Proceedings of the 7th Internatumal Workzng Conference an Stored-product Protection - Yotume 2

A survey of rural storage loss of grain in Jiangxi Province ofChina

Zheng Wei!

Abstract

The gram loss conditions, reasons and problems of storagein the rural areas of Jiangxi Province are detailed andanalysed m the paper. At last some feasible suggestions andmethods to solve or mmimise gram loss have been putforward

Introduction

Gram loss IS a very senous problem m the world. Largequantities of gram have been damaged by insects, mould,rodent and birds, especially m the rural areas. In Chinathere IS a vast territory WIth quite different climatecondrtions, and many factors Will result m the gram loss,which make us to evaluate gram loss more difficult JiangxiProvince ISa major provmce to produce gram WIthoutput of15,000,000,000 kg annually Nearly two thirds of the gramwere stored m the countryside Concermng the climate mIiangxi Provmce, the arr temperature ISnormally high WIthhigh moisture content, which frts to the generation anddevelopment of gram msects and mould, and brings greatproblems for grain storage. In order to solve the problem wehad a survey on the storage for more than one year for 17representative counties, basically clarified the gram loss inthose counties. And then we put forward some treatmentmeasures accordmg to practical conditions, by which goodeconomical and SOCIalbenefits have been achieved

Grain Loss Situation

We selected some counties from different geography,regions, grains, harvestmg modes and storage types andmade some surveys of the gram loss. Those counties mcludeGaoan, Fengxm, Fengcheng, Yongfeng, Xmgan, Xinguo,yudu, Yugan, Guangfeng, Lmchuang, Yihuang, Nanchang,Yongxiu, Pengze, Lepmg, Yushui and Guxi The gram lossto be surveyed consists of harvesting loss and storage loss.The former mcludes the loss which happened m the field,

1 Gram Bureau of Jiangxr Province, P R Chma, 330046

storage ground and drying ground and the later one includesthe loss caused by msects, rodents, birds, mould and otherfactors.

Farmers' households

There were 357 farmers to be investigated. They wereallocated m 147 VIllages, among them 79 farmers in plamarea, 26 farmers m lake areas, 42 farmers IIImountain areaand 171 farmers m down-land The grain was collected from3,61Omu of land, among which, 2,01Omu for early-seasonrtce, 438mu for middle-season rice and 1,165 mu for late-season rice. It IS predicted that 1,468,418 kg of nce areharvested and only 67,024 kg left for the farmers for use.The farmers store those gram WIth moisture content of11 2-14.8%, dust content of 0.4-11.19%, browningnee YIeldof 71.1 - 78% by means of small barns, storagecontamers, bags and bulk packages (Table 1)

Grain loss during harvesting

We investigated 357 farmers scattered m 17 counties Withtotal rice output of 1,468,418 kg from 3,61Omu of ncefields, The total loss durmg harvest reached 52,389 kgwhich occupied 3.57% of the output, the gram loss by fieldseattenng reached about 44,227 kg, 3.0 % of the totaloutput, gram loss by drying operation reached 8,162 kg,0.56% of the total output (Table 2).

Grain loss during storage period

There were 16,036 kilograms of rice lost durmg storagepenod from the mvestigation of 357 farmers. The grain losswas caused by insects, mould, birds, etc wluch occupied4.37 % of 367,044 kg of the total pnvate grain amount.Among them, 6,142 kg gram loss was caused by insects,1.67% of the total amount; 9,425 kg by birds and rodents,2.56% of the total amount, 178 kg by mould, occupymgo .05% of the total amount, and other loss for 290 kilogramsWhIChcovered 0.08 % of the total amount of private gram(Table 3).From the investigation report, It can be seen that the

grain loss of the storage III the countryside IS very senous.Mam reasons include poor storage condrtion, i. e. farmersstored gram only WIthbamboo bins, gunny-bags, or plastic-kmtted bags puttmg on the floor or ground. Some farmersput gram on floor Without usmg any contamers or bags,

1398

Proceedmqs of the 7th International Working Conference on Stored-product Protectum - Volume 2

resultmg m very senous damage. Loss caused by mice andbirds m the 17 counties reached 9,425 kg which covered58.77 % of the total loss. For example, Liao Fusheng, aninfluential gram fanuly in Erdu Village, Yihuang County,had 5,500 kilograms of pnvate gram stored on the floor. Hesuffered more than 200 kilograms of loss caused by rodentsand birds. Another reason IS the insect development. Insectdisaster almost exists m the gram storage of every farmer.

Table 1. Farmer's distribution.

JIang Omgbao, a farmer in Tongtian VIllage in FengchengCIty, once found countless insects m hIS storage. Hescreened the nee from the storage surface about 100kilograms, and found countless Irving msects of many kinds,reaching the worm eaten ratio of 11% The worm eatenratio in Wu Renxm's storage reached 15 - 20% accountmgfor 3,500 kilograms of hIS pnvate nee

CountyAmounts of AreaFarmers (rnu)

Yongxiu 15 175

Xmgan County 20 148

Yihuang County 25 447

Yongfeng County 20 371

Fengcheng County 20 132

Yudu County 20 66

Yugan County 20 245

Nanchang County 12 233

Gaoan City 20 389

Total 172 2058

Lake area

1

1

3

7

4

16

Landform profile

Down-land Mountain area Basin area

12 1 1

14 2 3

15 5 5

13 3 4

12 2 3

11 4 5

8 2 3

8

14 2 4

107 21 28

Table 2. Gram loss dunng harvest.

Loss distribution

County FarmersArea Output(rnu) (kg) Total Threshmg Drying Others

(kg) (kg)%

(kg)%

(kg)%

Yongxiu County 15 175 59328 2525 2037 80.7 278 11 210 8.3

Xmgan County 20 213 86752 1628 1230 75.6 251 15.4 147 9.1

Yihuang County 25 447 186833 4770 3920 82.2 650 13.6 200 4.2

Yongfeng County 20 371 111614 2226 1826 82.1 320 14.4 80 3.6

Fengcheng County 20 132 49051 1471 1256 85.4 202 13.4 13 0.9

Yudu County 20 66 45817 835 726 87.0 85 10.2 24 2.9

Yugan County 20 245 101158 3675 2526 68.7 587 15.9 562 15.3

Nanchang County 12 233 106467 4093 2282 55.8 805 19 7 1006 24.6

Gaoan CIty 20 389 160444 3911 2920 74.7 786 20.1 205 5.2

Sum 172 2271 907464 25134 18723 74.5 3964 15.8 2447 9.7

1399

Proceedings of the 7 th International Working Conference on Stored-product Protection - Volume 2

Table 3. Grain loss during storage.

Private Loss distributionCounty Farmers

AreaMoulds Others(mu)

gram Total Insect Rodents%(kg) (kg) (kg)

%birdst kg)

%(kg) (kg)

Yongxiu County 15 175 32284 692 371 1.14 291 0.91 30 0.09 25Xingan County 20 213 47523 3663 1820 3.83 1643 3.46 200 0.42 10Yihuang County 25 447 102566 2153 1105 1.08 1013 0.99 35 0.03 21Yongfeng County 20 371 48875 960 459 0.94 501 1.02 0 10Fengcheng County 20 132 28557 347 159 0.56 63 0.22 125 0.44 8Yudu County 20 66 29785 873 453 1.52 420 1.41 0 33Yugan County 20 245 61012 6343 2641 4.33 3661 6.01 41 0.07 42Nanchang County 12 233 60058 1143 511 0.85 392 0.65 240 0.4 12Gaoan City 20 389 98741 1432 249 0.25 1147 1.16 36 0.04 22Total 172 2271 509401 17606 7768 1.53 9131 1.79 707 0.14 183

Pay Attention to Grain Storage,Minimize the Loss of Grain Storage

Through investigation It is found that due to the poor ofstorage technology, lack of the attention to grain storageand grain loss, lack of know-how for grain, the farmers haveno idea to solve the problems which resulted from insects,mould, mice and birds. As a result, a heavy loss m farmstored grain have been suffered. It is notable that farmersgot bumper harvests in the fields, but heavy loss at home.The author pointed out that some necessary measures shouldbe taken to mmimise such loss.1. A grain storage service network should be set up in thecountryside, carrying out various kinds of technical trainingand consultation for grain storage and solving problems offarm stored grain. All necessary activities will be helpful tothe farmers to raise their cultural sense to grain loss andtheir capability in handling all difficulties encountered in

Table 4. Insect vanation in the storage treated with DDVP.

grain storage. Governments at various levels and grainmanagement departments should make great efforts to helpthe farmers in minimising such grain loss.2. Storage containers for gram should be improved so as tomirumise damages caused by insects, mould, mice andbirds. At present, a small-sized round barn made Withtinplate (cp1.05 -1.2m, 2.4m height) has been widely usedin Yihuang County. The barn has features of resistingmoisture, nuce, birds and good air sealing, by which thegrain loss will decrease.3. Application of protectant should be extended so as toreduce grain loss by insects. Worm damage has not made thefarmers to pay attention to a problem. It can see from Table4 that the worm eaten ratio is very high. Table 4 and 5 givethe results investigated from Yihuang County. WIthdifferent protectants a good control effect on stored grainpests Will be got, resulting in reduction of gram damagescaused by insects.

Grain Original Insect variation (08195 - 01196)Name Barn weight insect D T Dosage Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.type (kg) kinds (block)

W D W D W DWDWD WD

Li Tinplate 130 S. Tr. 3 09195 2 S. Tr. 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0GUlyuan barn

Yian Tinplate 100 Tr.C. 2 08195 2 Tr.C. 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Hong yun barn

Zhang Tinplate 150 R.S. 3 08195 4 R. Tr. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Jinsheng barn

Li Tinplate 75 0 0 08195 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Ximing barn

Zhu Tinplate 110 Tr.S. 10 08195 4 Tr.S. 10 Tr. Si 30 Tr. Si 77 0 0 0 0 0 0Manchan barn Si. S S S

Notes: W - name of the msect worm

T - date of applying protectant

Tr. - Tribolucm. confusum. Jacquelm del valR. - Rhtzopertha domtnia Fabricius

D - density of insect worms5. - Stophtlus zeamassC - Cryptolestes turcius (Grouville)51 - Sttotroga cerealalla (Ohvier)

1400

Proceedings of the 7 th Internatwnal Working Conference on Stored-product Protection - Volum.e 2

Table 5. Insect variation in the storage treated with herb protectant.

Grain Original Insect variation (08195 - 01196)Barn DosageName weight msect D Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.

type(kg) kmds

(block)W D W D W D W D WDWD

L1 Tinplate5. 5. 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Yunming barn80 12 4

L1ao Tinplate51. ,5. 51. ,5. 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Huaming barn160 18 15

Huang Wooden130 51. ,5. 51. ,5. 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Guoliang slip4 13

Zhu Square woodenTr. Tr. 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Chunhe cabinet100 4 13

Mei Square wooden5i 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Jiafu cabinet100 S1. 5 8

Notes: W - name of the msect wormsT - time of applymg protectantTr - Triboltum confusum Jacquelin del valR. - Rhszoperilu: dommui Fabncius

D - density of msect worms5. - Stophilus zeamassC - Cryptolestes iurciu» (Grenville)51 - Sttotroga cerealalla (Olivier)

In the countryside the stored grain damage may greatly byreduced by means of the control methods. Theinvestigations are of great econormc significance to ournation and the world.

the countryside. Chongqmg Publishing House of Scienceand Technology, Chongqing, 91p (In Chinese)

References

L1 Guangchan, 1986. Study on assessment of grain loss in

1401