A system of production, distribution and · Two Types of Industry: Weight-losing (bulk-reducing)...
Transcript of A system of production, distribution and · Two Types of Industry: Weight-losing (bulk-reducing)...
• A system of production, distribution and consumption in a region.
• PUT YOUR NAMES ON THEM!
Chapter 12: Industry
and Services
Unit 9:
Economic
Development
Ch. 12 and Ch.10
•Commodity = a good that is marketed and sold
•Commodity Chain – Explains the links between producers and consumers
Tea leaves grown
by thousands of
small farms
Trader sells tea to
various tea
companies
Tea companies
sell it to retailers
Consumers
purchases tea in
retail store
Most of the profit
happens at this
stage
Oversupply of
tea and poverty
at this stage
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cbXqXMbCnrc
• Sectors = Economic categories• The economy can be broken down into different sectors
• The type of sectors depends on what is being categorized two ways:
Stage of
Production
Product or
Service Type
Primary
ActivitiesSecondary
Activities Tertiary
Activities
• Extracting natural resources from the earth
agriculturemining
energy
forestry
fishing
• Processing raw materials into goods for consumptions
manufacturing
• Transportation, wholesale, and retail of finished goods from the secondary sector
transportation
wholesale
retail
• Quaternary Activities – Information creation and transfer
• Quinary Activities – Highest level decision making
Marketing/
Finance
Government
Entertainment/
TourismHealth Care
Education
Scientific
Research
• All countries include these sectors• Depending on a country’s level of development, one
sector will be more prevalent
Primary Secondary
Tertiary
• Quaternary
• Quinary
Less developed Most developedMore
developed
• 10-15 minutes
• Read the Article
• May work with desk partner!
• Explain the “Stage of Production” Economic Sectors that go into the Smart Phone.
• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary
• Quaternary
• Quinary
• Identify where in the world these sectors are occurring based on the article.
• Sectors = Economic categories• The economy can be broken down into different sectors
• The type of sectors depends on what is being categorized two ways:
Stage of
Production
Product or
Service Type
1. Agriculture 2. Natural
Resources3. Manufacturing
4.Services
And many
more…
We must compare the
cash value of what is
produced in different
sectors.
•How it’s measured: the combined cash value of what is produced (not volume)•The least valuable of sectors
•Why do some crops become more or less expensive?
•Least-Developed Countries(LDC) farmers – if they grow cash crops, they search for local buyers and sell directly. •What is a potential danger for farmers?
A tea plantation in Sri Lanka
•Most Developed Countries(MDCs)– commercial farming: sold, and distributed globally
•Mining and Energy Extraction – fluctuates wildly with global prices
•Economies that rely heavily on energy prices (like oil)/one commodity can rise and crash quickly with global prices
Zambia relies heavily on its
copper mining industry. In
1990s, the U.S. Mint decided to
switch to zinc cores for its
pennies.
Identify 3 Countries that specialize in Agriculture and Fishing. Identify 3
Countries that specialize in Oil. Identify 3 Countries that specialize in
Metals/Minerals. Identify 3 regions specialize in a single commodity?
ONE COMMODITY COUNTRIES
Renewability•We can classify resources by their renewability
•Non-living sources= non-renewable
•Living sources = renewable
•Alternative energy sources = solar, wind, hydro, Geothermal
•Tend to be more expensive to harness
Fossil fuels Minerals
Fisheries Forestry
Sustainability
•Our ability to replace resources as fast as we harvest them. •Does not have to be replenished quickly, as long as it is consumed slowlyEx: Fish, Trees
•The cornerstone to economic development•Factory-made products far out-value agricultural and natural resource products•Why?
•The more complex and technology-driven the manufacturing, the higher the value of the end product
Value-added
processing
•Durable Goods = intended to be used for more than a year
•Non-durable Goods = intended to be used for less than a year
•Intangible products – you cannot “touch” them•Classified by
•Low-benefit services = labor force is low-skilled, low pay, 3 Examples?
•High-benefit services = labor force is highly-skilled, high pay
Tertiary Production
Most valuable areas of economic
production worldwide
• Re-Read the Article (If Needed)
• Explain what Product/Service Type Sectors go
into the Smart Phone.
• WHERE are these products/service sectors coming
from?
Question 1
Summarize the history and results of the Industrial Revolution in Europe. Describe its distribution throughout Europe and into other countries/regions.
Beginning of Industrial Revolution
In Great Britain in the mid to late 1700s
Why Great Britain?
1. Flow of capital (capital = wealth/money)
2. Second agricultural revolution
3. Mercantilism and cottage industries
4. Resources: coal, iron ore, and water power
Cottage Industries
A traditional type of manufacturing practiced on a small scale in individual households to produce handmade goods for local consumption.
Flow of Capital into Europe, 1775Needed flow of capital in order to fuel the industrial revolution.
What regions did capital come from? And Why so much to Europe?
What is the connection between iron ore/coalfield
locations and the placements of cities in Great
Britain?
Industrialization in the
1900’s
Fordist Production
1900’s : Dominant mode of mass production of consumer goods at a single site started w/ U.S automobile factories by Henry Ford.
Assembly Line model – different groups performing different small tasks to complete a final product.
• Before Fordism: Cars use to take 16 hours to produce. Then after Fordism: 5 minutes
Commodification of Labor
• Factory owners and corporations began looking at human labor as commodities (objects for trade) with price tags per hour.
• Not seen as people.
Charlie Chaplin - Factory Work
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DfGs2Y5WJ14
Neo/POST: Fordist
Current mode of production with a more flexible set of production practices in which goods are not mass produced.
Flexible Production System: Production is accelerated and dispersed around the globe by multinational companies that shift production, outsourcing it around the world.
Post-Fordist
Break of Bulk Point
• Location along a transportation route where goods must be broken down smaller then transferred from one mode or transportation (ship) to another (truck).
• EX: Port of Portland – Ships unload Toyota’s on to rail cars or semi-trucks.
Vertical Integration
When the same company owns and operates multiple sectors of the commodity chain.
BIG STEEL CORPORATION
Owns and Operates
Acme Mining Company
Pacific Railroad Joe’s Trucking
Location Theory
Theories predicting where business will or should be located.
Industrial Location Theory Con’t
Two Types of Industry:
Weight-losing (bulk-reducing)
Weight-gaining (bulk-gaining)
Weight Losing / Bulk Reducing
Final product weighs less than raw materials
Where would you locate your processing plant?
Weight Gaining / Bulk Gaining Final product weighs more than main raw material
Where would you locate your processing plant?
Question 2
Explain Weber’s least cost theory. What is agglomeration? List two examples of agglomeration.
• Describe, using Figure 12.8, where major fossil fuel deposits exist in the United States and what does that mean for industry/employment in those areas.
• Describe how site and situation factors influence the location of manufacturing and give examples.
Weber’s Least Cost Theory
Manufacturing plants will locate where costs are
the least (least cost theory)
Focus: minimize costs:
Location of raw materials
Location of the market
Transportation costs
Labor
Weber’s Least Cost Theory Cont’
Footloose Industries: Industries not restricted in where
they can locate because of transportation costs.
Ex: Industries that produce light weight products
extremely high value, like computer chips.
Agglomeration
Occurs when industries clump together in the same area. Can share costs such as electrical lines, roads, pollution control, etc.
TWO MAJOR KINDS:
• High Tech Corridor
• Technopoles
Deglomeration
Occurs when industries “declump” because of the negative effects of industrial overcrowding – pollution, traffic congestion, labor shortages, etc.
High-Technology Corridors
An area designated by local or state government to benefit from lower taxes and high-technology infrastructure.
• The goal of providing high-technology jobs to the local population.
Example - Silicon Valley, California
Technopole
An area planned for high technology where agglomeration built on a synergy among technological companies occurs.
Example - Route 128 corridor in Boston
Question 2
Explain Weber’s least cost theory. What is agglomeration? List two examples of agglomeration.
• Describe, using Figure 12.8, where major fossil fuel deposits exist in the United States and what does that mean for industry/employment in those areas.
• Describe how site and situation factors influence the location of manufacturing and give examples.
Question 3
What is deindustrialization? According to Figure 12.12, what countries/regions produce the most/least amount of oil? What does that mean for the economies of those countries?
• How have deindustrialization and the rise of service industries altered the economic geography of production?
• What are the vulnerabilities of a service economy?
Deindustrialization
• A process where companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor.
• Leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and work through a period of high unemployment.
EX: Rust Belt
Rust Belt
What states make up the Rust Belt?
Question 3
What is deindustrialization? According to Figure 12.12, what countries/regions produce the most/least amount of oil? What does that mean for the economies of those countries?
• How have deindustrialization and the rise of service industries altered the economic geography of production?
• What are the vulnerabilities of a service economy?
Service Economy
Economic activity associated with the provision of services – such as transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs.
Weaknesses:
• Replaced by technology
• Outsourced to semi-periphery countries
• Tourism can be very weak
• Services can become less desired
Backwash Effect
The negative effects on one region (lost taxes for schools) that result from economic growth within another region.
EX: In the 1980’s, Flint, Michigan’s GM auto plant moved to Mexico. Thousands lost their jobs and moved to other areas of the country.
• Where is the American Rust Belt? Why is it called the
rust belt and what economic factors led to its current
economic conditions? Where and what is the Sun Belt?
•Services produce the majority of MDCs economic value
•Roughly 80% of economies in U.S. and Canada come from service sector•Manufacturing?•Agriculture? 17%
3%
•Investors are looking to maximize their return on investment
•Services provide the most value for investment dollars
Value of Raw
Materials
Value of
ManufacturingValue of Services
Sand, copper, aluminum
About $3
High-tech manufacturing
About $600Computer Programming
$1,000 to ???
Global Division of Labor
Corporations can draw from labor around the globe for different components of production.
Example: The low-paid labor in Guatemala does the labor intensive work of picking coffee beans. The beans are transported to United States where workers roast, package ,and market the product.
Chapter 10: Development
Development
• Process of improving the material condition of
people through growth and diffusion of technology
and knowledge.
Hans Rosling and the magic
washing machine
http://www.gapminder.org/videos/hans-rosling-and-the-magic-washing-machine/
What does owning a washing machine mean for
the development of a group of people? What is the
MAGIC of machines in the developing countries?
LDC vs. MDC
More Developed countries(MDC):
• Wealthy country with education and health developments.
• Try to maintain growth
Less Developed countries(LDC):
• Economically poor country with education and health improvements
needed.
• Trying to improve economic condition
(Newly Industrialized Country)
Countries in the transition stage between developing and developed countries.
NIC typically have rapidly growing economies.
EX: South Africa, Mexico, Brazil, China, India, Malaysia, the Philippines,
Thailand and Turkey.
How do we
measure a
countries
development?
• GDP = Gross Domestic Product
• Total value of goods and services produced in a country within its borders in a year.
• GDP per capita is GDP divided by country’s population
• MDCs: GDP per capita is greater than 20,000
• LDCs : GDP per capita is less than 1,000
• GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear
population
• GNP = Gross National Product
• The total value of goods and services, including income from overseas, produced by the residence of a country in a year.
Purchasing Power Parity = a conversion of the purchasing power of any foreign currency into common units.
EX: $750 in sub-Saharan Africa has a PPP for that income level shows a buying power of $4,000 in the U.S
• Basic Rule of Thumb…
MDC
$20,000 GNP per capita
LDC
• Explain the difference between GNP and GDP.
List two shortcomings for each economic measure.
Explain the difference between a formal and
informal economy.
• Measures inequality between men and women, the
higher the score the higher the inequality between the
genders.
• Highest Regions? Lowest Regions? Patterns?
The United Nations Human Development Index
(HDI)
• Measures country’s development level based on
factors such as life expectancy, education,
literacy, gross domestic product per capita.
* Need to know the TOP 10 countries!
Categorilla
Get out your Categorillas.
• Need to know the TOP HDI
countries and top GDP countries
• Core: MDCs, Industrialized(Tertiary/Quaternary/Quinary) w/ high
income and standard of living
• EX: Australia, Japan, Western Europe
• Semi-Periphery: Newly Industrialized Countries(Secondary
Activities), vast inequality in standards of living
• EX: Brazil, India, China, Indonesia
• Periphery: LDCs w/low industrialization( Primary Activities), with
low infrastructure, income, and standard of living.
• EX: Most of Africa (EXCEPT: South Africa, Northern Portions), Parts of Asia, Central America, and Parts of South America
Describe and explain each stage of Rostow’s
Modernization Model. For each stage, list a country
currently in that stage and explain why the country fits.
• 1950s: to explain and predict countries’ patterns of economic growth and modernization
• Assumption: Every country has some form of comparative advantage that can be used for economic growth
• Rostow’s 5 Stages:1. Traditional Society2. Preconditions for Takeoff3. Takeoff4. Drive to Maturity5. High Mass Consumption
• Economic activity is subsistence farming
• Very little investment in innovation
• EX: Nepal
• Country begins to invest in innovation/infrastructure –roads, ports, utilities, schools
• Infrastructure paves the way for natural resource extraction, manufacturing, and trade with other countries
• EX: The Philippines
• New industries start showing rapid growth
• Many people still in agriculture, but shifting to industrialization
• Increase in technical knowledge
• EX: Vietnam and Thailand
• Technology diffuses throughout country and urbanization grows
• Advances in industrial production are seen in most sectors
• Workers become more skilled and educated
• EX: China, Argentina, Chile
• Manufacturing jobs replaced by service-oriented jobs
• Technical knowledge, education = high
• Agriculture is mechanized (no longer traditional)
• EX: Australia and Western Europe
What other models have we studied remind you of Rostow’s Stages of Development?
• NIC/MDCs = Stages 4 and 5
• LDCs = Stages 1, 2, and 3
• His model is based on U.S. and western Europe, Problem?
• Too linear
• Structural issue might limit development
• ex: colonial dependency
• Assumed comparative advantage not equal
• Economies can go backwards
• What is Globalization?
• SIX facts/ details relating to globalization and industry
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5SnR-e0S6Ic
Transnational/Multinational
Corporations
Businesses w/ headquarters in one country and production facilities in one or more countries.
• Geographical differences in wages, labor laws, environmental regulations, taxes, natural resources
EX: Nike’s headquarters are in Portland, but their factories are located in Indonesia because of low production costs.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COPTIZ_Sg2E
Portland, Or Indonesia
The Real Cost of Fashion
(Article Questions)
1. Why do some retailers manufacture clothes on Bangladesh? Do Americans benefit from this? Why or why not? What happened in Bangladesh that made American’s rethink where they are getting their clothes manufactured?
2. Explain the connection between employee wages and where companies decide to locate manufacturing locations? How does this article connect with Weber’s Least Cost theory?
3. Explain the pros and cons from the article of United States companies producing clothes in other countries?
4. On the last page of the article there is a map of Asia, answer questions 1,2,3,6, and 9 in full sentences. These questions are located right below the Asia map.
Bangladesh Factories
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/cbs-news-goes-undercover-in-a-
bangladesh-clothing-factory/
Trends in Globalization
Outsourcing: Shifting production of a product to a
third party in another country.
Offshoring: Contracting with a third party service
provider in another country to take over part of the
business operations.
EX: An American company’s customer service
operator located in India
• Industrial economies of Asia that are rapidly growing
OLD ASIAN TIGERS NEW ASIAN TIGERS
Received foreign aid (U.S and Europe) from
international programs (not loans)Foreign direct investment (loans--looking for
profit)
Cause: Foreign democracies supported their growth
during Cold War to battle communismCause: Demand for low-cost consumer
products 1970’s-1990’s
Manufacturing developed in 1950s-70s to produce
inexpensive goods for world market
Irony: by 1970s these countries were competing with
U.S. and Britain
• Japan
• South Korea
• Taiwan
• Hong Kong
• Singapore
• India
• Indonesia
• Malaysia
• Thailand
• Vietnam
Question 7
Describe and explain dependency theory. Explain how dollarization fits into this theory.
• Most LDCs and all NICs are dependent on MDCs
• Why?
• LDCs and NICs require loans from MDCs for factories, etc.
• As LDCs and NICs industrialize and make money, the money pays back the loans and does not support the LDC growth
Export Processing Zones
(EPZ’s)
Regions that offer tax breaks and loosened labor
restrictions in LDCs and NICs to attract export-driven
factories for foreign market.
• Maquiladoras
• China’s special economic zones
Special Economic Zones
(SEZ’s)
China’s coastlines are made up of several SEZs
and benefited from this economic stimulus
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ND_Y4hfkesA
Explain export processing zones. Using Figure 10.12, what
countries have a high number of export processing zones, and
what does these high amounts EPZs mean for these countries
economically. Define and Describe maquiladoras, and describe
their place in the U.S economy.
• When a government or corporation concentrates economic
development in a city or small region in a country to reflect
development.
Islands of Development
Port Gentile in Gabon “Oil City”
The global oil industry has created the entire
city of Port Gentile, Gabon to extract Gabon’s
oil resources.
Malaysian government built a new,
ultramodern capital at Putrjaya to symbolize
the country’s rapid economic growth.
Barriers and
Costs to
Development
Barriers to Economic
Development
•Low Levels of Social Welfare (poverty, health care, etc)
•Child Trafficking (domestic servants)
•Foreign Debt
•Political Instability
•Widespread Disease
•Malaria (150,000 children die each month)
•http://www.voanews.com/content/gains-being-made-against-malaria/2732671.html
Nongovernmental
Organizations (NGOs)
• Non-profit organizations operate independent of country
governments to help rural residents.
• Each NGO has its own focus/set of goals.
• Improve human welfare.
EX:
Building schools
Providing malaria nets
Providing safe water
UN: Millennium
Development Goals
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A5giOGjj5X8
UN: Millennium
Development Goals
What impacts have we had on the EIGHT development
goals by 2015?
What are still some of the problems we are facing in
development today?
http://bcove.me/r3svz112
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A5giOGjj5X8
Fair Trade
• Emphasizes small businesses and worker owned run cooperatives.
• Employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing, and comply with minimum environmental and safety hazards.
EX: Coffee Industry
Ecotourism
Tourism based on the enjoyment of scenic areas of natural wonders/culture (instead for hunting, fishing, and adventurers) in an environmentally sustainable way in rainforests, marine reef, and polar habitats.
Ex. Belize, Chile, Botswana