A survey of biochars : Interactions with dissolved ammonia, nitrate, and phosphate
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Edward Colosky and Kurt SpokasJune 14th 2013
Midwest Biochar Conference Champaign, Illinois
A survey of biochars:Interactions with dissolved ammonia, nitrate, and phosphate
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Biochar for Agriculture
Primary Research Motivation:1. ↑ crop production2. ↓ nutrient leaching
Additional Benefit of Biochar:3. Potentially sustainable• CO2 sequestration• reuse of organic waste
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The problem with Biochar
• Currently no consensus in BC protocolwho, what, when, where, and how of BC
• A result of a more fundamental question having yet to be answered:– How does BC work? / What is the mechanism for• ↑ crop production?• ↓ nutrient leaching?
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What is biochar?
Biochar is:1) black carbon2) carbon sequestration
The physical and chemical properties of the biochar (black carbon structure) will dictate the use of biochar in agricultural applications
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What do we know?
• BC (biochar/black carbon) affects soil-nutrient-plant dynamics– “Terra Preta” soils of Amazon Basin (Glaser et al., 2002)
– Observational studies• Crop enhancement (Lehmann et al. 2003, Major et al. 2010, Yamato et al. 2006)
• Nutrient Leaching (Laird et al., 2010; Lehmann et al., 2003; Liang et al., 2006)
– Not all biochars have positive effects (Atkinson et al., 2010; Lehmann et al., 2003; Lehmann et al., 2011; Major et al., 2010; Novak et al., 2009)
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Suggested reasons for observed effects
1. Increase soil carbon content2. Alter soil Cation Exchange Capacity3. Affect soil microbial populations/diversities4. Interacting with soil nutrients directly
We focus on the direct nutrient interaction with Biochar - #4
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Direct Nutrient Interaction
• Biochar shows capacity to sorb nutrients and maintain plant availability (Taghizadeh-Toosi et al., 2011; Yao et al., 2012)
– Results indicate a chemical interaction, likely surface chemistry
– However, surface chemistry was not investigated in these studies
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Sorption Chemistry
Two parameters needed for sorption:1) Sorption sites (functional groups)
2) Sorptive chemicals
Nutrients!!!
NO3-
PO43-
NH4+
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Biochar has Sorptive Sites
• Preliminary data indicates that functional groups exist on the Biochar surface.
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FT-IR Spectra
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SEM-EDS Spectra
Notice Differences:• Color• Porosity• Surface area
Precipitation formation– Before and After
examination
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Example Potential Interaction with Ammonia
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Big Picture Recap
• Investigating BC for Agricultural applications– ↑ Crop production– ↓ Nutrient leaching
• Refined investigation from Field Study to Lab Study
BC in agriculture – to – BC sorptive properties
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Focusing On Surface Chemistry
Experimental Premise: Different Biochars have different and varying amounts of functional groups
Hypothesis: Sorption by functional groups on BC is the mechanism by which biochars interact with nutrients.
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Research Goal and Theoretical Test
• Goal: find determining characteristics for biochar-nutrient interaction (Hypothesis: Functional Groups)
Theoretical Test:• Test Biochars for sorbtion of:
• Characterize Biochar surface functional group chemistry
Nutrients: NO3- PO4
3- NH4+
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Experimental Design
• Batch equilibrium:– Global collection of biochars– 20ppm NH4
+, 20 ppm NO3-, and 2ppm PO4
-
– Triplicate replicates– 24 hours agitation
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Experimental Design
• Biochar CEC determination• Biochar characterization– XPS, SEM, FT-IR (provide us with surficial analysis
and functional group data)
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Preliminary data
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Conclusions
• Biochars are different• Biochars interact with nutrients differently
• Currently conducting research on BC functional group interaction with Nutrients
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Thank You
Questions?