A SUPPLEMENTAL SPECIATION REPORT ON SOILS FROM THE … · a supplemental speciation report on soils...

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A SUPPLEMENTAL SPECIATION REPORT ON SOILS FROM THE OMAHACOMMUNITY--- OMAHA, NEBRASKA.

May 3, 2007

FOR

Black & Veatch

U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyRegion VII

BY

DR. JOHN W. DREXLERLABORATORY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND GEOLOGICAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF COLORADOBOULDER, CO. 80309

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 Introduction.........................................................................................................4

2.0 Lead Speciation Methodology............................................................................9

Method

Sample Preparation

Point Counting

Precision and Accuracy

3.0 Lead Speciation of Community Soils.................................................................13

4.0 Statistical Study--Factor Analysis.....................................................................28

5.0 Apportionment...................................................................................................35

6.0 Conclusions..........................................................................................................40

7.0 References............................................................................................................41

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Tables

Table 1 2007 Supplemental Speciation Samples..........................................................7

Table 2 2007 Summary Speciation Results for Community Soils..................EXCEL File

Table 3 Correlation Matrix ........................................................................................34

Table 4 Lead Apportionment for Omaha Community Soils..........................EXCEL File

Figures

Figure 1 Omaha Study Location Map 2002 -2007.........................................................8

Figure 2 Summary of ASARCO plant Speciation........................................................17

Figure 3 Summary of Gould Speciation.......................................................................19

Figure 4 2002 Summary of Community Lead Speciation.............................................20

Figure 5 2007 Summary of Community Lead Speciation..............................................22

Figure 6 2007 Histogram of Lead phase particle-size from Community Soils..............23

Figure 7 2002-2007 Summary of Community Lead Speciation.....................................26

Figure 8 2002-2007 Histogram of Lead phase particle-size from Community Soils.....27

Figure 9 Plots of Factor Loadings from Factor Analysis..........................................30-33

Figure 10 Lead isotopic plot of paint, soils and sources to the OLS................................38

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

In August, 2000 Black and Veatch, on behalf of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

(USEPA) requested the Laboratory for Environmental and Geological Studies (LEGS), at the

University of Colorado to undertake an apportionment /characterization study on residential soils

from the Omaha Lead Site (OLS). In response to this request a mineralogical and geochemical

study was conducted on community and potential source soils in order to characterize the

form(s) of lead, their isotopic character, and bioavailability . Samples were acquired from the

former ASARCO lead refinery, Gould secondary lead smelter, and from community soils by

representatives of the USEPA. A report (Drexler, 2002), was issued based on these studies. In

2006 LEGS was tasked to expand the areal distribution of lead speciation characteristics for

community soils. The sample set includes both residential yards, gardens, community parks, and

vacant lots, Table 1. A site map, with sample locations for both studies is provided in Figure 1.

This report will summarize lead speciation characteristics of the 2007 data set, and combined

2002-2007 data sets. It will also provide updated conclusions on lead apportionment at the OLS

using all available data.

Initial review of historical documents (Marcosson, 1949; ASARCO, 2005; Gould, 2005;

Iles,1902; Hoffman, 1918; USEPA, 1993; Eilers, 1912; Mullins, 1979; and USEPA, 2004b)

identified three primary pyrometallurgical (smelters) facilities, the ASARCO Grant/Omaha lead

refinery, the Gould secondary smelter and battery recycler, and the Carter white lead pigment

manufacture operating on the eastern edges of central Omaha, Nebraska along the banks of the

Missouri River.

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The Gould Secondary Smelter operated from the early 1950's thru 1982, with a lead production

rate of approximately 20,000 tons/year. It was originally built to reclaim lead from storage

batteries and other scrap sources, producing both native lead and antimony-lead ingots. The

facility consisted of two reverberatory furnaces, and seven refining kettles, while smelting was

carried out in a blast furnace constructed at the facility. Baghouses (devices used to minimize

stack emissions) were introduced to the facility in the early 1970's to limit the loss of metal from

fumes, however the facility continued to exhibit uncontrolled emissions until its closure in 1982.

Facility soils were highly contaminated, with test borings ranging from 3800-152,000 mg/kg Pb

at 0-30" and up to 1700 mg/kg at 10' (Neyer et al.,1988).

The ASARCO smelter, initially referred to as the Grant and then later as the Omaha smelter,

operated from 1871 thru 1997 (5 times longer than Gould) with an estimated lead production

rate of more than 100,000 tons/year for much of its 126 year history. It was built as a lead

refinery, processing “pig” lead ingots, recovering Au, Ag,Cu, Zn, Te, Sb, and Bi. The facility

consisted of two reverberatory and one blast furnace for its copper circuit, eighteen refining

kettles with six softening furnaces for its lead circuit, along with smaller, antimony and bismuth

facilities. Baghouses, six in total, were introduced to the facility in the early 1900's to limit the

loss of metal from fumes. ASARCO plant soils were highly contaminated, with soils ranging

from 528-197,206 mg/kg Pb at 0-5' (Drexler, 2002).

The Carter white lead pigment plant was founded in 1885 from the Omaha White Lead Co. After

a fire at the facility in 1890, Carter rebuilt the plant with a capacity of 10,000 tons/year and

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operated at nearly capacity until 1899, when the plant closed. In 1903, with the death of Carter,

new owners reopened the plant until 1906 when National Lead acquired the facility and then

closed it for a final time to consolidate the industry. Thus Carter’s operational longevity is

comparable to that of Gould (20 years); however, its capacity was half as great as Gould and its

capacity was more than an order of magnitude smaller than ASARCO.

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Figure1

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2.0 LEAD SPECIATION METHODOLOGY

Expanding on the 2002 sampling, an additional forty-nine soil samples from the OLS, Figure 1,

were speciated for lead using electron microprobe (EMPA) techniques. Methodologies used for

sample preparation, data collection, and data synthesis are described below.

2.01 Method

Metal speciation was conducted on a JEOL 8600 electron microprobe (EMPA), operating at

15Kv (accelerating voltage) and 15-20 NanoAmp current, at the Laboratory for Geological

Studies at the University of Colorado following the laboratory’s SOP. One exception was made

in the SOP, in that the samples were not sieved to <250 µm, as is most common for

bioavailability determinations, but the 2mm fraction was used in order to be consistent with

previous site studies in which lead sourcing and/or apportionment are the primary task (USEPA

2002, 2003, 2004 and CDPHE, 1998). The samples were all air dried and prepared for speciation

analysis as outlined in the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP– Appended to Drexler, 2002) . A

combination of both an Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) and a Wavelength Dispersive

Spectrometer (WDS) were used to collect x-ray spectra and determine elemental concentrations

on observed mineral phases. All quantitative analyses are based on certified mineral and metal

standards using a Phi Rho Z correction procedure. Representative backscatter photomicrographs

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(BSPM) illustrating sample characteristics were acquired.

Data from EMPA will be summarized using three methods. The first method is the determination

of FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE (F). This is calculated by summing the longest dimension

of all the lead-bearing phases observed and then dividing each phase by the total length for all

phases.

Equation 1.0 will serve as an example of how to calculate the frequency of occurrence for a

Lead- bearing compound.

FPb - Frequency of occurrence of lead in a single phase.

PLD - An individual particle’s longest dimension

3 (PLD) phase-1

FPb in phase-1 = ______________________________ Eq. 1.0

3 (PLD)phase-1 + 3 (PLD)phase-2 + 3 (PLD)phase-n

%FPb in phase-1 = FPb in phase-1 * 100

Thus, the frequency of occurrence of lead in each phase (FPb) is calculated by summing the

longest dimension of all particles observed for that phase and then dividing each phase by the

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total of the longest dimensions for all phases. The data generated thus illustrate which lead-

bearing phase(s) are the most commonly observed in the sample or relative volume percent.

The second calculation used in this report determines the RELATIVE MASS lead (RMPb) in a

phase. These data are calculated by substituting the PLD term in the equation above with the

value of RMPb. This term is calculated using the formula below.

RMPb - Relative mass of lead in a phase

SG - Specific gravity of a phase

ppm Pb - Concentration in ppm of lead in phase (see Table 2.0A, Drexler,2002 )

RMPb = FPb * SG * ppm Pb Eq. 2.0

The advantage in reviewing the RELATIVE MASS lead determinations is that it gives one

information as to which metal-bearing phase(s) in a sample is likely to control the total bulk

concentration for lead. As an example, PHASE-1 may, by relative volume, contribute 98% of the

sample, however it has a low specific gravity and contains only 1000 ppm lead, whereas PHASE-

2 contribute 2% of the sample, has a high specific gravity and contains 850000 ppm of lead. In

this example it is PHASE-2 that is the dominant source of lead to the sample.

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The third calculation is to determine the MINERAL MASS lead (MinPb). In this calculation the

RMPb is simply multiplied by the bulk concentration of lead found in the sample:

MinPb = RMPb * Pb Bulk Eq. 3.0

Where Pb Bulk is the bulk lead for the sample speciated. These values are most useful for

geostatistical calculations, such as kriging, or apportionment since values are not forced to 100%.

2.02 Point Counting

In order to perform the above calculations a population (counts) of lead-bearing particles must be

determined for an individual sample. Counts of lead-bearing particles are made by traversing

each sample from left-to-right and top-to-bottom on the EMPA. The amount of vertical

movement for each traverse would depend on magnification and CRT (cathode-ray tube) size.

This movement should be minimized so that NO portion of the sample is missed when the end of

a traverse is reached. Two magnification settings should be used. One ranging from 40 to 100X

and a second from 300 to 600X. The last setting will allow one to find the smallest identifiable

(0.5-1 micron) phases.

The portion of the sample examined in the second pass, under the higher magnification, will

depend on the time available, the number of lead-bearing particles, and the complexity of metal

mineralogy. A maximum of 8 hours or 100 total particles will be spent per sample. This criteria

is chosen to optimize the acquisition of a statistically meaningful particle count in a single

sample with the overall characterization of a site.

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1Dynamac Corporation, 2000. Omaha Lead Tables, prepared for U. S. EPA Region 7 under Contract No. 68-

W4-0039, C07007-PYK, March 9 Dynamac Corporation, 1999. Summary of company Articles from Library

Archives, Contract No. 68-W4-0039, C07007, Omaha Lead site, Omaha, Nebraska, September 1.2 Dynamac Corporation, 1999. Summary of company Articles from Library Archives, Contract No. 68-W4-

0039, C07007, Omaha Lead site, Omaha, Nebraska, September 1.3 Rodger G. Steen, Air Sciences, Inc., 2005. Preliminary Estimates of Historic Lead Emissions in Omaha,

prepared for the Union Pacific Railroad Company, Project No. 207-1, December 15.

2.03 Precision and Accuracy

The precision of the EMPA speciation will be determined based on sample duplicates run every

20 samples. The accuracy of an analysis will be estimated from a statistical evaluation of point

counting data based on the method of (Mosimann, 1965).

3.0 Potential lead sources to the Omaha community.

Based on an evaluation of the Omaha community and its historical growth it is believed that

there are two primary sources to the elevated lead concentrations found in the community soils

(Dynamac1,2; Steen3; and Medine et al., 2007). These sources include: an anthropogenic input

(paint and gasoline) and pyrometallurgical input(s).

A number of facilities in the area can be characterized as pyrometallurgical facilities and during

their operational histories numerous sources (reverberatory and blast furnaces, kettles, storage

piles, and baghouses) may have contaminated the OLS with heavy metals, primarily as

emissions.

Based on information presented in the (Dynamac Reports1,2 and the Steen Report3), ASARCO, Gould

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Medine, A., Drexler, J.W., and Thyne, G. 2007. Analysis of lead in the Omaha Lead Site Area total lead emissions

from the ASARCO and Gould smelters in comparison to other industrial sources, lead paint and leaded gasoline.

Black and Veatch.

and Carter White Lead are the three major potential lead contributors to the area, with estimated lead

emissions of:4

ASARCO Lead Refinnery 168830 tonsGould Battery Recycling 1203 tonsCarter White Lead 1092 tons

The remaining identified operations are potential minor contributors to the OLS problem

with each estimated at less than 20 tons of lead emissions during the operational period and

included the following:

Paxton-Mitchell Co. Davis and Cowgill FoundryOmaha Shot & Lead Works Omaha Steel WorksLawrence Shot and Lead Co. Donway-Thorpe Co.Electric Storage Battery Co. Western Smelting and Refining Co.Phenix Foundry and Machine Co. Paxton and Vierling Iron WorksReifschneider Paint Co. Grant Storage BatteryOmaha White Lead Works Industrial Battery Co.

Only the ASARCO and Gould plant sites were available for sampling. In terms of the historical

speciation of lead at both sites, these samples are most certainly incomplete, as the soils have

been disturbed during their operation by construction/demolition and flooding. Thus these

samples may provide only a partial “source fingerprint”.

Although all three of the primary facilities (ASARCO, Gould, and Carter) are likely to produce

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quantities of lead oxide (PbO), and lead carbonate (PbCO3), some variations in lead speciation

between the three facilities can be predicted based on process knowledge.

The ASARCO facilities, copper converter will produce PbAsO, slag, PbSbO and leaded

oxides/sulfates of Cu, Sb and As, while ASARCO’s lead refinery, will produce by products of

PbCl2, PbSiO4, and leaded oxides/sulfates of Bi and Zn. The GOULD facility on the other hand

should have a greater association with metallic Pb, and PbSO4 , based on known lead-battery

recycling operations, along with possible oxides/sulfates of Cr and Sb. The Carter facility would

have utilized the Carter process for production of basic lead carbonate, and thus would have

potentially emitted; metallic Pb, PbO, and PbCO3.

3.1 ASARCO-Plant-site Summary

Soil samples from the ASARCO facility were collected between 0-4.5 feet in depth and ranged

in bulk lead concentration from 500-197200 mg/kg. Plant samples studied have lead masses

dominated (94% of the relative lead mass) by the following lead-bearing phases: PbO, PbMO,

PbCl2 and PbCO3. The soils within the ASARCO facility are not homogeneous in lead speciation.

Approximately 62% of the samples had a single lead phase controlling the samples relative lead

mass. Nearly 87% of the samples were dominated by only one or two lead phases. In fact, PbS

and PbSO4 dominated the relative lead mass in some samples even though their facility-wide

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abundance was minor. It is likely this is a result of the multiple extraction circuits found at the

facility, i.e., PbCl2 from the dezincing circuit, PbO from the lead kitchens, and PbMO from the

antimony and copper circuits.

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3.2 GOULD Park-site Samples Summary

Gould (also referred to as Park or Park-site) samples studied were collected from borings ranging

in depth between 0-12 feet with bulk lead concentrations between 450-6200 mg/kg. Sample lead

masses were dominated (93% of the relative lead mass) by the following lead-bearing phases:

PbO, PbCO3, and native Pb (metallic lead), Figure 3.

The dominant occurrence of PbCO3 at a battery recycling facility is perhaps in question, but it is

likely the result of the oxidation of native lead to PbCO3 in high pH-Eh environments. As

documented by (Garrels and Christ,1965 and Kabata and Pendias, 1984 and 1993) under normal,

near-surface conditions PbCO3/PbO, and PbSO4 are the stable lead forms and the stability of

native lead would require reduced alkaline conditions. The author has found this to be a

common transition in the many shooting ranges studied across the country (USDOD 2001-2002).

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3.3 2002 Community Soils

The Community soil samples have lead masses almost exclusively (80% of the relative lead

mass) dominated by phosphates, PbCO3 , PbSO4, and a mixed lead, with minor contributions

from other lead forms, Figure 4. The community soils also contain source-traceable lead forms,

(slag, PbCl2, PbAsO, PbMO, PbSbO, and PbSiO4) providing good evidence that

pyrometallurgical activity contributed to the elevated lead concentrations. Identifiable paint was

found in approximately 41% of the samples speciated and only dominated the lead mass in two

(7%) of the samples. Its community-wide contribution to the lead relative mass was 6%.

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3.4 2007 Community Soils

Samples from the 2007 study have lead masses almost exclusively (78% of the relative lead

mass) dominated by phosphates, PbCO3 , MnOOH, and PbSO4 , with minor contributions from

other lead forms including many of the source-traceable forms found in the 2002 study , Figure 5.

The particle-size distribution for all lead species is nearly log normal, Figure 6. The phosphate,

PbCO3, MnOOH, and PbSO4 particles are small with a median particle size of 13 microns.

In the 2007 sample set two new lead forms were found; lead tungstate (PbWO4) and lead titanate

(PbTiO3). They exhibit no specific geographical distribution about the OLS and are not directly

associated with any other lead form. Lead tungstate has a RMPb of less than 1%, and was only

found in seven (14%) of the 2007 samples; however, one sample (20235-P3) contained a large

amount (54% RMP ). Lead tungstate particles are liberated and small ( mean 2 microns).

Lead titanate has a RMPb of 2% and was found in eight (16%) of the 2007 samples. Two samples

(52426-P18 and 14788-G2) contain between 18-38% RMPb . Of these lead forms only lead

titanate has been used as a pigment and its use in this country as a house paint is likely rare. It is

more likely that both lead forms represent relatively modern uses in electronics.

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Figure 5. 2007 Speciation Results.

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Figure 6. 2007 Lead Speciation Particle Size Distribution.

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3.5 2002-2007 Community Soils

The 2007 sampling was initiated to expand the areal coverage of speciation samples within the

Omaha lead site. Combining the 2002-2007 community soil sample sets (Figure 1) now provides

soils with varied bulk lead concentrations, (66-5788 mg/kg) averaging approximately 800 mg/kg

Pb. The entire set now includes seventy-eight individual soils (4- drip zone, 28- front yard, 40-

back yard, 3- park, and 3 garden).

These samples have lead masses almost exclusively (83% of the relative lead mass) dominated

by phosphates, PbCO3 , MnOOH, PbSO4 and a mixed lead, with minor contributions from other

lead forms, Figure 6. The particle- size distribution for all lead species is again nearly log

normal, Figure 7. The phosphate, PbCO3, MnOOH and PbSO4 particles are small, with a

median particle size of 14 microns, while the mixed lead (a combination of PbCO3 + PbSO4+

PbO) is generally much coarser at 280 microns. The mixed-lead phase was not found in any

samples from the 2007 study and thus is not as significant a source of lead to the site as indicated

in Figure 6. It was only found in a single sample (5063F-2) from the 2002 study.

The community soils contain source-traceable lead forms, slag, PbCl2, PbAsO, PbMO, PbSbO,

and PbSiO4 ) , again providing good evidence that pyrometallurgical activity contributed to the

elevated lead concentrations. However, the “soil interacting” phases: Mn oxide, Fe oxide and

phosphate are more prevalent, representing a combined 49% RMPb, as is typical in developed soil

environments. These phases are the result of soluble lead sorbing onto Mn, Fe, and/or P minerals

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that are found in soils. Good physical evidence can be seen in photos below, supporting both the

transition of lead in PbCl2, PbCO3 and paint to these soil phases.

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Figure 7. 2002-2007 Speciation Summary.

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Figure 8. 2002-2007 Soil-Lead Particle Size Distribution.

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4.0 Statistical Study

A limited statistical evaluation of the speciation results was conducted in order to determine lead

phase associations within source groups and relate these associations to those found in residential

soils in order to support any apportionment conclusions. Matrixes were constructed using

seventeen variables and ‘n’ cases (depending on the number of samples) for each of the three

major sample groups to determine, covariance and a factor analysis, using STATISTICA. The

variables included data from the Omaha speciation study (Minpb), and bulk metals

concentrations. Table 3 illustrates the results for the OLS 2002-2007 residential soils. The most

significant correlations between variable pairs have been marked in bold in Table 3. Many of

these correlations support the source categories established in this and earlier reports.

Four observations that one can make from the residential soil data, Table 3, which are most

important to this study are: 1) the total lack of a significant correlation ( r2 = -.06 to -.13)

between PbSO4-PbCO3-PbO (the three most common lead paint pigments) and the occurrence of

paint. These data support the fact that the occurrence of these three phases in residential soils is

most likely pyrometallurgical in origin: 2) bulk lead concentrations are most significantly

correlated to the presence of PbSO4-PbCl2-Phosphate-PbCO3 ( r2 = .66 to .84, p <0.05): 3) three

pyrometallurgical lead forms (PbO, PbFeO, and PbSiO4,) show the greatest “commonality”

among the correlation variables: 4) PbCl2-PbSO4 and phosphate have significant correlations (r2=

0.41-0.42, p<0.05) suggesting that the lead sorbed to phosphate is pyrometallurgical in origin.

To further investigate the above correlations a preliminary factor analysis study was conducted.

Eight factors were identified in the data set using principal components (the number of factors

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selected are determined following the method of (Kaiser, 1960), ( i.e., no eigenvalues <1.0),

accounting for approximately 71% of the variance. The factors represent lines of maximal

variance about the data sets. Each consecutive factor is defined to maximize the variability not

captured by the preceding factor. Factor loadings, Figure 9, graphically show a strong (>0.5 for

factor loadings) co-location of the variables PbCl4, PbSO4 , PbCO3, phosphate and bulk lead

accounting for 18% of the variance; PbSiO4, iron oxide, and PbMO, 12%; clay and PbFeOOH

9%, PbO and sector, 8%; PbS 7%; PbSbO and slag, 7%; and paint 6%.

These data confirm that a significant percentage of the co-variance in the speciation is dominated

by pyrometallurgical phases and that paint is not likely a significant factor. The co-location of

phosphate with the lead phases; PbCl4, PbSO4 , and PbCO3 and that of clay and PbFeOOH

suggest that the lead found in phosphate and clay could most likely be derived from the

weathering of pyrometallurgical-source lead phases.

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Figure 9. Factor loadings for principal component analyses.

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Table 3. Correlation matrix for 2002-2007 Community Samples.

Ang Cer Clay FeOOH MnOOH PbAsO PbCl2 PbFeO PbMO PbO PbS PbSiO4 Phos SbMO Slag Paint Bulk Pb

Ang 1 0.51 0.35 0.18 -0.02 -0.08 0.89 -0.07 0.13 0 - -0.01 0.42 0.05 0 0 0.84

Cer 0.51 1 0 0.34 -0.16 0.1 0.45 -0.13 0.3 -0.1 0 0.05 0.21 0.14 0.1 -0.1 0.66

Clay 0.35 0 1 0.09 0.09 -0.1 0.39 0.85 0.26 0.11 -- 0.08 0 -0.32 0.51 0 -0.01

FeOOH 0.18 0.34 0.1 1 0.1 -0.03 0.06 0.34 0.57 0.28 0 0.43 0.1 0.11 0.3 0 0.36

MnOOH 0 -0.2 0.1 0.1 1 -0.09 0.07 0.1 -0.13 -0.2 0.7 -0.06 0 0.04 -0.2 0 0.04

PbAsO -0.1 0.1 -0.1 -0.03 -0.09 1 -0.1 -0.03 -0.05 0 -- -0.09 -0.2 -0.23 0 -0.1 -0.03

PbCl2 0.89 0.45 0.39 0.06 0.07 -0.1 1 -0.07 -0.07 0 -- -0.09 0.41 -0.18 0 0 0.76

PbFeO -0.1 -0.1 0.85 0.34 0.1 -0.03 -0.1 1 0.44 0.91 -- 0.52 -0.2 -0.47 0.39 0 -0.19

PbMO 0.13 0.3 0.26 0.57 -0.13 -0.05 -0.1 0.44 1 0.28 -1 0.19 0 -0.02 0.74 0 0.17

PbO -0.1 -0.1 0.11 0.28 -0.19 -0.08 -0.1 0.91 0.28 1 -- 0.64 0 0.72 0 -0.1 -0.02

PbS -- -0.4 -- -0.28 0.69 -- -- -- -0.55 -- 1 -- 0.28 -0.35 0 -0.4 -0.09

PbSiO4 0 0.1 0.1 0.43 -0.06 -0.09 -0.1 0.52 0.19 0.64 - 1 0 -0.38 0 -0.1 0.18

Phos 0.42 0.21 0 0.09 0.03 -0.18 0.41 -0.19 -0.05 0 0.3 0.01 1 0.18 0 0 0.66

SbMO 0.05 0.14 -0.3 0.11 0.04 -0.23 -0.18 -0.47 -0.02 0.72 0 -0.38 0.18 1 0.19 -0.1 0.16

Slag -0.1 0.1 0.51 0.3 -0.19 -0.07 0.01 0.39 0.74 0 0 -0.03 0 0.19 1 0.1 -0.07

Paint -0.1 -0.1 0 -0.07 0.07 -0.14 0 -0.09 -0.08 -0.1 0 -0.13 0 -0.13 0.1 1 0.01

Bulk Pb 0.84 0.65 0 0.36 -0.04 -0.03 0.76 -0.19 0.17 0 0 0.18 0.66 0.16 0 0 1

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5.0 APPORTIONMENT

Based on the results from the lead speciation studies (2002-2007), an attempt to apportion the total soil

lead to most probable sources was made using the Min-Pb values, Table 2. Three specific categories for

the apportionment were made: pyrometallurgical lead, non-specific soil- forming lead, and

anthropogenic. Criteria for each of these categories were as follows:

Pyrometallurgical Lead: Slag, PbAsO, PbFeO, PbMO, PbSO4, PbO, PbCl2, PbCO3 , mixed-Pb, plumbobarite, PbVO4, PbS, PbSbO and PbSiO4

Soil-Forming Lead: FeOOH, MnOOH, iron sulfate, phosphate, organic, and clays

Anthropogenic: Paint, Solder, Pb-Glass, PbTiO2, PbWO4, PbCrO4 , and Brass

Pyrometallurgical and anthropogenic species were chosen based on data from site-specific, ASARCO

plant and Gould park samples, metallurgical literature (Fergusson, 1990), and previous studies (USEPA

2002, 2003, and 2004; Casteel et al., 1991; Maddaloni et al., 1998; Davis et al., 1993; and Ruby et al.,

1993). The soil-forming lead phases are most likely the result of solublized lead, released from the other

two populations that are now sequestered (by sorption) in common, soil-forming mineral phases. Since

at least some of the bulk lead found in this category have likely come from pyrometallurgical processes,

a percentage of the “non-source specific” category (based on the percentage of pyrometallurgical lead

identified in each sample) has been assigned to this source.

12608-F1

273 ppm Pb

Form F% %RM-Pb %RM-As Min-Pb E-95%

Anglesite 24.49% 48.18% 0.00% 132 7.0%

Cerussite 16.56% 38.72% 0.00% 106 6.1%

FeOOH 2.33% 0.23% 25.29% 1 2.5%

Galena 0.19% 0.56% 0.00% 2 0.7%

MnOOH 24.38% 7.35% 44.10% 20 7.0%

PbSiO4 0.32% 0.21% 0.00% 1 0.9%

PbTiO3 0.03% 0.07% 0.00% 0 0.3%

Phosphate 4.90% 4.34% 0.89% 12 3.5%

Slag 26.80% 0.33% 29.73% 1 7.2%

144 particles

17503-DZ

488 ppm Pb


Fe Sulfate 2.25% 0.17% 27.14% 1 2.8%

FeOOH 41.14% 15.07% 53.89% 74 9.4%

MnOOH 39.80% 43.74% 8.69% 213 9.3%

Organic 2.46% 0.14% 0.00% 1 2.9%

PbMO 0.77% 4.40% 10.04% 21 1.7%

PbSiO4 0.98% 2.39% 0.00% 12 1.9%

Phosphate 10.55% 34.08% 0.23% 166 5.8%

Plumbobarite 0.14% 0.00% 0.00% 0 0.7%

Slag 1.90% 0.09% 0.25% 0 2.6%

106 particles

28681-DZ

446 ppm Pb


Brass 2.15% 0.03% 0.00% 0 2.8%

Cerussite 0.61% 3.50% 0.00% 16 1.5%

CuMO 0.41% 0.03% 0.08% 0 1.3%

Fe Sulfate 0.82% 0.04% 5.10% 0 1.8%

FeOOH 19.05% 4.69% 12.87% 21 7.7%

MnOOH 11.49% 8.49% 1.29% 38 6.3%

Native Pb 0.26% 3.30% 0.00% 15 1.0%

Paint 24.00% 7.26% 0.00% 32 8.4%

PbMO 11.80% 45.33% 79.38% 202 6.3%

PbSiO4 1.53% 2.51% 0.00% 11 2.4%

PbSolder 0.20% 0.16% 0.02% 1 0.9%

Phosphate 11.08% 24.08% 0.12% 107 6.2%

Plumbobarite 0.20% 0.00% 0.00% 0 0.9%

SbMO 0.05% 0.08% 0.00% 0 0.4%

Slag 16.34% 0.49% 1.13% 2 7.2%

100 particles

10176-B1

825 ppm Pb


Anglesite 2.31% 4.77% 0.00% 39 2.9%

Cerussite 30.83% 75.69% 0.00% 624 8.8%

Fe Sulfate 1.88% 0.04% 19.89% 0 2.6%

FeOOH 45.99% 4.85% 52.84% 40 9.5%

MnOOH 7.08% 2.24% 1.36% 18 4.9%

PbMO 2.24% 3.68% 25.62% 30 2.8%

PbSolder 0.65% 0.22% 0.12% 2 1.5%

PbWO4 0.14% 0.25% 0.00% 2 0.7%

Phosphate 8.88% 8.26% 0.17% 68 5.4%

106 particles

15815-B1

976 ppm Pb


Anglesite 3.34% 7.85% 0.00% 77 3.3%

Cerussite 15.94% 44.50% 0.00% 434 6.8%

Clay 7.16% 0.67% 0.00% 7 4.8%

Fe Sulfate 0.86% 0.02% 24.91% 0 1.7%

FeOOH 21.04% 2.52% 66.17% 25 7.6%

MnOOH 13.07% 4.70% 6.85% 46 6.3%

PbSolder 0.29% 0.11% 0.14% 1 1.0%

Phosphate 36.93% 39.06% 1.94% 381 9.0%

Plumbobarite 0.62% 0.01% 0.00% 0 1.5%

SbMO 0.76% 0.56% 0.00% 5 1.6%

111 particles

17503-B1

836 ppm Pb


Brass 0.65% 0.01% 0.00% 0 1.6%

Cerussite 0.15% 0.70% 0.00% 6 0.8%

Fe Sulfate 1.81% 0.07% 35.97% 1 2.6%

FeOOH 19.52% 3.91% 42.12% 33 7.8%

MnOOH 34.92% 20.96% 12.56% 175 9.3%

PbMO 0.35% 1.09% 7.52% 9 1.2%

PbSolder 1.20% 0.76% 0.40% 6 2.1%

PbWO4 0.65% 2.21% 0.00% 18 1.6%

Phosphate 39.84% 70.28% 1.43% 588 9.6%

Plumbobarite 0.90% 0.01% 0.00% 0 1.9%

100 particles

23626-B1

888 ppm Pb


Anglesite 0.04% 0.19% 0.00% 2 0.3%

Brass 0.11% 0.00% 0.00% 0 0.5%

Cerussite 0.18% 1.01% 0.00% 9 0.7%

Fe Sulfate 0.07% 0.00% 4.04% 0 0.4%

FeOOH 2.56% 0.61% 16.04% 5 2.5%

MnOOH 74.28% 53.52% 77.55% 475 6.9%

PbSolder 0.21% 0.16% 0.20% 1 0.7%

Phosphate 20.85% 44.16% 2.18% 392 6.4%

Plumbobarite 1.49% 0.03% 0.00% 0 1.9%

SbMO 0.21% 0.31% 0.00% 3 0.7%

153 particles

25656-B1

530 ppm Pb


Anglesite 0.29% 1.91% 0.00% 10 1.4%

Clay 0.57% 0.15% 0.00% 1 2.0%

FeOOH 58.17% 19.61% 84.00% 104 13.2%

MnOOH 21.92% 22.17% 5.28% 117 11.0%

PbMO 0.72% 3.78% 10.35% 20 2.3%

PbSiO4 2.72% 6.11% 0.00% 32 4.3%

Phosphate 15.47% 45.98% 0.37% 244 9.6%

SbMO 0.14% 0.29% 0.00% 2 1.0%

54 particles

26239-B1

738 ppm Pb


AsMO 0.34% 0.03% 1.27% 0 1.1%

Cerussite 0.07% 0.62% 0.00% 5 0.5%

Clay 4.51% 1.34% 0.00% 10 3.8%

Fe Sulfate 2.12% 0.16% 27.86% 1 2.7%

FeOOH 38.63% 14.76% 55.12% 109 9.0%

MnOOH 45.12% 51.73% 10.73% 382 9.2%

PbMO 0.34% 2.03% 4.83% 15 1.1%

PbSiO4 0.61% 1.55% 0.00% 11 1.4%

Phosphate 8.19% 27.60% 0.19% 204 5.1%

SbMO 0.07% 0.16% 0.00% 1 0.5%

113 particles

28681-B1

745 ppm Pb


CuMO 0.38% 0.09% 0.48% 1 1.4%

Fe Sulfate 0.30% 0.05% 11.98% 0 1.2%

FeOOH 13.96% 11.01% 60.54% 82 7.7%

Galena 0.03% 0.70% 0.00% 5 0.4%

Paint 16.71% 16.17% 0.00% 120 8.3%

PbCrO4 0.35% 4.90% 0.00% 36 1.3%

PbSolder 0.22% 0.55% 0.15% 4 1.0%

PbWO4 0.08% 1.07% 0.00% 8 0.6%

Phosphate 8.23% 57.21% 0.59% 426 6.1%

SbMO 0.52% 2.53% 0.00% 19 1.6%

Slag 59.22% 5.73% 26.25% 43 10.9%

78 particles

31808-B1

3669 ppm Pb


Anglesite 4.32% 17.50% 0.00% 642 3.5%

Cerussite 7.51% 36.16% 0.00% 1327 4.5%

CuMO 0.23% 0.01% 0.08% 1 0.8%

Fe Sulfate 0.37% 0.02% 4.08% 1 1.0%

FeOOH 61.17% 12.65% 73.16% 464 8.3%

MnOOH 2.54% 1.58% 0.51% 58 2.7%

Paint 3.39% 0.86% 0.00% 32 3.1%

PbCrO4 0.96% 3.52% 0.00% 129 1.7%

PbMO 1.83% 5.90% 21.79% 217 2.3%

PbSiO4 3.24% 4.47% 0.00% 164 3.0%

PbSolder 1.13% 0.74% 0.21% 27 1.8%

Phosphate 9.03% 16.47% 0.18% 604 4.9%

Plumbobarite 4.26% 0.07% 0.00% 3 3.5%

SbMO 0.03% 0.04% 0.00% 1 0.3%

131 particles

32508-B1

306 ppm Pb


Anglesite 0.14% 0.87% 0.00% 3 0.7%

Fe Sulfate 2.05% 0.13% 21.43% 0 2.8%

FeOOH 35.93% 11.44% 40.79% 35 9.3%

MnOOH 48.22% 46.06% 9.12% 141 9.7%

PbAsO 0.41% 2.13% 15.98% 7 1.2%

PbMO 1.10% 5.46% 12.43% 17 2.0%

PbSolder 0.14% 0.14% 0.02% 0 0.7%

Phosphate 12.02% 33.75% 0.23% 103 6.3%

102 particles

32733-B1

863 ppm Pb


AsMO 0.47% 0.04% 3.31% 0 1.3%

Cerussite 1.21% 8.35% 0.00% 72 2.0%

Clay 3.43% 0.79% 0.00% 7 3.3%

FeOOH 29.63% 8.79% 79.61% 76 8.4%

FePbOOH 0.63% 0.53% 1.69% 5 1.5%

MnOOH 32.84% 29.22% 14.71% 252 8.6%

Paint 11.60% 4.22% 0.00% 36 5.9%

PbSiO4 6.59% 13.02% 0.00% 112 4.6%

PbSolder 0.21% 0.20% 0.09% 2 0.8%

Phosphate 13.18% 34.47% 0.59% 297 6.2%

SbMO 0.21% 0.38% 0.00% 3 0.8%

114 particles

34234-B1

423 ppm-Pb


Clay 8.26% 0.84% 0.00% 4 17.1%

FeOOH 4.59% 0.60% 78.54% 3 13.0%

PbTiO3 3.67% 11.19% 0.00% 47 11.7%

Phosphate 75.23% 87.27% 21.46% 369 26.8%

Plumbobarite 8.26% 0.09% 0.00% 0 17.1%

10 particles

32384-B1

468 ppm Pb


Fe Sulfate 0.58% 0.05% 10.02% 0 1.5%

FeOOH 34.28% 14.63% 64.32% 68 9.3%

MnOOH 64.69% 82.83% 20.23% 388 9.3%

PbMO 0.29% 1.93% 5.42% 9 1.0%

Phosphate 0.15% 0.56% 0.00% 3 0.8%

101 particles

46631-B1

464 ppm Pb


Anglesite 1.85% 10.11% 0.00% 47 2.6%

Brass 2.68% 0.04% 0.00% 0 3.1%

Clay 10.02% 2.17% 0.00% 10 5.9%

Fe Sulfate 0.54% 0.03% 10.14% 0 1.4%

FeOOH 23.75% 6.63% 48.45% 31 8.3%

FePbOOH 1.19% 0.94% 2.43% 4 2.1%

MnOOH 38.01% 31.81% 12.92% 148 9.5%

PbAsO 0.30% 1.37% 21.01% 6 1.1%

PbMO 0.24% 1.04% 4.87% 5 1.0%

PbSiO4 14.44% 26.84% 0.00% 125 6.9%

PbTiO3 0.66% 4.27% 0.00% 20 1.6%

Phosphate 5.25% 12.91% 0.18% 60 4.3%

SbMO 1.07% 1.84% 0.00% 9 2.0%

101 particles

48007-B1

892 ppm Pb


Anglesite 0.05% 0.50% 0.00% 4 0.4%

Cerussite 0.10% 1.18% 0.00% 11 0.6%

Clay 1.70% 0.67% 0.00% 6 2.6%

FeOOH 20.54% 10.44% 95.67% 93 8.1%

MnOOH 4.68% 7.14% 3.63% 64 4.2%

Paint 63.61% 39.68% 0.00% 354 9.7%

Phosphate 9.01% 40.38% 0.70% 360 5.8%

Plumbobarite 0.31% 0.01% 0.00% 0 1.1%

95 particles

48698-B1

452 ppm-Pb


Cerussite 1.26% 7.32% 0.00% 33 3.7%

Clay 39.37% 7.64% 0.00% 35 16.4%

Fe Sulfate 2.74% 0.14% 48.48% 1 5.5%

FeOOH 24.00% 5.99% 46.12% 27 14.4%

MnOOH 16.84% 12.61% 5.39% 57 12.6%

PbSiO4 5.89% 9.80% 0.00% 44 7.9%

PbTiO3 9.68% 56.03% 0.00% 253 9.9%

Phosphate 0.21% 0.46% 0.01% 2 1.5%

34 particles

11414-B2

455 ppm-Pb


Anglesite 2.81% 10.97% 0.00% 50 4.1%

Clay 9.66% 1.50% 0.00% 7 7.3%

FeOOH 35.96% 7.17% 27.49% 33 11.9%

FePbOOH 1.01% 0.57% 0.77% 3 2.5%

MnOOH 30.00% 17.94% 3.82% 82 11.3%

PbMO 8.88% 27.60% 67.58% 126 7.0%

PbO 2.58% 20.65% 0.00% 94 3.9%

PbSolder 2.13% 1.35% 0.25% 6 3.6%

Phosphate 6.97% 12.25% 0.09% 56 6.3%

63 particles

24887-B2

431 ppm Pb


Clay 25.24% 7.34% 0.00% 32 15.3%

FePbOOH 2.91% 3.07% 76.52% 13 5.9%

PbSolder 3.40% 4.05% 13.91% 17 6.4%

PbVO4 3.88% 13.51% 0.00% 58 6.8%

Phosphate 21.84% 72.04% 9.57% 310 14.5%

MnOOH 42.72% 47.94% 187.23% 207 17.4%

31 particles

29084-B2

595 ppm Pb


Clay 1.91% 0.44% 0.00% 3 2.6%

Fe Sulfate 0.29% 0.02% 5.09% 0 1.0%

FeOOH 44.09% 13.06% 83.96% 78 9.6%

FePbOOH 0.22% 0.18% 0.42% 1 0.9%

MnOOH 30.96% 27.50% 9.83% 164 8.9%

Phosphate 22.52% 58.80% 0.71% 350 8.1%

103 particles

29140-B2

560 ppm Pb


Cerussite 1.23% 8.72% 0.00% 49 2.0%

Clay 8.14% 1.93% 0.00% 11 5.1%

Fe Sulfate 3.84% 0.24% 44.55% 1 3.6%

FeOOH 24.96% 7.60% 31.44% 43 8.0%

MnOOH 48.69% 44.50% 10.22% 249 9.3%

PbMO 1.08% 5.13% 13.55% 29 1.9%

Phosphate 11.44% 30.73% 0.24% 172 5.9%

SbMO 0.61% 1.15% 0.00% 6 1.4%

112 particles

29199-B2

618 ppm -Pb


Brass 0.30% 0.01% 0.00% 0 1.1%

Cerussite 0.07% 0.64% 0.00% 4 0.5%

Clay 0.52% 0.16% 0.00% 1 1.4%

Fe Sulfate 0.37% 0.03% 4.55% 0 1.2%

FeOOH 58.35% 23.09% 77.90% 143 9.7%

MnOOH 27.65% 32.83% 6.15% 203 8.8%

PbAsO 0.22% 1.42% 10.08% 9 0.9%

PbMO 0.07% 0.43% 0.93% 3 0.5%

PbSolder 0.67% 0.84% 0.14% 5 1.6%

Phosphate 11.25% 39.26% 0.25% 243 6.2%

SbMO 0.52% 1.27% 0.00% 8 1.4%

100 particles

29524-B2

375 ppm Pb


AsMO 1.23% 0.06% 4.43% 0 2.2%

Brass 0.67% 0.01% 0.00% 0 1.6%

Cerussite 12.60% 57.57% 0.00% 216 6.5%

Clay 4.79% 0.73% 0.00% 3 4.2%

FeOOH 40.58% 7.96% 55.75% 30 9.6%

MnOOH 33.78% 19.89% 7.74% 75 9.3%

PbMO 2.34% 7.16% 32.01% 27 3.0%

PbSiO4 0.78% 1.02% 0.00% 4 1.7%

Phosphate 3.23% 5.59% 0.07% 21 3.5%

100 particles

29737-B2

585 ppm-Pb


Cerussite 0.11% 0.56% 0.00% 3 0.8%

Clay 4.58% 0.78% 0.00% 5 5.0%

FeOOH 22.68% 5.00% 89.65% 29 10.0%

MnOOH 9.27% 6.13% 6.11% 36 6.9%

Paint 18.54% 5.01% 0.00% 29 9.2%

PbSiO4 0.44% 0.65% 0.00% 4 1.6%

PbSolder 2.62% 1.84% 1.61% 11 3.8%

PbTiO3 0.11% 0.56% 0.00% 3 0.8%

Phosphate 39.91% 77.54% 2.63% 454 11.6%

Plumbobarite 0.33% 0.01% 0.00% 0 1.4%

SbMO 1.42% 1.93% 0.00% 11 2.8%

68 particles

34955-B2

485 ppm Pb


Brass 0.34% 0.01% 0.00% 0 1.1%

Cerussite 0.79% 5.97% 0.00% 29 1.7%

Clay 8.23% 2.08% 0.00% 10 5.4%

Fe Sulfate 0.45% 0.03% 6.32% 0 1.3%

FeOOH 39.68% 12.88% 60.52% 62 9.6%

MnOOH 35.06% 34.13% 8.91% 166 9.4%

PbMO 1.58% 7.99% 23.99% 39 2.4%

PbSiO4 3.95% 8.54% 0.00% 41 3.8%

Phosphate 9.92% 28.38% 0.25% 138 5.9%

100 particles

44892-B2

502 ppm Pb


Anglesite 0.21% 0.96% 0.00% 5 0.8%

Clay 1.66% 0.30% 0.00% 2 2.2%

Fe Sulfate 0.73% 0.03% 22.46% 0 1.5%

FeOOH 13.93% 3.26% 46.55% 16 6.0%

MnOOH 52.81% 37.07% 29.41% 186 8.6%

Phosphate 28.27% 58.33% 1.57% 293 7.8%

Plumbobarite 2.39% 0.05% 0.00% 0 2.6%

129 particles

49058-B2

1585 ppm Pb


Cerussite 41.18% 91.76% 0.00% 1454 8.8%

FeOOH 35.75% 3.42% 95.43% 54 8.6%

Galena 0.18% 0.51% 0.00% 8 0.8%

MnOOH 9.91% 2.85% 4.41% 45 5.3%

Paint 12.39% 1.46% 0.00% 23 5.9%

Slag 0.59% 0.01% 0.16% 0 1.4%

120 particles

52352-B2

1032 ppm Pb


As2O3 5.49% 0.00% 32.86% 0 2.7%

AsMO 0.50% 0.02% 0.06% 0 0.8%

FeOOH 24.22% 2.92% 1.16% 30 5.1%

MnOOH 18.92% 6.84% 0.15% 71 4.7%

PbAsO 39.90% 78.57% 65.75% 811 5.9%

Phosphate 10.98% 11.66% 0.01% 120 3.8%

267 particles

34955-PZ

402 ppm-Pb


Brass 1.56% 0.03% 0.00% 0 2.9%

Cerussite 0.46% 3.87% 0.00% 16 1.6%

Clay 9.28% 2.60% 0.00% 10 6.7%

Fe Sulfate 0.46% 0.03% 8.80% 0 1.6%

FeOOH 38.97% 14.07% 80.95% 57 11.3%

FePbOOH 1.38% 1.40% 2.87% 6 2.7%

MnOOH 20.40% 22.09% 7.06% 89 9.4%

PbCrO4 1.19% 7.62% 0.00% 31 2.5%

PbSiO4 8.27% 19.89% 0.00% 80 6.4%

Phosphate 7.17% 22.83% 0.25% 92 6.0%

Paint 9.74% 4.32% 0.00% 17 6.9%

SbMO 0.55% 1.22% 0.00% 5 1.7%

Slag 0.37% 0.02% 0.08% 0 1.4%

Plumbobarite 0.18% 0.01% 0.00% 0 1.0%

71 particles

16423-F1

874 ppm-Pb


AsMO 0.86% 0.10% 1.48% 1 1.6%

Cerussite 0.81% 8.17% 0.00% 71 1.6%

Fe Sulfate 10.07% 0.88% 60.70% 8 5.3%

FeOOH 53.11% 23.00% 34.76% 201 8.8%

MnOOH 27.33% 35.51% 2.98% 310 7.8%

PbTiO3 0.40% 4.02% 0.00% 35 1.1%

Phosphate 7.42% 28.33% 0.08% 248 4.6%

124 particles

22535-F1

1475 ppm Pb


Anglesite 0.15% 0.33% 0.00% 5 0.7%

Cerussite 30.32% 79.91% 0.00% 1179 8.5%

Fe Sulfate 0.67% 0.02% 14.54% 0 1.5%

FeOOH 29.50% 3.34% 69.50% 49 8.4%

MnOOH 28.13% 9.55% 11.05% 141 8.3%

PbMO 0.15% 0.26% 3.52% 4 0.7%

PbSolder 0.07% 0.03% 0.03% 0 0.5%

PbWO4 0.26% 0.50% 0.00% 7 0.9%

Phosphate 6.00% 5.99% 0.24% 88 4.4%

Slag 4.74% 0.07% 1.14% 1 3.9%

113 particles

29245-F1

2234 ppm Pb


Anglesite 3.03% 11.70% 0.00% 261 3.0%

Cerussite 7.48% 34.31% 0.00% 767 4.6%

Fe Sulfate 0.74% 0.03% 8.31% 1 1.5%

FeOOH 49.39% 9.73% 60.21% 217 8.7%

MnOOH 22.30% 13.18% 4.53% 295 7.2%

PbAsO 0.13% 0.42% 5.44% 9 0.6%

PbMO 1.75% 5.38% 21.24% 120 2.3%

Phosphate 13.07% 22.71% 0.27% 507 5.9%

SbMO 2.09% 2.54% 0.00% 57 2.5%

127 particles

29332-F1

655 ppm Pb


Anglesite 0.52% 3.25% 0.00% 21 1.3%

Cerussite 0.56% 4.16% 0.00% 27 1.3%

Fe Sulfate 0.32% 0.02% 7.80% 0 1.0%

FeOOH 16.24% 5.18% 42.97% 34 6.6%

MnOOH 77.93% 74.62% 34.36% 489 7.4%

PbMO 0.56% 2.79% 14.75% 18 1.3%

Phosphate 2.81% 7.91% 0.12% 52 2.9%

SbMO 1.05% 2.07% 0.00% 14 1.8%

121 particles

29530-F1

525 ppm Pb


Fe Sulfate 0.81% 0.06% 14.48% 0 1.7%

FeOOH 35.03% 12.04% 68.00% 63 9.2%

MnOOH 53.10% 54.77% 17.18% 288 9.6%

Phosphate 10.62% 32.20% 0.34% 169 6.0%

SbMO 0.44% 0.93% 0.00% 5 1.3%

103 particles

31738-F1

351 ppm Pb


Clay 0.16% 0.04% 0.00% 0 0.8%

Fe Sulfate 2.25% 0.13% 36.77% 0 2.9%

FeOOH 23.42% 6.91% 41.56% 24 8.3%

Galena 0.16% 1.39% 0.00% 5 0.8%

MnOOH 40.58% 35.90% 12.00% 126 9.6%

Paint 14.19% 5.14% 0.00% 18 6.8%

PbAsO 0.08% 0.39% 4.87% 1 0.6%

PbMO 0.24% 1.10% 4.24% 4 1.0%

Phosphate 18.68% 48.57% 0.55% 170 7.6%

SbMO 0.24% 0.44% 0.00% 2 1.0%

100 particles

32101-F1

270 ppm-Pb


Fe Sulfate 0.43% 0.03% 6.68% 0 1.3%

FeOOH 47.37% 15.58% 79.94% 42 9.6%

MnOOH 35.13% 34.66% 9.88% 94 9.2%

PbMO 0.18% 0.92% 3.02% 2 0.8%

Phosphate 16.83% 48.81% 0.47% 132 7.2%

Plumbobarite 0.06% 0.00% 0.00% 0 0.5%

104 particles

47533-F1

399 ppm Pb


Clay 4.95% 1.43% 0.00% 6 6.0%

FeOOH 10.21% 3.80% 41.93% 15 8.3%

MnOOH 84.84% 94.77% 58.07% 378 9.8%

51 particles

11897-F2

408 ppm-Pb


Cerussite 1.26% 6.04% 0.00% 25 0.0%

Clay 2.55% 0.41% 0.00% 2 2.1%

FeOOH 9.74% 2.01% 37.69% 8 3.0%

MnOOH 56.47% 34.88% 36.42% 142 5.6%

PbAsO 0.18% 0.61% 23.91% 2 9.4%

Phosphate 30.87% 56.06% 1.99% 229 0.8%

107 particles

24505-F2

1377 ppm-Pb


Cerussite 5.20% 18.26% 0.00% 251 3.9%

Fe Sulfate 2.05% 0.06% 49.18% 1 2.5%

FeOOH 5.81% 0.88% 15.13% 12 4.1%

Galena 0.28% 1.25% 0.00% 17 0.9%

MnOOH 41.31% 18.69% 17.93% 257 8.7%

PbMO 0.61% 1.43% 15.82% 20 1.4%

Phosphate 44.57% 59.27% 1.94% 816 8.7%

SbMO 0.17% 0.16% 0.00% 2 0.7%

124 particles

26243-F2

508 ppm Pb


Fe Sulfate 0.83% 0.06% 12.66% 0 1.8%

FeOOH 34.99% 12.53% 57.95% 64 9.3%

MnOOH 55.90% 60.05% 15.43% 305 9.7%

PbMO 0.83% 4.63% 13.69% 24 1.8%

PbSolder 0.31% 0.35% 0.08% 2 1.1%

Phosphate 6.94% 21.91% 0.19% 111 5.0%

SbMO 0.21% 0.46% 0.00% 2 0.9%

101 particles

35787-F2

458 ppm Pb


Cerussite 0.19% 1.51% 0.00% 7 0.8%

FeOOH 27.35% 9.35% 73.98% 43 8.2%

MnOOH 56.77% 58.20% 25.59% 267 9.1%

Paint 6.30% 2.64% 0.00% 12 4.5%

Phosphate 9.39% 28.30% 0.42% 130 5.4%

113 particles

45862-F2

477 ppm Pb


Anglesite 0.27% 1.55% 0.00% 7 1.0%

Clay 1.01% 0.23% 0.00% 1 1.9%

Fe Sulfate 1.35% 0.08% 19.49% 0 2.2%

FeOOH 10.03% 2.93% 15.73% 14 5.7%

FePbOOH 0.54% 0.45% 0.85% 2 1.4%

MnOOH 76.92% 67.48% 20.10% 322 8.0%

PbAsO 0.81% 3.87% 43.59% 18 1.7%

Phosphate 9.08% 23.41% 0.24% 112 5.5%

106 particles

49528-F2

588 ppm Pb


Anglesite 1.00% 4.06% 0.00% 24 2.2%

Cerussite 0.78% 3.77% 0.00% 22 2.0%

FeOOH 11.02% 2.29% 52.25% 13 7.0%

MnOOH 53.12% 33.04% 41.98% 194 11.2%

PbSolder 4.68% 3.09% 3.45% 18 4.7%

Phosphate 29.40% 53.76% 2.32% 316 10.2%

76 particles

51457-F2

782 ppm Pb


AsMO 0.16% 0.01% 3.72% 0 0.6%

Cerussite 0.54% 3.92% 0.00% 31 1.1%

FeOOH 4.21% 1.31% 37.30% 10 3.1%

MnOOH 34.20% 31.98% 50.51% 250 7.4%

Paint 38.36% 14.68% 0.00% 115 7.6%

PbMO 0.05% 0.24% 4.41% 2 0.3%

PbSolder 1.13% 1.12% 1.56% 9 1.6%

Phosphate 16.96% 46.62% 2.50% 365 5.8%

Plumbobarite 4.38% 0.11% 0.00% 1 3.2%

159 Particles

52129-F2

818 ppm Pb


Cerussite 0.20% 2.15% 0.00% 18 0.8%

FeOOH 1.17% 0.54% 17.50% 4 2.0%

MnOOH 32.76% 45.35% 81.66% 371 8.8%

Paint 62.06% 35.14% 0.00% 287 9.1%

PbO 0.03% 0.56% 0.00% 5 0.3%

PbSiO4 0.03% 0.09% 0.00% 1 0.3%

PbWO4 0.32% 2.50% 0.00% 20 1.1%

Phosphate 3.36% 13.67% 0.84% 112 3.4%

Plumbobarite 0.06% 0.00% 0.00% 0 0.5%

109 particles

17503-G

836 ppm Pb


Anglesite 0.14% 0.82% 0.00% 7 0.8%

Clay 1.57% 0.37% 0.00% 3 2.6%

Fe Sulfate 1.00% 0.06% 17.73% 1 2.1%

FeOOH 27.78% 8.34% 53.47% 70 9.3%

MnOOH 54.27% 48.89% 17.41% 409 10.3%

PbMO 0.57% 2.67% 10.92% 22 1.6%

Phosphate 14.67% 38.85% 0.47% 325 7.3%

90 Particles

14788-G2

576 ppm Pb


Cerussite 3.90% 10.94% 0.00% 63 3.8%

Clay 6.23% 0.58% 0.00% 3 4.7%

FeOOH 36.30% 4.37% 67.60% 25 9.4%

MnOOH 22.21% 8.03% 6.89% 46 8.1%

Paint 2.27% 0.34% 0.00% 2 2.9%

PbAsO 0.32% 0.63% 20.45% 4 1.1%

PbMO 0.26% 0.49% 4.82% 3 1.0%

PbO 5.84% 28.26% 0.00% 163 4.6%

PbSiO4 0.45% 0.36% 0.00% 2 1.3%

PbTiO3 13.57% 37.91% 0.00% 218 6.7%

Phosphate 7.60% 8.08% 0.24% 47 5.2%

Plumbobarite 1.04% 0.01% 0.00% 0 2.0%

100 particles

20235-P3

270 ppm Pb


Cerussite 0.12% 0.58% 0.00% 2 0.7%

FeOOH 29.02% 6.05% 74.47% 16 8.7%

Galena 0.24% 1.48% 0.00% 4 0.9%

MnOOH 51.20% 32.00% 21.90% 86 9.6%

PbCrO4 0.48% 1.77% 0.00% 5 1.3%

PbMO 0.12% 0.39% 3.07% 1 0.7%

PbSolder 1.32% 0.87% 0.53% 2 2.2%

PbWO4 15.35% 54.23% 0.00% 146 6.9%

Phosphate 0.84% 1.54% 0.04% 4 1.8%

Plumbobarite 0.48% 0.01% 0.00% 0 1.3%

SbMO 0.84% 1.08% 0.00% 3 1.8%

104 particles

52426-P18

554 ppm Pb


Anglesite 0.46% 1.66% 0.00% 9 1.6%

Brass 0.81% 0.01% 0.00% 0 2.1%

Cerussite 1.15% 4.93% 0.00% 27 2.5%

Clay 1.50% 0.21% 0.00% 1 2.9%

Fe Sulfate 1.73% 0.06% 28.30% 0 3.1%

FeOOH 37.33% 6.87% 66.30% 38 11.5%

MnOOH 14.06% 7.77% 4.16% 43 8.3%

PbSolder 0.58% 0.34% 0.16% 2 1.8%

PbTiO3 4.26% 18.19% 0.00% 101 4.8%

PbWO4 0.23% 0.72% 0.00% 4 1.1%

Phosphate 36.46% 59.21% 1.08% 328 11.4%

Plumbobarite 1.61% 0.02% 0.00% 0 3.0%

68 particles

** For all similar tables: F% = Frequency percent, %RM-Pb = Percent relative mass lead,

%RM-As = Percent relative mass arsenic, Min-Pb = Mineral lead (ppm), and E-95% =

Error at the 95% confidence limit. Al l terms are fully defined in text.

36

Results of the apportionment are summarized in Table 4. The apportionment calculation, based only on

speciation results, indicates that on average (0-97%) a minimum of 32% of the bulk lead concentration

in community yards would have had a pyrometallurgical lead source. The most common contributors to

this category are lead carbonate, lead sulfate , and lead oxide. Although these forms of lead represent

nearly 50% of the RM Pb at the ASARCO site, they have also been historically used as lead pigments in

house paint. The author has made an adjustment, Table 4, to the contribution of these lead forms to lead

paint, based on the presence of paint in a sample, however, paint is seldom found in most samples of the

OLS. Additional morphological evidence suggesting these forms of lead are not from paint is their

particles-size. In the community soils, these lead forms; PbCO3, PbSO4, and PbO have average particle

sizes of 16, 12, and 12 microns, respectively. These particle sizes are an order of magnitude greater than

those used by the paint-pigment manufacturers of 0.4-1.3 microns (Patton, 1973; Mattiello, 1942; and

Dunn, 1967). Finally, isotopically it is difficult to exclude lead paint from being a contributor to the

OLS, but a careful look at the data does suggest paint may play a limited role. Paint-lead isotopic values,

Figure 10, from homes in the OLS (UP, 2006) cover a broad range, overlapping the values for the

ASARCO facility (area including ASARCO lead source locations: Mexico, Colorado, Montana and

Utah). However, even though paint samples cover a 300% greater range in isotopic values, only 21% of

the OLS soils have values outside of the ASARCO range. In addition, the lead market for paint pigment

during much of this time period was becoming dominated by lead from the Missouri District. This factor

would significantly limit paint’s contribution to OLS soils. The data in Figure 10b, from (Drexler, 2002),

support the limited impact of gasoline and Gould (Park) as a source of lead to the OLS.

Thus, the pyrometallurgical proportion is most likely to exceed 62% on average, since at least half of

Bulk Pb 554 270 576 836 818 782 588 477 458 508 1377 408 399 270 351 525 655 2234 1475 874 402 1032

52426-P18 20235-P3 14788-G 17503-G 52129-F2 51457-F2 49528-F2 45862-F2 35787-F2 26243-F2 24505-F2 11897-F2 47533-F1 32101-F1 31738-F1 29530-F1 29332-F1 29245-F1 22535-F1 16423-F1 34955-DZ 52352-B2

Pyrometallurgical

Barite 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Cerussite 27 2 63 18 31 22 7 251 25 27 767 1179 71 16

PbAsO 4 18 2 1 9 0*

Pb Vanidate

PbCl4

PbS 4 17 5

PbFeOOH 2 6

PbMO 1 3 22 2 24 20 2 4 18 120 4 1 1

PbO 163 5

PbSbO 3 2 2 2 5 14 57 1

Slag 1 1

PbSiO4 2 1 80

Mixed Lead

Anglesite 7 24 7 21 261 5

28 11 236 29 25 34 46 27 7 26 290 27 0 3 12 5 80 1214 1189 72 105 1

Less Paint Factor (~50% of Paint Min-Pb) 18 31 6 0 9

0.051 0.041 0.410 0.035 0.031 0.043 0.078 0.057 0.015 0.051 0.211 0.066 0.000 0.011 0.034 0.010 0.122 0.543 0.806 0.082 0.261 0.001

Pyrometallurgical contribution to 21 4 50 28 15 27 41 25 7 25 229 25 0 3 11 5 70 554 225 63 65 0

Non-Source Specific Lead

Total Pyrometallurical 49 15 286 57 22 30 87 52 8 51 519 52 0 6 23 10 150 1768 1414 135 161 1

% Pyrometallurgical of Total Pb 9% 6% 50% 7% 3% 4% 15% 11% 2% 10% 38% 13% 0% 2% 7% 2% 23% 79% 96% 15% 40% 0%

Non-Source Specific

Clay 1 3 3 1 2 6 1 10

FeSO4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1

Fe Oxide 38 16 25 70 4 10 13 14 43 64 12 8 15 42 24 63 34 217 49 201 57 30

Mn Oxide 43 86 46 409 371 250 194 322 267 305 257 142 378 94 126 288 489 295 141 310 89 71

Organics

Phosphate 328 4 47 325 112 365 316 112 130 111 816 229 132 170 169 52 507 88 248 92 120

Total Non-Source Specific 411 106 121 808 487 625 523 450 440 481 1086 381 399 269 322 521 576 1020 279 767 249 221

% Non-Source Specific of Total Pb 72% 38% 13% 93% 60% 80% 82% 89% 96% 90% 62% 87% 100% 98% 88% 98% 77% 21% 4% 81% 48% 21%

Anthropegentic

Pb Glass

PbCrO4 5 31

PbWO4 4 146 20 7

PbTiO2 101 218 35

Paint 287 115 12 18 17

Solder 2 2 9 18 2 1

Brass 1

Herb/Rodenticide 811

Total Anthropegentic 108 153 218 0 307 124 18 0 12 2 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 8 35 48 811

% Anthropegentic of Total Pb 19% 57% 38% 0% 38% 16% 3% 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 5% 0% 0% 0% 1% 4% 12% 79%

*Sample 52352-B2 has unique

TABLE 4. Oma

1585 502 485 585 375 618 560 595 431 455 452 892 464 468 423 863 306 3669 745 738 530 888 836 976 825 446 488 273 374

49058-B2 44892-B2 34955-B2 29737-B2 29524-B2 29199-B2 29140-B2 29084-B2 24887-B2 11414-B2 48698-B1 48007-B1 46631-B1 32384-B1 34234-B1 32733-B1 32508-B1 31808-B1 28681-B1 26239-B1 25656-B1 23626-B1 17503-B1 15815-B1 10176-B1 28681-DZ 17503-DZ 12608-F1 5008B-1

1 1 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

1454 29 3 216 4 49 33 11 72 1327 5 9 6 434 624 16 106 0

9 6 7 0

58 0

0

8 5 2

1 13 3 4 5 0

39 28 3 29 126 5 9 1 17 217 15 20 9 30 202 21 0

94 0

11 8 6 9 3 1 19 1 2 3 5 2 0

1 43 2 0 1 0

41 4 4 44 125 112 164 11 32 11 12 1 0

0

5 50 4 47 3 642 10 2 77 39 132 0

1463 6 109 19 248 24 84 1 71 273 77 16 196 9 1 193 27 2354 67 32 64 14 15 516 693 233 33 242 0

12 3 15 18 16 0 16

0.923 0.012 0.225 0.032 0.661 0.039 0.150 0.002 0.165 0.600 0.170 0.018 0.422 0.019 0.002 0.224 0.088 0.642 0.090 0.043 0.121 0.016 0.018 0.529 0.840 0.522 0.068 0.886 0.000

91 6 85 17 85 23 71 1 90 107 21 9 106 9 1 141 25 723 46 31 30 6 14 243 106 87 31 29 0

1542 12 194 33 333 47 155 2 161 380 98 10 302 18 2 316 52 3061 113 63 94 20 29 759 799 304 64 271 0

97% 2% 40% 6% 89% 8% 28% 0% 37% 83% 22% 1% 65% 4% 0% 37% 17% 83% 15% 8% 18% 2% 4% 78% 97% 68% 13% 99% 0%

2 10 5 3 1 11 3 32 7 35 6 10 4 7 10 1 7 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

54 16 62 29 30 143 43 78 33 27 93 31 68 3 76 35 464 82 109 33 25 40 21 74 1 0

45 186 166 36 75 203 249 164 207 82 57 64 148 388 252 141 58 382 175 46 18 38 213 20 0

1 12 0

293 138 454 21 243 172 350 310 56 2 360 60 3 369 297 103 604 426 204 244 392 588 381 68 107 166 374

99 498 377 524 129 591 476 596 549 178 122 523 250 460 376 632 279 1127 508 706 245 392 797 459 126 166 455 33 374

1% 98% 60% 87% 11% 91% 72% 100% 59% 15% 22% 59% 30% 96% 88% 59% 83% 11% 62% 92% 82% 98% 94% 22% 3% 25% 87% 0% 100%

0

129 36

8 18 2

3 253 20 47 1

23 29 354 36 32 120 32 0

11 5 17 6 2 0 27 4 1 6 1 2 1 0

1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

23 0 1 43 1 6 0 0 17 6 253 354 21 0 47 38 0 188 168 0 0 1 24 1 4 33 0 1 0

1% 0% 0% 7% 0% 1% 0% 0% 4% 1% 56% 40% 5% 0% 11% 4% 0% 5% 23% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 0% 7% 0% 0% 0%

*Sample 52352-B2 has unique mineralogy (ie. As2O3 +PbAsO) suggesting a herbicide.

TABLE 4. Omaha Lead Apportionment. TABLE 9. Omaha Lead Apportionment.

659 485 355 142 304 2080 332 334 415 785 1649 261 534 841 328 328 436 365 1269 1240 986 572 66 1289 5788 1129 1080 637

5017F-1 5020B-2 5034B-1 5041B-1 5044B-1 5046DZ 5048B-2 5055F-1 5056F-2 5059B-1 5060B-2 5061F-2 5063F-2 5079B-2 5080B-2 5080B-2-Dup 5081F-2 5082B-1 5083B-1 5083DZ 5086B-1 5087G 5098B-2 1683 11509 1584 1627 5088F-2

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

355 0 9 26 24 27 18 5 0 4 81 0 67 2 0 5 162 0 252 708 103 4 0 822 1056 0 79

0 0 0 0 62 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 94 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 8 1 0 3 66 19 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 2 54 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 61 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 6 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

1 0 8 0 5 4 0 6 0 5 1 0 0 167 0 7 0 24 0 0 1 0 65

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1097 0 168 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 405 0 82 526 0 0

32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 2 0 1 0 117 192 0 0 0 35 2691 7 0

388 0 24 26 96 39 72 14 0 10 1179 0 263 235 83 15 184 24 369 900 121 411 65 1036 4339 26 79 0

0 21 3 40 3 3 19 85 1 8 2 4 18 7 14

0.589 0.000 0.068 0.183 0.316 0.019 0.217 0.042 0.000 0.013 0.715 0.000 0.493 0.279 0.253 0.046 0.422 0.066 0.291 0.726 0.123 0.719 0.985 0.804 0.750 0.023 0.073 0.000

159 0 21 21 66 37 56 13 0 10 279 0 131 90 62 14 91 22 212 247 104 115 0 196 1050 22 67 0

547 0 45 47 162 55 125 27 0 20 1418 0 391 322 145 29 256 46 496 1146 218 524 65 1229 5371 41 131 0 Average Stdev

83% 0% 13% 33% 53% 3% 38% 8% 0% 3% 86% 0% 73% 38% 44% 9% 59% 13% 39% 92% 22% 92% 98% 95% 93% 4% 12% 0% 32% 34%

1 0 2 0 1 9 0 0 0 12 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 18.8

3 14 11 8 26 29 35 1 3 63 12 35 5 40 31 9 14 32 6 11 74 3 0 7 33 48 41 29.8

180 11 21 0 117 118 0 134 35 352 18 116 109 31 127 126 24 202 97 41 191 8 0 69 163 307 146 26.8

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

87 72 282 107 64 1838 221 183 146 350 360 110 152 249 86 175 177 108 622 288 585 148 0 169 1196 618 729 561

271 97 316 115 209 1994 256 318 184 777 391 261 266 322 244 310 216 342 728 340 850 160 0 244 1401 972 916 636 Average Stdev

17% 20% 83% 67% 47% 95% 61% 91% 44% 97% 9% 100% 26% 28% 56% 90% 33% 87% 47% 7% 76% 8% 0% 4% 6% 85% 80% 100% 59% 34%

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 281 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 388 0 0 0 42 5 0 231 0 79 0 6 5 0 37 0 171 1 15 4 0 8 35 124 27

0 0 16 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 7 59

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 388 16 0 0 48 5 3 231 1 80 1 6 286 1 2 38 0 171 1 15 4 1 8 48 131 86 0 Average Stdev

0% 80% 5% 0% 0% 2% 2% 1% 56% 0% 5% 0% 1% 34% 0% 1% 9% 0% 13% 0% 1% 1% 2% 1% 1% 12% 8% 0% 9% 18%

37

the “non-specific source” lead could be attributed to pyrometallurgical activity, as the lead isotopic and

statistical data suggests. More than 90% of the community soils studied contained pyrometallurgical

lead.

38

Figure 10. Lead isotopic data for the OLS and lead sources. Data from literature and (UP, 2006 andDrexler, 2002).

39

Non-source specific sources of lead are the most abundant, ranging from 0% to 100% and averaging

59% of the bulk lead. Leaded phosphate comprises 60% of this category on average, Table 4, and as

indicated previously, morphological evidence shows that some phosphate lead can be traced to

ASARCO as a source. Other possible sources to the lead in this category include; the anthropogenic

sources listed above, and lead from gasoline.

The anthropogenic sources only account for 9% of the bulk lead in the OLS. One sample has the

combination of As2O3 (arsenic trioxide) and PbAsO. Since none of the pyrometallurgical sources in the

area produced arsenic trioxide, it is most likely this sample has been contaminated with a herbicide.

40

6.0 CONCLUSIONS

Based on my work as reflected in the 2002 and 2007 Speciation Reports and the 2007 Emissions Report

(Medine et al., 2007), I have reached the following conclusions with respect to the occurrences of lead

found in residential soils from the Omaha area.

< Pyrometallurgical forms of lead are the largest identifiable lead source in residential yards:

Yards having “fingerprinting” phases ( PbMO, PbCl2, Slag, PbFeO, PbSiO 4, and PbAsO), attributable to a

pyrometallurgical source, and these phases are common to the ASARCO plant and are not associated with other

identified sources.

< The ASARCO facilities historical emissions clearly dominate all other identified sources.

< More than 90% of yards speciated have pyrometallurgically apportioned lead .

< At least 32% of the bulk lead found in community soils is from a pyrometallurgical source.

However, this is clearly a minimum since most of the lead (59%) is found in non-source specfic forms which have

sorbed their lead from the weathering of more soluble lead forms. Given lead particle morphologies, as

demonstrated in above photomicrographs, much of this lead could have come from ASARCO related material.

< A strong lead isotopic correlation between community soils and ASARCO plant with apparent

limited input from Gould or leaded gasoline. Lead paint can not be isotopically ruled out as asource of lead, but isotopes do suggest its significance is also limited.

Based on my analytical work and data reviewed, as cited herein, it is my opinion that the lead in the

OLS is primarily the result of both smelter emissions and lead-bearing paint. Further, it is my opinion

that the primary non-anthropogenic (as defined in this report) source is the ASARCO smelter facility.

41

7.0 REFERENCES

ASARCO, 2005. Collection of internal documents from ASARCO storage facility at Globeville, CO.

Barzi, F., Naidu, R., McLaughlin, M.J., 1996, Contaminants and the Australian Soil Environment, inContaminants and the Soil Environment in the Australia - Pacific Region. Naidu et al., Eds. P. 451-484

Casteel, S.W., Cowart, R.P., Weiss, C.P., Henningsen, G.M., Hoffman, E., Brattin, W.J., Guzman, R.E.,Starost, M.F., Payne, J., Stockman, S.L., Becker, S.V., Drexler, J.W., and Turk, J.R., 1997,Bioavailability of Lead in Soil from the Smuggler Mountain Site of Aspen, Colorado. Fundam. Appl.Toxicol. V.36 (2) p. 177-187.

CDPHE, 1997, The Source of Anomalous Arsenic Concentrations in Soils from the GlobevilleCommunity—Denver, Colorado.

Davis, A., Drexler, J.W., Ruby, M.V., and Nicholson, 1993, A., Micromineralogy of mine wastes inrelation to lead bioavailability, Butte, Montana. Environ. Sci. Technol., V. 27, p. 1415-1425.

Drexler, J.W., Mushak, P., 1995, Health risks from extractive industry wastes: Characterization of heavymetal contaminants and quantification of their bioavailability and bioaccessability., InternationalConference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements, Paris, France.

Drexler, J.W., 1997, Validation of an In Vitro Method: A tandem Approach to Estimating theBioavailability of Lead and Lead to Humans, IBC Conference on Bioavailability, Scottsdale, Az.

Drexler, J. W., 2002, A study on the source of anomalous lead concentrations in soils from the Omahacommunity—Omaha, Nebraska. Black and Veatch, 70p.

Dunn, E.J., 1967, In Treatise on Coatings-Pigments, V.3 part 1, (R.R. Meyers and J.S. Long eds),Dekker, New York, 427p.

Eilers, A., 1912, Notes on bag-filtration plants. Notes on bag-house. In connection with lead blast-furnaces and leady copper matte converters, Eighth International Congress of Applied Chemistry, NewYork.

Fergusson, J.E., 1990, The heavy elements: Chemistry, environmental impact and health effects,Pergamon Press, New York, 614p.

Garrels, R.M., and Christ, C.L., Solutions, Minerals and Equilibria: Harper and Row; 1965.

Gould, 2005, Gould Electronics Good faith Offer under CERCLA and Gould Electronics SupplementalMemorandum in Support of its February 24, 2005 Good faith Offer under CERCLA 122: Report

42

HDR Engineering, “ Central Park East Site Remediation”, (1990).

Hofman, H.O., 1918, Metallurgy of Lead, McGraw Hill, New York.

Iles, M.W., 1902, Lead Smelting, J. Wiley and Sons, New York.

Kabata-Pendias and Pendias, H., Trace elements in soils and plants: CRC Press, 1984.

Kabata-Pendias and Pendias, H., 1993, Biogeochemistry of trace elements, PWN, Warsaw, 364p.

Kaiser, H.F., 1960, The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational andPsychological Measurements, V. 20, p. 141-151.

Maddaloni, M., Lolacono, N.,Manton, W., and Drexler, J.W., 1998, Bioavailability of Soilborne Lead inAdults, by Stable Isotope Dilution. Environ. Health Persp. V.106, p.1589-1594.

Marconsson, I.C., 1949, Metal Magic: The story of the American Smelting and Refining Company. Farrar,Straus Co., New York.

Mattiello, J.J., 1942, Protective and Decorative Coatings, V. 2, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 277p.

Medine, A., Drexler, J.W., and Thyne, G., 2007, Analysis of lead sources un the Omaha lead site areatotal lead emissions from the ASARCO and Gould smelters in comparison to other industrial sources,lead paint, and leaded gasoline. Black and Veatch.

Mosimann, J.E. 1965. Statistical methods for the Pollen Analyst. In: B. Kummel and D. Raup (EDS.).Handbook of Paleontological Techniques. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, pp. 636-673.

Mullins Environmental Testing Co., 1979, Source emissions survey of ventilation and process stackGould Inc. Omaha, Nebraska, File Number 79-49.

Neyer-Tiseo-Hundo, Site test boring location plan, 1988.

Patton, T.C., 1973. Pigment Handbook, V 1, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 985p. Ruby, M.V., Davis, A. and Drexler, J.W., 1993, Induced Paragenesis of Galena under EnvironmentalConditions. Environmental Science and Technology, V.27, (7), p.1415-1425.

Union Pacific Railroad, 2006, Lead isotopic study of soils and paint from the Omaha site.

USDOD 2001-2002, A collection of laboratory reports on lead at government small-arms shooting rangesthroughout the US. Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD.

USEPA 1993, Air compliance inspection report at ASARCO incorporated, April 27 and 28, 1993.

43

USEPA 2002, Source attribution of lead from contaminated residential soils in central Omaha, Nebraska.A speciation and LA/ICP/MS study. USEPA Region VII.

USEPA 2003, Source attribution of lead from contaminated residential soils in El Paso, Texas. Aspeciation and LA/ICP/MS study. USEPA Region VII.

USEPA 2004, Estimation of relative bioavailability of lead in soil and soil-like materials using in vivoand in vitro methods. OSWER 9285.7-77, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, USEPA,Washington, DC.

USEPA 2004b, Region 7, Omaha lead site operable unit 01 interim record of decision.

44

APPENDIX A

Drexler Vita

45

John William DrexlerDirector of Analytical FacilitiesAssociate Professor Department of Geological SciencesCampus Box 250University of ColoradoBoulder, Colorado [email protected]

Born: November 13, 1954

Nationality: U.S.A.

Education:

B.S., Western Illinois University, 1976 (Geology-Chemistry) M.S., Michigan Technological University, 1978 (Geology) Ph.D.,Michigan Technological University, 1982 (Geology)

Advisors: Drs. Wm. I. Rose, Jr, and D.C. Noble

Chairman of Technical section, "Calc-Alkaline volcanism at PlateMargins" Geol. Soc. Amer. National Meeting, Reno, Nev. 1984.

Co-Chairman of Symposium, "Laramide volcanism in and aroundColorado",Geol. Soc. Amer. Rocky Mountain Section, Boulder,Colorado, 1987.

Co-Editor Colorado School of Mines Quarterly Special Volumes"Cenozoic Volcanism in the Rocky Mountains- an Update" Vol.82 #4,83 #1, and 83 #2 1988-1989.

Environmental Protection Agency's Technical Advisory Committeefor the Leadville, Colorado CERCLA site. 1990-1993.

Environmental Protection Agency's Advisor to the Technical Advisory Committee for the Aspen,Colorado CERCLA site. 1992.

Invited speaker:

46

U.S. EPA Mine, Milling, and Smelter Waste Seminar, August, 1994.

U.S. EPA Lead Risk Assessment and Remediation Large Area Lead Sites Workgroup, April, 1995.

US EPA Workshop on Modeling Lead Exposure and Bioavailability, August, 1998.

NEPI ‘Protecting Children’s Health: Assessing the Relationship of Soil Lead to Blood Lead’ Washington,DC. )Ctober 27-28, 1998.

ITRC Conference ‘New Environmental Technologies and Market Opportunities’ San Antonio, TX.October, 19, 2000

USEPA Workshop Metals Assessment Issue Papers Washington, D.C., December 16-17, 2002.

USEPA Workshop Bioavailability estimations by in vitro techniques Tampa, Fl., April 14-17, 2003.

CALEPA Workshop on Bioavailability characterizations using In Vitro and EMPA TechniquesSacramento, CA.September 13, 2005.

New York Childhood Lead Conference: Techniques for Determination of Lead Bioaccessability andFingerprinting. October, 7, 2005.

Professional Experience:

Since 1989 I have been working extensively with the EPA on Superfund remediation of heavy metalmining, smelting, and milling sites including: Leadville, CO., Aspen, CO. Midvalle, Utah., Sandy City,Utah, Anaconda and Butte, Montana, Omaha, Nebraska, El Paso, Texas, Herculaneum, Missouri, Couerde Lane, Idaho, and Kennecott Utah.

1982 to present faculty member in the Department of Geology at University of Colorado. I supervise andmaintain the departments analytical facilities, including a JEOL 8600 automated electron microprobewith four wavelength dispersive detectors and energy dispersive capabilities, two Kevex 0700 automatedXES x-ray fluorescence system, a PHILIPS PW1730 WDS x-ray fluorescence system, a ISI SX30 SEMwith a KEVEX energy dispersive analyzer and image analyzer, a Fluid Inc. gas-flow heating and coolingstage, VARIAN Ultra Mass and Perkin Elmer DRC-e Inductive-coupled mass spectrometers withCETAC LSX-200 laser abaltion, a DIONEX 4500i ion chromatography system, a ARL 3410 Inductive-Coupled Plasma, a Hewlett-Packard 5890/5971 GC Mass Spectrometer, and GIS workstation. Thelaboratories average operating budget is $150,000/yr with management responsibility of 2.4 FTE’s.

Publications:

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1977Rose,W.I., Jr., Woodruff,L.G., Drexler,J.W., Fractionation related to K2O-SiO2 and REE variations incalc-alkaline magmas; GSA Abstracts w/Programs, V.9,#7, p.1147.

1978McKee,E.H., Noble,D.C., Scherkenback,D.A., Drexler,J.W., Mendoza,J., and Eyzaquirre,V.R., Age ofporphyry intrusion potassic alteration and related Cu-Zn skarn mineralization; Antamina District,northern Peru: Econ. Geology, V.74,#4, p.928-930.

1978Drexler,J.W., Rose,W.I., Jr., Sparks,R.S.J., and Ledbetter,M.T., Geochemical correlation, age anddistribution of Pleistocene rhyolitic ashes in Guatemala with deep sea ash layers of the Gulf ofMexico, Equatorial Pacific and Caribbean. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., V.59, p.1105.

1978Drexler,J.W., Geochemical correlations of Pleistocene rhyolitic ashes in Guatemala with deep-sea ashlayers of the Gulf of Mexico and equatorial Pacific, MS Thesis, M.T.U., 84p.

1980Rose,W.I., Jr., Penfield,G.T., Drexler,J.W., Larson,P.B., Geochemistry of the andesite flank lavas of threecomposite cones within the Atitlan cauldron, Guatemala: Bull. Volc., V.43,#1, p.131-153.

1980Drexler,J.W., Wallace,A.B., Noble,D.C., Grant,N.K., Icelandite and aenigmatite-bearing pantelleritefrom the McDermitt Caldera complex, Nevada-Oregon, GSA Abstracts w/Programs. V.12,#3, P.158.

1980Drexler,J.W., Rose,W.I., Jr., Sparks,R.S.J., and Ledbetter,M.T., The Los Chocoyos Ash, Guatemala: Amajor stratigraphic marker in middle America and in three ocean basins: Quat. Res., V.13, p.327-345.

1980Rose,W.I., Jr., Hahn,G.A., Drexler,J.W., Love,M.A., Peterson,P.S., and Wunderman,R.L., Quaternarytephra of northern Central America NATO Adv. Study Inst., Proc. (Iceland, 1980), R.S.J. Sparks and S.Self eds.p.193-211.

1982Drexler,J.W., Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Miocene volcanic rocks genetically associated with theJulcani; Ag-Bi-Pb-Cu-Au-W Deposit, Peru: Physicochemical conditions of a productive magma body:Ph.D. Dissertation, Michigan Technological University, 254p.

1982Rose, W.I.,Jr., Bornhorst, T.J., and Drexler, J.W., Preliminary correlation of Quaternary volcanicashes,from the middle America trench off Quatemala, deep sea drilling project leg 67., Initial Reports ofthe Deep Sea Drilling Project, V.67, p. 493-495.

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1983Drexler,J.W., and Noble,D.C., Highly oxidized, sulfur-rich dacite-rhyolite magmas of the Julcani silverdistrict, Peru; Insight into a "productive" magmatic system: GSA Abstracts w/Programs, V.15,#5, p.325.

1983Drexler,J.W., and Bornhorst,T.J., Mineralogy and geochemistry of Mid-Tertiary, glassy rhyolites fromthe Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, southwestern New Mexico: AGU Abstracts V.64,#45, p.881.

1983Drexler,J.W.,Bornhorst,T.J., and Noble,D.C.,Trace-element sanidine/glass distribution coefficients forperalkaline silicic rocks and their implications to peralkaline petrogenesis: Lithos, V.16, p.265-271.

1984Drexler, J.W., and Stern, C.R., Petrology, geochemistry and petrogenesis of three calc-alkalinestratovolcanoes within the southern Andes of Chile. Geol. Soc. Amer. Abstracts with Programs, Reno,Nev. V.16,#6 p.494.

1985Amini, H., Stern, C.R., Drexler, J.W., and Larson, E.E., Petrology of the Late Cenozoic Bruneau basaltsfrom the western Snake River Plain, Idaho., Geol. Soc. Amer. Symposia,"Volcanic Geology of theWestern Snake River Plain", Rocky Mountain Section, Boise, Idaho, V.17 #4, p.206.

1985Drexler, J.W.,and Munoz, J., Abundances and migration of volatiles in oxidized,pyrrhotite-anhydrite-bearing silicic volcanics: Source magmas for the base-and-precious metaldeposits, Julcani, Peru, International Conference on Granite-Related Mineral Deposits: Geology,Petrogenesis and Tectonic Setting, Halifax, Nova Scotia.

1986Stern, C.R., Drexler, J.W., Dobbs, F., Munoz, J., Godoy, E., and Charrier, R., Petrochemistry of the threenorthernmost volcanic centers in the southern volcanic zone of the Andes., Jour. Volcanology andGeothermal Res.

1987Deen, J. Drexler, J.W., Rye, R., and Munoz, J., A magmatic fluid origin for the Julcani District, Peru:Stable isotope evidence. Geol. Soc. America Abstr. w/ Programs, V. 19, #7,p. 638.

1988Drexler, J.W., and Munoz, J., Abundances and migration of volatiles in oxidized,pyrrhotite-anhydrite-bearing silicic volcanics: Source magmas for the base-and-precious metaldeposits, Julcani, Peru, Recent Advances in the Geology of Granite Related Mineral Deposits, TheCanadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy V.39, p. 10-22.

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1988Hughes, J.M., Drexler, J.W., Campana, C.F., and Melenconico, L., Howardevansite, NaCuFe2 (VO4)3, anew fumarolic sublimate from Izalco volcano, El Salvador: Discriptive mineralogy and crystalstructure., Am. Mineralogist, V.73, p. 181-186.

1988Deen, J., Rye, R., and Drexler, J.W., Polymetallic mineralization related to magma evolution and magmatic-meteoric fluid mixing, Julcani District, Peru. Geol. Soc. America Abst. w/ Programs, V.20,#7,p. A351.

1988Drexler, J.W., and Larson, L.L. Preliminary study of early Laramide mafic to intermediate volcanism,Front Range, Colorado, Colorado School of Mines Quarterly,V. 83, # 2, p.41-52.

1989Deen, J., Munoz, J.A., Rye, R., and Drexler, J.W., Polymetallic mineralization related to magmatic andmeteoric water mixing, Julcani District, Peru. International Geological Congress, Washington, D.C..

1990Drexler, J.W., Light Element Analysis by Electron Microprobe-- A Look At The New Pseudo Crystals;LDE, LDEB, and LDEC. Invited Paper: Electron Microscopy Society Meeting, Boulder, Colorado.

1991Hughes, John M. and Drexler, John W., Cation substitution in the apatite tetrahedral site: Crystalstructures of type hydroxylellestadite and type femorite, N. Jb. Miner. Mh. V.7, p. 327-336.

1991Naziripour, A., Dong, C., Drexler, J.W., Swartzlander, A.B., Nelson, A.J., and Hermann, A.M.,Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O Superconducting thin films with post-deposition processing using Tl- containing thin films asTl sources. J. Applied Physics, V. 100, No. 10, pp. 6495-6497.

1991McCowan, C.N., Siewert, T.A., and Drexler, J.W., Fracture of Austenitic Stainless Steel Welds,International Metallographic Society, ABSTRACT, Monterey, CA.

1991McCowan, C.N., Tomer, A., and Drexler, J.W., Microstructure of Ultra-High Nitrogen Steels,International Metallographic Society, ABSTRACT, Monterey, CA.

1992McCowan, C.N., Tomer, A., and Drexler, J.W., Microstructure of Ultra-High Nitrogen Steels.Microstructural Science, V.19, P.681-687.

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1992Weis, C., Hemlin, C., and Drexler, J.W., Collection and characterization of mine waste and lead-basedpaint for the purpose of determining lead bioavailability, Society of Toxicology, Seattle, Wa.

1992Hughes, J.M., Marianoo, A.N., and Drexler, J.W., Crystal structures of synthetic Na-REE-Si oxyapatites,synthetic monoclinic britholite. N. Jb. Miner. Mh, V 7, p. 311-319.

1992Dong, C., Duan, H., Kiehl, W., Naziripour, A., Drexler, J.W., and Hermann, A.M.. Compositiondependence of the Superconducting properties of the Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O system. Physica C, V. 196 p. 291-296.

1992Ruby, M.V., Davis, A.O., Kempton, J.H., Drexler, J.W., and Bergstrom, P.D., Lead bioavailability:Dissolution kinetics under simulated gastric conditions. Envir. Sci. Tech., V.26, p.1242-1248.

1993Billing, P., Howe, B., Drexler, J.W., Olsen, R., and LaVelle, J.M., Bioavailability of mercury in cinnabarore mine wastes. Society of Toxicology, Cincinnati, OH., March, 1993.

1993Noe, D.CC., Hughes, J.M., Mariano, A.N., Drexler, J.W., and Kato, A., The crystal structure ofmonoclinic britholite- (Ce) and britholite-(Y). Zeit. fur Kristallographie, V.206, p. 233-246.

1993Ruby, M.V., Davis, A. and Drexler, J.W., Induced Paragenesis of Galena under EnvironmentalConditions. Environmental Science and Technology, V.27, (7), p.1415-1425.

1993Birkeland, P.W. and Drexler, J.W., Soil cantena trends with both time and climate, New Zealand. GSAAbstracts w/ Programs Las Vegas.

1993Davis, A., Drexler, J.W., Ruby, M.V., and Nicholson, A., Micromineralogy of mine wastes in relation tolead bioavailability, Butte, Montana. Environ. Sci. Technol., V. 27, p. 1415-1425.

1994Broz, J.J., Simske, S.J., Greenberg, A.R., and Drexler, J.W., Determination of Compositional andMaterial Properties of Cortical Bone Constituent Phases.

1994Hughes, J.M. and Drexler, J.W., Refinement of the structure of Gagarinite- (Y), Na(Ca REE)F. Canadian

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Mineralogist, V 32., pp. 563-565. 1994Drexler, J.W., Mushak, P., Health risks from extractive industry wastes: An approach to bioavailability oftoxic metal and metalloidal contaminants. GSA Abstracts w/ Programs, Seattle, Wa.

1994Birkeland, P.W., Drexler, J.W., Luiszer, F., and Kihl, R., Chronosequence trends for tropical soilsformed on Quaternary coral reefs: Taiwan vs. Rota, GSA Abstracts w/ Programs, Seattle, Wa.

1994Wang, L., Ni, Y., Hughes, J.M., Bayliss, P. and Drexler, J.W., The atomic arrangement of synchystite(Ce) CeCaF(CO3)2, Canadian Mineralogist, V. 32, pp.865-871.

1995Deen, J, Rye, R.O., Munoz, J., and Drexler, J.W., Part I: Igneous and hydrothermal evolution at Julcani,Peru Hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes and fluid inclusion evidence. Economic Geology V.89, #8pp.262-276.

1995Reynolds, R.L., Rosenbaum, J.G., Bradbury, J.P., Adams, D.P., Sarna-Wojeicki, Drexler, J.W., Kerwin,M.W., Quaternary climate-change records from sediment magnetism and trace- elementgeochemistry of lacustrine sediments in southern Oregon, USA. IUGG.

1995Rosenbaum, J.G., Reynolds, R.L., Drexler, J.W., Best, P., Rodbell, D., Geochemical proxies for heavymineral content in sediments: Constraints on interpretations in environmental magnetism. IUGG.

1995Medlin, E., and Drexler, J.W., Development of an in vitro technique for the determination ofbioavailability from metal-bearing solids., International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of TraceElements, Paris, France.

1995Drexler, J.W., Mushak, P., Health risks from extractive industry wastes: Characterization of heavy metalcontaminants and quantification of their bioavailability and bioaccessability., International Conferenceon the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements, Paris, France.

1996Hughes, J.M., Bloodaxe, E.S., and Drexler, J.W., The atomic arrangement of ojuelaite, ZnFe2

(AsO4)2(OH)2 4H2O, Mineral. Magazine, V.60, pp.519-521.

1997

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Casteel, S.W., Cowart, R.P., Weiss, C.P., Henningsen, G.M., Hoffman, E., Brattin, W.J., Guzman, R.E.,Starost, M.F., Payne, J., Stockman, S.L., Becker, S.V., Drexler, J.W., and Turk, J.R., Bioavailability ofLead in Soil from the Smuggler Mountain Site of Aspen, Colorado. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. V.36 (2) p.177-187.

1997Rosenbaum, J.G., Reynolds, R.L., Adam, D.P., Drexler, J., Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M., and Whitney, G.C.,Record od middle Pleistocene climate change from Buck Lake, Cascade Range, southern Oregon--Evidence from sediment magnetism, trace-element geochemistry, and pollen. GSA Bulletin, V. 108,no.10, p. 1328-1341.

1997Kendall, D.S., Mushak, P., and Drexler, J.W., Comment on “Mass balance on surface-bound,mineralogic, and total lead concentrations as related to industrial aggregate bioaccessability”, Envir. Sci.Toxicol. V. 31, (9), A393.

1997Medlin, E.A, and Drexler, J.W., Calibration of an vitro technique for estimating the bioavailability oflead in humans. , 15th Annual European Meeting of the Society of Environmental Geochemistry andHealth: Mining and the Environment, Dublin, Ireland (abstract).

1997Foley, J.A., Hughes, J.M., and Drexler, J.W., Redledgeite, Bax([Cr(III), Fe(III), V(III)]2X Ti(IV)8-2X)O16, Anew space group and elucidation of the Markovian sequence of Ba cations: Am. Mineralogist, V. 36 (6),p. 1531-1534. 1997Jones, S.B., Drexler, J.W.,Selstone, C., and Hilts, S., Bench-scale study of phosphate as a potentialremediation technique for lead contaminated soils. International Conference on the Biogeochemistry ofthe Trace Elements, Riverside, CA.

1997Drexler, J.W., Validation of an In Vitro Method: A tandem Approach to Estimating the Bioavailability ofLead and Arsenic to Humans, IBC Conference on Bioavailability, Scottsdale, Az. 1998Drexler, J.W., An In Vitro Method that works! A Simple, Rapid and Accurate Method for Determinationof Lead Bioavailability. EPA Workshop, Durham, NC., August, 1998. 1998Drexler, J.W., Evaluating Differences in Bioavailability of Lead in Soils. NEPI Conference, Washington,D.C.,

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1998Maddaloni, M., Lolacono, N.,Manton, W., and Drexler, J.W., Bioavailability of Soilborne Lead inAdults, by Stable Isotope Dilution. Environ. Health Persp. V.106, p.1589-1594.

2001Bickmore, B.R., Nagy, K.L., Young, J.S., and Drexler, J.W., Nitrate-cancrinite precipitation on quartzsand in simulated Hanford tank solutions. Envir. Science Tech., V. 35 (22), p. 4481-4486.

2002Andrews, J.T., Geirsdottir, A., Hardardottir, J., Principato, S., Gronvold, K., Kristjandottir, G.B.,Helgadottir, G., Drexler, J., and Sveinbjornsdottir, A., Distribution, sediment magnetism andgeochemistry of the Saksunarvatn (10180 +/- 60 cal. Yr BP) tephra in marine, lake, and terrestrialsediments, northwest Iceland. J. Quat. Sci.., V 17, no. 8, pp. 731-745.

2003Slifca, A.J., and Drexler, J.W., Apparent mobility of interfaces in integral resistor material. The Amer.Micro. Anal. V.58, pp. 5-7.

2003Drexler, J.W., and Bannon,D. The History, Development and Use of In Vitro Techniques for AssessingLrad Bioavailability: A Critical Review. SERDP/ESTCP, 10p.

2004Brattin,W., Weis, C.,Casteel, S.W., Drexler, J.W., Henningsen, G.M., Estimation of RelativeBioavailability of Lead in Soil and Soil-Like Materials Using In Vivo and In Vitro Methods. USEPATechnical Document. OSWER 9285.7-77, June 2004. Washington DC.

2006Drexler, J.W. Et al. Chapter 8 :ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF LEAD. USEPA Lead ACQD.USEPA Washington, DC.

2007Drexler,J. and Brattin,W., An In Vitro Procedure for Estimation of Lead Relative Bioavailability: WithValidation. Environ. Health Persp.(April, 2007).

2007Skold,M.E., Thyne, G.D., Drexler, J.W., and McCray, J.E., Determining conditional stability constantsfor Pb complexation by carboxymethyl-$-cyclodextrin (CMCD). J. Contaminant Hydrology. (In Press).

2007Drexler, E.S., Slifka, A.J., Barbosa, N., and Drexler, J.W., Interaction of environmental condistions: Rolein the reliability of active implantable devices. Proceedings of BioMed2007, Irvine, CA.

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2007Skold, M.E., Thyne, G.D., Drexler, J.W., and McCray, J.E. Enhanced solubilization of a metal-organiccontaminant mixture (Pb, Sr, An, and PCE) by Cyclodextrin. Envir. Sci. Tech. (In Press).

Selected Technical Reports for Private Companies:

1982 Silver and Gold concentration in mineral concentrate, U.S. Minerals.

1983 Pyrite concentrations in mineral processing samples, IntraSearch.

1984 Silicate contamination as a cause of hard-disk failure, Amcodyne.

1985 Zinc plating on mass spectrometer walls; a source of contamination, Masstron.

1985 Synthetic glass and its morphology, Tetra Tech Inc.

1985 Characterization of Indian Potery for correlation studies, Gilbert and Commonwealth.

1986 Silver mineralization in copper sulfide deposit, Jack Bright Geological.

1986 Platnoid mineralization potential of Kennet Mine, Montana, IntraSearch and Au-Ag Resources.

1987 Platnoid mineralization in placer sands, Dallas, Texas, SELCO.

1987 Evaluation of Equity Mine, Colorado for Crown Resourses.

1988 Lead contamination at rock wool plant, Water, Waste and Land Inc.

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1988 Gold-silver mineralization from the Manhattan Mine, Echo Bay Minerals Company.

1989 Lead-Arsenic mineralogy from soil-rat studies by PTI Environmental Services.

1989 Lead contamination from Midvalle toxic waste site, Camp Dresser and McKee Inc.

1990 Lead contamination from Midvalle, Utah, Superfund Site, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

1990 Lead contamination at Bunker Hill, Idaho, XXXXXX Environmental Services, p. 1-82.

1990 Lead speciation in samples from Bunker Hill, Idaho, XXX Corporation.

1991 Lead speciation in paints, PTI Environmental Services.

1992 Heavy metal speciation in aggregate from vitrification process. Department of Justice

1991 Heavy metal spectioation in soils from residential sites at Butte, Montana. PTI EnvironmentalServices.

1992 Heavy metal contamination and bioavailability of mine waste from the Smuggler Mine, Aspen,CO. Camp Dresser and McKee and URS Consultants.

1993 Heavy metals (Cr, Pb, Zn )characterization in contaminated soils in and around an industrial platingfactory. Camp Dresser and McKee.

1993 Arsenic and lead speciation at Midvale OU2 Superfund site, Midvale, Utah. SVERDRUP.

1993 Arsenic spectiation from smelter contaminated soils, Murray, Utah. Roy F. WESTON.

1994 Metal speciation for the California Gulch CERCLA site, Leadville, CO. Camp Dresser and McKee.

1995 Findings of Metal Speciation Investigation at the California Gulch NPL Site, USEPA-WESTON.

1996 Hazardous Wastes from metal refineries: The use of iron filings as a treatment, long-termeffectiveness, environmental factors, and effects on TCLP. Environmental Protection Agency.

1996 Characterization of paint and ink wastes in soils, heavy metal (Cr, Pb) speciation. The WeinbergGroup.

1997 Speciation of lead from paint, smelter and tailings sources in residential soils at Tar Creek, Ok. U.S.Bureau of Land Management.

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1998 Arsenic and lead speciation of contaminated soils: their sources, smelter(s), paints, insecticides, orauto emissions? Colorado Department of Public Health.

2000 Arsenic and lead speciation of contaminated soils from the Vasquez Boulevard and I70 Site,Denver, Colorado: their source(s); smelter(s), paints, or insecticides? USEPA Region VIII.

2002 Source attribution of lead from contaminated residential soils in central Omaha, Nebraska. Aspeciation and LA/ICP/MS study. USEPA Region VII.

2002 The history, development and use of in vitro techniques for assessing lead biaavailability: A criticalreview. USAHPPM.

2003 Source attribution of lead from contaminated residential soils in El Paso, Texas. A speciation andLA/ICP/MS study. USEPA Region VII.

2005 Source attribution of lead from contaminated residential soils in Herculaneum, Missouri. Aspeciation and LA/ICP/MS study. USEPA Region VII.

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EXPERT TESTIMONY:

(1985?) XX vs Stanley Tool Company Denver Civil Court (Settlement)

(1990) US vs Sharon Steel, Midvale, UT. EPA Attorney Matt Coehn (Ruling for US)

(1992) US vs ASARCO and Resurection Mining, Leadville, CO. DOJ Attorney Jerry Elington (Settlement)

(1991) US vs Marine Shale DOJ Attornies Tom Clark and Bruce Buckheit (Ruling for US)

(1994) People vs ANZON Class action suite in Port Richmond,PA. Richard Lewis attorney: Cohen, Milstein, Hausfeld and Toll, Washington, D.C. (Settlement)

(1995) Harding Vs Browning-Ferris Joanne Grossman attorney: Covington and Burling, Washington, D.C.

(Settlement) (1995) US vs Sloan Valve Laura Whiting attorney: EPA Dallas, Tx. (Settlement)

(1995) US vs NIBCO Laura Whiting attorney: EPA Dallas Tx. (Settlement) (1993-98) US vs ARCO DOJ Attorney Lynn Dodge (Settlement)

(1997-99) Neztsosie vs Rare Earth MetalsBernstein Littowitz, Berger, & Grossmann(Settlement)

(1997-98) US vs ARCO (Bingham Creek)

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DOJ Attorney Jerry Ellington (Settlement)

(1998-99) People vs ASARCO (Corpus Christi, Tx) Slack and Davis (Settlement)

(2000?) People vs ASARCO (Globeville, CO) Court Expert (Settlement)

(2006) Banks et al., vs Sherman Williams Davis and Feder (Active)

(2006) City of Milwaukee vs. Sherman Williams CMHT (Active)

(2007) US vs. ASARCO DOJ (Active)

All cases principally involved my expertise in "metal speciation": characterization of inorganiccontaminants and how they impact bioavailability and bioaccessability.

RATES:

Research projects are negotiated based on total project deliverables, and generally reflect reduced hourlyrates.

Consultation $60/hr plus expensesDeposition and trial $400/hr.* All travel time is charged at a $40/hr rate

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