A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in...

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Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Degree of Master of Arts (M.A.) In Translation Studies. Culture Specific Items in Persian Translations of Harry Potter Series Advisor: Dr. Ahmad Sedighy Reader: Dr. Farzaneh Farahzad By: Vahideh Dashtbany January 2011

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Islamic Azad University

Science and Research Branch

A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for Degree of Master of Arts (M.A.) In Translation Studies.

Culture Specific Items in Persian Translations of Harry Potter Series

Advisor: Dr. Ahmad Sedighy

Reader: Dr. Farzaneh Farahzad

By: Vahideh Dashtbany

January 2011

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents………………….……….………………………….………..………………IV

Acknowledgments……………………………………………………………………….……....X

List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………………IX

List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………………X

Abstract……………………………………………………………………...................................1

CHAPTER I: Introduction and Background

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………4

Background of the Problem…………………………………………………………………….6

Statement of the Problem……….………………………………………………………..........8

Significance of the Problem….……………………………………….…..……………….…..9

Purpose of the Study …….……………………………….…………….……………………..10

Research Question…………………………………….……………………………….……….11

Theoretical Framework………………………………………………………………............11

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Definition of Key Terms…………………………………………………….…………..........12

Scope and Delimitations of the Study……………………………………………………….13

CHAPTER II: Review of the Related Literature

Translation Studies……………………………………………………………………………..17

Translation Criticism……………………………...……………………………………………18

Models of Translation Criticism…………………………………..………………….…….....21

Reiss’ Model………………………….………………………………………………………....21

Even- Zohar’s Model ………………………………...………………………………………...23

Lefevere’s Mode……………………l………………………………………….……………….28

Toury’s Model……………………..………………………………………….………………...29

Torop’s Model…………………….…………………………………………….........................31

Newmark’s Model……………………………………………………........................................33

House’s Model…………………………………………………………………..........................35

Nord’s Model……………………………………………….…………………………………...38

Farahzad’s Model………………………………………………………………………………42

Delabastita’s Model……………………………………. …………….………………………..45

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Language, Culture and Translation…………………..………………………….……………48

Translatibility vs. Untranslatibility…………………………………..………………………..52

Culture Specific Items Categories…………………...………………………………………...60

Javier Franco Aixelà…………………………………………………………………………....63

Mary Sandor- Hervey…………………………...……………………………………………...65

Thriveni………………………………………………………………………………………….66

Nataŝa Pavloviĉ……………………………………….…………………..…………………….69

Peter Newmark…………………………………………………………………………...……..72

Strategies of Translating Culture Specific Items………...……………………………….…..74

Javier Franco Aixelà……………………………………………………...………….…………75

Vinay and Darbelnet………………………………….…………………………………...……79

Peter Newmark…………………………………………………………………….....................82

Mary Sandor-Hervey…………………………………………...………………………………89

Pederson………………………………………………………………………..…...…………..95

Homology vs. Analogy………………………………………………………………..….……..99

Cultural Knowledge of the Translator…………………………………………………….....100

Language forms the Culture and Vice Versa………………………...…………...................103

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Culture as Translation vs. Translation as Culture……………………...………….……….106

Linguistic Transcoding or Cultural Transfer?.......................................................................111

CHAPTER III: Methodology of the Study

Methodology…...…………………………………….………………………………………...114

Corpus of the Study…………………………………………………………………….……. 114

Procedures and Data Collection……………….......................................................................116

Examples of CSIs in Harry potter and the Order of the Phoenix………………...……….…116

Examples of CSIs in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows…………………..………….…119

Examples of Strategies Applied in Translating CSIs in Harry Potter and the Order of the

Phoenix…………………………………………………………………………..……………..123

Examples of Strategies Applied in Translating CSIs in Harry Potter and the Deathly

Hallows………………………………..………………………………………….……………125

Data Processing………………………………………………………………………………..129

CHAPTER IV: Data Analysis And Discussion

Results…………………………………………………………………...………….………….132

CSIs Applied in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix……………...…………………134

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CSIs Applied in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows…………………..…………………137

Strategies Applied in Translating CSIs in Harry Potter and the Order of the

Phoenix………………………………………………………….……………………….…….140

Strategies Applied in Translating CSIs in Harry potter and the Deathly Hallows.…….143

Strategies Applied in Translating CSIs in Harry potter and the Order of the Phoenix and

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows……………..………………………………………..146

Strategies Applied in Translating CSIs in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix by

Vida Eslamieh………………………………………………………………………………....148

Strategies Applied in Translating CSIs in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix by

Mahmoud mazinany & soudeh Karimy…………………………………………………..…151

Strategies Applied in Translating CSIs in Harry Potter and the deathly Hallows by Vida

Eslamieh…………………………………………..………………..………………………….154

Strategies Applied in Translating CSIs in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows by

Armaghan Jazayery…………………..………………………………....................................157

Discussion……………………………………………………………………….……………..160

CHAPTER V: Conclusions, Pedagogical Implications and

Suggestions for Further Studies

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Restatement of the Research Question and Theoretical Framework…….………………..156

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………..…157

Pedagogical Implications……………………………………….…………………...………...159

Suggestions for Further Studies……………………………………………………...............160

References…………………………………………………………………...…………………161

Appendix 1: Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix………………………………….…168

Appendix 2: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows……………………………………...…..224

Table 2.1: Code Operations Applied in Translation Based on Delabastita……………...….47

Table 4.1 The Frequency of CSIs Applied in Harry Potter and the Order of the

Phoenix…………………………………………………………………………………………135

Table 4.2: The Frequency of CSIs Applied in Harry Potter and the Deathly

Hallows…………………………………………………………………………………………138

Table 4.3: The Frequency of Strategies Applied in Translating CSIs in Harry Potter and the

Order of the Phoenix……………………………….. …………………..….………………….141

Table 4.4: The Frequency of Strategies Applied in Translating CSIs in Harry Potter and the

Deathly Hallows……….…………………….…………………………………………………144

Table 4.5: The Frequency of Strategies Applied in the Two novels………………………..146

Table 4.6:The Frequency of Strategies Applied in Translating CSIs in Harry Potter and the

Order of the Phoenix by Vida Eslamieh………………………………….…………………..149

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Table 4.7: The Frequency of Strategies Applied in Translating CSIs in Harry Potter and the

Order of the Phoenix by Mahmoud Mazinany & Soudeh Karimy ………………………...152

Table 4.8: The Frequency of Strategies Applied in Translating CSIs in Harry Potter and the

Deathly Hallows by Vida Eslamieh…………………………………………………………...155

Table 4.9: The Frequency of Strategies Applied in Translating CSIs in Harry Potter and the

Deathly Hallows by Armaghan Jazayery.……………………………………………………158

Figure 4.1: The Frequency of CSIs Applied in Harry Potter and the Order of the

Phoenix……………………………………………………………………………………...….136

Figure 4.2: The Frequency of CSIs Applied in Harry Potter and the Deathly

Hallows…………………………………………………………………………………………139

Figure 4.3: The Frequency of Strategies Applied in Translating CSIs in Harry Potter and

the Order of the Phoenix………………………………………………………………………142

Figure 4.4: The Frequency of Strategies Applied in Translating CSIs in Harry Potter and

the Deathly Hallows.……….……………………………………………………….………....145

Figure 4.5:The Frequency of Strategies Applied in Harry Potter and the Order f the Phoenix

and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows…………………………………………………...147

Figure 4.6: The Frequency of Strategies Applied in Translating CSIs in “Harry Potter and

the Order of the Phoenix by Vida Eslamieh………………………………………………….150

Figure 4.7: The Frequency of Strategies Applied in Translating CSIs in Harry Potter and

the Order of the Phoenix by Mahmoud Mazinany & Soudeh Karimy………………..……153

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Figure 4.8: The Frequency of Strategies Applied in Translating CSIs in Harry Potter and

the Deathly Hallows by Vida Eslamieh……………………………………...………………..156

Figure4. 9: The Frequency of Strategies Applied in Translating CSIs in Harry Potter and

the Deathly Hallows by Armaghan Jazayery…………………………….………………......159

Persian Abstract……………………………………………………………………………….276

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Abstract

Relying on the classification of culture-specific items presented by Peter

Newmark (1988 : 95) and the model of translation criticism advanced by Dirk

Delabastita, this research explores the dominant and most frequently used

strategies in translating culture-specific items in two novels of the corpus of the

research, as well the frequency of application of the strategies and their possible

relation to the popularity of some of the translations existing in Iran’s book market.

The first part of the findings refers to the novel of “Harry Potter and the Order

of the phoenix” and two respective translations by Vida Eslamieh and Mahmoud

Mazinany and Soudeh karimy, and the second part of the findings refers to the

novel of “Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows” and its two respective translations

by Vida Eslamieh and Armaghan Jazayery.

It is worthy to mention that, regarding the highly fantastic and mysterious

aspects of Harry Potter’s novels and the fact that fantasy and mystery is considered

as part of a country’s history and culture, one extra part was intended to be added

to this study regarding the mysterious creatures and artifacts mentioned in the

chapters studied. Some were named and explained in the historical-cultural

references and some others were innovatory and novel; however, the extensive

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scope of the study and the abstract summaries noted down got the researcher to

single out this part.

The current product-oriented and descriptive research is a quantitative attempt

to distinguish and describe the culture-specific items and analyze the strategies

applied in dealing with them in the corpus of the research. The outlet of the

research has been developed on the basis of practical models of translation that

gleaned from a number of studies.

Dealing with culture- specific items in the first part of the corpus of the research

in their entirety, three hundred and thirty two culture-specific items were manually

collected and systematically classified into five categories of 1- Ecology, 2-

Material culture, 3- Social culture, 4- Concepts, Customs and Organizations, 5-

Gestures and habits and sixteen sub- categories including:1- Flora, fauna and

plains, 2- Foods, clothes, towns, houses, transport, artifacts, 3- Work and leisure

(games and sports), 4- Social, religious, historical, political and artistic, 5- Gestures

and habits and in the second step, they were analyzed and studied based on the five

strategies included in the model of Delabastita namely:1- Substitution, 2-

Repetition (partial- total), 3- Addition, 4- Omission and 5- Permutation.

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According to the results obtained and concluded, repetition-partial has been

introduced as the most pervasive and frequently used strategy applied in translating

the culture- specific items in this part of the corpus of the research.

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چکيده

" همانندی فرهنگی"استراتژی داالباستيتا تئوری خود در خصوص نقد ترجمه را مبتنی بر دو : موضوع و طرح مسئله: الفبيان ميدارد و سپس از تفاوت مابين ترجمه های همانند و مشابه استفاده می کند تا در مورد تفاوت " شباهت فرهنگی"و

وی اذعان . استراتژی هايی که بهنگام ترجمه درما بين زبانها و فرهنگ ها و متون اجرا می شوند به بحث و نقد بپردازدرات و دگرديسی هايی که بهنگام ترجمه مابين زبان ها و فرهنگ ها و متون های مختلف رخ می دهند را ميدارد که تغيي

. طبقه بندی نمود -که البته پيتر نيومارک هم آنها را روشهايی اشتباه ميداند -ميتوان در قالب سه روش غير دقيق و مبهممعرفی می کند که عبارتند از جايگزينی، تکرار،حذف، اضافه دالباستيتا پنج استراتژی کلی را تحت عنوان کدهای عملياتی

اين استراتژی در واقع روشی جهت نقد و . و جبران و پانزده نوع رابطه را تحت اين پنج استراتژی تعيين و تعريف ميکندخانم بررسی کيفيت ترجمه است و در تحقيق حاضر دو رمان محبوب و پر فروش از سری رمان های هری پاتر نوشته

رولينگ و دو ترجمه متفاوت از دو مترجم متفاوت برای هر کدام آنها مورد بحث و بررسی دقيق قرار گرفتند تا استراتژی های بکاررفته و روابط حاکم مابين دو زبان، فرهنگ و متن تعيين و مشخص گردد و در نهايت پر بسامدترين استراتژی

.يابی، بررسی و تحقيق قرار گيردبکار رفته بصورت عملی و کاربردی مورد ارز

:مبانی نظری، پرسشها و فرضيه ها:ب

آنچه واضح و مبرهن است اين است که در تمام اعصار و قرونی که بشر به کار ترجمه می پرداخته است، هيچگاه نسبت به واقف بوده است که هر نقش مهمی که عناصر فرهنگی در ترجمه ايفا می کنند بی توجه نبوده است و به خوبی بر اين امر

چقدر ميزان آشنائی بيشتری با آنها داشته است، بيشتر و بهتر می توانسته از پس ترجمه اين قبيل عناصر فرهنگی بربيايد و بيشتر استراتژی هايی که با هدف نقد و ارزيابی ترجمه وجود دارند، ترجمه ها را از نظر . در نهايت مترجم بهتری باشد

پيتر نيو مارک . بک و ساير ابعاد مشابه مربوط به زيبايی شناختی متن ترجمه مورد بررسی قرار می دهندبافت و زمينه، سفرهنگ را گونه ای روش در زندگی معرقی می کند که نمود های مختلف آن برای هر جامعه ای ) ١٩٨٨(در کتاب خود

و انحصاری خودش و نه ديگری برای بيان مختص و انحصاری می باشد و باعث می شود که هر جامعه ای از زبان خاصرا از ترجمه های " همانند فرهنگی"دالباستيتا از جمله معدود محققانی است که ترجمه های . نمودهای مختلفش بهره بجويد

متمايز داشته و توجه خاصی را به عناصر فرهنگی مبذول داشته است و به همين علت، در تئوری خود در " مشابه فرهنگی"نقد ترجمه با روابط و استراتژی های مختلفی که حاکم برتغييرات و دگرديسی های زبان، فرهنگ و متن مبدا به خصوص

زبان، فرهنگ و

وی پنج نوع رابطه و استراتژی کلی و پانزده نوع رابطه و استراتژی مختلف ديگررا که . متن مقصد هستند سر و کار دارد تحقيق حاضر تالشی عملی در جهت تحقيق درمورد . ی هستند معرفی می کندزير مجموعه های آن پنج استراتژی کل

شايان ذکر .استراتژی دالباستيتا است و روابط حاکم مابين دو زبان و فرهنگ و متن را مورد بحث و بررسی قرار ميدهدرات و دگرديسی های است که اين تحقيق می تواند راهگشای تحقيقات بيشتر و گسترده تر درمورد عناصر فرهنگی و تغيي

.رخ داده بهنگام تغييروتبديل زبان و فرهنگ و متن مبدا به زبان و فرهنگ و متن مقصد باشد

بنابر چهاچوب پيشنهادی دالباستيتا،پربسامدترين استراتژی که در ترجمه عناصر خاص فرهنگی در رمان های انگليسی به ؟زبان فارسی بکار گرفته می شود، کدام است

تحقيق حاضر يک تحقيق توصيفی و ميدانی و آماری می باشد که در آن متون مبدا دو : تحقيق، جامعه مورد تحقيقروش :جرمان پر فروش از مجموعه رمان های هری پاتر و دو ترجمه متفاوت از دو مترجم متفاوت برای هر کدام آنها مورد بحث و

کم موجود مابين دو زبان، فرهنگ و متن مبدا و مقصد تعيين و بررسی قرار گرفته اند تا نوع استراتژی ها و روابط حاروش بکار رفته در تحقيق حاضر روش ميدانی بوده است و مشاهده ، مطالعه ، فيش برداری و جمع آوری . مشخص گردد

عملی در تحقيق حاضربرای بررسی . داده ها از جمله ابزارها و روش های بکار رفته در انجام تحقيق فعلی بوده انداستراتژی دالباستيتا، دو رمان پرفروش از سری رمان های هری پاتر و دو ترجمه متفاوت از دو مترجم متفاوت برای هر

.کدام از رمان ها مورد بررسی و تحقيق قرار گرفتند

ترجمه برای انتخاب و دو هری پاتر و يادگاران مرگ و چهارده فصل از رمان هری پاتر و محفل ققنوس ده فصل از رمانکلمه و ترجمه آنها با ١۶٨٠٠٠٠هرکدام از آنها مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند که خود رمان ها با متن انگليسی مشتمل بر

.لغت مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند ٣٣۶٠٠٠٠دوبرابر حجم متون انگليسی يعنی حدود

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رار،حذف و اضافه بکار گرفته شده اند ولی در هر چهار ترجمه مورد تحقيق، روشهای جايگزينی، تک:يافته های تحقيق : دبراساس يک برآورد آماری ميتوان باقطعيت عنوان نمود که . هيچ موردی که روش جبران درآن اعمال شده باشد، يافت نشد

در . روش تکرار از نوع ترجمه های تحت اللفظی پرکاربردترين روش بکارگرفته شده در هر چهار ترجمه بوده استذکر است که روش جايگزينی پس از روش ترجمه تحت اللفظی، بعنوان دومين گزينه پرکاربرد در ترجمه ضمن، الزم به

. عناصر فرهنگی اين دو رمان شناخته و نتيجه ديگر اين تحقيق عنوان شده است

ترين روش بکار نتايج به دست آمده نشان می دهد که روش ترجمه تحت اللفظی بعنوان پرکاربر: نتيجه گيری و پيشنهادات: هبعالوه اينکه، الزم به . گرفته شده برای ترجمه عناصر فرهنگی در اين دو رمان و چهار ترجمه مورد بحث شناخته شده است

ذکر است که استفاده از روش مذکور در ترجمه های خانم ويدا اسالميه که پرفروشترين ترجمه های موجود در بازار هستند، همچنين نوع ترجمه تحت اللفظی و پرهيز از حشو و گزافه گويی و ارائه ترجمه . يگر بوده استبه مراتب بيشتر از مورد د

ای مختصر و مفيد و البته جايگزينی بامعادل ها و جايگزين های مناسب در فرهنگ ايرانی در روش پرکاربرد ديگر، .تجايگزينی، از جمله عوامل موفقيت اين ترجمه هادر تسخير بازار فروش بوده اس

تحقيقات مشابهی را می توان در چهارچوب ساير طبقه بندی های موجود در زمينه عناصر فرهنگی و يا ساير مدل های . ارائه شده توسط صاحب نظران در مورد ترجمه عناصر فرهنگی می توان انجام داد

وحيده دشتبانی

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دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی واحد علوم و تحقيقات

(M.A)کارشناسی ارشد رشته مترجمی زبان انگليسیپايان نامه موضوع

ترجمه عناصر فرهتگی از انگليسی به فارسی در رمان های هری پانر

استاد راهنما

دکتر احمد صديقی استاد مشاور

دکتر فرزانه فرحزاد

نگارنده وحيده دشتبانی

سال تحصيلی

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