A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF THE SECOND PERSONAL …/A...7 A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF THE SECOND...
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7 A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF THE SECOND PERSONAL PRONOUN “YOU” IN JOHN GRISHAM’S NOVEL ENTITLED “THE TESTAMENT” AND ITS INDONESIAN VERSION “SURAT WASIAT” THESIS Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Sastra Degree of English Department By: KARINA HILDA TAMARA PURNOMO C0304029 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY SURAKARTA 2010
Transcript of A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF THE SECOND PERSONAL …/A...7 A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF THE SECOND...
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A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF THE SECOND PERSONAL
PRONOUN “YOU” IN JOHN GRISHAM’S NOVEL ENTITLED
“THE TESTAMENT” AND ITS INDONESIAN VERSION
“SURAT WASIAT”
THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
Sarjana Sastra Degree of English Department
By:
KARINA HILDA TAMARA PURNOMO
C0304029
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
SURAKARTA
2010
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A TRANSLATION ANALYSIS OF THE SECOND PERSONAL PRONOUN
“YOU” IN JOHN GRISHAM’S NOVEL ENTITLED “THE TESTAMENT”
AND ITS INDONESIAN VERSION “SURAT WASIAT”
Written by:
KARINA HILDA TAMARA PURNOMO
C0304029
Approved to be examined before the board of Examiners
Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts
Sebelas Maret University
Thesis Supervisor I:
Ida Kusuma Dewi, S.S, M.A. NIP. 1971 0525 199802 2001
Head of English Department
Dr. Djatmika, M.A.
NIP. 1967 0726 199302 1001
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Accepted and Approved by the Board of Examiners
Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Sebelas Maret University
On: February, 2010
The Board of Examiners:
1. Dr. Djatmika, MA ( )
Chairman NIP 1967 0726 199302 1001
2. Drs. Agus Hari Wibowo, MA ( )
Secretary NIP 1967 0830 199302 1001
3. Ida Kusuma Dewi, SS. MA ( )
First Examiner IP 1971 0525 199802 2001
4. Dr. Tri Wiratno, MA ( )
Second Examiner NIP 1961 0914 198703 1001
The Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts
Sebelas Maret University
Drs. Sudarno, M.A
NIP 1953 0314 198506 1001
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PRONOUNCEMENT
Name : Karina Hilda Tamara Purnomo
NIM : C0304029
Stated that whole-heartedly that this thesis entitled “The Translation Analysis of
Personal Pronouns in John Grisham’s Novel Entitled The Testament and It’s
Indonesian Version Surat Wasiat” is originally made by the researcher. It is
neither a plagiarism, nor made by others. The things related to other people’s
works are written in quotation and included within the bibliography.
If it is then proved that the researcher cheats, the researcher is ready to take the
responsibility.
Surakarta, February 2010
The researcher
Karina Hilda Tamara Purnomo
C0304029
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MOTTO
Happiness comes from being
uncomfortable as often as possible so
you are always learning and growing
(Rich Hatch, I0I Survival Secrets (The Lyons Press))
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DEDICATION
I dedicate this thesis, especially to:
ALLAH SWT
My parents
My brother and my sister
Adi Hananto Seno
Ibu Ida Kusuma Dewi, S.S, M.A.
Drs. Sri Marmanto, M.Hum
All Telkomsel GraPARI Solo Management
Everyone who supports me
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, I would like to express my highest gratitude to Allah SWT
whose blessing and guidance enable me to finish this research as one of the
requirements for the Sarjana Sastra Degree at English Department Faculty of
Letters and Find Art Sebelas Maret University. It was a hard time for me to finish
this work. In completing this thesis, I faced many difficulties then I realize that
this thesis cannot be finished without supports from many people. From the
bottom of my heart, I would like to give my special gratitude for those who helped
me in completing this thesis:
- The Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Drs Sudarno, M.A for
approving this thesis.
- The head of English Department, Dr. Djatmika, M.A for your permission
to conduct this thesis.
- My consultant, Ida Kusuma, S.S, M.A. thank you very much for your
kindness and guidance in completing this thesis.
- My Academic supervisor, Drs Sri Marmanto, M.Hum thank you very
much for your advices and patience.
- All the lecturers of English Department, for sharing knowledge and
learning of life.
- The raters: Heri Nababan, Dion, Alif for their help and cooperation.
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- For my Beloved Big Family : Bapak Purnomo Digdo Suharno, Ibu Henni
Budiningrum , Miss Tiara, & Joe. Deepest thanks for all support and
prayer. From all of you, I learn how to love and how to forgive.
- For My “Bebe”, thanks for your never ending support and for coloring my
days. Thank you so much for everything that you have given to me since
we acquainted.
- The big family of ED ’04 Martha, Reni, Ria, Ingrid, Itok, Fata, Cubby,
Cindy, that can not be mentioned one by one. Thank you for the friendship
and for allowing me to be more mature. I will never forget all of you.
- The big family of Telkomsel Personal Representatives & management:
Ayah Makmur, mas Dani, Bu Hita, mas Benk2, mas Rifai, mas Anas,Umi,
Rossie, Aji, Raka, Ririn, Dita, Adit, Lintang, Mbak Rina, & mas Joe.
Thank you for accompanying me every day and anytime. It had been
wonderful time around all of you.
- Stannum’s 2 Community: Deden, mb Dita, Pika, Nopek, Yona, Cicit,
Butet, mb Ifa, Popy, mb Ani and Taufik Helmi S ( my best friend). Thank
you for being part of my life and giving me many things to be learned.
- Everyone who helps and supports me.
I hope Allah will give His blessing much more than they expect.
I have tried all my best in completing this thesis. However, I realize that
this thesis is far from being perfect. Therefore, suggestion and criticism will
kindly be accepted for the improvement of this thesis. Hopefully, this thesis would
be beneficial for all of us.
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Surakarta, February 2010
Karina Hilda Tamara Purnomo
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE ............................................................................................................ 0
APPROVAL BY THESIS CONSULTANT................................................ i
APPROVAL BY THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS................................... ii
PRONOUNCEMENT................................................................................... iii
MOTTO ......................................................................................................... iv
DEDICATION............................................................................................... v
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .............................................................................. vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................. viii
LIST OF TABLE .......................................................................................... x
ABSTRACT................................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background .................................................................... 1
B. Problem Statement ......................................................................... 4
C. Research Objectives ....................................................................... 4
D. Research Limitation ....................................................................... 5
E. Research Benefits........................................................................... 5
F. Thesis Organization ....................................................................... 6
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Definition of Translation .............................................................. 7
B. Process of Translation.................................................................... 9
C. Problems in Translation ................................................................. 11
D. Common Problems of Non-Equivalence at Word Level ............... 13
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E. Strategy to Solve Problems of Non-Equivalence at Word Level... 17
F. Personal Pronoun in English .......................................................... 29
G. Personal Pronoun in Indonesian Language.................................... 32
H. The Quality Assessment of Translation ......................................... 37
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY
A. Research Method............................................................................ 40
B. Data and Source of Data ................................................................ 41
C. Sample and Sampling Technique................................................... 42
D. Method of Data Collection............................................................. 42
E. Research Procedure........................................................................ 45
F. Technique of Analyzing Data ....................................................... 46
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. The Description of The Data.......................................................... 48
B. Analysis
1. Strategies of Translation ...................................................... 50
2. Accuracy .............................................................................. 68
3. Acceptability ........................................................................ 77
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion....................................................................................... 85
B. Suggestion ....................................................................................... 87
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
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LIST OF TABLE
1. Tabel 2.1 The translation process .............................................................. 9
2. Table 2.2 Items of personal reference........................................................ 29
3. Table 2.3 Personal pronouns in Indonesia ................................................. 32
4. Table 4.1 Personal pronoun in TTe and SW.............................................. 48
5. Tabel 4.2 The total strategies used to translate the personal pronouns from
TTe to SW.................................................................................................. 50
6. Tabel 4.3 The strategy of literal translation (free morpheme) in TTe and
SW.............................................................................................................. 53
7. Tabel 4.4 The strategy of literal translation (enclitics) in TTe and SW..... 57
8. Tabel 4.5 The strategy of structural adjustment in TTe and SW ............... 60
9. Tabel 4.6 The strategy of deletion in translating pronoun from TTe to SW 65
10. Tabel 4.7 The strategy of addition in translating pronoun from TTe to SW 67
11. Table 4.8 The level scale of accuracy ........................................................ 69
12. Table 4.9 The strategy used by accurate translation .................................. 69
13. Table 4.10 The strategy used by less accurate translation ......................... 72
14. Table 4.11 The strategy used by inaccurate translation ............................. 73
15. Table 4.12 The strategy used by very inaccurate translation..................... 75
16. Table 4.13 The strategy used by acceptable translation............................. 78
17. Table 4.14 The strategy used by less acceptable translation...................... 80
18. Table 4.15 The strategy used by unacceptable translation......................... 82
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ABSTRACT
Karina Hilda Tamara Purnomo. C0304029. The Translation Analysis of Personal Pronouns in John Grisham’s Novel Entitled “The Testament” and it’s Indonesian Version “Surat Wasiat”. Undergraduate Thesis: English Department, Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts. Sebelas Maret University. Surakarta. 2010.
This Thesis belongs to a qualitative research employing descriptive method. It is purposed to describe the translation strategies occurred in the translation and to describe the quality assessment of the translation from the novel entitled “The Testament” and its translation “Surat Wasiat”. It is also aimed to find out the quality assessment that covers accuracy and acceptability of the translation of the second personal pronoun “You”. This research applies purposive sampling as the sampling technique, since the samples are taken from all the personal pronoun “You” found in the novel. This research is conducted based on primary and secondary data. The primary data consists of 670 numbers of personal pronoun “You”. The secondary data are taken by distributing questionnaires to some raters and respondents.
The result of the data analysis shows that there are 5 types of strategies used by the translator to translate the personal pronoun “You” in the novel entitled “The Testament” and its Indonesian version. They are literal translation. It is divided into two parts. First is free morpheme ( 501 data or 74,11 % ), Second, enclitics ( 72 data or 10,65 % ), third is structural adjustment translation (39 data or 5,77 %), the fourth strategy is deletion ( 62 data or 9,17 %), fifth, addition (2 data or 0,30 %). The translation strategy which is most frequently used by the translator to translate the personal pronouns “You” in the novel “The Testament” is literal translation (free morpheme translation) and the least frequently used strategy is addition.
The analysis of accuracy shows that there are 592 data ( 88,36 % ) considered as accurate translation, 20 data ( 2,98 % ) considered as less accurate translation, 27 data ( 4,03 % ) considered as inaccurate translation, and 31 data ( 4,63 % ) considered as very inaccurate translation. Literal translation is a strategy which produces the translation with high level of accuracy (564 data or 83,55 % ). Meanwhile, the strategy which produces the translation with low level of accuracy ( 2 data or 0,30 % ) is addition strategy.
The analysis on the acceptability of the translation shows that there are 640 data ( 95,52 % ) considered as acceptable, and 23 data ( 3,44 % ) considered
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as less acceptable, and 7 data ( 1,04 % ) considered as unacceptable. The strategies used by the translator which results the translation with high level of acceptability are literal translation ( 585 data or 87,05 % ). Meanwhile, the strategy which produces the translation with low level of accuracy is addition strategy ( 2 data or 0,30 % ).
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background
Nowadays the development of culture and modern civilization grows rapidly
in the world. The requirements of getting more information about newest
inventions also emerge. Since English is an international language used widely in
the world, people tend to note their developments in that language. It requires
people to comprehend English in order to have a key to enter the world of
knowledge. However, many of Indonesian people do not have enough knowledge
about English. To solve the gap of comprehension, they usually need translation.
Every language employs certain rules to express message which translators
need to take into account. In addition, they need to consider the cultural aspects of
source language which, to a large extent, are different from those of target
language. Divergences between the source language and the target language result
in problems with equivalence. To solve possible problems in a process of
translation, translators need to apply some strategies.
Literary work is one of the most translated work in Indonesia. Generally,
translations of literary works are read by Indonesian readers to learn how to solve
certain problems in their livese by examining the others lives in the literary works.
Furthermore, they can make use of literary works as an entertaining object in their
leisure time.
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In literal sense, translators have to transfer all aspects exposed in the
works such as the style of how the writer conveys the messages, the plot, the
idiosyncratic, diction, and also the setting of situation and emotional feeling. The
literary works have to be considered as a whole means that every single part
inside is valuable.
Having a translation competence is totally needed by translators including
those of literary works. Nida (1976:48) states, ”All who have written seriously in
translation agree that the translator should know both the source and the receptor
language, should be familiar with the subject matter, and should have some
facilities of expression in the receptor language.”
Concerning the translation of literary works, translator must also have a
deep knowledge of the cultural background of the country from which the literary
work is translated and literary aspects such as style of writing, and figurative
language employed by the writer in his/ her book.
Meanwhile, undrstanding the coherence between sentences in a text is also
required. A sentence can be an indication of the next events existence. When
readers have to catch what is being talked about, they usually refer to the previous
contexts, and this can be realized through the employment of pronoun. According
to Baker (1992:181), the most common item in English and in many other
languages are pronouns. Duo to the differences of systemic language and culture,
translators will face the difficulties on transferring the pronouns.
Every language has its own culture, and so do Indonesian and English. It
makes them belong to different language families, and it is natural that translators
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may pose great difficulties and challenges in translating personal pronouns as
what we usually call pronoun.
The researcher conducts a study on the translation of personal pronoun
“you” found in Surat Wasiat translated from John Grisham’s The Testament. This
is novel translated by Hendarto Setiadi, Diniarti Pandia & Anastasia Mustika W.
Reading the novel and the translation, the researcher found that the
translators translate the same pronoun in different ways, as can be seen in the
following examples:
1. “When do you plan to probate it?” TTe/99/24/82 (SL)
“Kapan Anda hendak mengesahkannya?” SW/99/14/104 (TL)
2. “Use litigation if you have to, but I want my wishes carried out.”
TTe/30/2/27 (SL)
“Gunakan jalur hukum kalau perlu, tetapi keinginanku harus dipenuhi.”
SW/30/30/37 (TL)
The first example shows that pronoun ‘You’ in this sentence refers to Josh.
He is Troy Phelans’s lawyer. This coversation occurs between Josh as a lawyer
and Wycliff. Wycliff is a judge in this case. The translator translates the personal
pronoun ‘You’ into Anda the conversation happens in a formal situation. In
sentence 2, both of SL and TL are imperatif sentence. The personal pronoun
‘You’ could be deleted because the context is clear enough. It is done to avoid the
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repetition and interrelated to the next sentence. The translator does not need to
translate the personal pronoun ‘You’ because the context of situation have shown
the reference.
The phenomenon above inspires the researcher to investigate the strategies
used by the translator to transfer the personal pronoun in the novel entitled The
Testament, the accuracy and acceptability of its translation.
B. Problem Statement
Based on the research background above, the researcher defines the problems as
follows:
1. What are the strategies used by the translator to translate the personal
pronoun ‘You’ in the novel entitled The Testament in Indonesian?
2. How accurate are the translations of the personal pronoun ‘You’ in
Surat Wasiat?
3. How acceptable are the translations of the personal pronoun ‘You’ in
Surat Wasiat?
C. Research Objectives
The research is conducted to achieve following objectives:
1. To find out the strategies used by the translator in translating the
English personal pronouns ‘You’ into Indonesian in the Novel Surat
Wasiat.
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2. To examine the accuracy of the Indonesian translation of the personal
pronouns ‘You’ in the Novel Surat Wasiat.
3. To examine the acceptability of the Indonesian translation of the
personal pronouns ‘You’ in Novel Surat Wasiat.
D. Research Limitation
In this research, the researcher makes a limitation of the data analysis and
specification of the data in order to focus on the data and the analysis.
The researcher only analyzes the second personal pronoun ‘You’ in the novel
of The Testament and its translation. The researcher also examines the accuracy
and the acceptability of the translations.
E. Research Benefits
The researcher expects that this research will be beneficial for:
1. Students of English Department
Students of English Department can use the result of the research as an
additional knowledge to improve their ability in analyzing English
personal pronouns. They can also use it as an additional information of
how to translate personal pronouns into Indonesian.
2. Lecturers of English Department
Lecturers of English Department may use the result of the research as an
additional information in teaching translation subjects especially in
teaching personal pronouns.
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3. Other Researchers
The result of the research is expected to stimulate further research on
the translation of other cohesive devices.
F. Thesis Organization
The thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter I is INTRODUCTION. It
covers research background, problem statements, research objectives,
research limitations, research benefits and thesis organization.
Chapter II is LITERATURE REVIEW. Here, the researcher
explains translation, Personal pronoun both in English and Indonesia
Language, and the Quality Assessment of Translation.
Chapter III is RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. It covers research
method, source of data, sampling and sampling technique, method of data
collection, research procedure, and technique of analyzing data.
Chapter IV is RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION. Here, the
researcher analyzes the strategy used by the translator in translating the
personal pronoun “You”. Furthermore, the analysis is continued to see the
effect of the strategies used in the TQA in terms of accuracy and
acceptability.
Chapter V is CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION. The
researcher conclude the research findings based on the problem statements,
including my mistake acknowledgement. Then, the researcher deliver some
recommendations for the translators and other researchers.
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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Definition of Translation
There are many definitions of translation proposed by some linguists. Generally,
translation is a transferring process of message from a source language into a target language.
Catford (1965:20), for instance, defines translation as “the replacement of textual material in one
language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).” It means that the textual
material in the source language is appropriately replaced by an equivalent one in the target
language. However, this definition is too wide because textual material covers many elements.
Newmark (1981:7) gives a definition of translation as “Translation is a
craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in
one language by the same message and/or statement in another language.” This
definition is better and more comprehensible than Catford’s definition. However,
he regards translation only as a craft while translation is surely not only a craft but
also an art and science. Nababan (1997:9) states that “…kita seharusnya
memasukkan penerjemahan ke dalam ketiga kategori tersebut, yaitu sebagai seni,
ketrampilan dan ilmu.” Furthermore, the word “transfer” will be more appropriate
to use than “replace”.
Another linguist, Brislin (1976:1), defines “Translation is the general term
referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to
another (target), whether the languages are in written or oral forms…” Brislin
states that translation is not only limited in written language but also in oral
language. His explanation is more complete and reasonable, yet in recent
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development there has been an agreement that if the languages are in oral forms,
then the activity is called interpretation instead of translation.
Nida and Taber give another point of view in translation. They do not
explicitly give the idea about what translation is, but define the process of
translation. They explain that “ Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor
language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in
terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.”(1974:12)
Based on the definitions of translation above, it can be concluded that the
main point of translation is the transfer of message from one language (source
language) into another language (target language) with the closest natural
equivalent by considering the style used by original author. Here, the translator
should maintain the meaning that is of prime importance for accurate translation.
What has to be considered first is the message and secondly is the form and the
style of the translation.
B. Process of Translation
Process of translation is one of the very important aspects for a translator
to produce a good translation. Concerning this, Nida and Taber (1969) state that
the second system of translation consists of a more elaborate procedure
compromising three steps, 1. Analysis, in which the surface structure, i.e., the
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message as given in language (A) is analyze in term of A grammatical
relationship and B the meaning of the words and combination of word, 2.
Transfer, in which the analyzed material is transferred in the mind of the translator
from the language A to language B, 3. Restructuring, in which the transferred
material is restructured in order to make the final message fully acceptable, in the
receptor language. (1969, p.33)
Nida and Taber also provide the translation process shown in the following
diagram:
Diagram 2.1 The translation Process
A (source)
Analysis
Receptor
Restructuring
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i
Transfer
The scheme can be analyzed as follows:
1. Source Language Text
In the first part, the translator must deal with the source language. He/She
must read the text to understand the element in the sentence in order to understand
the whole content or the meaning of the text.
2. Analysis
In order to get a full understanding about the entire content, the translator
must do an analysis process. The analysis must cover the linguistic aspects of the
text either grammatical or meaning analysis or it covers both referential and
connotative meaning.
The analysis is conducted toward each element of the sentence. As Nababan
stated in Teori Penerjemahan: “Analisis kebahasaan yang dilakukan terhadap teks
bahasa sumber menyentuh berbagai tataran, seperti tataran kalimat, klausa, frasa,
dan kata” (1997, p: 26)
3. Transfer
In this phase, called transfer, after understanding the meaning or message of
Source Language into Target Language, the translator must try to find the correct
and appropriate equivalence of the word in SL into TL so the translator is able to
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convey the meaning of SL into TL without any changes. The translator must also
try to find the correct and appropriate strategy of transferring the message. In this
stage, even though it is closely related to the last step, but the translation is not
perfect yet, so the translation needs some restructurings.
4. Restructuring
Nida and Taber state, “The transferred material is restructured in order to
make the final message fully accepted in the receptor language.” (1974, p:33)
Meanwhile, Kridalaksana said, “Penyelarasan atau rektrukturisasi ialah
pengubahan proses pengalihan menjadi bentuk stilistik yang cocok dengan bahasa
sasaran, pembaca, atau pendengar.” (in Nababan, 1997, p:19)
The translation in the transfer phase is not perfect yet, so it is necessary to
handle some restructurings of the result of the transferring message. Restructuring
is needed to make the text in TL better as well as more acceptable. The activity
done in this phase is the adjustment of the translation with the grammar of TL. It
is also necessary for the translator, not only to maintain the meaning of SL, but
also to pay attention to the style of the translation. The translator must find the
best way to make the translation as natural as it can be when it is read by the
reader (who is actually the user of the Source Language).
5. Receptor Language
After the translator conducts a restructuring process, the translation task is
completed. Then, the result of the whole process is the translation of the text from
Source Language in the Target Language.
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C. Problems in Translation
In translating a text, the translator often finds some problems such as different
system of SL and TL, semantics and stylistics complexity, translator’s
competence, and quality of the text. Nababan states that:
“Kesulitan-kesulitan yang kerap timbul dalam praktek menerjemahkan, yang
disebabkan oleh beberapa factor, seperti perbedaan system bahasa sumber dengan
system bahasa sasaran, perbedaan tingkat kemampuan penerjemah dan tingkat
kualitas tulisan bahasa sumber.” (1999:55)
Those factors above will be discussed further below:
1. The different system of the SL and TL.
Every language in this world has its own system, either in terms of
syntactical, lexical, or morphological structure. Nababan stated that, “Akan tetapi,
adalah kenyataan tidak ada satupun bahasa yang mempunyai system yang sama,
baik ditinjau dari sudut struktur sintaksis, leksikal, dan morfem.” (1999:55)
2. The Semantics and Stylistics Complexity
Each nation surely has a different language, as a part of cultural
expressions. Semantic complexity has a strong relation to the socio-cultural
background of the speaker of the language. A lot of words of one language do not
have equivalence in another language.
Stylistic complexity also becomes one of the difficulties in translation.
Every text has different style and the translation should be able to express the
same style in the TL. Literary texts, like poem, prose, and drama will be expressed
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by a certain style and it is different from expressing scientific texts. The language
style between SL and TL are different because both languages have different
cultural background and system.
3. The Translator’s Competence
The capability of the translators in translating a text is different from one
another. Nababan says, “….si penerjemah adalah pelaku utama dalam proses
penerjemahan, tingkat kemampuannya menjadi faktor penentu berhasil tidaknya
penerjemahan itu dilakukan” (1999:59). A translator with high competence can
solve the translation problems easily. Therefore, the translator should have multi
component, communicative competence consisting of grammatical competence,
sociolinguistic competence, discourse competence, strategic competence, and
transfer competence. (Neubert in Nababan, 2003:412)
On the contrary, a beginner with limited competence and experience will
get many problems. It is not enough for the translator just to be fluent or to have
knowledge of language. He should have a good knowledge of the languages and
sufficient experience in translating practice.
D. Common Problems of Non-equivalence at Word Level
According to Baker (1992:20),” Non-equivalence at word level means that
target language has no direct equivalent for a word which occurs in the source
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text“. As cited from Baker (1992:21-25), the following are some common types of
non-equivalence at word level, with examples from various languages:
a. Cultural specific concept.
“The source language words express a concept which is totally unknown in the
target language. It may relate to a religious belief, a social custom or even a type
of food.” (Baker, 1992:21)
For example: there is a Javanese social custom named Siraman that culturally
cannot be found in western countries.
b. The source language concept is not lexicalized in the target language.
Here, the concept of word in SL can be accepted by the target language but
the word in TL can’t express it.” (Baker, 1992:21) For example: the word
pantangan in Indonesian language is not lexicalized in English language.
However in English culture the concept might be found.
c. The source-language word is semantically complex
The source-language word may be semantically complex. This is a fairly
common problem in translation. “Words do not have to be morphologically
complex” (Bollinger and Sears, 1968). “In other words, a single word which
consists of a single morpheme can some times express a more complex set of
meaning than a whole sentence.” (Baker, 1992:22) For example, In Indonesian
language there is a word Sekaten which means an eventt hold annually in the
north alun-alun of Solo and Yogyakarta to celebrate the birthday of Prophet
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Muhammad. It should be translated comprehensively into an other culture since it
can not be substituted by a single word in TL.
d. The source and the target languages make different distinctions in
meaning
The target language may make more or fewer distinctions in meaning than
the source language. “What one language regards as an important distinction in
meaning another language may not perceive as relevant. For example, Indonesian
makes a distinction between going out in the rain without the knowledge that it is
raining ( kehujanan ) and going out in the rain with the knowledge that it is
raining ( hujan-hujanan ).” (Baker, 1992:22)
e. The target language lacks a super ordinate
“The target language may have specific words (hyponyms) but no general
word (superordinat) to head the semantic field.” (Baker, 1992:22) For example:
Indonesia has specific words gabah, nasi, beras, and padi. While English just has
rice to depict those terms.
f. The target language lacks a specific term (hyponym)
“More commonly, languages tend to have general words (superordinat)
but lack of specific ones (hyponyms), since each language makes only those
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distinctions in meaning which seem relevant to its particular environment. There
are endless examples of this type of non-equivalence. (Baker, 1992:23)
For example, English has many hyponyms like bread, cake, bun, biscuit,
cookies, and cracker but Indonesian language only has roti as the equivalent.
g. Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective
“Physical perspective may be of more importance in one language than it
is in another. Physical perspective has to do with where things or peoples are in
relation to one another or to a place, as expressed in pairs of words such as
come/go, take/bring, arrive/depart, and so on. Perspective may also include the
relationship between participants in the discourse (tenor).” (Baker, 1992:23) As an
example, the word give has more than one equivalences in Javanese like; menehi,
maringi, nyaosi, etc, depending on who gives to whom.
h. Differences in expressive meaning
Baker (1992:23) states that:
“There may be a target-language word which has the same proportional meaning
as the source-language word, but it may have a different expressive meaning. The
difference may be considerable or it may be subtle but important enough to pose a
translation problem in a given context. It is usually easier to add expressive
meaning than to subtract it.” (Baker, 1992:23)
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For example, the word exotic in Indonesia means something sexy and has negative
connotation, while in English it means different from others, unique, it does not
always mean sexy, and has no negative evaluation.
i. Differences in form
“There is often no equivalent in the target language for a particular form in
the source text. Certain suffixes and prefixes which convey prepositional and
other types of meaning in English often have no direct equivalents in other
languages. (Baker, 1992:24) As an example, the word impossible in English is
constructed by the bound morpheme (im-) and free morpheme (possible). The
prefix im- is translated into tidak and the word possible is translated into mungkin.
There is no equivalent in Indonesia. Impossible (single word) translated into tidak
mungkin (more than one words).
j. Differences in frequency and purpose of using specific forms
“Even when a particular form does have a ready equivalent in the target
language, there may be a difference in the frequency with which it is used or the
purpose for which it is used. (Baker, 1992:25) For example: in English “gerund”
(formed by verb can be used as subject, object, or complement. In Indonesia
language, verb can not be used as subject, object, or complement.
For example:
Playing tennis is fun. (Gerund as subject)
We enjoy playing tennis. (Gerund as object)
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He’s excited about playing tennis. (Gerund as complement)
k. The use of loan words in the source text
“The use of loan words in the source text poses a special problem in translation.
(Baker, 1992:25) For example: the word complete (in English) and komplit (in
Indonesia). In English, the word complete has more than one meaning and it is not
definite yet have equivalent meaning komplit in Indonesia.
Example:
ST: Have you completed your schooling?
TT: Apakah engkau telah menyelesaikan sekolahmu?
E. Strategies to Solve Problems of Non-equivalence at Word Level
The following are strategies to solve problems of non-equivalence used by
professional translators. (Baker, 1992:26-42)
a. Translation by more general word (superordinate)
This strategy is used by the translator whenever s/he can not find a suitable
source language word in target language. “Translation by a more general word
(superordinate) is one of the commonest strategies dealing with many types of
non-equivalence, particularly in the area of prepositional meaning.” (Baker,
1992:26)
For example: Ibuku membeli beras di pasar
My mother buys rice at the market
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From the example above, it will be difficult to translate the word beras into
English because there is no specific word to transfer it. Consequently, when the
word beras, nasi, gabah, and padi appear, the translator may translate them into
rice.
b. Translation by a more neutral/less expressive word
This strategy is used when the translator has a difficulty to find the
equivalent because of different expressive meaning. Possibly to avoid conveying
the wrong expressive meaning, the translator opted for more general word or more
neutral in choosing a word.
For example: Saya tidak mau jadi babunya
I don’t want to be his servant
Here, the translator does not find the equivalent word to communicate the
expressive meaning of “babu” in English. S/he tries to replace the word babu into
servant which has more formal meaning.
c. Translation by cultural substitution
“This strategy involves replacing a culture-specific item or expression with
a target-language item which does not have the same prepositional meaning but is
likely to have a similar impact on the target reader. The main advantage of using
this strategy is that it gives the reader a concept with which s/he can identify
something familiar and appealing.” (Baker, 1992:31)
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It is a common thing faced by translator as every culture has different
name for the same concept. It is not only referring to the different nation, but also
in a same nation.
For example:
(ST) My families have breakfast together in dining room every morning
(TT) Keluargaku selalu sarapan bersama di ruang makan setiap pagi
In Western countries, breakfast is a morning meal consisting of milk,
some slice of bread mixed with omlet or cheese. Breakfast has no equivalent
in Indonesian culture. The Indonesian translation replaces it with sarapan.
Sarapan is a morning meal for Indonesia. It consists of rice, meat and some
vegetables. Breakfast is translated into sarapan even though it is different kind
of food. It is because sarapan is a morning meal too and familiar to the
Indonesian reader. So the reader can easily understand it.
d. Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation
“This strategy is particularly common in dealing with culture-specific
items, modern concepts, and buzz words, following the loan word with an
explanation is very useful when the word in question is repeated several times in
the text. Once explained, the loan word can then be used on its own; the reader
can understand it and is not distracted by further lengthy explanations.”(Baker,
1992:34)
For example:
(TT) Bangunan pendopo itu berarsitektur Jawa
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(ST) The pendopo, a wide open space or hall, is of traditional Javanese
architecture
The translator does not translate the word “pendopo” into English because if it
was translated, it would change the real meaning. Therefore the translator adds
some explanation to describe the meaning of “pendopo”.
e. Translation by paraphrasing using a related word
“This strategy tends to be used when the concept expressed by the source
item is lexicalized in the target language but in a different form, and when the
frequency with which a certain form is used in the source text is significantly
higher than would be natural in the target language.” (Baker, 1992:36)
For example:
His musicianship is excellent
Kemampuannya bermusik sangatlah hebat
The translator translates the word his mucisianship into kemampuannya
bermusik. The concept of ‘mucisianship’ is not lexicalized in Indonesian
language, but can be replaced by the related words “kemampuan bermusik”. Here,
one word of source text is translated into two words in target text having the same
element “music” (musik) in order to make the translation sounds natural like its
original one.
f. Translation by paraphrasing using unrelated words
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“If the concept expressed by the source item is not lexicalized at all in the
target language, the paraphrase strategy can still be used in some contexts. Instead
of a related word, the paraphrase may be based on modifying a super ordinate or
simply on unpacking the meaning of the source item, particularly if the item in
question is semantically complex. (Baker, 1992:38) It achieves a high level of
precision in specifying propositional meaning” (Baker, 1992:40)
For example:
Mitoni in Javanese culture can be translated into English as a event to celebrate
the seventh month of a pregnancy.
g. Translation by omission
“This strategy may sound rather drastic, but in fact it does no harm to omit
translating a word of expression in some contexts. If the meaning conveyed by a
particular item or expression is not vital enough to the development of the text to
justify distraction the reader with lengthy explanations, translators can and often
do simply omit translating the word or expression in question.” (Baker, 1992:41)
For example:
ST: Should be back before midnight or you will loose everything.
TT: Kamu harus cepat kembali.
This strategy omits a word or expressions that have no significant meaning in
the text. The omission of the sentence “or you will loose everything” in the
Indonesian translation is not obscuring the message.
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h. Translation by illustration
This is the last strategy offered by Baker in which she states that:
This is a useful option if the word which lacks an equivalent in the target
language refers to a physical entity which can be illustrated, particularly if there
are restrictions on space and if the text has to remain short, concise, and to the
point. (Baker, 1992:42)
For example: Put peanuts on the cake
Taburkan kacang di atas kue
Zuchridin Suryawinata and Sugeng Hariyanto in Translation: Bahasan
Teori Penuntun Praktis Menerjemahkan (2003) propose two main strategies:
structural and semantic in nature. The first strategy (structural strategy) consists of
addition, subtraction and transposition.
1. Addition
Addition can be divided into two types:
The first is addition for structural reason and the second is addition for semantic
reason. According to (Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003:68), “This kind of
addition is a must instead of an option. It must be done to get acceptability of the
sentence structure in the target language since the different system of grammatical
structure between SL and TL.”
For example:
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Saya guru
I am a teacher
Here, addition for structural reason means that the translator adds certain
article or word in the target text due to the difference structure of the source and
target language.
The second type is addition for semantic reason. The translator, in this
case, adds some additional information to the text because the reader would need
that information in understanding the text. This strategy is used for meaning
clarity of the translation. Suryawinata and Hariyanto (2003:740) state:
“Penambahan ini dilakukan karena peretimbangan kejelasan makna. Disini
penerjemah memasukkan informasi tambahan di dalam teks terjemahannya karena
ia berpendapat bahwa pembaca memang memerlukannya.”
2. Substraction
“Substraction means the translator substract a structural element in the TL for
structural reason. Substraction, like addition for structural reason, also must be
done to get acceptability of sentence structure in the TL since the different system
of grammatical structure between source language and target language.”
(Suryawinata and Hariyanto, 2003:68).
This strategy can also be called deletion. In this case, the translator has to
delete some elements of ST without lessen the involved meaning.
For Example:
SL: Keep it going!
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TL: Pertahankanlah!
The word it going in SL is omitted in the TL. However, it does not mean
that the word could not be translated from SL to TL. The reason here, the word it
going is not too important in the whole sentence. When the words are difficult to
translate, the translator considers deleting them to avoid confusion of the reader.
Therefore, it is better to delete the word it going because the meaning of the
sentence will not be different with the translation. Keep has the similar meaning
with pertahankanlah.
3. Transposition
The strategy tends to make some alterations. It can be process of altering word
position and even splitting one sentence into two.
For example: My father sells some bags.
Ayahku menjual beberapa buah tas.
From the example above, it can be seen that process of altering plural to
singular exists. The plural in English as marked on –s- attached on the noun (bag)
is not translated into tas-tas to avoid ineffective phrase.
Besides, transposition can be applied because TL structure does not have
the term employed in SL.
For example: I find you not attending my party yesterday.
Sepertinya kau tak datang pada pestaku kemarin.
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The second strategy concerns the semantic field. The meaning of words,
phrase, clauses and sentences become the prior subject.
1. Borrowing
It happens when the ST word is kept in TT. The reasons are the TL has no
equivalent and it is applied to appreciate these words (Suryawinata, 2003:71).
This strategy consists of two terms: transliteration and naturalization. The first is a
translation strategy maintaining the source word indeed. There are no alterations
in the sound and written form. In naturalization the word in source text is adjusted
to the grammatical pattern of target text, and it can be called adaptation.
For example:
ST Transliteration Naturalization
Mall mall mal (unwritten spoken)
Sandal sandal sandal (spoken)
Furthermore, this strategy is usually applied on names of place, names of
magazine, journal, organization and other terms of science which has no
equivalent in TL.
For example: The skin consists of two main regions: the epidermis and the dermis.
Kulit terdiri dari dua bagian: epidermis dan dermis.
Those two biological words, epidermis and dermis are non-translatable
because they have no direct equivalence in Indonesia Language.
2. Cultural Equivalent
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In this strategy, the translator may employ some alterations to produce an
appropriate effect of the sentence. However, the meaning may be different
conforming to the culture of TL.
For example:
ST: I answered with the term I’d always wanted to employ “son of a bitch”.
TT: Aku menjawab dengan istilah yang sejak dulu sudah hendak kugunakan “si
brengsek” (Suryawinata, 2003:72).
The word “son of a bitch” transferred as “si brengsek” instead of “anak
anjing”. It makes the sentence have no loyalty in meaning but it can transfer the
message and sound natural.
3. Descriptive equivalent and componential analysis
This strategy may be more effective because the translator only consults the
guidance book made by the government even though not all of the words
translated into Indonesian.
4. Reducing and enlarging
Reducing and enlarging concern with the components of SL word. SL word
becomes reduced or enlarged adjusted to TL. For example: automobile becomes
mobil.
5. Addition
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Different from addition in structural strategy, this strategy is employed to
make the text more readable. The addition information is usually placed in the
text, as footfone or in the end of the text.
For example:
ST: The skin, which is hard and scaly, is grayish in color, thus helping for
camouflage it from predator when underwater
TT: Kulitnya, yang keras dan bersisik,berwarna abu-abu. Dengan demikian
kulit ini membantunya berkamuflase, menyesuaikan diri dengan keadaan
lingkungan untuk menyelamatkan diri dari predator, hewan pemangsa,
jika berada di dalam air.
Here, the translator keeps the word predator untransferred. However, s/he gives
additional information about it.
6. Omission
Omission means deleting a word or some parts of the SL text in the target
text. It is applied since the translator realizes that they are not significant and if
they are deleted, it will not influence the meaning.
For example: We are friends of he who wounded him
Kami ini teman orang yang melukainya.
Pronoun he does not need to be translated because it is clear (who he is) in
the Indonesian text.
7. Modulation
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It is similar to transposition in structural strategies, which is used to
translate phrase, clause, and sentence. In this strategy, the translator may change
the structure of ST to get an aceptable translation.
For example: I cut my finger
Jariku teriris
The examples above indicate two different types of word, active in ST and
passive in TT. However, both of them consists of similar meaning, i.e. someone,
accidentally and unconsciously makes her finger hurt by a sharp knife.
Those strategies above are proposed by the experts to solve some
problems mentioned before. Sometimes the translators do some mixing on the
strategy to get the closest result of an ideal translation.
Besides the strategies offered by Suryawinata, there are some other strategies
offered by other experts. Vinay and Darbelnet (in Munday, 2001:56) shows two
main strategies that comprise seven procedures. They are:
1. Borrowing
In Borrowing, “The SL word is transferred directly to the TL”.
The examples of this procedure are Russian’s glasnost and perestroika that
are used in English and other languages to fill a semantic gap in the TL.
2. Calque
Calque is “a special kind of borrowing where the SL expression or structure is
transferred in literal translation”.
For example is the French calque, Compliments de la Saison’ fro English
‘Compliments of the Season’.
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3. Literal Translation
Sometimes, this procedure is known as ‘word for word translation’ or ‘one to
one correspondence.’ The personal pronouns of the Source Text are translated
literally into personal pronouns of Target Reader. There are two types of
literal translation: free morpheme (morpheme that can stand by its own) and
enclitics (according to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, enclitics are clitics
which bound to the previous elements.)
F. Personal Pronoun in English
Baker (1992) defines reference as a term traditionally used in semantics
for the relationship which hold between a word and what it points to in the real
world. According to Halliday and Hasan (1976), reference is “a semantic relation
who has properly of definiteness or specificity”. It means that reference is
something that allows reader/ hearer to trace participants, entities, events, etc in
the text.
Halliday and Hasan propose three types of reference. They are personal,
demonstrative and comparative.
1. Personal Reference
Personal reference is reference by means of function in the speech
situation, through the category of person. It is divided into three classes: personal
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pronouns, possessive determiners (or possessive adjectives), and possessive
pronouns.
Table 2.2 Items of Personal Reference
Semantic category
Grammatical category
Class
Person:
Speaker (only)
Addressee(s), with/without other person(s)
Speaker and other person (s)
Other person, male
Other person, female
Other person, objects
Objects: passage of text
Generalized person
2. Demonstrative reference
Demonstrative reference is essentially a form of verbal pointing in which
the speaker identifies the referent event by locating it on a scale of proximity.
(Halliday and Hasan, 1976: 57).
For example:
Modifier Head
Existential- Possessive
Head Modifier
Noun
(pronoun)
Determiner
I me Mine My
You Yours You
We us Ours Our
He him His His
She her Hers Her
They them Theirs Their
It (its) Its
One One’s
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Demonstrative That garden seems bigger That is a big garden
Possessive Your garden seems bigger Yours is a big garden
(Halliday-Hasan, 1976:59)
3. Comparative Reference
Based on Halliday and Hasan, comparative reference is divided into two.
They are general comparison and particular comparison.
a. General Comparison
General comparison is expressed by a certain class of adjectives and adverbs.
The adjective function in the nominal group either as Deictic (e.g.: identical in the
identical two cards) or as epithet (e.g.: identical in the others performed
identically).
The example of comparative function as epithet:
a. Most people have the same breakfast every day.
b. The candidates gave three similar answers.
c. All parties showed an identical reaction to the news.
(Halliday-Hasan, 1976:80)
The first means “the same as every other day”, the second “similar to each
other” and the third “reacted in the same way as each other”.
b. Particular Comparison
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Particular comparison expresses comparability between things in respect of a
particular property, quantity or quality. Halliday and Hasan define both of them.
The comparison in terms of quantity can be expressed in the Numerative element
in the structure of the nominal group, either (a) by a comparative quantifier e.g.
more in more mistakes or (b) by an adverb of comparison sub modifying a
quantifier e.g.: as in as many mistakes. (Halliday-Hasan, 1976:80)
G. Personal Pronoun in Indonesian Language
There are two pronouns in Indonesian: personal and demonstrative pronoun.
a. Personal pronoun
Personal pronoun is pronoun pointing to persons; it can refer to speaker
(the first person), hearer (the second) and the people whom they are talking about
(the third). The diagram of personal pronoun system in Indonesian can be seen
below.
Makna
Jamak
Persona
Tunggal
Netral Eksklusif Inklusif
Pertama Saya, aku, daku, ku-,
-ku
Kami Kita
Kedua Engkau, kamu, Anda,
dikau, kau-, -mu
Kalian, kamu (sekalian),
Anda sekalian
Ketiga Ia, dia, beliau, -nya Mereka, -nya
Table 2.3 Personal Pronoun in Indonesian
(Moeliono, 1988:172)
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The first personal pronouns in Indonesia are saya, aku, daku. Saya is usually
applied in a formal situation and pronounce less intimate relationship between the
speaker and the addressee. Daku is usually used in literary work and if the
speaker wants to build a romantic situation.
Meanwhile, aku is usually employed in non-formal situation and depicts
intimate relationship between speaker-hearer/ writer-reader. Therefore, poetry,
short story and daily conversation usually apply it. Aku has some variations in its
form, they are –ku, and ku-. They are usually used to construct possession. Bound
morpheme ku- usually is attached to the next word, and the class word after ku- is
usually verb. Ku- also can stand independently in a poetic sentences/ conditions.
For example:
a. Bukumu telah kukembalikan kemarin
b. Bajunya akan kupakai nanti malam
c. Kini ku tahu bahwa kau telah berbohong
In Indonesia, the first singular pronouns are placed by kami and kita. Kami
describes a conversation happens in which the speaker includes the other people
(the third person) and ignoring the addressee. In KBBI (Kamus Besar Bahasa
Indonesia) kami is defined as “yang berbicara bersama dengan orang lain (tidak
termasuk yang diajak berbicara); yang menulis atas nama kelompok tidak
termasuk pembaca.” (2003:497). Meanwhile, kita is “pronominal persona pertama
jamak, yang berbicara bersama dengan orang lain termasuk yang diajak
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berbicara.” (KBBI, 2003: 573). It means that the speaker involves the addressee
into the conversation.
Second singular personal pronoun consists of engkau, kami, anda, dikau,
kau-, and –mu. Engkau dan kamu are usually applied by an older person to a
younger one whom he has known well for a long time and a person with higher
status. People who have intimate relationship, while ignoring social status, also
apply this pronoun. Engkau depicts our patner of conversation. In KBBI, it is
defined as “pronoun yang diajak berbicara yang disapa (dipakai untuk orang yang
sama atau lebih rendah kedudukannya).
For example:
a. Di mana engkau membeli buku itu?
b. Apakah hasil rapat kemarin sudah kamu ketik, Lisa?
c. Baru jadi kepala bagian sebulan, kenapa rambutmu sudah menguban?
(Moeliono, 1988: 175)
Anda is used to make a relationship become neutral. It is usually used when
there is an unintimate relationship and it is not intended to one person only.
For example:
a. Sebentar lagi kita akan mengudara; Anda kami mohon mengenakan sabuk
pengaman.
b. Anda sekarang tinggal di mana?
The second example is the other use of Anda. It occurs in a conversation but
the speaker does not want to make the situation too close or to formal. Meanwhile,
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daku, dikau is used, only in building special condition or in a literary work. E.g.
Yang kurindukan hanya dikau seorang.
Moreover, the second plural personal pronouns are kalian, Anda sekalian, and
kamu sekalian.
For example:
a. Kalian akan pergi kemana liburan mendatang?
b. Kamu sekalian harus datang ke kantor tepat pada waktunya.
c. Hal ini terserah pada anda sekalian.
Second plural personal pronouns which have variations in form only engkau,
kamu, define as kau- and –mu. They can be applied to convey possession by
placing it in the back of noun.
For example:
a. Adik kamu di mana sekarang?
b. Pekerjaan Anda apa?
c. Adikmu di mana sekarang?
The third example can replace the first one. The first sentence looks awkward
and sounds unnatural in a daily conversation in Indonesia.
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The third singular personal pronouns are ia, dia, -nya, and beliau. Ia dan dia
can be placed as subject or in front of the verbal word. As object, there are dia and
–nya. Beliau is applied to respect the person they talk about and for the people
who are in a higher level than us.
For example:
a. Dia/Ia setuju dengan pendapat kami (as subject)
b. Saya akan pergi bersamanya/ dia/ ia (as object)
c. Menteri baru saja menelepon dan mengatakan bahwa Beliau sakit.
The plural form of third personal pronoun is mereka. Generally, mereka is
only used to mention human, animal or something animate.
a. Teman-teman akan datang. Mereka akan membawa makanannya sendiri.
b. Bu Mantik baru membeli empat buah buku. Mereka ada di meja sekarang.
c. Sejak dulu anjing dan kucing selalu bermusuhan. Setiap bertemu mereka
berkelahi.
(Moeliono, 1988:176)
b. Demonstrative Pronoun
In Indonesia, there are three kinds of demonstrative pronouns; general
demonstrative pronouns, place demonstrative pronouns, and matters/ thing
demonstrative pronouns. General demonstrative pronouns refer to something close
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or far from the speaker. In Indonesian it is reflected by ini, itu, dan anu. Itu points
to something the speaker, in the past or the information which will be conveyed or
has been described before. It also has function as subject or object. Anu can refers
to something untold (means forget or secret).
See the example below:
a. Ini/ itu rumah saya
b. Dia membeli ini/ itu/ anu kemarin
c. Jawaban dia itu/ ini/ anu
Ini refers to something close to the speaker. It has function as cohesion device
and in the same time as subject.
H. The Quality Assessment of Translation
The quality assessment of translation is intended to identify whether a
piece of translation is accurate, readable, acceptable, and does not sound as a
translation product. The quality assessment covers three points, they are:
1. The Accuracy
Accurate means reproducing as exactly as possible the meaning of the source
text. Accuracy is an important thing for the translator to concern. As Baker
(1992:57) states “Accuracy is no doubt an important aim in translation but it is
also important to bear in mind that the use of common target language patterns
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which are familiar to the target reader plays an important role in keeping the
communication channels open.” It can be said that in translating a text the
translator should also concern to the familiar language pattern which is usually
use by the target readers. It also relates to the quality of results and is
distinguished from correctness.
Accuracy is not only at the word level, it is also involving every grammatical
level of the language. A translation text may be accurate based on the words
which are used in transferring the meaning from the SL to TL, but if it do not has
relation to each other according to the standard rules of grammar and language
usage, it can be said as not accurate.
2. The Readability
Readability refers to how easily a translation can be read. The more natural
the vocabularies and the forms used in a translation are, the higher readability it
will rank. Richard et al (in Nababan, 1999:63) defines the readability as
“readability….how easily written materials can be read and understood.” There
are three types to categorize the readability of a text, they are:
a. The average length of the sentence
b. New or difficult word
c. Grammatical complexity of the language used
3. The Acceptability
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A good translation does not sound like a translation (Nida and Taber, 1974). It
means that the text which is translated sounds natural for the target reader. To
make the translation acceptable or sound natural for the target reader, a translator
does not only have to translate whatever is stated in the source language, but
she/he also has to reconstruct, adapt, or even rewrite it.
Since translation is aimed to transfer the ideas of the writer to the readers who
another language, the translator should observe whether the target reader will
accept those ideas or not. Bell (1991:90) said that the target text must be intended
to be a text and accepted as such in order to be utilized in communication
interaction.
Acceptability can only be measured by the target language native speakers. As
Larson states, “The person who does the testing must also understand translation
principle and knows the receptor language well. If she/he needs some respondents,
they must also be target language native speakers (1984:472). Those who are
helping with the evaluation should be mother-tongue speakers of the receptor
language.” (1984:49). Based on the reasons, to make a translation acceptable to
the target reader, a translator must have more sensitivity to the naturalness of the
target language.
However, not all target language native speakers can be the respondents of
acceptability because each text has its own target readers. Therefore, it needs
proper target reader to measure the level of acceptability of a translation text.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Method
This research is a qualitative research. Creswell (1994) defines qualitative
research as:
An inquiry process of understanding based on the distinct methodological traditions of inquiry that explore a social or human problem. The researcher builds a complex holistic picture, analyses words, reports detailed view of informants, and conducts the study in a natural setting. (p. 15)
Since this research is reporting the inquiry in detailed information, the data are
descriptive, in form of words. It means the researcher describes all the phenomena
happen within this research, including the tables and the numbers. This descriptive
qualtative research is designed as single-embedded case study. It means that the
subject of this research is a case that is specifically occuring within one certain
material. Therefore, the researcher decided to focus on translation of personal
pronoun ‘You’ in novel The Testament and it’s Indonesian version Surat Wasiat.
In qualitative descriptive research, the researcher collects, arranges, and
interprets the data to solve the problem. And then, the researcher analyzes the data
and draw the conclusion as the answer of the problems.
B. Data and Source of Data
There are two kinds of data in this research, primary and secondary data. The
primary data were taken from the whole text of the novel The Testament (SL)
written by John Grisham, and its translation version in Indonesia, Surat Wasiat
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(TT), translated by Hendarto Setiadi, Diniarty Pandia, and Anastasia Mustika W.
The English novel is published by Dell Publishing a division of Random House,
Inc and The Indonesian novel is published by PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama,
Jakarta in 2001.
The researcher chooses the novel The Testament to be a source of data because
after reading the novel, S/he finds many personal pronoun “you” translated in
various ways in TL. Furthermore, the novel is very famous to the reader since the
first time it was published.
The secondary data are taken from the results of the questionnaires of
accuracy and acceptability. The questionnaires were distributed to three
respondents who act as source of data on the accuracy and the acceptability of the
translation.
In choosing the respondents, the researcher has some criteria, they are:
1. the informant should have capabilities in English and Indonesian
competence including its its grammar and culture.
2. the informant should have much experience in translating text from SL
into TL.
3. the informant should have knowledge of translation.
4. the informant should be willing to participate in this study.
(It will be explain further by researcher in Method of data Collection).
C. Sample and Sampling Technique
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Sample is a part of population which will be investigated (Arikunto,
1998:117). To get a sample from population is needed a certain technique.
Sutrisno Hadi states that sampling is a technique used to get sample (1983:24).
Sampling technique is strategy focusing on the selection of data provided by
data source. The sampling technique used in this research is total sampling which
means that the researcher analyzes all the personal pronoun “You” found in the
novel.
D. Method of Data Collection
Goetz and LeCompte in Sutopo (2002) state in qualitative research, there are
two ways to get the data. They are interactive and non-interactive methods of data
collection. (p.58). Interactive method consists of indepth interview, functional
observation, and focus group discussion (FGD). Non-interactive method of data
collection includes questionnaire, content analysis and un-factional observation.
In this research, the researcher focuses on content analysis and questionnaire
that are included in to non-interactive method.
a) Content Analysis
Content analysis is called “teknik simak dan catat” in Indonesia language.
Sutopo (2002) states that “This tecnique starts from writing down some
important things explicitly written within the documents but also the
meaning beyond the words. (p.70)
To collect the data, the researcher did some steps, starting from reading
and understanding both short stories carefully, collecting and writing down
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the personal pronoun “you” and the translations classifying each
equivalences of personal reference based on the strategy applied by the
translator, identifying the personal reference based on its translation
accuracy and acceptability, writing down all the collected data, and the last
steps is encoding the collected data.
b) Questionnaire
Questionnaire is a set of question used for collecting data in a research
(Sutopo, 2002:70). In this research, the questionnaire is in a form of open-
ended questionnaire (Sutopo, 2002:71). Open-ended questionnaire is a
questionnaire that consists of question with some alternative answers, but
in the end of the sheet, there are spaces for the respondents to write the
reasons of their answers.
To know the accuracy, the researcher makes a questionnaire given to three
respondents. The respondents rate the accuracy of the translation by filling the
questionnaire. They can rate the accuracy based on 1-4 scale.
The scales are as follows:
a. Scale 4: (Accurate) The meaning of the source word is accurately
conveyed into target word. The translated personal pronoun is clear to the
evaluator and no rewriting is needed.
b. Scale 3: (Less Accurate) The meaning of the source word is accurately
conveyed to the target word. The translated personal pronoun can be
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clearly understood by the evaluator, but some rewriting and some change
in word order are needed.
c. Scale 2: (Inaccurate) The meaning of the source word is not accurately
conveyed to the target word. There are some problems with the translated
personal pronouns. It is not clear for the evaluator.
d. Scale 1: (Very Inacurate) The source word is not translated at all into the
target word, i.e. it is ommited or deleted.
To know the acceptability, the researcher makes a questionnaire given to the
three respondents. The respondents rate the acceptability of the translation by
filling the questionnaire. They can rate the acceptability based on 1-3 scale. The
scales are as follows:
a. Scale 3: (Acceptable) The translation of the personal pronoun is
commonly used in Indonesia and sounds natural as an Indonesian
personal pronoun, it is acceptable to the evaluator.
b. Scale 2: (Less Acceptable) The translation of the personal pronoun is
commonly used in Indonesia, but it does’t sound natural for the given
context.
c. Scale 1: (Unacceptable) The translation of the personal pronoun is not
commonly used in Indonesian, it is unacceptable to the evaluator.
Then, the researcher does a statistical calculation done by finding the mean.
The mean is achieved by counting the average scores given by the respondents.
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The researcher counts the mean by first adding up reach rating given by
respondents to find the total rating, and the total rating is devided by the number
of the respondents (in this case three). The mean is counted by:
Mean= (total rating):numbers of respondents
For example, for the data number 10, respondent A values it 3; respondent B
values it 2, whereas respondent C values it 2. then, the data number 10 has the
mean of 2,3 derived from (3+2+2):3. therefore, the data is considered to get the
value of 2.
E. Research Procedure
The research procedure is meant to make an effective direction in conducting
research. In this research, the researcher uses the following procedures:
1. determining the object of the research.
2. collecting the data of personal reference in The testament and in the target
text using the technique of collecting data below.
3. writing the collected data on a paper.
4. numbering the collected data.
5. encoding the data.
6. distributing the questionnaires to the raters.
7. taking the questionnaires from raters.
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8. analyzing the data using the technique of analyzing data as mentioned
below.
9. drawing the conclusion.
F. Technique of Analyzing Data
In analyzing the data, the researcher uses technique as follows:
1. Reading the novel The Testament
2. Comparing those two novels
3. Identifying the personal pronouns “you” in the source language and its
equivalence in the target language.
4. Encoding them by using these entities: the context, the book, the page
where the data is taken, and the number of personal pronoun in the
context.
For example: Flowe leans into his microphone. "Can you state the names and birthdates
of your children?" TTe/7/5/2
Flowe mencondongkan badan kearah mikrofon. Anda bisa menyebutkan
nama dan tanggal lahir anak-anak anda? SW/3/9/2
Notes:
a. The word in bold letters is the English personal pronoun taken
from source text (TTe).
b. The second word in bold is the Indonesian personal pronoun refers
to. It is taken from target text (SW).
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c. TTe stands for The Testament.
d. 7 is code for English personal pronoun “you”.
e. 5 is the code showing that “You” is taken from line number 5.
f. 2 is a code telling that the data is taken from the 2nd page from
TTe.
g. SW stands for surat wasiat.
h. 3 is a code showing that the English personal pronoun “You” is
translated into Bahasa Indonesia.
i. 9 is showing the line from which the data is taken.
j. 2 mean that the data is taken from the 2nd page of SW.
5. Analyzing the result of the questionnaires.
6. Analyzing the strategy of personal pronouns, the acceptability, and the
accuracy of translation.
7. Counting the percentage of each classification.
8. Drawing the conclusion.
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CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION
This chapter analyzes the strategies and the quality of the translation of the
English personal pronoun “you”in the novel The Testament by John Grisham.
The researcher found 670 data and the analysis will discuss about the data finding.
It is divided into three main parts, They are strategy, accuracy, and acceptability.
A. The Description of the Data
Table 4.1. Personal pronoun in The Testament (TTe) and Surat Wasiat (SW).
No TTe SW Data Number
1 You Anda
001.004.007.008.009.012.013.014.016.017.018.019.020.021.022. 023.041.042.043.052.054.170.172.173.174.175.176.568.569.570.571.572.573.574.575.576.577.578.579.581.584.585.586.587.588.589.590.591.592.593.594.595.597.598.599.600.601.602.604.615.616.618.619.620.621.622.623.624.625.626.627.628.629.630.631
2 You Kau
002.006.027.029.031.032.038.041.047.055.057.058.062.063.066.067.068.069.070.071.072.073.074.075.076.078.080.082.083.084.085.086.087.088.089.090.091.092.093.095.096.097.098.099.101.102.106.109.111.112.113.115.116.119.120.121.123.124.125.126.127.128.129.130.132.133.134.135.136.139.143.145.146.148.150.152.153.154.155.156.157.160.161.162.163.166.168.177.178.179.180.183.184.185.186.188.189.191.192.194.196.198.200.201.204.205.206.207.209.211.212.214.215.217.218.219.220.221.223.224. 227.228.230.234.236.237.238.239.241.242.245.246.247.248.249.250.251.252.254.255.256.257.259.261.262.263.264.265.266.268.269.273.274.275.276.277.279.281.282.285.286.287.288.290.291.292.293.294.295.296.297.298.299.300.301.302.304.305.306.307.308.310.311.312.314.315.316.321.322.323.325.326.327.328.329.330.331.332.333.334.335.336.339.340.341.343.344.345.346.347.348.349.350.351.353.354.
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Abbreviations:
TTe : The Testament
SW : Surat Wasiat
KK : Kata Kerja
KB : Kata Benda
357.358.359.360.361.362.363.364.365.366.367.368.369.371.373.374.375.379.380.381.382.383.386.387.388.392.393.394.395.396.397.398.399.400.401.403.404.405.406.407.409.410.413.414.415.416.417.418.421.422.423.424.425.426.429.430.432.433.435.438.440.441.442.443.444.445.447.451.452.453.454.455.456.457.459.460.461.463.465.467.468.469.470.471.472.475.476.477.479.481.482.483.484.486.487.488.489.490.491.492.493.494.497.499.501.502.503.504.506.509.511.513.514.515.516.517.518.519.520.521.522.523.526.527.528.530.531.532.533.535.536.537.540.542.543.544.555.556.557.558.559.561.562.564.565.566.567.582.583.596.603.605.606.607.608.609.610.611.612.613.632.635.636.639.640.641.642.643.644.646.647.648.650
3 You Φ
003.005.010.011.015.026.030.034.037.039.040.044.045.046.053.060.061.064.079.081.100.103.104.105.110.114.118.122.131.137.138.140.141.142.144.147.149.151.158.164.165.167.169.171.197.199.222.231.232.318.319.338.342.377.389.450.466.474.480.534.541.580.617.633.651
4 You Kalian 024.025.190.195.243.267.270.271.272.384.408.411.412.419.420.510.638
5 You Mereka 028.199 6 You Dia 036 7 You Kita 048.049.050.051.108.141
8 You KK+mu 117.159.187.225.233.240.244.253.258.278.283.284.303.317.337.376.385.390.431.436.437.449.462.473.485.496.507.524.562.649
9 You KB+mu 33.35.56.59.65.94.107.181.182.202.208.210.213.216.235.260.303.309.324.355.356.372.378.402.427.446.478.495.498.505.538.563.614.634
10 You Dengan+mu 525.529.539.560. 11 You Untuk+mu 77.226.464 12 You Pada+mu 229.352.434.439.458.508.512.637.645
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B. Strategies of Translation
There are four translation strategies used by the translator to translate the
personal pronoun ‘You’ into target language, they are literal translation, structural
adjustment, deletion and addition.
Table 4.2. The Total Strategies Used to Translate the Personal Pronouns
from TTe to SW
1. Literal Translation
Literal translation is the most frequently used strategy to translate the
personal pronoun ‘You’. It is used to translate 573 data. The translator used two
ways: Translating the ST into free morpheme in TT and translated it in the form of
enclitics.
Example 1 (Data No. 021)
Troy Phelan: The owner of Phelan Group that his net worth at eleven billion
dollars.
Zadel: One of the psychiatrists who hope gets much money from Troy Phelan.
Total No Strategies Number of
Data Percentage
1 Literal Translation
a. Free Morpheme b. Enclitics
501 72
74,11 % 10,65 %
2 Structural Adjustment 39 5,77 %
3 Deletion and Addition
a. Deletion b. Addition
62 2
9,17 % 0,30 %
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This is the conversation between Zadel and Troy Phelan. It happened in Phelan’s
conference room. It was held to prove to the world that the old person, Troy
Phelan, had good mental capacity to make a new will.
Zadel ask, “Do you intend to sign a new will today?” (TTe/21/24/17)
Zadel Bertanya, “Apakah Anda bermaksud menandatangani surat wasiat baru hari
ini?” (SW/21/25/25)
The example above shows that the translator uses the word “Anda” to
translate the pronoun “You” to indicate politeness. The position of Mr. Troy
Phelan as the of owner one of top ten big companies in America makes Zadel as
the psychiatrists respect him and indeed he deserves to acquire it since the
conversation happens in a formal situation.
Example 2 (Data no. 025)
The psychological tests has been done for Mr. Phelan and the three
psychiatrists make decision that Phelan know exactly what he’s doing. His mind
is much quicker than others. Consequently, there was no doubt for Troy Phelan to
sign the new will. In his heart Phelan was little bit boasting about his wealth by
saying:
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I've made billions, yet you pat me on the head and tell me how smart I am.
TTe/25/17/18
Aku telah menghasilkan miliaran, tapi kalian berani menepuk pundakku dan
memuji kecerdasanku. SW/25/28/26
Personal pronoun “you” is translated into kalian because the translator
knows exactly that Troy Phelan is talking to three people standing in front of his
desk. Instead of using kamu, the translator uses kalian to show the plural
secondary personal pronoun.
Example 3 (Data No.315)
Rachel Lane: Troy’s illegitimate daughter. She is a World Tribes missionary on
the Brazil-Bolivia border.
Josh Stafford: Troy Phelan’s Lawyer.
Nate O’Riley: Josh Stafford’s close friend and partners for 28 years. He is a
lawyer too.
This is the conversation between Rachel Lane and Nate. Both of them sit
down in front of a hut in a jungle in Pantanal Brazil. It happened after Nate had a
long trip to find this place in order to meet Rachel Lane as an heir and to get her
sign in Phelan’s will because in his last will, Phelan gives almost all his whealth
for Rachel. Rachel said to Nate that she doubt if Troy believed in Christ when he
died. Rachel was a religious woman. He asked to Nate about the Bible and Nate
said that he never read the Bible. Rachel said that she sensed if Nate was lonely
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person because he lived without God. But later, she knew that Nate was kind to
her. Rachel feels guilty to Nate by saying:
I shouldn’t have said that you are lonely. TTe/315/27/286 Tidak sepantasnya aku mengatakan kau kesepian. SW/315/1/332
Personal pronoun you is translated into “Kau” because there is an intimate
relationship between them. The translator wants to show that both of them are
close and Rachel respected the interlucor.
Table 4.3. The Strategy of Literal Translation (Free Morpheme) in TTe and SW
STPP TTPP Number of Data Total
Anda 001.004.007.008.009.012.013.014.016.017.018.019.020.021.022.023.042.043.052.054.099.170.172.173.174.175.176.
27
You
Kau
002.006.027.029.031.032.038.040.041.047.055.057.058.062.063.066.067.068.069.070.071.072.073.074.075.076.078.080.082.083.084.085.086.087.088.091.093.095.096.097.098.101.102.106.109.111.112.113.115.116.119.120.121.123.124.125.126.127.128.129.130.132.133.134.135.136.137.143.145.146.148.150.152.153.154.155.156.157.160.161.162.163.166.168.177.178.180.183.184.185.186.189.191.192.193.194.196.198.200.201.204.205.206.207.209.211.212.214.215.217.218.219.220.221.222.223.224.227.228.230.234.236.237.238.239.241.242.245.246.247.248.249.250.251.252.254.255.256.257.259.261.262.263.264.265.266.268.269.273.274.275.276.277.279.280.281.282.285.286.287.288.290.291.292.293.294.295.296.297.298.299.300.301.302.304.305.306.307.308.310.311.312.314.315.316.321.322.323.325.326.327.328.329.330.331.332.333.334.335.336.339.340.341.343.344.345.346.347.348.349.350.351.353.354.357.358.359.360.361.362.363.364.365.366.367.368.369.371.
449
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There are some reasons why the translator translates the second personal
pronoun “You” into anda, kau, kalian, and mereka.
Pronoun “You” which refers to “Anda” is used in the novel when the
participants are in different levels. The addressee in this condition has a higher
status than the speaker does. It is interpreted that the addressee respects the
addressees. The addressee can be older than the addresser, or has a higher social
status than the addresser, such as employee to employer, student to teacher, or
children to parents. Meanwhile, pronoun “You” is translated into “Kau” when the
addressee is in the same level or in the same positions as the addresser, when the
participants are in the same age. On the other hand when the addresser places
himself/ herself higher than the addressee, the addresser will regard the addressee
as being in a lower class than him/ her and does not need to respect or praise him/
her.
373.374.375.379.380.381.382.383.386.387.388.392.393.394.395.396.397.398.399.400.401.403.404.405.406.407.409.410.413.414.415.416.417.418.421.422.423.424.425.426.429.430.432.433.435.438.440.441.442.443.444.445.447.451.452.453.454.455.456.457.459.460.461.463.465.467.468.469.470.471.472.475.476.477.479.481.482.483.484.486.487.488.489.490.491.492.493.494.497.499.501.502.503.504.506.509.511.513.514.515.516.517.518.519.520.521.522.523.526.527.528.530.531.532.533.535.536.537.540.542.543.544.555.557.558.559.561.562.564.565.566.567.582.583.596.603.605.606.607.608.609.610.611.612.613.632.635.636.639.640.641.642.643.644.646.647.648.650
Kalian 024.025.190.195.243.267.270.271.272.384.408.411.412.419.420.510.638
17
Mereka 028.199 2 Kita 048.049.050.051.108.141 6
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“You” which is translated into “Kalian” happens when the addressees are
in a group. It also refers to the readers or supporting characters in the novel.
Pronoun “You” which means “Mereka” refers to a group of people or community
who are present together with the speaker.
The second type of literal translation strategy is translating personal
pronouns into enclitics form (which are located on the right side of their previous
element).
Example 4 (Data No. 77)
Valdir Ruiz: Josh Stafford’s friend. He is a lawyer too. He leaves in Corumba.
The place located between D.C and Pantanal.
One day Nate was took care of in rehab unit in the Blue Ridge Mountains
West of D.C. He is a drunk. In the past tense years, Nate had been frequent visitor
to rehab facilities. Many times he tries to leave his bad habit but always failed.
Josh Stafford has a plan. He would send Nate to Pantanal by commuter flight to
look for Rachel Lane. It passes Corumba. On that day, Josh visited Nate to rehab
unit to talk about that. Josh said that after Nate came to Corumba, Valdir Ruiz will
help him. Nate then asked Josh about who is Valdir Ruiz? And Josh said that:
He’s looking for a guide to take you into the Pantanal. TTe/117/25/88
Dia akan mencarikanmu orang yang bisa membawamu ke kawasan Pantanal.
SW/17/2/112
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The example above shows that “You” as an object is translated properly
into K.Kerja + mu.
Example 5 (Data No. 512)
Mr. Wycliff: He is a Judge.
The setting is in Mr. Wycliff’s office canteen. Mr. Wycliff was having
conversation with Mr. Stafford. They talked about the existing Rachel Lane while
eating some sandwich. Mr. Wycliff really wanted to meet Rachel Lane to discuss
Phelan’s will but Josh Stafford said that it was impossible because Rachel was in
a far place. Therefore, he just describes who & where Rachel Lane was. And then
Josh said:
That’s all I can tell you. TTe/512/9/406 Itulah yang bisa kukatakan padamu. SW/512/22/469
In the example above, pronoun “You” is translated into padamu. The
translator uses preposition to deliver you as an object properly. The structure of
Indonesian commonly uses preposition to relate one word to another especially
the one concerning about position and direction. Here, Josh Stafford tried to make
the judge understand about the problem that they faced. In this research, the
researcher finds some preposition applied to translate pronoun. They are pada,
bagi, and untuk.
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Example 6 (Data No. 520)
Phill Lancaster: A Christian clergyman.
Nate and Phill Lancaster were talking about Bible in a Church near St.
Michaels. The name was Trinity Church. Phill wants to help Nate to learn much
about The Bible. Phill said to Nate that:
“I can help you, if you want.” TTe/520/21/408 “Aku bisa menolongmu, kalau kau mau.” SW/520/16/472
The example above depicts that pronoun “you” is translated into –mu
which ties in menolongmu to make it more natural.
Table 4.4. The Strategy of Literal Translation (Enclitics) in TTe and SW
2. Translation by structural adjustment
This strategy is applied when there is a different system of both languages. It
tends to make some alterations. It can be alteration of pronoun, tenses, plural to
singular, active to passive or altering word position.
STPP TTPP Number of Data Total
KB+mu 059.094.181.260.295.298.309.355.402.427.495.501.538.563.563.614.634
17
Untuk+mu 077 1
KK+mu
117.138.158.187.233.240.244.258.278.283.284.294.303.313.317.320.324.332.337.370.372.376.385.390.391.428.431.436.437.449.473.485.496.502.507.520.524.562.649.
43
Pada+mu 289.434.439.508.512.637.645 7
You
Dengan+mu 525.529.539.560 4
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Example 7 (Data No. 202)
Jevy: he is an ex-army. He is Valdir Ruiz’s friend in Corumba.
In Corumba Nate met Valdir Ruiz. They talked much about how to get
Pantanal. Valdir said that his friend, Jevy, would guide him to get there. Then
Jevy guided Nate to find out Pantanal by using a ship named Santa Loura. In the
middle of their trip Nate said to Jevy that he had read the book given by Josh
Stafford entitled The History of Indians in Brazil. Then, Jevy ask Nate’s opinion
about this story because Jevy is an Indian too.
“So what do you think?” TTe/202/18/212 “Jadi apa pendapatmu?” SW/202/31/251
From the example above we can see that (S+Predicate) is translated into –
mu in pendapatmu (Predicate+o). The shifting from Subject to Object happens.
Example 8 (Data No. 225)
Snead: Employee in one of Phelan’s company. He is a witness when Phelan
jumped from his own building.
Rex: He is one of Mr. Phelan’s sons.
Hark: He is Rex’s lawyer. He tries to get much information about Phelan’s will
from Snead. He needs some evidences to show that Phelan gets trouble in his
mental capacity.
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As a lawyer, Hark needed much information from Snead as a witness
when Phelan jumped but Snead said that his information about Phelan is too
expensive because everyone knew that Phelan has too much money. In the
discussion in Hark’s office, he asked Snead about what he wanted in order to gave
information about Phelan.
”What do you want?” TTe/225/27/243
“Apa maumu?” SW/24/285
The example above shows that ‘You’ is translated into –mu in ‘maumu’. It
changes from pronoun into possessive adjective.
Example 9 (Data No. 464)
This is the conversation between Rachel and Nate. When Nate got sick in
Corumba, Rachel tried to make sure that Nate would got well soon and God
would blessed him anytime.
“God has plans for you.” TTe/464/27/367
“Tuhan punya rencana untukmu.” SW/464/6/424
The example above shows that the preposition “for” is followed by
personal pronoun “You”. It is translated in indonesia into untuk (-mu).
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Example 10 (Data No. 108)
Josh: He is Phelan’s Lawyer.
Nate: He received order from Josh to look for Rachel as missionaris in Corumba.
On the way to Corumba, they talked much about who Rachel was.
Suddenly, Nate wanted to buy some snacks and drink. He said to Josh:
“Could you pull over at the nearest quick shop?” TTe/108/9/87
“Kita bisa mampir di toko swalayan terdekat?” SW/108/13/110
The Personal pronoun “You” was translated into kita. There is a change in
poin of view from the second personal pronouns “You” into the first personal
pronoun “Kita”. The translator translates the word ‘You’ into ‘Kita’ in order to
make the translation sound more polite and to avoid command impression since
Josh has a higher status than Nate.
Table 4.5. The Strategy of Structural Adjustment in TTe and SW
STPP TTPP Number of Data
Shifting Total
33
Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
39 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
48 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
49 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
You
KB + mu 50 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
28
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51 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
56 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
58 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
107 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
108 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
141 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
159 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
182 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
199 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
202 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
203 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
208 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
210 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
213 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
216 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
235 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
253 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
378 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
448 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
You
KB + mu 478 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
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498 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
500 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
505 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
225 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
356 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
446 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective KK+mu
462 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
4
226 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
229 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
458 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
Prep+mu
464 Pronoun/ kata benda – possessive adjective
4
048
Second singular pronoun – First singular pronoun
049 Second singular pronoun – First singular pronoun
You
kita
050 Second singular pronoun – First singular pronoun
3
The strategy of structural adjustment used in pronoun “You” occurs in
informal situation. It happens when the addressee and the addresser have an
intimate relationship.
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3. Deletion
Translating a text by deleting has two meanings. First, the item intended to be
translated is totally deleted, second, the item intended to be translated is not
translated but its meaning is involved or integrated to another item within the
discourse.
Example 11 (Data No. 36)
Tip Durban: He is Stafford’s friend. They worked in the same company, in the
Phelan Group. He is a lawyer too.
Stafford met Tip Durban in the lobby of Phelan’s Office. They went to the
medical examiner’s office in McLean together to take the result of the autopsy of
Troy Phelan by car. Tip broke the silence as they were crossing the Potomac, on
the Roosevelt Bridge.
But the kids are very busy, you know, school, ballet, soccer. TTe/633/17/482 Tapi anak-anak sangat sibuk, sekolah, balet, sepakbola. SW/633/16/556
In the example 11, there is no translation of You found in the target text.
The phrase of You know doesn’t have any meaning because in Indonesia there is
no language system like that.
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Example 12 (Data No. 541)
After Nate came from Corumba. He met Josh Stafford in his office. Josh
was interviewing Nate about his trip to Pantanal and about Rachel Lane’s
response for his coming. Nate told Josh that Rachel was welcome to him and very
kind. She didn’t think about the will. She prefers to live with Indians in peaces, far
from city, and far from glamourous life style. Josh has a great idea. He wanted
Nate to be Rachel’s lawyer because he believed that Nate is a suitable lawyer for
Phelan’s Daughter. But Nate didn’t agree with Josh’s idea because he lived far
from the city (St Michaels) and it needed much time if he wanted to came to trial
to arrange this legal. Finally, Josh offered Nate to stay in his cottage in
Chesapeakebay. The location was near St Michaels.
You can drive in when you’re needed, and stay here. TTe/490/18/386
Kau bisa ke sana kalau perlu, dan tinggal di sini. SW/490/23/446
The second example omits “You” in its Indonesia version. “You” refers to
Nate. The translator prefers to omit it than to translate it in order to avoid a non-
effective word and repetition. Here, it is clearly seen that the speaker of the
dialogue is Josh Stafford. He is Nate’s close friend so it does not need to inform it
again.
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Example 13 (Data No. 151)
Nate got dengue fever after he went from Pantanal. He was in a high
fever. He was being treated at the general hospital in Corumba. He was
companied by Valdir Ruiz. When Josh knew that Nate was ill, he was very
worried about Nate’s condition. Than, he called Nate and said:
“Do you need a doctor?” TTe/151/4/135
“Perlu diperiksa dokter?” SW/151/6/166
English has some expressions of offering something. The expression
above shows that Valdir respects Nate because they are friends and also partner to
solve the problem about Mr. Phelan’s will. It happened in informal situation. The
speaker delivered the point without giving pronoun to make it more intimate even
though he still keep the politeness. The table below shows that the data belong to
this category.
Tabel 4.6. Strategy of Deletion in translating pronoun from TTe to SW
STPP TTPP Number of Data Total
You Φ
003.005.010.011.015.026.030.034.037.039.040.044.045.046.053.060.061.064.079.081.100.103.104.105.110.114.118.122.131.137.138.140.141.142.144.147.149.151.158.164.165.167.169.171.197.199.222.231.232.318.319.338.342.377.389.450.466.474.480.534.541.580.617.633.651
62
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Pronoun “You” is deleted in the target text for some situations. First,
personal pronoun “You” is deleted because Indonesia and English have different
grammatical system for the same function. For example: Question taq, Indonesia
language does not have grammatical system like that. Second, pronoun “You” is
deleted because the context in this sentence is clear enough so that the translator
does not need to translate it. It could avoid non-effective word and repetition. The
third reason is because the personal pronoun you is accommodated in the previous
sentence.
4. Addition
Besides deletion, the translator may also add some information that will
help readers in understanding the text more easily. This strategy is called addition.
Here is the example:
Example 14 (Data No. 556)
Rex: he is Troy Phelan’s second son from his first ex-wife named Lillian.
Hark: he is Rex’s lawyer
Mary Ross: she is Troy Phelan’s second daughter from his first ex-wife.
Grit: he is Mary Ross lawyer.
Phelan had three ex-wives and seven children. Everybody had his own
lawyer to get the Phelan’s wealth as much as possible. They asked one of Phelan
employee to be witness in court and gave false evidence.
This is the conversation between Hark and Grit:
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If you divulge any information learned as her attorney, then you breach the
confidentiality. TTe/556/29/417
Jika kau membocorkan informasi apapun yang kau dapat sebagai pengacaranya,
kau melanggar ketentuan menjaga kerahasiaan. SW/556/28/483
From the example above, You is translated into kau. But after reading
more, there is an addition item, another kau, which actually refers to the same
person. This makes the translation text sound natural for target readers.
In this research, the researcher found the addition strategy only in the data No 90
and 556.
Tabel 4.7. The Strategy of Addition in translating pronoun from TTe to SW
Based on the research, the most frequently used strategy found in this
novel is literal translation. This method seems to be the most common strategy
used by the translator since both languages have quite similar system of personal
pronoun. The least frequently strategy used in this novel is addition. Here the
translator translates the personal pronoun “You” by adding another item of
personal pronoun “You” in order to make the sentence more natural for the target
readers. This strategy is only applied in 2 datum (0.30 %) that results in a very
accurate and acceptable translation.
STPP TTPP Number of Data Total
You kau 090.556 2
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C. Accuracy
Translation quality assessment is an assessment to measure the accuracy of
translation product. There are some people who need to measure this assessment
considering the aims of the measurement.
Nababan (2004: 63) points out “Dalam konteks penelitian tingkat keakuratan pengalihan pesan teks bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa sasaran seharusnya dilakukan oleh peneliti sendiri. Untuk menghasilkan penelitian yang lebih objektif, peneliti perlu melibatkan orang lain dengan catatan bahwa semua orang yang terlibat dalam penilaian harus memiliki kemampuan dan keahlian.”
From those explanations it is clearly seen that the researcher has to
examine it. However in order to get objective assessment there have to be some
people who have competence and expertise in translation studies to give some
assistance.
The accuracy of translation is analyzed based on the information which is
given by three raters. In this case, the researcher asked three raters who are
professional translators to assess the accuracy level of the translation.
The researcher used a questionnaire as the instrument to assess the accuracy
level. There are 670 data, consisting of source text and target text. The raters
should compare the source text and the target text, and complete the
questionnaire. They had to give score for the data, and to give some reasons and
comments why they choose one of the scores. The range of scores are; (1)very
inaccurate, (2) inaccurate, (3) less accurate, and (4) accurate.
Table 4.8 above shows us the variety of scores given by the raters for each
data. The table is dominated by score (4) for accuracy. It means that the translator
translates the second personal pronoun (You) accurately. It does not mean that
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the pronouns in SL are “you” translated into exactly the same pronoun in TL but it
is translated properly and there is no need of changing or deleting.
The researcher decides whether the translated personal pronoun is accurate
or not by looking the average of the three questionnaires results. The result shows
that there are 4 levels of accuracy scale:
Table 4.8. The Level Scale of Accuracy
Accuracy Scale
4- Accurate 3,6 – 4,0
3- Less Accurate 2,6 – 3,3
2- In Accurate 1,6 – 2,3
1- Very Inaccurate 1,0 – 1,3
1. Accurate Translation
The accurate data consists of the translations of which the meaning is
equivalent with the meaning of second personal pronoun in SL.
Tabel 4.9. Strategy used by Accurate Translation
Strategy Number of Data Precentage
Literal 564 83,55 %
Structural Adjustment 28 4,15 %
Deletion 22 3,26 %
Addition 2 0,30 %
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Example 15 (Data No. 17)
Dr. Theishen: He is one of the psychiatrists chosen by Phelan’s family to
prove that Phelan is in good condition and has strong memory so he was proper to
make a last will for them.
The conversation occured in the meeting room in Phelan’s company. Dr.
Theishen asked to Phelan about one of his companies named Spin Computer. It
was a public company in Washington.
“When did you purchase Spin?” he asks. TTe/17/21/15
“Kapan anda membeli Spin?” ia bertanya. SW/17/7/23
The example above shows that the personal pronouns you is translated into
Anda in the Target language. R1, R2, and R3 gave score four (4) for the accuracy
which means it is accurate in the target language. The translator translates
personal pronoun you accurately from SL into TL since this conversation
happened between the psychiatrist (Dr. Theishen) with the patient (Mr. Phelan).
They have never been acquainted to each other before. The translator translates
the personal pronoun you into anda with a purpose to show the that Dr. Theishen
respects Mr. Phelan as his client.
Example 16 (Data No. 139)
Sergio: he is Nate’s spiritual guide and therapist when he lived in Walnut Hill
before Nate was asked by Stafford to look for Rachel in Pantanal.
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This is the conversation between Nate and Sergio by telephone. Nate was
calling Sergio. Nate has informed Sergio about his condition while heading to Sao
Paulo by plane.
And you’ll call if you get in trouble. TTe/139/20/93
Tapi telepon aku kalau kau ada masalah. SW/139/23/117
There are two personal pronouns in this example. The three raters give
score 4 for those data. The first personal pronoun is deleted. But it does not give
strong influence in the meaning since the first personal pronoun is accommodated
by the second personal pronoun. It is deleted since the translator use transposition
technique. Commonly, the subject could be deleted both in the source text and
target text. This deletion does not bring any effect on the accuracy, since all the
raters state the data is still accurate. The readers still catch the point of the
information clearly even though there is an item which is deleted within the
discourse.
2. Less Accurate Translation
The data are considered to be less accurate translation. If the meaning of
the second personal pronoun in SL is not appropriate with the meaning of second
personal pronoun in TL.
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Tabel 4.10. The Data Of Accurate Translation And The Translation
Strategies
Strategy Number of Data Precentage
Literal 9 1,33 %
Structural Adjustment 1 0,15 %
Deletion 13 1,93 %
Addition - -
Example 17 (Data No. 35)
In this part the writer tries to give more explanation to the reader about
Phelan’s way to convince the psychiatrist that he is in a good condition and able
to make a new will before he committed suicide.
You don’t have to be insane to commit suicide, they emphasized carefully.
TTe/35/19/31
Orang tidak perlu gila untuk melakukan bunuh diri, mereka menekankan dengan
hati-hati. SW/35/18/43
This example show that you is translated into orang in Bahasa Indonesia.
For this, R1 and R2 gave score it 4 for the accuracy. Yet, R3 gives this datum two
(2) for its accuracy. This causes this datum have 3,3 as the mean score of
accuracy. R3 argues that the word dia is more accurate to translate you instead of
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orang. In this example above, the translator translate personal pronoun you into
orang. There is a generalization. The personal pronoun in this context refers to the
reader and then the translator compensates this personal pronoun exactly.
Example 18 (Data No. 37)
Tip Durban was talking with Stafford in the car. They tried to analyze why Troy
Phelan jumped in his own building. Stafford said that:
You’re trying to analyze a man who jumped from a building. TTe/37/15/36
Siapa yang bisa menduga pikiran seseorang yang terjun dari gedung tinggi.
SW/37/11/49
The translator deletes the personal pronoun you in target text. It would be
much better if it was translated into “kau sedang berusaha menganalisis seseorang
yang baru saja terjun dari gedung tinggi” for it will give clearer information.
3. Inaccurate Translation
The data are considered to be inaccurate translation when the meaning of
second personal pronoun in SL is different from the personal pronoun in TL.
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Tabel 4.11. The Data Of Inaccurate Translation And The Translation
Strategies
Strategy Number of Data Precentage
Literal - -
Structural Adjustment 1 0,15 %
Deletion 7 1,04 %
Addition - -
Example 19 (Data No. 28)
The writer portrays the fact that Phelan who had a good capacity mental
could jump to his death.
You declare a man to be of sound mind, and minutes later he jumps to his death. TTe/28/22/25 Orang yang baru saja mereka nyatakan waras ternyata bunuh diri dengan cara terjun dari puncak gedung bertingkat. SW/28/4/36
Each rater gives different score to this data. R1 give score 2, R2 gives
score 3, and R3 gives score 1. Its accuracy means score is 2. It means this data
belongs to inaccurate translation since they have different opinions in terms of
scaling level. The personal pronoun “You” in this context should be translated
into kalian, not mereka. In this case, kalian refers to the readers and/ or the other
characters in this novel. The writer tries to tell the reader about the condition in
this scene.
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Example 20 (Data No. 49)
Josh and Durban tought about what they would tell to the world tribes. It is
because World Tribes will not give any information to them since it was
considered as secret data information. It was impossible to tell World Tribes that
they look for Rachel, one of missionaries in Pantanal.
“What do you tell them?” TTe/49/10/55
“Apa yang kita katakan pada mereka?” SW/49/29/72
In this data R2 and R3 give score 2 while R1 gives score 4. The average
score is 2.6. The translator transfers pronoun you into kita. The rater states that it
is not quite accurate because pronoun “You” (you as subject) which is used to
convey the second personal pronoun is translated into kita. When the researcher
checked it further, the next word mentioned is “We tell them there’s…” or ”Kita
katakan pada mereka…” in Indonesia which is in plural form. Therefore, it is
inaccurate to translate you in that form and it should be categorized as less
accurate translation.
4. Very Inacurrate Translation
Very inaccurate translation happens when the second personal pronoun in
SL is not translated ,consequently, the meaning is lost.
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Tabel 4.12. The Data Of Inaccurate Translation And The Translation
Strategies
Strategy Number of Data Presentase
Literal 2 0,29 %
Structural Adjustment 2 0,29 %
Deletion 24 3,56 %
Addition - -
Example 21 (Data No. 122)
This was the conversation between Nate and Josh. They were close
friends. They had a mission to find a woman named Rachel. She was Phelan’s
daughter. She lived in the isolated area surrounding Pantanal River. Josh had a
plan sending Nate to pantanal to look for Rachel. They used satellite phone to
keep their communication. Josh said to Nate that:
You can use it anywhere on the face of the earth. TTe/122/1/90
Bisa digunakan di manapun di muka bumi. SW/122/14/113
The three raters give the same score for this data,1. The translator does not
translate the personal pronoun you. It is not clear for the reader. There is no
explanation about what or whom the pronoun “you” refers to. The translator uses
transposition technique. It changes the function of personal pronoun from subject
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to object. The objects is usually deleted because it can be traced based on its
context.
Example 22 (Data No. 338)
This is the conversation between Rachel and Nate. They were talking in a
jungle in Pantanal. Nate does not expect that he was in Pantanal that has a fresh
air. Rachel said that this place is not far from Bolivia Mountains.
“Oh you did?” TTe/338/15/298
“Oh ya?” SW/338/24/344
It is not accurate translation. Since the three raters give same point (1) to
this data. The translator does not translate pronoun you, it is deleted. According to
the three raters it should be translated into “Kalian melakukannya?”
Most of the data ( 592 data or 88,36 %) are accurate translation. it means
that the translation of personal pronoun “You” is in high-quality and the message
of personal pronouns from source text are tranferred well into target text.
D. Acceptability
As stated previously, the researcher employs the same three raters to
measure the acceptability of the translation. They are requested to fill in the
questionnaire for acceptability level and give scale to each datum as well as their
underlying reason why the choose it.
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The measurement of the acceptability of the translation is based on a scale
1 to 3. They are (3) acceptable, (2) less acceptable, and (1) unacceptable. The
researcher provides the raters with a space to give their comments and reasons
why they are opted to choose one of the three option.
1. Acceptable Translation
Those translations could be said as acceptable translation if personal
pronoun in this sentence is commonly used in Indonesia language and it is
appropriate with the context of sentence or context of relationship characteristic.
Tabel 4.13. The Data Of Acceptable Translation And The Translation
Strategies
Strategy Number of Data Precentage
Literal 585 87,05 %
Structural Adjustment 31 4,60 %
Deletion 41 6,10 %
Addition 2 0,30 %
Example 23 (Data No. 4)
Zadel: he is one of Phelan’s psychiatrists. In this case he has the same position as
Flowe and Theisen.
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It was a conversation between Zadel and Phelan. They wanted to prove
that Phelan is a psychologist. Zadel tried to pursue many things about Phelan to
show Phelan’s family’s bid was, whether he is in a good memory or not.
Zadel goes first “Mr. Phelan, can you tell us the time, date, and place?”
TTe/4/13/12
Zadel mengawasi pemeriksaan “Mr. Phelan, apakah anda dapat menyebutkan
tanggal, jam, dan tempat pertemuan ini berlangsung?” SW/4/13/25
All raters give point three (3) for those data. It means that the data
perfectly acceptable. Personal pronoun You is translated into Anda because the
translator wants to show that the conversation happened in a formal situation.
Pronoun Anda shows that the speaker is respectable to the interlocutor as in
Indonesian culture and it is appropriate for the given context.
Example 24 (Data No. 44)
Troy Junior (TJ): he is Phelan’s first son from his first ex-wife, Lillian.
He was talking with the BMW-Porsche manager when he came to this
place to get a new car. Because Troy Junior sure that he would get much money
from his died father. The manager gave his sympathies to TJ.
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“Thanks, “Troy Junior said with a brief frown. “He’s better of, you know.”
TTe/44/2/45
“Thanks, “Sahut Troy Junior. Sejenak ia mengerutkan kening. “Dia tidak
menderita lagi sekarang.” SW/44/24/59
The translator does not translate pronoun you into Indonesia since it just
idioceneritic. In English idioceneritic does not have certain meaning. It is like
usual action that most common people do it. It could be deleted without
influencng the acceptability of this pronoun. R1, R2, and R3 give the same score
(3) for this data. It means that this example belongs to acceptable translation.
2. Less Acceptable Translation
The less acceptable translation happens when the personal pronoun in the
translation is commonly used in Indonesia language but less appropriate with the
context of sentence or context of relationship characteristic in politeness aspect.
Tabel 4.14. The Data Of Less Acceptable Translation And The
Strategy Of Translation
Strategy Number of Data Presentase
Literal 1 0,15 %
Structural Adjustment - -
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Deletion 11 1,64 %
Addition - -
Example 25 (Data No. 199)
The writer told the readers about The Indians. It was a sick and violent history.
You lose for five hundred years, and you expect little from life. TTe/199/21/210
Mereka kalah selama lima ratus tahun, maka mereka tidak berharap banyak dari
hidup. SW/199/24/249
The meant point on acceptable of the example above is 2.6 which comes
from the total score given by three raters, R1 gives it four (4), R2 gives it two (2),
and R3 gives it two (2), divides by three (3). The example above presents how the
personal pronoun “You” is translated from SL to TL. There is pronominal shifting
from second personal pronoun to third personal pronoun.
The translator applied pronoun mereka to include the reader, in order to
make them as a part of that novel. It is one of translation strategy variations that
can be applied in the translation project of literary work in order to make it more
natural.
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Example 26 (Data No. 141)
Nate said that he was bored with his activity in the rehabilitation clinic.
This rehab had a purpose to make him easier to adapt with a new community later.
It compelled Nate to follow all of the regulations. He did not like that. He talked
to himself that he needed a few days to get oriented.
You need a fewdays to get oriented. TTe/141/31/97
Kita membutuhkan waktu beberapa hari untuk berorientasi. SW/141/17/122
On the example above, you is translated into kita. R2 dan R3 give score 3.
They argues that this is grammatically and literally correct but R1 gives score 1
for this data. He argues that it is less acceptable. This way of translating is
culturally less acceptable since Nate addressing him self using pronoun kita. It is
less appropriate translation. According to him the preferable translation is aku.
3. Unacceptable Translation
Unacceptable translation defines the personal pronoun in the sentence is
not common used in Indonesia language and not appropriate with context of
sentence or context of relationship context.
In acceptability, deletion may also cause the translation test not accepted.
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Tabel 4.15. The Data Of Unacceptable Translation And The
Translation Strategies
Strategy Number of Data Presentase
Literal - -
Structural Adjustment - -
Deletion 1 0,15 %
Addition - -
Example 27 (Data No. 131)
This is the conversation between Josh and Nate. It happened when Josh
was accompanying Nate to the airport. Josh wanted to accompany Nate until the
plane took off but Nate said that it would waste his time.
I’m sure you have better thing to do. TTe/131/9/91
Pasti ada urusan lebih penting daripada di sini, kan? SW/131/26/114
R1, R2, and R3 measured the quality of the acceptability of the
acceptability by one (1) which means it is unacceptable in TL. There is no
explanation for whom the word You refers to. R3 gave advice that it should be
better if translated the word you into kau. It will help the readers understand the
discourse and provide a clear description about this personal pronoun.
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Example 28 (Data No. 651)
Josh Stafford was having conversation with Nate by phone. They were in
different place. Josh was in his office in Washington, while Nate was in on the
way to Corumba from the Pantanal. Nate reported about his desire to find out
Rachel. He talked to Josh that Rachel did not sign the Phelan’s will but she was
made a new one. Now, she was death because of fever dengue. Nate also said that
he had authority to do Rachel’s will. Then Josh said to Nate that:
You have a lot more than that. TTe/651/24/531
Jauh lebih banyak dari pada itu. SW/651/20/615
The mean score of this datum is 1 (R1: 1, R: 1, and R3: 1). It means that is
belongs to unacceptable translation. R1, R2, and R3 have the same opinion. They
argued that you on You have a lot more than that is deleted since in the
Indonesian version, there is no item representing “You” at all. There may be
confusion for the target readers to whom you (kamu) have more authority.
Most of the data are acceptable translations. It means that the translation of
this novel is accepted in the target language well. There are the smallest number,
that are classified as unacceptable translation because of deletion of some personal
pronoun “You” that makes some unnutural Indonesian sentences. In general, the
translation of personal pronouns in this novel is relatively good.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
In this last chapter the researcher draws conclusion of the result of the
research based on the data analysis that has been done in the previous chapter and
it answers the problem statements stated in the first chapter. They are to identify
the strategies used by the translator to translate personal pronoun “You” in the
novel and to reveal the accuracy and the acceptability of the translation of the
second personal pronouns “You” be found in the data.
1. The results of the analysis on the translation strategies shows that there are
four translation strategies used by the translator to translate the personal
pronoun “You” in the novel “The Testament”, they are:
a. Literal ( 573 data or 84,76 % )
b. Structural Adjustment ( 39 data or 5,77 % )
c. Deletion ( 62 data or 9,17 % )
d. Addition ( 2 data or 0,30 % )
The translation strategy most frequently used by the translator to render
the personal pronouns “You” in the novel “The Testament” is literal translation.
There are 573 data or 84,76 % of the whole data translated using this strategy.
2. The accuracy analysis on the translation of personal pronoun “You” are
done based on the information of the three respondents. Literal translation
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is strategy which produces the translation with high level of accuracy ( 564
data or 83,55 %). In addition strategy, there are 2 data or 0,30 % which is
regarded as accurate, it belongs to low level of accuracy. The average
score of accuracy in this context is 3,79. it means that most of the personal
pronouns of the TT are evaluated as accurate (comunicating the content)
by the raters since the score mean of accurate qualification is 4,0. In fact,
there are 592 data ( 88,36 %) considered as accurate, and 20 other data (
2,98 %) are less accurate, 27 data or 4,03 % considered as inaccurate
translation and there is 31 data or 4,63 % detected as very inaccurate.
3. In the term of acceptability, literal translation produces 585 acceptable
translation data (87,05 %) in high level of acceptability. There are only 2
data or 30 % unacceptable translation data in addition strategy which are
regarded as low level of acceptability. The average score of acceptability
is 2,96. It means that the translation of the pronoun ‘You’ in the TT are
evaluated as acceptable since the score mean of acceptable qualifiations is
3,0. In this research, the researcher found 640 data (95,52 %) which are
acceptable translation, 23 data (3,44 %) were less acceptable translation,
and unacceptable translation for 7 data (1,04 %).
B. Suggestion
Based on the conclusion of this study, the researcher proposes suggestion
as follows:
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1. To the Translator of the original novel “The Testament” and the
Publisher
Based on the result of this study, it is known that the translation of the
personal pronoun “You” are accurate. However, some corrections are still needed
as the raters said that some of the personal pronouns were deleted by the
translator. So, the meaning is lost. The translator should transfer all the meaning
and the message of the ST into the TT without any omission or deletion of the
meaning. So the translation will be more accurate . There is also a need for
further editing process on some mistyped word. The personal pronoun “You”
have to be translated into Indonesian language appropriatly based on the status
level in sociaty or cultural background to get high level of acceptability.
2. To other Researcher
The researcher only focuses on the translation analysis of the personal
pronoun “You” based on the strategy, accuracy, and acceptability. The next
researcher may conduct a research analysis of personal the pronoun based on
other theories of translation such as strategy used in translating personal pronoun
based on the readibility analysis. It is also possible to analyze the personal
pronouns in different criteria for example in the first personal pronoun (I, me, we
or us) or the third personal pronoun (he, she, him, her, they, them, or it).
![]project-translation[ Innovation in Translation Processes](https://static.fdocuments.in/doc/165x107/54b32a654a7959461f8b45fd/project-translation-innovation-in-translation-processes.jpg)
