he ________________ him.

٤- She ____________________ all my efforts of friendship, she

uttered rough and cruel answer.

٥-The school-headmaster ____________________ the student for

his disobedience.

٦. He wanted to blame his friend not angrily but sadly : he

__________ him for being lazy.

٧. Speaking in an angry and complaining manner, the father said : "I

hate to __________ you but you shouldn't smoke cigarettes in your bedroom.

٨. They, as a group of people, refused to have social dealings with

him, therefore he was ____________.

٩. In order to correct and punish him severely, they _____________

him.

١٠. He found his neighbor's opinion in contradiction with his own

ideas; that's why he decided to speak ill of him and say bad things about him ; He ____________ him.



١٤٣

١١. Because he said things loudly and clearly with pauses and hand

movements simply to increase the effect of his speech, people there were convinced he was ________.

١٢. They ____________ him to the police as a criminal . In other

words they wrote and spoke badly against him.

١٣. Most people are willing to express their disapproval of violence

- they _______ it.

١٤. The manager of the company __________ one of his

employees about his obligations.

١٥. Thinking of complaining and expressing a disapproval, he

__________ with him about his behavior.

١٦. The government designed plans and exerted efforts to

____________ business.

١٧. He made _____________ remarks that made everybody

believe that he intended to make the issues sound of little value or importance.

١٨. He ___________ his ex-wife and the judge told him that he

shouldn't have beated, punished and blamed her severely.

١٩. Please stop _____________ about the way I dress - you have

been finding faults and complaining continuously and unnecessarily about the way I dress !



١٤٤

٢٠. Driven by humorous and unharmful remarks, the newspaper cast

__________ on his disability to write good plays.

V. ٣٠. In this chapter you come across a word that means : grumpy,

discontented, displeased, disappointed, irritated, sad .....Can you recall the word?



١٤٥

Chapter Six

Persons and personalities

What kinds of people might you find yourself in conversation with? Here are some ideas:

١. Taciturn: People who neither like to talk nor to listen. They act as if

conversation is a bore, even a painful waste of time.

٢. Laconic: Using few words. Economical in the use of words almost to

the point of curtness.

٣. Inarticulate: people who undoubtedly have a lot that they want to say,

but the best they can do is spatter.

٤. Garrulous: habitually talking too much about unimportant things. The

adverb is "garrulously" , and the noun is "garrulity and garrulousness".

٥. Banal: some people are completely lacking in originality and

imagination and their talk shows it. Every thing they say is trite, hackneyed, common place, humorless, their speech patterns are full

of clichés and their phraseology is without sparkle.

٦. Verbose: they talk and talk and talk, it is not so much quantity you

object to as the repetitiousness, they use far more words than necessary.

٧. Voluble: they are rapid, fluent talkers, the words seeming to roll off

their tongues with such ease and lack of effort and sometimes with copiousness.



١٤٦

٨. Cogent: they express their ideas persuasively, forcefully, brilliantly, and

in a way that calls for wholehearted assent and argument from an intelligent listener. The noun is "cogency".

٩. Vociferous: their talk is loud, noisy, clamorous, vehement. What may

be lacking in content is compensated for in force and loudness. The verb is "vociforate".

١٠. Loquacious: they may be voluble, vociferous, garrulous, verbose, but

never inaritculate, taciturn, or laconic. It is quantity and continuity that are most conspicuous. The noun is (loquacity or loquaciousness).

Origins and Related Words

Taciturn is from a Latin word" taceo" which means "to be silent" and it is one of those words whose full meaning cannot be expressed by any other combination of syllables. It has many synonyms, among them silent, uncommunicative, reticent, reserved, secretive, close-lipped, and close-mouthed, but no other word indicates the permanent, habitual, and temperamental disinclination to talk implied by "taciturn". Tacit derives also from taceo - example "a tacit agreement" (nothing of the agreement is ever actually said). Anything tacit, then, is unspoken, unsaid, not verbalized. The noun is "tacitness". Changing "a" of the root taceo to "i", and adding the prefix re-, again and the adjective suffix -ent, we can construct the English word reticent which means a person who prefers to keep silent, whether out of shyness, embarrassment, or fear of revealing

what should not be revealed.



١٤٧

Loquacious people love to talk. This adjective is not necessarily a put-down, but the implication, when you so characterize such people, is that you wish they would pause for breath once in a while so that you can get your licks in. The noun is loquacity, or,of course, loquaciousness. The word derives from Latin loquor, to speak, a root found also in : soliloquy- a speech to oneself (loquor plus solus, alone), or, etymologically, a speech

when alone. Soliloquist stands for a person and the verb is "soliloquize".

The ventriloquist appears to talk from the belly (venter, ventris plus loquor) rather than through the lips (or such was the strange perception of

the person who first was the word).

Venter, ventris,which means belly, is the root on which ventral and ventricle are built. The ventral side of an animal, for example, is the front or anterior side-the belly side. A ventricle is a hallow organ or cavity, or, logically enough, belly, as one of the two chambers of the heart, or one of the four chambers of the brain, the ventricles of the heart are the lower chambers, and receive blood from the auricles, or upper chambers, the auricle, so named because it is somewhat ear-shaped (Latin, auris, ear), receives blood from the veins; the auricles send the blood into the ventricles, which in turn pump the blood into the arteries. The adjective form of ventricle is ventricular which may refer to a ventricle, or may mean having a belly-like bulge. Can you figure out the adjective of auricle? ______________. How about the adjective of vehicle?

_________________. Of circle? _______________________.

Nouns ending in -cle are from adjectives ending in -cular. Examples :

١- clavicle clavicular



١٤٨

٢- cuticle cuticular

٣- vesicle vesicular

٤- testicle testicular.

The Latin word of uncle (actually, uncle on the mother's side) is avunculus, from which we get avuncular referring to an uncle. Traditionally or stereotypically uncles are generally kindly, permissive, indulgent, protective, and often give helpful advice. So anyone who exhibits one or more of such traits to another (usually younger) person is

avuncular or acts in an avuncular capacity.

If there is a front or belly side, anatomically, there must be a reverse - a back side. This is the dorsal side, from Latin dorsum, the root on which the verb endorse is built. If you endorse a check, you sign it on the back side; if you endorse a plan, an idea, etc., you back it, you express your

approval or support. The noun is endorsement.

Vociferous derives from Latin" vox, vocis, voice", plus" fero", to carry. A vociferous rejoinder carries a lot of voice - i.e. it is vehement, loud, noisy, too clamorous, shouting. The noun is vociferousness; the verb is to vociferate. Can you form the noun derived from the verb?

__________________________.

The root fero is found also in somniferous, carrying, bearing, or bringing sleep. So a somniferous lecture is dull and boring that it is sleep inducing. Fero is combined with somnus = sleep, in somniferous. What

part of speech does the suffix "-ous" indicate ? ___________________



١٤٩

Tack on the negative prefix in- to somnus to construct insomnia, the abnormal inability to fall asleep when sleep is required or desired. The unfortunate victim to this disability is an insomniac, the adjective is insomnious. So -ous, in case you could not answer the question in the

preceding paragraph, is an adjective suffix.

Add a different adjective suffix to somnus to derive somnolent = sleepy, drowsy. Can you construct the noun form of somnolent? ____________________ or ____________________ . Combine somnus with ambulo to walk, and you have somnambulism, walking in one's sleep. Write the term for the person who is a sleepwalker

_________________________________________________.

An ambulatory patient, as in a hospital or convalescent home, is finally well enough to get out of bed and walk around. A perambulator, a word used more in England than in the US., and often shortened to pram, is a baby carriage, a vehicle for walking an infant through the streets (per- through). To perambulate is, etymologically, "to walk through"; hence, to stroll around. Can you write the noun form of this verb?

_______________________.

To amble is to walk aimlessly; an ambulance is so called because originally it was composed of two stretcher-bearers who walked off the battle field with a wounded soldier; and a preamble is, by etymology, something that "walks before" (pre-, before, before hand), hence an introduction or introductory statement, as the preamble to the US. constitution ("We the people ......."), a preamble to the speech, etc.; or any event that is introductory or preliminary to another, as in "An increase in inflationary factors in the economy is often a preamble to a drop in the

stock market."



١٥٠

Somnus is one Latin word for sleep; sopor is another. A soporific lecture, speaker, style of delivery, etc. will put the audience to sleep (fic-

from facio, to make), and a soporific is a sleeping pill.

You know that" -ness "can be added to any adjective to construct the noun form. Write the noun derived from inarticulate? _________________________. Inarticulate is a combination of the negative prefix in- and Latin articulus, a joint. The inarticulate person has trouble joining words together coherently. If you are quite articulate, on the other hand, you join your words together easily, you are verbal, vocal, possibly even voluble. The verb to articulate is to join (words), i.e., to

express your vocal sounds - as in "please articulate more clearly.".

Another, and very common, noun suffix attached to adjectives is, as you have discovered, -ity. So the noun form of banal is either banalness, or more commonly, banality. Bear in mind, then, that -ness and -ity are common noun suffixes attached to adjectives, and -ion (or -ation) is a noun suffix frequently affixed to verbs e.g to articulate/articulation, to

vocalize/vocalization; to perambulate/perambulation.

Now match the words each with its right expression :

١- laconicity a- floweriness, pompousness, or elegance in speech.

٢- eloquent b- incessant chatter with little meaning.

٣- magniloquence c- big wheel; important or influential person.

٤- verbosity d- great artistic work; masterpiece.



١٥١

٥- volubility e- a gradual unfolding or development.

٦- garrulity f-"a rolling round"; radical change; political upheaval.

٧- magnum opus g- great economy in speech.

٨- magnate h- fluency, ease, and / or rapidity of speech.

٩- revolution i- great, artistic, or emotional expressiveness.

١٠- evolution j- wordiness.

١١- cogency k - persuasiveness through logic; keen minded in reasoning.

Again match the words each with its right expression.

١- laconisim a- a word for word

٢- verbiage b- to put into words

٣- verbalize c- causing, or resulting from, radical change, new and totally different

٤- verbal d- resulting or developing gradually from (something).

٥- verbatim e- expressive; emotionally moving



١٥٢

٦-revolutionary f- conomy of expression; pitiness or eword or phrase with either meaning

٧- evolutionary g- big-hearted, generous, forgiving

٨- grandiloquent h- referring or pertaining to, or involving words; oral, rather thanwritten

٩- eloquent i- using flossy, flowery, elegant, or impressive phraseology

١٠- magnanimous j- wordiness, style or manner of using words; type of words

Further practice: Do you understand the underlined words ? Circle either yes (Y) or no (N).

١- Is laconicism characteristics of a verbose speaker? Y N

٢- Does a magniloquent speaker use short, simple words? Y N

٣- Does a frog evolve from tadpole? Y N

٤- Is an eloquent speaker interesting to listen to? Y N

٥- Do verbose people use a lot of verbiage? Y N

٦- Is volubility characteristic of an inarticulate person? Y N

٧- Does verbosity show a careful and economical use of words? Y N



١٥٣

٨- Is a verbal person usually inarticulate? Y N

٩- Is a magnum opus one of the lesser works of a writer, artistic, or composer Y N

١٠- Is a magnanimous person selfish and petty-minded? Y N

Can you recall the words ? Mind the provided first letter of each word required.

١- gradually unfolding, or developing (adj.) E ___________

٢- causing, or resulting from, radical change (adj.) R ___________

٣- quality of conciseness and economy in the use of words L______________

٤- expressiveness in the use of words E______________

٥- turn round and round R______________

٦- important person, as in the commercial world M_____________

٧- unselfish; generous; noble in motive; big-hearted; forgiving M_____________

٨- using words easily; vocal; articulate; referring to, or nvolvingwords; oral, rather than written

V______________



١٥٤

٩- style of word usage; type of words; overabundance of words V______________

١٠- wordiness; quality of using excess words V______________

١١- elegance in word usage M_____________

١٢- quality of chattering on and on about trivia, or with little meaning

G______________

١٣- fluency and ease in speech V______________

١٤- word for word V______________

١٥- masterpiece; great artistic work M_____________

١٦- persuasiveness and forcefulness in speech or writing hrough closely reasoned logic

C______________

Provide the English words :

Prefix, root, suffix meaning English word

١- venter,ventris belly

٢- loquor to speak



١٥٥

٣- auris ear

٤- avunculus uncle

٥- dorsum back

٦- vox,vocis voice

٧- fero to carry, bear

٨- somnus sleep

٩- ous adjective suffix

١٠- in- negative suffix

١١- ambulo to walk

١٢- ory adjective suffix

١٣- pre- through

١٤- pre before, beforehand

١٥- sopor sleep



١٥٦

١٦- fic -( facio) to make or do

١٧- ness noun suffix

١٨- -ity noun suffix

١٩- ion(-ation) noun suffix

٢٠- -ent adjective suffix

٢١- -ence,-ency noun suffix

Give the meaning(s) of the phrase(s) below in one word :

a- unable to sleep-------------------

b- pertaining to sleep walking-------------

c- drowsy------------------

d- able to walk after being bedridden--------------

e- verbal, vocal-----------

g- pertaining to one of the chambers of the heart --------------

h- referring to the front or belly side -------------------



١٥٧

i- sleep-inducing ---------------

j- referring to the backside ---------------

Can you work with the words ? Match the numbers each with its right letter.

١- ventricle, auricle a- inability to fall asleep.

٢- endorsement b- sleepwalking.

٣- vociferousness c- introduction; preliminary or introductory occurrence.

٤- insomnia d- incoherence; sputtering; inability to get words out.

٥- somnolence e- chamber of the heart.

٦- somnambulism f- sleeping pill.

٧- perambulator g- support, approval.

٨- preamble h- lack of originality ; lack of imagination.

٩- soporific i- drowsiness.

١٠- inarticulateness j- baby buggy; stroller.



١٥٨

١١- banality k- loudness; clamorousness.

Continue the same procedure

١- endorse a- one who cannot fall asleep

٢- vociferate b- sleep walker

٣- insomniac c- walk aimlessly

٤- somnolency d- stroll through; walk around

٥- somnambulist e- to sign on the back; support; approve of

٦- perambulate f- drowsiness

٧- amble g- say loudly and with great vehemence

٨- soporific h- causing sleep

٩- nsomnious i- wakeful; unable to fall sleep

Circle either Yes or No :

١- Does an insomniac often need a soporific ? Y N



١٥٩

٢- Does a somnambulist always stay in bed when a sleep? Y N

٣- Are ambulatory patients bedridden ? Y N

٤- Does a preamble come after another event ? Y N

٥- Are articulate people verbal ? Y N

٦- Does banality show creativeness ? Y N

٧- Does an avuncular attitude indicate affection and protectiveness ? Y N

٨- Is vociferation habitual with quick, shy people ? Y N

٩- Is a somnolent person wide awake ? Y N

١٠- Is a somniferous speaker stimulating and exciting? Y N

Recall the words :

١- lack of imagination or originality in speech, actions,or style of lifehackneyed or trite phraseology

B

٢- sleep-inducing S

٣- unable to fall asleep (adj.) I



١٦٠

٤- verbal, vocal, speaking fluently A

٥- acting like an uncle A

٦- referring to the front; anterior V

٧- referring to the back; posterior D

٨- approve of; support; sign; sign on the back of E

٩- shout vehemently V

١٠- one who cannot fall asleep I

١١- drowsy; sleepy S

١٢- sleepwalker S

١٣- now able to walk; though previously bedridden A

١٤- walk aimlessly A

١٥- introduction; introductory P

١٦- incoherence I



١٦١

Chapter Review :

Underline the word that reflects the precise meaning of the following expressions :

١- Disinclined to conversation

a- loquacious b- laconic c- taciturn

٢- Trite :

a- inarticulate b- banal c- verbose

٣- Rapid and fluent :

a- voluble b- verbose c- garrulous

٤- Forceful and compelling :

a- vociferous b- cogent c- laconic



١٦٢

٥- Unspoken :

a- verbatim b- eloquent c- tacit

٦- Using elegant and impressive words :

a- verbose b- grandiloquent c- colloquial

٧- Back :

a- dorsal b- ventral c- somniferous

٨- Sleep-inducing :

a- soporific b- somnolent c- ventral

٩- Inability to fall asleep :

a- somnambulism b- ambulatory c- insomnia

١٠- Talkativeness :

a- reticence (cy) b- ventriloquism c- loquacity

١١- Expressing indirectly or in a round about way :

a- circumlocutory b- colloquial c- laconic



١٦٣

١٢- Elegance in expressive :

a- magniloquence b- grandiloquence c- verbiage

١٣- Wordiness :

a- laconism b- cogency d- verbosity

١٤- Big-hearted, generous, unselfish :

a- grandiloquent b- magnanimous c- garrulous

١٥- Causing radical changes :

a- evolutionary b- revolutionary c- ventricular

١٦- To shout vehemently :

a- endorse b- perambulate c- vociferate

١٧- Like an uncle :

a- ventricular b- auricular c- avuncular

١٨- Drowsy :

a- somniferous b- somnolent c- soporific

١٩- Sleepwalking :

a- insomnia b- somnolency c- somnambulism

٢٠- Introduction :



١٦٤

a- preamble b- perambulator c- evolution

Give the meanings of the following roots :

the root meaning

١- taceo -------------------------------------------

٢- loquor -------------------------------------------

٣- solus -------------------------------------------

٤venter,ventris --------------------------------------------

٥- magnus --------------------------------------------

٦- grandis --------------------------------------------

٧- verbum --------------------------------------------

٨- volvo, volutus --------------------------------------------

٩- garrio --------------------------------------------



١٦٥

١٠- animus --------------------------------------------

١١- opus --------------------------------------------

١٢- opero --------------------------------------------

١٣- auris --------------------------------------------

١٤- avunculus --------------------------------------------

١٥- dorsum --------------------------------------------

١٦- vox, vocis --------------------------------------------

١٧- fero --------------------------------------------

١٨- ambulo --------------------------------------------

In what English words can you find the above roots ?



١٦٦

EXERCISES ON CHAPTER SIX

Unless you have read and pondered the meaning of every single word in this chapter you might find it difficult to answer the questions below. Here is an example to test your acquired comprehension. The word "sputter" is used in the first paragraph of page one. Consider its semantic

properties and answer the following question.

VI.١.

(a) translate this sentence into Arabioc. In your translation mind the semantic properties of the underlined words.

- the car's engine sputtered for a moment and then died.

(b) Which of the following words are synonymous to the word "sputter"?

- stumble - impress

- hesitate - imprint

- pause - conk out



١٦٧

- stutter - break down

- hem and haw

(c) Provide Arabic equivalents of words listed in "b" above.

VI.٢. The underlined words in the following statements are synonymous

but still have to be translated by carefully chosen Arabic equivalents . So, translate them and make the subtle differences in

meaning between them as clear as possible :

١- His speech was characterized as hackneyed.

٢- His ideas are too often used; they are meaningless and

ineffective- they are trite.

٣- His remark was uninteresting because it was very common ..... it

was banal.

VI. ٣. The word cogent is an adjective usually used to mean "able to prove

or to produce belief; something forceful in argument" . e.g. a cogent argument. There are other English words that can be used to render similar semantic effect. Provide English equivalent to the words in

the following list :

شديد الذكاء، مناسب، في محله، يفرض،، مغري، مفتن، مغو،، متملق، مؤثر، ذو سلطة، يفرض عنوة، دافع، حاث، محرك، ذو حجة مقنهة، سري، قوي

وفعال، يغوي بالتملق



١٦٨

VI. ٤. Along the semantic properties implied in the word "taciturn", there

are cases where some facial expressions indicate an angry threatening expressions. These expression are listed below in Arabic

متجهم، عابس، مكشر، يحدق بإنشداه، يحملف، يحملق بغضب، يصعر خده أي يميل فمه تعبيرا عن اإلستياء أو اإلشمئزاز، يبوز، ينتئ شفتيه إستياءا، عاقد

الحاجبين، يعبس ويرفض الكلم، ينتح، يكتئب، صارم وعابس

(a) provide their equivalents in English :

(b-)Translate the following statements into English, making use of the equivalents you provided for "a" above.

ى وجهه عالمات التجهم أبدى عل-١ لكونه معتد برأيه

عبس المدرس غاضبا بسبب الضجيج في الصف-٢

نظر إلى ورقة اإلمتحان بعبوس وعدم رضى-٣

قطب حاجبيه بألم عندما نظر الى الجثة-٤



١٦٩

بدال من ان يجيب، حدق مشدوها-٥

لوى شفتيه معبرا عن إستياء وإشمئزاز-٦

امتعض عندما رفض والده أن يشتري له سيارة جديدة-٧

قطب حاجبيه وجمع قبضته إستعدادا للكم الرجل-٨

مع ان السبب كان بسيطا، إال انه عبس ورفض الكالم-٩

إعتلت الكآبة وجوههم بسبب الهزيمة-١٠

دل وجهه على مالمح صارمة شديدة-١١

بدت مالمح الغضب على وجهها عندما علمت بأنها فقدت عملها-١٢

VI. ٥. a- The verb "soliloquize" means a speech made to oneself

alone especially in a play. Can you come up with other verbs in English that convey similar meaning ?

b- There are verbs in English that can be used to translate each one of the following statements. Recall them, but remember each

statement can be translated by a single verb in English.



١٧٠

يتحدث بصخب أو بطريقة مسرحية بمعنى أنه يتحدث بلغة منمقة -١ عاطفية فارغة

يعظ أو يسترسل في إعطاء المواعظ-٢

يلقي خطبة رنانة أو طنانة-٣

يتفاصح في الحديث أو الخصابة-٤

الناس بطريقة تعوزها الحجة السليمة يخطب في -٥

يطنب أو يسهب في الحديث-٦

يلقي خطبة أو ببساطة يخطب-٧

يستطرد في الحديث اي ينحرف عن الموضوع الرئيسي-٨

VI.٦. The word "vein", as you read it in this chapter, is used to mean a tube

that carries blood from any part of the body to the heart. But in the following sentences the word "vein" is used to convey a meaning

that is completely different from the above definition !

a- Translate the following statements into Arabic and mind the meaning of the underlined words :

١- He spoke in a serious vein.



١٧١

٢- He uttered a number of jokes all in the same vein.

٣- There is a vein of truth in all her stories.

٤- There is a vein of melancholy in his character.

٥- He writes humorous songs when he is in the right vein

٦- The veined marble he used in building his new house made it look attractive.

b- Explain in English the differences in meanings between the following words

- vine - vain y - venial - vine dresser - vinegar eel - vain glory

VI .٧. In talking about "venation", do you know the names of veins and

similar organs in your body? Here is a list of them in Arabic - provide their English equivalents.

شريان

وريد

الشريان األورطي أو الوتين

الوريد الودياجي



١٧٢

الوريد الرئوي

شريان أو وريد تحت الترقوه

الوريد البابي وريد يحمل الدم من اعضاء الجسم والطحال الى الكبد

وريد حرقفي

شريان كبدي

شريان كلوي متعلق بالكليتين

الوعاء الدموي

األوعية الدموية الشعرية

الجريب أو الكيس أي تجويف دموي

عصب أو وتر

VI . ٨. With reference to the word "uncle" you read in this chapter, the

following is a list of Arabic words that an Arab uses with reference to his/her immediate relatives. Provide their equivalents in English.

ام الجد



١٧٣

ابو الجدة

الجدة

الجد

الوالدان

عمة أو خالة األب أو األم

عم أو خال األب أو األم

العم أو العمة او األب ، أخت األب

الخال اخ األم

الخالة أخت األم

ابن العم

بنت العم

بنت العمة



١٧٤

ابن العمة

ابن الخال

بنت الخال

ابن األخت

ابن األخ

بنت األخت

بنت األخ

األجداد

الذرية أو النسل

الزوج أو الزوجة

أقرباء الزوجة

زوج العمة



١٧٥

زوجة العم

النسيب

النسيبة

والدة الزوجة أو الزوج

أو الزوجةوالد الزوج

أخ الزوج أو الزوجة

أخت الزوج أو الزوجة

VI. ٩. When we say the "dorsal side" we mean the reverse side or the back

and ; a cheque you sign it on the back sideendorseWhen you . sidewhen you endorse a plan or an idea, you back it with an expressed approval or support. There are words in English we use exclusively

with reference to the rear part

a- try to recall as many of them as possible.

b- there are words exclusively used with reference to the rear of the torso, recall them.



١٧٦

c- The words listed bellow are words used with reference to one who plays behind the line in football games. Provide their

Arabic equivalents .

- line backer- full back - quarter back - tail back - flanker back - kicker - passer - pass receive - wing back - running back - slot back - blocking back -corner back -

safety man -free safety -ball carrier

d- finally there are words that we use in reference to things done behind one's back. Some of these words are listed in English (provide their meanings in Arabic) other are listed in Arabic (provide their equivalents in English) , provided that none of the listed words in English should be used as equivalents of

words in the Arabic list.

List "A" Arabic equivalent

١- slyly

٢- with bated breath

٣- under the breath

٤- under the cloak

٥- slick



١٧٧

٦ - shad

٧- astute

٨- evasive

٩- furtively

١٠- stealthily

١١- meanly

١٢- with downcast eyes

١٣- on the quiet

١٤- guileful

١٥- intriguing

١٦- unscrupulously

١٧- conniving

١٨- elusive



١٧٨

١٩- delusive

٢٠ - bluffing

٢١- traitorous

٢٢- double-crossing

٢٣- in the dark

List B English equivalent

بطريقة مستترة

بتكتم

بصمت بقليل من الكالم

فيما بيننا اي على أال يخرج السر الى طرف ثالث

بالسر على انفراد



١٧٩

بتحفظ

بشكل يفضي الى تدبير مكيدة

بمكر بدهاء

بمكر على نمط مكر ثعلب

يتكتك سرا

بشكل يفضي الى تدبير مكيدة

مراد به االرباك (على شكل يفضي للمماحكة )أو االيقاع في الشرك

يدبر مكيدة

بشكل مضلل أو خادع للبصر

خداع أو مخادع

لسان معسول ، ملق



١٨٠

أو خائنعلى نحو غادر

على نحو حذر أو محترس اليقاع الضرر باالخرين

e- Choose five words from each list above and use them in English sentences of your own. (to be translated in the classroom).

VI .١٠. In this chapter, you have studied the word "vociferous"that means

"noisy in the expression of one's feelings", e.g., vociferous demands for higher wages. You are provided with a list of synonymous words to "vociferous". In your translation of the Arabic statements below ,the underlined words should be given equivalents chosen from the

given list. Study the words and then translate the statements:

a - List of synonyms

- blatant - loud - shrill - ear-piercing- fulminate

- resound resonant - thundering - roaring - strident - uproarious

- stentorian - turbulent - blustering - cacophonous - screech

b- Statements to be translated into English :

جاب شوارع المدينة الكثيرة الضجيج



١٨١

يحب ارتداء المالبس ذات االلوان الصاخبة

فتح دكانا لبيع المجوهرات المبهرجة

اسرف في امتداح رئيسه في العمل

جرح يده فصرخ بشكل حاد وقوي

لآلذانكان غناءه مصم

توعد بشكل عنيف في انزال أقصى العقوبات باللص

انتشر بشكل (عانت وزارة الصحة من الوباء الذي تفشى بشكل عنيف )مفاجئ

احدث االنفجار صوتا مدويا

حقق نجاحا باهرا

كانت جدران القصر مرجعة لالداء

كان الطقس راعدا

حققت الحكومة ارباحا هائلة



١٨٢

) عال(استقبل الجمهور الملك بتصفيق هادر

استهلت المطربة االغنية بصوت حاد عالي النغمة

القى خطبته بصوت جهوري

ساد القاعة جو عنيف هائج

زمجر وتوعد بانهاء االنتخابات

عندما سمع األغنية ادرك ان الموسيقى متناثرة النغمات

صرخ الطفل ذرعا عندما شاهد الوحش

VI. ١١. Along the semantic properties of the word "somnolence" there are

cases where a person find himself inactive or rather languid. These cases are described in Arabic words listed below - provide their

equivalents in English.

فاتر الهمة بفعل الكسل

متراخ

كسول



١٨٣

مترنح من شدة الكسل وقلة الحركة

متلكئ او متقاعس

)يضيع الوقت في التواني(متبطل

متباطئ بقصد تهويق االنجاز

)مستلق على ظهره بفعل الكسل(ملقح

منهك

متنمل االطراف

ذابل وساكن بفعل الكسل

ازق

نعاس

يكبى من النعاس

مخدر من شدة النعاس



١٨٤

بليد راكد من شدة الكسل

أنه مخدراالقوة لديه على الحراك ك

مخدر من شدة التعب

كأنه ميت معظم الوقت تعوزه الحيوية

VI. ١٢. The verb "amble" in this chapter, might have intellectually enticed

you to think of ways and manners people do when they walk? And to make it easier on you, you are provided with a list of words in Arabic indicative to the above action (s); provide their equivalents in English.

يخطوه -١

يقيس بالخطى -٢

يمشي بخطوة موزونة -٣

يسير تقدما ، من المسيرة -٤

يطأ أو يدوس -٥

يحرك القدمين في السباحة الى اعلى او ادنى -٦



١٨٥

يسير متمهال -٧

يرهو الفرس -٨

يتنزه سيرا على القدمين -٩

السير المتئد ، يمشي الهوينى -١٠

يهيم ، يطوف -١١

يتنقل -١٢

يضرب في االرض دون ما غاية -١٣

يطوف الشوارع دون غاية -١٤

يمشي مجهدا -١٥

يتسول ، يطوف متسوال -١٦

يشق طريقة ببطء ومشقة -١٧

يقوم برحلة أو جولة قصيرة -١٨



١٨٦

يجول المكان -١٩

يجول البحار -٢٠

يجتار أو يقطع الحدود رسميا مشيا على االقدام -٢١

يفتش الحدود رسميا مشيا على االقدام -٢٢

يمشي حيران أو يهيم على وجهه -٢٣

يخفر أو يعس -٢٤

يسير الجلد -٢٥

عدو متئد ، يعدو الفرس دون اسراع -٢٦

يمشي بخطى قصيرة قلقة -٢٧

VI . ١٣. This exercise is relevant to "١٢" above : Translate the given

statements into Arabic, and mind the meaning(s) of the underlined word(s) :

١- She stepped on a loose stone and twisted her ankle.

٢- Mother stepped in and stopped them from fighting.



١٨٧

٣- The people outside the theater paced up and down, trying to keep

warm.

٤- The lion paced the floor of its cage.

٥- She knew how fast she was running, because her trainer

waspacing her on a bicycle.

٦- The police marched him off to prison.

٧- Every day he trod the same path to school.

٨- They crush the juice out of the fruit by treading it.

٩- To stay afloat he treaded water.

١٠. He strolled the streets of the town.

١١- Let's take a saunter down to the lake.

١٢- The lost child was wandering (around) the streets.

١٣- Don't wander off the point.

١٤- They rambled through the woods.

١٥- He cruised for he was moving at a fairly high but steady speed.



١٨٨

١٦- He trudged through deep snow.

١٧- They tramped through the woods all day.

١٨- He made a long trek through the mountains.

١٩- He didn't know what to do; he started roaming from place to

place.

٢٠- He roved the seas in search of adventure.

٢١- They filed slowly past the grave of their leader.

٢٢- The carriage jogged on the rough road.

٢٣- He is a toddler for he has just learned to walk.

VI. ١٤. You have come across the derogatory adjective "banal" that shows

disinterest due to being hackneyed. There are synonymous words that are classified to be used either with reference to "food", "plant" or to

things that are no longer fresh or pure.

a- Provide the English equivalent for each one of the following statements :

statements equivalents

كريه الرائحة -١



١٨٩

عفن ، متسخ-٢

برازي ، غائطي -٣

وسخ ، عكر ، موحل -٤

متقيح صديدي -٥

بثري ، مكسو بالبثور -٦

كريه الرائحة على نحو مثير لالشمئزاز -٧

نتن -٨

سيء المذاق -٩

ضار بالصحة -١٠

فاسد ، باطل -١١

سام ،النه اصبح مرتعا للجراثيم -١٢

نجس غير طاهر -١٣



١٩٠

ملطخ ، موسخ -١٤

ملئ بالشوائب -١٥

مفضى الى مرض ، ممرض -١٦

اخذ في التعفن ، تعفن -١٧

شخصية تافهه -١٨

قصة تافهة -١٩

مالحظة بالية او مبتذلة -٢٠

مطروحة سابقاافكار قديمة -٢١

انسان تافه اللذة في حديثه -٢٢

اسلوب عادي غير ممتع -٢٣

b- Make use of the list of statements above and translate into Arabic the following statements - mind the meaning of the

underlined words.

١- The butter we bought was rancid.



١٩١

٢- What he had was small pieces of stale bread that he offered for

birds.

٣- He was thirsty but the water was fetid.

٤- There were noxious chemicals in the river-water.

٥- The hot weather tainted the meat.

٦- The animals defiled the water.

٧- Her beautiful face was blemished by a big red spot on her nose.

VI. ١٥. In this chapter you studied kinds of people you might find yourself

in conversation with. But do you know the English lexicons used in describing the kinds of speech listed below in Arabic?

Arabic structures English equivalents

حديث زاخر بالقوة والمعنى ، بليغ -١

حديث مقتضب على نحو فقط -٢

حديث وجيز -٣

حديث موجز -٤



١٩٢

حديث مديد أو طويل -٥

حديث غير مدعو أو مؤكد -٦

حديث مكثف -٧

حديث خطابي -٨

مصقولحديث مهذب -٩

حديث جامح أو محكم -١٠

حديث بارع االيجاز -١١

حديث ثاقب ، محدد ، واضح االبعاد -١٢

حديث الزياد فيه والنقصان -١٣

حديث شديد العناية بالتفاصيل -١٤

حديث غير واف -١٥

حديث ملفوظ بوضوع ، بين -١٦



١٩٣

حديث غير مترابط ، مفكك -١٧

حديث معبر -١٨

حديث فيه الكثر من الحنانة والحنو -١٩

حديث عاطفي ، انفعالي -٢٠

حديث لغو أو هذر -٢١

حديث تملق -٢٢

كالم مضلل أو خادع -٢٣

حديث مهذار ، ثرثار ، المعنى له -٢٤

لغة أو رطانة القانون -٢٥

حديث فصيح-٢٦

حديث طنان أو رنان -٢٧

حديث متسم باالبهة أو الغرور -٢٨



١٩٤

على التعالي والعجرفةحديث يدل -٢٩

حديث يدل عآل رفعة المستوى ، رائع -٣٠

حديث مفحم ، مقنع -٣١

حديث مضجر ، مطنب -٣٢

VI. ١٦. This exercise in contrast to the previous one, deals with writing

styles that are preferably used by certain individuals. First, here is a list of words that you need to choose from when you translate the Arabic statements listed below, and mainly the underlined words. Study the

list and translate the statements :

A- The list :

" grandiloquent, pleonastic, wordy, tautology, repetitious, tedious, redundant, circumlocutory, magniloquent, diffused, rhetorical,

voluble , fustian ".

b- The statements to be translated :

يتميز صديقه باسلوب المطنب -١

كتب مقالة فيها الكثير من التكرار -٢



١٩٥

كتب ورقة بحث باسلوب فيه تكرار للمعنى اليزيد الموضوع قوة -٣ أووضوحا

كانت رسالته حافلة بالتكرار لحد االمالل -٤

تميز اسلوب تذمره بالدوران حول المعنى -٥

تقدم بمعروض مسهب ولم يحظى بالرد -٦

طلب من المدرس ان يكتب باسلوب بعيد عن الحشو في الكالم -٧

تحدث مع رئيسه في العمل باسلوب منمق -٨

جاء حديث الرئيس متسما بالفخامة ، طنانا -٩

اجمع النقاد على انه يهتم باالسلوب على حساب االفكار ، ينمق االسلوب -١٠

كان انسانا يحب اللف والدوران في الحديث -١١

كتب تقريرا حافال باالدعاء ، تقرير رخيص تافه -١٢

كان انتاجه االدبي وافرا وغزيرا -١٣



١٩٦

VI .١٧. With reference to the concept of the word "avuncular," there

are additional semantic properties indicative to personalities, and characters that are affectionate, tender, enamored, amiable ... etc.

We, as often as ever, find ourselves in need of words to describe individuals of such nature (kind-hearted). Therefore, you are provided with two lists of such words: one in Arabic and the other in English. Provide the appropriate equivalents of the words in each list respectively, provided no

words are to be borrowed for either list -- be original.

List A.

١- permissive ١-

٢- indulgent ٢-

٣- Protective ٣-

٤- agreeable ٤-

٥- lenient ٥-

٦- soft-hearted ٦-



١٩٧

٧- favoring ٧-

٨- mild ٨-

٩- tender ٩-

١٠- pampering ١٠-

١١- clement ١١-

١٢- gratifying ١٢-

١٣- sympathetic ١٣-

١٤- considerate ١٤-

١٥- solicitous ١٥-

١٦- obliging ١٦-

١٧- delicate ١٧-

١٨- benevolent ١٨-

١٩- complaisant ١٩-



١٩٨

٢٠- sensitive ٢٠-

٢١- assisting ٢١-

٢٢- well-disposed ٢٢-

٢٣- mollifying ٢٣-

٢٤- philanthropic ٢٤-

٢٥- beneficent ٢٥-

List B

الشخص الذي اليحب تعقيد االمور-١

مذعان ، مطواع -٢

مساير ، لين العريكة -٣

طريف ، يميل الى الفكاهة -٤

متسامح ، قادر على التحمل -٥



١٩٩

يميل الي العفو والغفران -٦

غير متشدد في االمور -٧

يميل الى تلطيف االمور أو االجواء -٨

يسكن من حدة الشئ ، ميال الى الحد من تفاقم االمور -٩

رائق بطبعه ، هادئ غير عنيفشخص -١٠

محسن ، متصدق ، ميال الى مساعد الناس -١١

شفوق ، رحيم -١٢

حدوم ، يحب ان يقدم خدماته للغير -١٣

انيس ، لطيف ، ودود -١٤

شخص مجامل -١٥

كريم الخلق -١٦

لبق -١٧



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رقيق القلب -١٨

طيب الطباع -١٩

محب لاليثار -٢٠

قابل لالذعان -٢١

لين العريكة بفعل السن والخبرة ، مجرب في الحياة ومتساهل -٢٢

انيس -٢٣

دمث -٢٤

انساني ، شخص انساني -٢٥

رحيم -٢٦

مشفق على االخرين -٢٧

شهم -٢٨



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A Translation Course in Building Vocabulary

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Transcript of A Translation Course in Building Vocabulary