A Survey of Phosphorus in the Yaqui Valley, Sonora, Mexico Barbara Cade-Menun Geological and...
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Transcript of A Survey of Phosphorus in the Yaqui Valley, Sonora, Mexico Barbara Cade-Menun Geological and...
A Survey of Phosphorus in the Yaqui Valley, Sonora, Mexico
Barbara Cade-MenunBarbara Cade-Menun
Geological and Environmental Sciences Stanford University
1.
International Rice Research Institute
Soil phosphorus concentrations are of interest environmentally for two reasons:
2.
Lake Experiment, Manitoba, 1973
P Added
No P
Concerns in the Yaqui ValleyConcerns in the Yaqui Valley
High N fertilizationHigh N fertilization DroughtDrought Increased animal productionIncreased animal production
Research Objective:Research Objective:
To assess the concentrations of soil P To assess the concentrations of soil P throughout the Yaqui Valleythroughout the Yaqui Valley
To determine if P might limit crop growth.To determine if P might limit crop growth. To determine if land application of manure To determine if land application of manure
would be appropriate would be appropriate
Obregon
Zone 3
Zone 1
Zone 2Samples collected by D. LobellJuly 20010-20 cm depth; 5 replicates per field
Soil Data by ZoneSoil Data by Zone
Zone 1Zone 1 Zone 2Zone 2 Zone 3Zone 3
pHpH 7.57 7.57 aa
(0.016)(0.016)
7.37 7.37 bb
(0.038)(0.038)
7.35 7.35 bb
(0.029)(0.029)
Total CTotal C 0.074 0.074 bb
(0.001)(0.001)
0.085 0.085 aa
(0.002)(0.002)
0.082 0.082 aa
(0.003)(0.003)
Total NTotal N 0.984 0.984 aa
(0.014)(0.014)
0.980 0.980 aa
(0.021)(0.021)
0.924 0.924 bb
(0.026)(0.026)
CN RatioCN Ratio 15.61 15.61 aa
(0.249)(0.249)
13.35 13.35 bb
(0.157)(0.157)
13.36 13.36 bb
(0.274)(0.274)
Zone 3
Zone 1
Zone 2
Soil Texture by ZoneSoil Texture by Zone
Zone 1Zone 1 Zone 2Zone 2 Zone 3Zone 3
SandSand 23.1 23.1 aa
(2.15)(2.15)
15.6 15.6 aa
(3.11)(3.11)
15.8 15.8 aa
(2.77)(2.77)
SiltSilt 32.3 32.3 bb
(2.49)(2.49)
36.3 36.3 bb
(2.03)(2.03)
49.7 49.7 aa
(2.59)(2.59)
ClayClay 44.8 44.8 aa
(1.63)(1.63)
47.2 47.2 aa
(3.62)(3.62)
34.5 34.5 bb
(2.64)(2.64)
Zone 3
Zone 1
Zone 2
Soil Data by ZoneSoil Data by Zone
Zone 1Zone 1 Zone 2Zone 2 Zone 3Zone 3
CaCa 7943.9 7943.9 aa
(195.1)(195.1)
5393.7 5393.7 bb
(153.4)(153.4)
4410.6 4410.6 cc
(164.8)(164.8)
FeFe 42.8 42.8 bb
(1.50)(1.50)
67.6 67.6 aa
(2.04)(2.04)
70.8 70.8 aa
(1.61)(1.61)
AlAl 299.1 299.1 cc
(18.0)(18.0)
614.4 614.4 aa
(12.8)(12.8)
397.2 397.2 bb
(20.2)(20.2)
NaNa 347.8 347.8 aa
(14.6)(14.6)
323.8 323.8 aa
(14.4)(14.4)
233.0 233.0 bb
(21.9)(21.9)
Zone 3
Zone 1
Zone 2
Total Soil PhosphorusTotal Soil Phosphorus
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Field Number
To
tal
P (
mg
P p
er k
g s
oil
)Zone 1:
803.1 (24.9) cZone 3:
1287.1 (23.7) aZone 2:
1095.9 (20.9) b
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 4 32 35 38 41 44 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 29
Field Number
Ava
ilab
le P
(m
g P
per
kg
so
il) Zone 1:
5.61 (0.39) cZone 3:
17.35 (1.47) aZone 2:
11.63 (0.98) b
Available Phosphorus (Bray P)Available Phosphorus (Bray P)
P Saturation IndexP Saturation Index
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
Field Number
PS
I (P
/Fe,
Al,
Ca)
Zone 1: 0.004 (0.0002) c
Zone 2: 0.012 (0.0008) b
Zone 3: 0.021 (0.0028) a
Phosphorus Retention CurvesPhosphorus Retention Curves
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 50 100 150 200 250
Equilibrium P Concentration (mgP/l)
P A
dsor
bed
(mg
P/k
g so
il)
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 1 Soils and FertilizersZone 1 Soils and FertilizersFieldField FertilizersFertilizers
Carlos ValenzuelaCarlos Valenzuela 150 kg NH150 kg NH33, 100 kg 11-52-0, 100 kg 11-52-0
Luis Arturo Arraya Luis Arturo Arraya 200 kg Urea200 kg Urea
Luis Arturo ArrayaLuis Arturo Arraya 200 kg Urea, 200 kg 11-52-0200 kg Urea, 200 kg 11-52-0
Cesar V.Cesar V. Gallinaza Seca, 11 t/haGallinaza Seca, 11 t/ha
M. Lopez LavaM. Lopez Lava No fertilizerNo fertilizer
P in Fertilized soilsP in Fertilized soils
FertilizersFertilizers Total PTotal P Available PAvailable P PSIPSINHNH33, 11-52-0, 11-52-0 541.8541.8 0.510.51 0.0040.004
Urea, no PUrea, no P 622.0622.0 1.031.03 0.0050.005
Urea, 11-52-0Urea, 11-52-0 537.8537.8 1.341.34 0.0050.005
Gallinaza SecaGallinaza Seca 966.8966.8 1.341.34 0.0040.004
No fertilizerNo fertilizer 349.3349.3 3.973.97 0.0050.005
10.0 / 40.0 0.02 / 0.05
Summary of P ResearchSummary of P Research
Soils in Zone 1 (NE) have a low P Soils in Zone 1 (NE) have a low P concentration, with a high P retention concentration, with a high P retention capacitycapacity
Soils in Zone 3 (NW) are P-saturated, with Soils in Zone 3 (NW) are P-saturated, with the potential for P transfer to waterthe potential for P transfer to water
Manure application to land?Manure application to land?
Manure application to soils in Zone 1 would Manure application to soils in Zone 1 would be a beneficial source of Pbe a beneficial source of P
Low risk of P saturation from manure Low risk of P saturation from manure application in Zone 1; high risk in Zone 3application in Zone 1; high risk in Zone 3
Wide-scale manure application should be Wide-scale manure application should be carefully monitoredcarefully monitored
Future Research NeededFuture Research Needed
Evaluate nutrient status of different types of Evaluate nutrient status of different types of manuremanure
Develop a consistent manure product, Develop a consistent manure product, (through composting ?)(through composting ?)
Establish guidelines for manure storage and Establish guidelines for manure storage and application, to avoid environmental riskapplication, to avoid environmental risk
Policy PerspectivesPolicy Perspectives
This information is useful to farmers, regional This information is useful to farmers, regional planners, livestock producersplanners, livestock producers
To be implemented, valley-wide coordination To be implemented, valley-wide coordination required to collect manure, turn it into a useful required to collect manure, turn it into a useful product, and monitor manure applicationproduct, and monitor manure application
MicronutrientsMicronutrients
Zone1Zone1 Zone 2Zone 2 Zone 3Zone 3
BB 3.69 3.69 aa (0.103)(0.103)
3.49 3.49 aa (0.124)(0.124)
3.00 3.00 bb (0.117)(0.117)
CuCu 2.41 2.41 bb (0.094)(0.094)
2.95 2.95 aa (0.088)(0.088)
2.42 2.42 bb (0.081)(0.081)
MnMn 151.4 151.4 cc (6.06)(6.06)
205.6 205.6 bb (5.76)(5.76)
231.3 231.3 aa (7.05)(7.05)
ZnZn 0.98 0.98 bb (0.094)(0.094)
1.49 1.49 bb (0.088)(0.088)
1.74 1.74 aa (0.082)(0.082)
Soil Exchangeable ZincSoil Exchangeable Zinc
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Field Number
Meh
lich
Zin
c (
mg
Zn
per
kg
so
il)
Zone 1: 0.98 (0.09) b
Zone 2: 1.42 (0.09) b
Zone 3: 1.74 (0.08) a