A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e
description
Transcript of A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e
![Page 1: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Slide 1
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e
John W. Santrock
Chapter Two:
Biological Beginnings
![Page 2: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Slide 2
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Evolutionary Perspective
• Natural selection – Evolutionary process where the best adapted
individuals in a species survive and reproduce
• Natural selection and adaptive behavior– Darwin: On the Origin of Species (1859)– All organisms must adapt in life
![Page 3: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Slide 3
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Evolutionary Perspective
• Evolutionary psychology– Emphasizes adaptation, reproduction, and survival
of the fittest in shaping behavior– Evolution explains human physical features and
behaviors
![Page 4: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Slide 4
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Evolutionary Perspective
• Evolutionary developmental psychology– Explaining humans and their behavior
• Larger brains and more complex societies• Takes longest of all mammals to mature• Some evolved mechanisms of adaptation not compatible
with modern society
![Page 5: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Slide 5
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Evolutionary Perspective
• Evolution and life-span development– Natural selection
• Benefits decrease with age• Failures: harmful conditions and non-adaptive
characteristics• As adults weaken biologically, culture-based needs
increase• Alternative: bi-directional view
![Page 6: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Slide 6
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 2.2 - Baltes’ View of Evolution and Culture Across the Life Span
![Page 7: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Slide 7
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Genetic Foundations of Development
• The collaborative gene– Nucleus of a human cell:
• Chromosomes: Thread-like structures • DNA: Double helix-shaped molecule• Genes: Units of hereditary information
• Human Genome Project– 20,500 genes in humans– Genetic expression and inherited traits
![Page 8: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Slide 8
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 2.3 - Cells, Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA
Nucleus (center of cell) contains chromosomes
and genesChromosomes are
threadlike structures composed of DNA
molecules
Gene: a segment of DNA (spiraled double chain)
containing the hereditary code
![Page 9: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Slide 9
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Genetic Foundations of Development
• Genes and chromosomes– Mitosis: Cell nucleus duplicates– Meiosis: cell division forms gametes– Fertilization: Egg and sperm form zygote– Genetic variability in the population– X and Y chromosomes determine sex
![Page 10: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Slide 10
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Genetic Foundations of Development
• Genes and chromosomes– Sources of variability
• Each zygote is unique– Identical and fraternal twins– Muted genes due to environmental agent– Genotype: all of one’s genetic makeup– Phenotype: observable characteristics
![Page 11: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Slide 11
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Genetic Foundations of Development
• Genetic principles– Dominant and recessive genes
• Sex-linked genes– X-linked inheritance for males and female
• Genetic imprinting– Imprinted gene dominates
• Poly-genetically determined characteristics– Many genes interact to influence a trait
![Page 12: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Slide 12
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
b bB bB bB B
b
B
Blond hair
Brown hair
How brown-haired parents
can have a blond-haired
child: the gene for blond hair is
recessiveMother
B bFather
B b
![Page 13: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Slide 13
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Genetic Foundations of Development
• Chromosomal and gene-linked abnormalities– Down syndrome: 2 copies of chromosome 21– Sex-linked abnormalities
• Klinefelter syndrome: XXY instead of XY• Fragile X syndrome: X in boys is fragile, breaks• Turner syndrome: Girl is XO instead of XX• XYY syndrome: Link to criminal males unproven
![Page 14: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Slide 14
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Genetic Foundations of Development
• Chromosomal and gene-linked abnormalities– Gene-linked abnormalities
• Phenylketonuria (PKU) – treated by diet• Sickle-cell anemia – red blood cells affected• Cystic fibrosis, diabetes, hemophilia, spina bifida, Tay-
sachs and Huntington diseases • Can sometimes be compensated for by other genes or
events
![Page 15: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Slide 15
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Heredity and Environment Interaction:The Nature-Nurture Debate
• Behavior genetics – Studies genetic impact on traits and development– Tests for genetic/environmental influences
• Twin studies– Shared and nonshared factors
• Adoption studies– Effects of biological and adoptive parents
![Page 16: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Slide 16
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Heredity and Environment Interaction:The Nature-Nurture Debate
• Heredity-environment correlations– Passive genotype-environment
• Parents provide/guide child’s interests
– Evocative genotype-environment • Some traits elicit more adult responses
– Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment• Child seeks/selects favorable environments
![Page 17: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Slide 17
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Heredity and Environment Interaction:The Nature-Nurture Debate
• Heredity-environment correlations– Heredity directs environmental experiences– In infancy, environment mostly parent-controlled– As child ages, experiences extend beyond family– Some environments can mute or strengthen
genetic traits– Critics: heredity gets too much credit
![Page 18: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Slide 18
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Heredity and Environment Interaction:The Nature-Nurture Debate
• Epigenetic view– Development is ongoing– Bi-directional interchange of heredity/environment– Infancy
• Positive and negative environmental experiences can modify genetic activity
![Page 19: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Slide 19
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 2.9 - The Heredity-Environment and Epigenetic Views
![Page 20: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Slide 20
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Prenatal Development
• Course of prenatal development– Germinal period: Creation of fertilized egg– Embryonic period: Cell differentiation of embryo
• Endoderm – Digestive/Respiratory systems• Ectoderm – Nervous system, sensory receptors• Mesoderm – Circulatory, bones, muscles, excretory and
reproductive systems• Organagenesis: Organ formation
![Page 21: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Slide 21
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Prenatal Development
• Course of prenatal development– Fetal period: lasts for 7 months, 3 trimesters– Brain:
• 100 billion neurons (nerve cells)• Neural tube formed from ectoderm
– Birth defects can cause death, retardation• Neurogenesis – New cells formed • Neuronal migration – Cell specialization
![Page 22: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Slide 22
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 2.10 - The Three Trimesters of Prenatal Development
First trimester
0-4 weeks Less than 1/10th of inch long
8 weeks Less than 1 inch long
12 weeks 3 inches long, wt: 1 ounce
Second trimester
16 weeks 5.5 inches long, wt: 4 ounces
20 weeks 10-12 inches, wt: ½ -1 lbs
24 weeks 11-14 inches, wt: 1-1½ lbs
Third trimester
28 weeks 14-17 inches, wt: 2½ -3 lbs
32 weeks 16½ -18 inches, wt: 4-5 lbs
36-38 weeks 19 inches, wt: 6 lbs
![Page 23: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Slide 23
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Prenatal Diagnostic Tests
• Tests for abnormality– Ultrasound sonography– Fetal MRI: Better than ultrasound – Chorionic villus sampling: Samples placenta– Amniocentesis: Samples amniotic fluid
– Maternal blood screening (triple screen test)
– Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD): Tests fetal cells (DNA) in mother’s blood
![Page 24: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Slide 24
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hazards to Prenatal Development
• Teratogens– Agents causing birth defects– Severity of damage affected by
• Dose• Genetic susceptibility• Time of exposure
– Prescription, nonprescription drugs
![Page 25: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Slide 25
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hazards to Prenatal Development
• Teratogens– Psychoactive drugs
• Caffeine, cocaine, methamphetamines, marijuana, and heroin
• Alcohol and fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) • Nicotine’s link to SIDS, ADHD, low birth weight
– Paternal smoking during pregnancy
![Page 26: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Slide 26
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 2.12 - Teratogens and Timing of Their Effects on Prenatal Development
![Page 27: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Slide 27
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hazards to Prenatal Development
• Other prenatal factors– Incompatible blood types (Rh factor)– Maternal diseases
• STDs, HIV and AIDS; Rubella measles
– Diet and nutrition (vitamins, folic acid); weight• Toxins in foods, mercury in fish
– Maternal age, emotional states, and stress– Environmental hazards (toxins, waste)
![Page 28: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Slide 28
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Prenatal Care
• Prenatal care varies around the world– Quality of medical care visits, education– Low-birth weight and infant mortality rates– Outside the United States: Free/Low cost prenatal
care, liberal maternity leave– Impact of cultural/ethnic beliefs about pregnancy
![Page 29: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Slide 29
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Birth
• Birth process– Stages of birth
• Labor occurs in three stages: – Uterine contractions – Baby’s head begins to enter birth canal– Afterbirth (shortest stage)
– Birth attendants vary across cultures• Midwifery• Doula
![Page 30: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Slide 30
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Birth
• Methods of childbirth– Natural childbirth: Reduce maternal pain through
education (breathing, relaxation techniques)– Prepared childbirth: Lamaze method– Nonmedicated techniques to reduce pain
• Waterbirth• Massage, acupuncture, hypnosis• Music therapy
![Page 31: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Slide 31
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Birth
• Methods of childbirth– Cesarean delivery (surgical procedure)
• Breech position birth• Benefits and risks continue being debated
• From fetus to newborn– Vernix caseosa (protective skin grease at birth)– Baby must withstand stress of birth
![Page 32: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Slide 32
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Birth
• Assessing the newborn– Apgar Scale: Heart, reflexes, and color– Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment
Scale (BNBAS)• A sensitive index of neurological competence
– Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS)
• Analysis of behavior, neurological and stress responses, and regulatory capacities
![Page 33: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Slide 33
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 2.14 - The Apgar Scale
![Page 34: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Slide 34
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Birth
• Low birth weight and preterm infants– Low birth weight: Less than 5 ½ lbs at birth
• Very low: Less than 3 lbs at birth• Extremely low: Under 2 lbs at birth
– Preterm: Born in 35 weeks or less after conception– Small for date (small for gestational age infants)
• Birth weight below normal for gestational age
![Page 35: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Slide 35
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Birth
• Low birth weight – Incidences
• Not all preterm babies are low birth weight• High rates in developing countries from poverty• Rates increasing in the United States in last two decades• Lowest rates in Nordic countries
![Page 36: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Slide 36
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Birth
• Low birth weight– Causes
• Poor maternal health and nutrition– Maternal diseases and infections
• Cigarette smoking is leading cause• Weekly hormone injections can lower rates
– Consequences• Learning difficulties, more behavioral problems
![Page 37: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Slide 37
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Birth
• Nurturing preterm infants– Intensive enrichment (medical, educational)– Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) interventions
• Kangaroo care: skin-to-skin contact– Stabilizes bodily functions (i.e. breathing) – Better sleep, weight gain, more alertness
• Massage therapy
![Page 38: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Slide 38
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Birth
• Bonding – Special part of parent-infant relationship– Needs to occur shortly after birth– Early emotional attachments may create healthy
interactions after leaving hospital– Rooming-in arrangements offered– Massages and tactile stimulation for premature
infants affect development
![Page 39: A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development 6e](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56814523550346895db1e6f2/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Slide 39
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
The End