A Tale of the Three Cities

Prelude to the Long Range PlanIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair...– in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.

-A Tale of Two Cities (1859) by Charles Dickens.

John Kelley NCSU, TUNL& US Nuclear Data Program

A Simple view of Nuclear Data?

Utilities, Applications,

Annals of Knowledge

Validation

Refinement

Discovery

Data & Science

Provides the bridge between Basic Science and Applied Science

Motivates curiosity of the unknown

Nuclear Data

Extends our ability to accomplish new feats

Helps us understand the world around us

Provides the bridge between Basic Science and Applied Science

Motivates curiosity of the unknown

Nuclear Datamerges what we can measure with what we

can understand.

Extends our ability to accomplish new feats

Helps us understand the world around us

USNDP and the Long Range PlanUSNDP is managed by the DoE Office of ScienceLong range plan provides offices with community input to establish priorities.

2007 LRP• “The mission of the USNDP is to collect, evaluate, and disseminate nuclear

physics data for basic nuclear physics and applied nuclear technology research”• “The nuclear data infrastructure provided by the USNDP impacts governmental,

educational, commercial, and medical organizations in United States, and is part of the U.S. commitment to the international nuclear data networks.”

• “It is evident that the need for convenient access to nuclear data is rapidly increasing… The U.S. users are almost equally divided among government, education, and all other types of organizations… maintain a high level of expertise in the area of nuclear data evaluation to assure the continuation of the nuclear databases with sufficient breadth and quality to meet the requirements of advanced computational applications.”

Primary Activities of USNDPEvaluation: Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File (ENSDF/IAEA)

Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF)

Compilation: Nuclear Science Reference database (NSR) eXperimental Unevaluated Nuclear Data Library (XUNDL) EXperimental nuclear reaction data (EXFOR/IAEA)

Dissemination: NNDC Website

Repackaging/ taylored user interfaces: NuDat, Nuclear Data Sheets, Table of IsotopesRIPL, Medical Internal Radiation Dose Program,MCNP, GEANT4, CINDER90, etc…

Measurement: Growing effort to include an experimental component. Basic Science, Horizontal studies, Data for validation studies.

Overview Of Structure Database ENSDFENSDF is the only Nuclear Structure database that is updated

continuously – contains information for ALL nuclei and ALL nuclear level properties & radiations – currently contributed by members of the Nuclear Structure and Decay Data Network, under auspices of IAEA. It is maintained by NNDC and the NSDD role is indispensible!

XUNDL compiled recent Nuclear Structure data base aims to fill the gap between ENSDF evaluations. Detailed up-to-date (1-2 months) compilation that can include interaction with authors near date of publication.

No viable alternative exists in the world!

MIRD

RADWARE

Monte-Carlo Codes MCNP, GEANT,

EGS4

ORIGEN, CINDER90

NUBASE

RIPL

ORTEC & CANBERRA

ENSDFApplications

ENDF, JEFF, JENDL …

Simulations

Basic NP Research

RNALPGAANuDat astrophysics

IE

The Critical Issue we face is, What is Nuclear Data’s role in

solving problems?• Basic Science

– We are always increasing our capacity to solve difficult fundamental problems

– New data improves our scientific understanding• Homeland Security

– Interrogation in search of SNM– Stockpile Stewardship

• Interdisciplinary science contributions – – Nuclear physics inputs play a greater role for interpreting

observational resultsRefinement of prior data has an impact

HIGS FacilityCompton Backscattered Photons

Monoenergetic Neutron Sources at TUNLDD, DT, PT, and PLi

Facilities atTriangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory

are optimal to contribute in these areas

Basic Science

• We are always increasing our capacity to solve difficult fundamental problems

• New data improves our scientific understanding1. NRF to measure the separation of the 20Ne 1+/1-

parity doublet2. NRF to characterize astrophysically important

22Ne+a resonances3. Unambiguous identification of 12C 2+

2

NRF to Characterize Astrophysically Important 22Ne+ a Resonances.

U. Giesen et al., NPA561 (1993) 95C. Ugalde et al., PRC 76 (2007) 25802

Data collected using 22Ne(6Li,d) was insufficient to characterize the competition between (a,n) and ( ,a g) reactions in the region of interest. Resonance energies and Spin parity values needed improvement.

Ex=10.03 (11) MeVG=800 (130) keVGg0=60 (10) meV

UCONN/Weizmann Institute of Science/ TUNLOptical TPC - CO2 80% + N2 20%

Homeland Security

• Interrogation in search of SNM• Stockpile Stewardship

1. NRF to discover new dipole excitations in SNM actinides

2. Neutron fission product yield studies

13 discrete de-excitations were identified for the first time in the from 1.6 to 3.0 MeV.

This includes 10 to the ground state, two branching transitions to the third excited state at 46.2 keV and one unresolved transition in 235U.

E. Kwan et al., Phys. Rev. C 83, 041601(R) (2011)

238U

Over 105 new excited low-spin states in 238U were observed at γ-ray beam energies from 2.0 to 5.5 MeV.

80 E1 and 25 M1 states were identified

Samantha Hammond et al., Phys. Rev. C 85, 044302 (2012)

235U

New Levels in Actinides Identified using Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence at HIGS

Fission Products Yield Study

Long-standing difference between LLNL and LANL with respect to selected fission product data

239Pu(n,f)147Nd

There were no 147Nd data between 1.9 and 14 MeV

Monoenergetic Neutron Sources at TUNL: dd, dt, pt & pLi

2H gas

From VdG accelerator

p or dn

One thick target ~0.2 g/cm2

Two thin targets ~10 μg/cm2

Dual fission chamber n-detector

Dual Fission Chamber: The Renaissance of the NIST idea Design and fabricate three fission

chambers: one for 239Pu, one for 235U, and one for 238U

Dedicated thin (~10 μg/cm2) 235,238U and 239Pu foils electroplated on 0.5” titanium backing★

Dedicated thick (200 - 400 mg/cm2) 235U (93.27%) 238U (99.97%) and 239Pu (98.4%) targets

Fission chamber efficiency 100%, confirmed with activation measurements

★ Made by LANL

Excellent a / fission separation

alpha

fission

Summary of identified fragments for 235U, 238U and 239Pu

Fragment Eg (keV)' T1/2 Ig %95Zr 756.725 12 64.032 d  6 54.38 % 2297Zr 743.36 3 16.749 h 8 93.09 % 16

105Rh 318.9 1 35.36 h 6 19.1 % 6127Sb 685.7 5 3.85 d 5 36.8 % 2

131I 364.489 5 8.0252 d 6 81.5 % 5132I 954.55 9 1.387 h 15 17.6 % 5

132Te 228.16 6 3.204 d 13 88 % 3133I 529.872 3 20.83 h 8 87.0 % 23

135Xe 249.794 15 9.14 h  2 90 % 3140Ba 537.261 9 12.7527 d 23 24.39 % 22141Ce 145.443 34 32.508 d 1 48.29 % 20143Ce 293.266 2 33.039 h 6 42.8 % 4147Nd 531.016 22 10.98 d 1 13.37 % 11

147Nd(239Pu) Absolute Fission Product Yield-Prelim.

Interdisciplinary science contributions

• Nuclear physics inputs play a greater role for interpreting observational results

1. Identify M1 states in nuclei important for neutrino observations

2. Measure neutron induced cross sections on materials prevalent in low-rate underground experiments

Identify M1 state in nuclei important for neutrino observations

New Proposed experiments at HIGS

Measure neutron induced cross sections on materials prevalent in low-rate

underground experimentshttp://collargroup.uchicago.edu/laboratory.html

XENON100 Collaboration Phys.Rev. D83 (2011) 082001

Tornow’s group has leveraged significant NNSA support to create an infrastructure for (n,xn) studies

Tornow’s (n,xn) studies

Validation

Refinement

Discovery

Data & Science

US Nuclear Data Program Key is to meet the users needs