ASummaryoftheLifeofHadhratAyatullahal-`Uzmaal-Hajjash-ShaykhLutfullahas-Safial-GulpayganiHadhratAyatullahal-`Uzmaal-Hajjash-ShaykhLutfullahas-Safi,arenownedFaqhi,ScholarofIslamandoneofthegreatestthinkersofourtime,wasbornintheyear1337Hijri(1917)inthecityofGulpaygan,Iran.

HisParents

Hisfather,thelateAyatullahAkhundMullaMuhammadal-Jawadas-Safi(b.1867)wasawellknown‘Alimandan‘Arif.He,alongwithbeingaspecialistinIslamicstudies,wasalsoaresearcher,writerandateacherinvariousfieldsofIslamicsciencessuchas:Fiqh,Usul,Kalam,Akhlaq,Hadith,andotherareas.HewasalsowellversedinPoetry,andCalligraphy.

Hisdeeplevelofpiety,lovefortheWilayatoftheAhlulBayt(peacebeuponallofthem),theexcellenceinAkhlaqofthisgreatmanandhisfirmpositionofupholdingtheconceptof“AmrbilMa’rufwaNahianilMunkar”(EnjoiningtheGoodandForbiddingtheEvil)andtakingastandagainstthosewhohaddeviantthoughtsandtheoppressorsanddespoticrulersofhistimehadatremendouseffectonhisson.

Thesettingofthesunonthelifeofthisgreatscholarwasonthe25thofRajab,intheyear1958,whichcorrespondedtothenightoftheShahadatofthe7thImam,Musaal-Kazim(‘a).

HismotherwasFatima,anoblewoman,poet,andaloveroftheAhlul-Bayt(peacebeuponallofthem)andthedaughterofAyatullahAkhundMullahMuhammad‘Ali–theroommateandstudypartnerofthelateAyatullahal-UzmaMirzaShirazi(MayAllahraisehisstatus).

Sincerity,piety,bravery,franknessandoutspokenness,patienceintheupbringingofherchildren,theremembranceofAllah,recitationofvariousDua’,andSalatulLailaresomeoftheparticularspiritualandethicaltraitsofthisnowdeceasedwoman.

Inreality,AghaSafiGulpaygani,inheritedhisloveandsincerityfortheAhlulBait(peacebeuponallofthem)fromparentslikethis.

HisStudies

Ayatullahal-'Uzmaas-Safisteppedintothegardenofknowledgewhileinhisyouth.HestartedhisprimaryArabicstudiesinthecityofGulpaygan(Iran)underthetutelageofthegreatScholar,MarhumAkhundMullahAbulQasim,betterknownas“Qutb”.HecontinuedhisstudiesinthefieldsofArabic,

Kalam,TafsiroftheQuran,Hadith,Fiqh,andUsuluntiltheendofSuth(thesecondmajorlevelofIslamicstudies)inthiscity.Duringthisperiod,hewasalsobeingtaughtbyhisfather,AyatullahAkhundMullahMuhammadal-Jawadas-SafiintheabovementionedsciencesofIslam.

Intheyear1940,Ayatullahas-SafileftthecityofGulpaygan,amovethatuntiltoday,hestillfeelsupsetabouthavingtomake,butnonetheless,withallthedifficultiesinvolved,hemadethemigrationtothecityofQum.ItwashereinQumthathetooktakepartintheclassesbeingofferedbythegreatestScholarsoftheHauzaIlmiyyahofQum,andtheplacewherehewasabletocontinueontheroadofcompletinghisstudiesandresearchinIslam.

Afewyearslater,Ayatullahas-SafimadethejourneytoNajafal-Ashrafandforoneyear,tookpartinthelessonsbeingofferedbytheGreatMaraja’ofthatreligiousinstitution.Theexceptionalpowerofunderstanding,andtheintensestruggleandserious-mindednessinpursuinghisstudiesweresomeofthereasonsthatthegreatteachersinQumandNajafpaidspecialattentiontohim.

SomeofhisteacherswhileinNajafal-Ashraf:

•Ayatullahal-Uzmaash-SaykhMuhammadKadhimShirazi(d.1367)

•Ayatullahal-Uzmaas-SayyidJamalad-DinGulpaygani(d.1377)

•Ayatullahal-Uzmaash-ShaykhMuhammad‘AliKadhimi(d.1364)

AfterstudyinginthecityofNajaf,HadhratAyatullahLutfullahas-SafireturnedtoQum.Itwasthere,thatformorethanfifteenyears,heattendedclassesonAkhlaqand'Irfan,thenbeingtaughtbytheformerMarja'oftheShi'aworld,HadhratAyatullahal-'Uzmaal-Burujerdi(MayAllahraisehisStatus).

ItwasatthistimethatAyatullahas-SafiwaschosentobeoneofthespecialadvisorstothelateAyatullahal-Burujerdi,andwasalsooneofthefewselectedpeoplewhoworkedonansweringthereligiousquestionsthatwerebeingsentinbytheMuqallidinofthelateAyatullah.

Ayatullahal-Burujerdi,afterrecognizingthelevelofknowledgeandtheabilitythatAyatullahas-Safipossessed,thendecidedtokeephiminchargeofansweringtheimportantquestionsthatwerecomingintotheLateMarja'sofficeinthefieldsofFiqh,andKalam.

ItwasalsothroughtheencouragementofAyatullahal-Burujerdithatash-Shaikhas-Safiwasabletocompilethevaluablebook,orratheranencyclopediainthestudyofthe12thImam,al-Mahdi('a),whichlatertookonthenameof"Muntakhabal-AtharfiImamThanial-‘Ashar".

SomeofhisteacherswhileinQum:

•Ayatullahal-Uzmaal-Hajjas-SayyidMuhammadTaqiKhansari(d.1371)

•Ayatullahal-Uzmaas-SayyidMuhammadHujjatKuhkamri(d.1372)

•Ayatullahal-Uzmaal-Hajjas-SayyidMuhammadSadrad-DinSadr‘Amili(d.1373)

•Ayatullahal-Uzmaal-Hajjas-SayyidMuhammadHusseinBurujerdi(d.1375)

•Ayatullahal-Uzmaal-Hajjas-SayyidMuhammadRedaGulpaygani(d.1414)

CharacteristicsofAyatullahal-'Uzmaas-Safi

Piety,sincerity,relianceonAllahinallmatters,franknessinspeech,andEnjoiningtheGoodandForbiddingtheEvilaresomeofthespiritualandethicaltraitsofthisFaqhi.

HispresenceisaboundarylessoceanofloveforthePureLightsoftheSinlessProgenyoftheProphet('a),andeverymorning,afterhisSalat,aftertherecitationofDua'al-Ahad,thosearoundhimhearhisheartcryingoutinlovefortheHiddenImam,withtheplea:

IthasalsobeennotedthatonFridayafternoons,hecanbespottedinMasjidJamkaran,whichisjustoutsidetheholyCityofQum,sittingamongthefaithfulloversofImamal-Mahdi('a)engrossedinprayers.

SomeoftheacademicachievementsofthisscholarincludeteachingandresearchinvariousfieldsofIslamicStudies,suchasFiqh,Usul,Kalam,Hadith,Rijalandotherareas.Itsufficesustomentionthatalongwithallofthis;heisalsotheauthorofover100valuablebooks,bothinFarsiandArabic,ofwhichsomehavebeentranslatedintovariouslanguages.

LevelofknowledgeofAyatullahal-'Uzmaas-Safi

Ayatullahas-Safi,duringhisstudiesintheHauzaofQum,wasrankedwithhighesteemasoneofthegreatestscholarsbyleadingfiguresoftheMuslimworld,suchas:SayyidJamalad-Dinal-Gulpaygani,Ayatullahal-Burujerdi,Imamal-Khumayni,SayyidMuhammadRidaal-Gulpaygani,andvariousothers.

Some45yearsago,onthe3rdofJumadal-Awal,Ayatullahal-Udmaal-Hajjas-SayyidJamalad-Dinal-Gulpaygani,oneofthebiggestandmostwellknownMarja’ofhistimeinNajafal-Ashraf,bestowedthehighesthonoronAyatullahas-SafibyannouncinghisreachingtothelevelofIjtihad.

NotonlydidheconfirmAyatullahal-Uzmaas-Safi’sreachingtothislevel,butintheletterwhichhewrote,whichisstillavailabletoday,hewentontosaythatAyatullahas-SafiGulpayganiwasatthehighestlevelofIjtihad–incomparisontotheotherscholarsofhistime.ThisisthefinallevelinIslamicstudies,where,aftercompletion,apersonisallowedtomakehisownindependentdecisions,withthehelpofQur’an,andahadithinmattersofIslamiclaw.

FormanyyearsduringthelifetimeofMarhumAyatullahBurujerdi,andevenafterhisdeath,Ayatullahas-SafiwasoneofthefewpeoplewhowereresponsiblefortakingtheexamsofthestudentsintheHauza.Theseincludedthestudentswhowereatthehighestleveloftheirstudies,includingthoseinvolvedinthestudiesknownas'B'athal-Kharij'(thefinallevelofIslamicstudies,afterwhich,ifsuccessfullycompleted,entitlesapersontoformulatehisorherownopiniononIslamicmatters,inthelightoftheQur'anandSunnah).

ItshouldbenotedthatalargenumberoftheMujtahidinandteacherswhoarepresentlyintheHauza'IlmiyyahofQumhavetakentheirexamsatthehandsofthisnoblescholar.

ThisvaluableFaqhi,inadditiontowhathasalreadybeenmentioned,hasalsodoneextensiveresearchin

theareaofArabicSyntax(therulesofArabicGrammar),andintheHistoryofIslamandIran.Heisalsowellacquaintedwiththevariousformsofpoetry,andiswellversedincomposingversesofpoetry.

Eventoday,thislearnedMarja',withalltheresponsibilitiesthatlieonhisshoulders,stillfindsthetimetokeephimselfinformedonadaytodaybasisofthenewsoftheworld,withspecialattentiontakentothenewsoftheworldofIslam,byallmeansandmethodsathisdisposal.

Withthelargeamountofinformationonhistoryandpoliticsthatiscontinuouslybeingpassedontohim,andwithhisabilitytobeabletoanalyzealltheeventsthatareoccurringintheworldtodayintheirrespectiveregions,itisnowonderthatheisoftenreferredtoas"TheScholarofourTime."

BeforethevictoryoftheIslamicRevolutionofIran,Ayatullahas-Safi'spresenceinthevariousareasofstruggleandoppositionagainsttheShah'scorruptregimewaswellknown.

ItwaswiththeconfiscationandbanningofoneofhisbooksbytheShah'ssecretpolice,knownastheSAVAK,thataddedtothefrictionbetweenthisFaqhiandtheformerGovernment.

Ultimately,theprintingofsomeofthemostimportantbooksthatAyatullahal-'Uzmaas-Safihadwritten,indefenseoftheteachingsoftheShi'a'werebanned(inIran).Atthesametime,theLeadersofsomeoftheArabcountries,whowereworkinghandinhandwiththeColonialists,andwhowerenotabletohidetheirangerandhatredfromtheseconsciouswritingswhichhadthepotentialofawakeningothers,wereultimatelyforcedtobanhisbooks.

WiththevictoryoftheIslamicRevolutioninIranin1979,Ayatullahas-Safi,onbehalfoftheLateImamal-Khumayni,wasplacedinchargeofthe"ShuraNegahban"orthe"CouncilofGuardiansoftheIslamicRevolution".Foreightyears,heservedastheSecretaryGeneralofthe"CouncilofGuardians".HehadprovidedhisvaluableassistanceinestablishingandpreservingthesocialorderinIran,andtotheserviceofthepeopleofthisnation,inguardingthesanctityofIslamandtheQur'an.Duringthiseightyears,notevenoncedidheentertainanysortofdoubtoruncertaintyinhismindconcerninghisroleintheGovernment.

Ayatullahal-'Uzmaal-Hajjash-ShaykhLutfullahas-Safial-Gulpaygani,who,over20yearsago,possessedalltheconditionsnecessaryforMarja'iyat,generouslyandnoblypasseditby.

Withtheuntimelydemiseofhisteacher,theLateAyatullahal-'Uzmaas-SayyidMuhammad

Ridaal-Gulpayganiin1993,ash-Shaykhas-Safiwasfloodedwithrequestsfromthe'UlamaandpeopleallovertheworldtoaccepttheresponsibilityofguidingtheShi'aworld.Finally,afterrepeatedrequests,hehumblyacceptedtheMarja'iyat,andtoday,iscountedasoneoftheleadingandoutstandingMarja',andoneofthemainpillarsoftheHauzaIlmiyyahofQum.

TheleaderoftheIslamicRevolutionofIran,Ayatullahal-Uzmaas-SayyidRuhullahal-Musawial-Khumayni(MayAllahraisehisstatus)hadpersonallytoldAghaSafiGulpayganithatheisconstantlyprayingforhimandinaddition,heneverforgetstoprayforhiminhisSalatal-Lail.

Thegreatscholar,andMarja’TaqlidoftheShi’aworld,thelateAyatullahal-Uzmaas-Sayyidal-HajjMuhammadRidaal-Gulpaygani(MayAllahraisehisstatus),inregardstoAyatullahas-Safial-Gulpayganihadwrittenthefollowinginhiswilltohisfamily:

“…AnytimeyouneedthepermissionofaFaqihi(forreligiousissues),refertoAyatullahAghaHajjShaykhLutfullahSafi,since,withoutdoubt,IconsiderhimtobeaMujtahid,and‘Adil.”

OneofthemostwellknownteachersintheHauza‘IlmiyyahofQum,whohaswrittencountlessbooksontopicsrangingfromUsulal-Fiqh,‘Aqaid,HistoryandotherareasmanyofwhichhavebeentranslatedintoEnglish,Urdu,andotherlanguages,Ayatullahal-HajjMirzaJa’farSubhani,atthefuneralceremonyofthelateAyatullahal-Uzmaas-SayyidMuhammadRidaGulpaygani,saidthefollowingaboutAghaSafi:

“…Apersonwhom,inhislife,hascontinuouslybeenbusywithpeninhand,writingandofferinghisservicestoIslam–onewhoiscountedasofthe‘Arifsandupright‘Ulama,andonewhomjustlookingathisface,isremindedofAllah(SWT)…”

ASampleofHisWritings

Todate,thisMarja’TaqlidandscholarofIslamhasover100bookstohisname,someofwhichare:Muntakhabal-AtharFial-Imamath-Thani‘Ashar•ImamateandMahdiwiat•Glimpsesofthegreatnessofal-Hussain(Peacebeuponhim)•DivinityinNahjulBalagha•TawdhiulMasail•ManasikHajj(Farsi)•MedicalQuestionsandAnswers•TheHistoryoftheShi’aHauza•TheEpicofKarbala•AnswerstoTenQuestionsregardingImamal-Mahdi•ADiscussionregardingthefamousHadithoftheSplittingoftheMuslimUmmahinto73Sects•TheQur’an:ProtectedfromCorruption•TheCallofIslamfromEurope•DiscussionconcerningtheAyahofTathir•TheNecessityofIslamicGovernmentorWilayatal-Fuqahaduringthe‘Asral-Ghaybah•TheRelationshipandConnectionbetweentheWorldandal-Imamaz-Zaman(PeacebeUponHim)•TafsirofAyahal-Fitrah(30:30)•AnswerstoquestionsfromaMuslimWoman•AReplyto“TheBeliefofMahdiisminShi’aImamia”(ReplytothedoctoratethesiswrittenbyMr.Abdul-AzizSachedina)

IntroductionThepracticallawsofIslamthatarerelatedtotheactionsthatonemustperformandthosethatmustbeavoided,andaretheresponsibilityofeveryonetolearn,arecalledtheAhkam(rules).EveryactionthatapersonperformshasaspecificrulinginIslam.Thevariousactionsthatweperform,

whicharerelatedtoourresponsibility(toAllah)aredividedintofivecategories:Wajib,Haram,Mustahab,Makruh,andMubah.Wajib:Thoseactionsthatmustbeperformed,andturningawayfromthem,incurAllah’spunishment-forexampleSalat,andSawm.Haram:Thoseactionswhichmustbeavoided,andperformingthemincurpunishmentfromAllah,likelyingandoppression.Mustahab:Theseareactionswhicharerecommendedtobeperformedandearnthepersonareward,butnotperformingsuchactionsdonotincurpunishmentfromAllah-forexamplesayingSalamandgivingSadaqa.Makruh:Thoseactionswhicharebetterifnotperformed,andifavoided,earnareward,butifperformed,donotaccompanyapunishment-forexample,sleepinginaMasjid,andthepraisingofgoodsthatapersonsells(otherwiseknownasadvertising).Mubah:Thoseactionswhoseperformanceorturningawayfromareequal;meaningoneneithergetsareward,norpunishment-forexamplewalkingorsitting.

IjtihadandTaqlidApersonisallowedtoperformtheritesofIslam,eitherbywayof“Ijtihad”or“Taqlid”.“Ijtihad”referstotheintensestruggleinthewayofextractingtherulesofIslamfromtheirsources,ofwhichthemostimportantaretheQur’anandtheAhadithoftheMasumin(Peacebeuponallofthem)-afterlearningthenecessarysciences(ofIslam)thatenablethepersontobeabletoextracttheAhkamfromtheirsources.Apersonwhohasthisintellectualpoweriscalleda“Mujtahid”.“Taqlid”meanstofollowandtogobehindsomeone,andinthecontextofIslam,referstofollowingaMujtahid;meaningthatapersonperformshisresponsibilitiesaccordingtotheFatawaofaMujtahid.Issue1:AMujtahidtowhomothersdoTaqlidtoisreferredtoasa“Marja’Taqlid”,andthepersonwhodoesTaqlidiscalleda“Muqallid”.Issue2:SomeonewhoisnotaMujtahid,andisnotabletoderivetherulesandcommandmentsofAllahfromtheirsources,andwhocannotactaccordingtoIhtiyat,mustdoTaqlidtoaMujtahid.ThismeansthathemustperformhisactionsaccordingtotheFatawa(ofaMujtahid).Issue3:TheresponsibilityofmostpeopleintherulesofIslamistoperformTaqlid,becausethenumbersofpeoplewhoareabletoperformtherulesofIslambyreachingtothelevelofIjtihadarefew.Issue4:TheMujtahid,towhomonedoesTaqlidto,mustbe:•Just(Adil)•Living•Male•Shi’aIthna-‘Asheri•AccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,mustbeA’lam(themostknowledgeable)Issue5:IftheMujtahidtowhomapersonisdoingTaqlidtopassesawayandthelivingMujtahidisnotmoreknowledgeablethantheonewhopassedaway,thentheMuqallidcanstayontheTaqlid(ofthedeceasedMarja’)ifthefollowingtwoconditionsaremet:1)He(theMuqallid)hadpreviouslyacteduponsomeoftheFatawa.2)TheMuqallidhasmadeadecisionthatwhena(new)issuecomesup,hewillfollowthe(new)

Mujtahid.Inaddition,accordingtoIhtiyatWajib,iftheMujtahidwhohaspassedawaywasmoreknowledgeablethanthelivingMujtahids,thenonemuststayonhisTaqlid.Issue6:A’lamisthatscholarwhoisstrongestfromamongtheMujtahidin,inextractingtherulesofIslamfromtheirsources.Issue7:TherearethreewaystodistinguishtheMujtahidandthemostknowledgeable:•1Apersonhimselfhascertainty;forexamplehehimselfisofthe“PeopleofKnowledge”andisabletodiscernwhoisaMujtahidandA’lam.ThestatementoftwoknowledgeableandJustpeople,whoareabletodiscernwhoisaMujtahidandA’lam,ontheconditionthattwoknowledgeableandJustpeopledonotgoagainsttheirstatement.•1Agroupofthe“PeopleofKnowledge”whoareabletodeterminewhoisaMujtahidandA’lamverifywhoisaMujtahidortheA’lam,aslongasonehascertaintyintheirwords.Issue8:ThewaystoobtainthefatawaoftheMujtahidare:•HearingitfromtheMujtahidhimself.•HearingitfromtwoJustpeople.•Hearingitfromevenonepersoninwhomonehascertaintyinhiswords.•SeeingitintheResalahoftheMujtahid,aslongasonehascertaintyinitsauthenticity.Issue9:IftheFatwaoftheMujtahidinhisResalah(BookofIslamicLaws)changes,thentheMuqallidmustactaccordingtothenewruling,anditisnotpermissibletoactuponthepreviousruling.Issue10:ItisWajibuponapersonthathelearnsthoserulesthathewillalwaysbeinneedof.

ThedifferencebetweenIhtiyatMustahab&IhtiyatWajib

Issue11:IhtiyatMustahabalwaysaccompaniesaFatwa,meaning,inthatruling,andtheMuqallidcanacteitheraccordingtotheFatwaortheIhtiyat,whicheveronehepreferstoactupon.Forexample,inthisruling:WashingaNajisdishinKurrWateroncemakesthedishTahir,althoughtheIhtiyatisthatitshouldbewashedthreetimes.IhtiyatWajibdoesnotaccompanyaFatwa,andtherefore,theMuqallidmustactaccordingtotheIhtiyat,butheisalsoabletoreferthisruletoanotherMujtahid(performRuju)-forexample:TheIhtiyatisthatonedoesnotperformSajdahontheleafofthegrapetreeifitisafreshleaf.

WhatarethesignsofsomeonebeingBaligh?

TherearethreesignsofreachingBulugh(Maturity):1.Thedischargeofsemen1.2.Thegrowthofcoarsehairinthepubic2region.3.Thecompletionoffifteen(15)yearsforboys,accordingtotheLunarcalendar,andthecompletionofnine(9)yearsforgirls,accordingtotheLunarcalendar.ItisnotnecessarytoseeallthreeoftheabovementionedsignstobesureofonebeingBaligh.Rather,seeingevenoneofthesesignsconfirmsthis.Therefore,ifsemenisdischargedfromayouth,evenifhehasnotyetreachedtotheage(asmentionedpreviously),hewillbe(consideredasbeing)Baligh,andmustactaccordingtothelawsofIslam._____________1.Semen:Aliquidthatcomesfromthereproductiveglandseitherfromsexualintercourseorbyhavingawetdream,fromtheareawhereurinecomesout.

2.ThePubicRegionincludestheprivatepartsandtheareaunderthestomache.

TaharatTaharat(cleanliness)andkeepingacleanbodyandsurroundingsareveryimportantinIslam.EveryonemustrefrainfromeatinganddrinkingthosethingswhichareNajis;and(asfor)theclothingthatonewearsinSalat-whichisthebestofactionsinworshippingAllah-theymustbeclean,anditisbestthattheyarethemostpureofclothing.Becauseofthis,itisnecessarytoknowwhatthingsareNajisandthewaytomakethemTahir.Issue12:EverythingthatexistsisTahirexceptforeleventhings,andthosethingsthatcomeintocontactwiththem,alsobecomeNajis.Issue13:ThethingsthatareNajis,arethefollowing:1.Urine1.Stool1.Semen1.Corpse1.Blood1.Dog1.Pig1.Alcohol1.Beer1.Non-Muslim(Kafir)1.ThesweatofaNajiseatinganimalIssue14:TheurineandstoolofhumansandallanimalswhosemeatisHaram(toeat)andwhosebloodgushesout,isNajis.Issue15:TheurineandstoolofanimalswhosemeatisHalal,likethecowandsheep,andanimalswhoseblooddoesnotgushout,likethesnakeandfish,areTahir.Issue16:TheurineandstoolofanimalswhosemeatisMakruhtoeat,likethehorseanddonkey,isTahir.Issue17:TheurineanddroppingsofbirdswhosemeatisHaram(toeat),liketheeagle,areTahir,butitisbettertostayawayfromsuchthings.

TheRulesoftheCorpse

Issue18:AnanimalthathasnotbeenslaughteredaccordingtotherulesofIslamiscalledacorpse.1Issue19:Animalsaredividedintotwocategories:somehavebloodthatgushesout;meaningthatiftheirneckiscut,thebloodcomesoutwithforce.Otheranimalshavebloodthatdoesnotgushout;meaningthatiftheirneckiscut,theblooddoesnotcomeoutwithforce.Issue20:Thecorpseofananimalwhoseblooddoesnotgushout;likethefish,isTahir,evenifitdiesinwater.Issue21:(Asfor)thecorpseofananimalwhosebloodgushesout;thepartsthatcontainnolife-likethehairandthehorns,areTahir;andthepartsthatcontainlife-likethefleshandskin,areNajis.Issue22:Allpartsofthebodyofthedogandpig-whetherlivingordead-areNajis.

Issue23:Thecompletebodyofapersonwhohaspassedaway,nomatterhowrecentlyhehasdied,andifhisbodyhasnotyetgonecold(withtheexceptionofthosepartswhichcontainnolife,likethenails,hair,teeth,etc.)isNajis.Issue24:OncethedeadbodyhasbeengivenaGhusl,thebodyisTahir.Issue25:ThebodyofapersonwhofightsinthewayofAllahtoprotectIslamandiskilledonthewarfront,istahiranditisnotnecessarytogivethebodyaGhusloraKafan.

TheRulesofBlood

Issue26:Thebloodofpeopleandallanimals,whosebloodgushesout,likethechickenandgoat,isNajis.Issue27:Thebloodofanimals,whoseblooddoesnotgushout,likethefishandmosquito,isTahir.Issue28:AccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,onemustavoideggsthathaveevenasmalldropofbloodinthem.However,ifthebloodisintheyolkoftheegg,andthecoveringaroundtheyolkhasnotbroken,thentheeggwhiteistahir.Issue29:Thebloodthatcomesoutfromaroundtheteeth(gums)andthatmixeswithsalivaistahirwhenitcomesoutofthemouth.Intheevent(thatthebloodismixedwithsaliva),itispermissibletospititout,althoughitisbetternottospititout.

HowdoessomethingbecomeNajis?

Issue30:IfsomethingTahircomesintocontactwithsomethingNajis,andoneofthesetwothingsiswetterthantheotherandthewetnessofonereachestheother,thenthatTahirthingwillbecomeNajis.Issue31:IfapersondoesnotknowifsomethingTahirhasbecomeNajisornot,thenitshouldbeconsideredasbeingTahir,andresearchandinvestigationisnotnecessary,evenifoneisabletoascertainifthethingisTahirorNajis.Issue32:Eatinganddrinkingthings,whichareNajis,isHaram.___________1.ForabetterunderstandingonthemethodofslaughteringaccordingtoIslamicLaw,seeIssue438.

MutahhiratIssue33:TheMutahhiratarethosethingswhichmakeNajisthings,Tahir.Someofwhichincludethefollowing:1.Water2.Ground3.Sun4.Islam5.RemovaloftheNajasat(bytheconditionswhichwillbeexplained)

TheRulesofWater

Waterhasmanydifferentdivisions,andknowingthemwillhelpusbetterunderstandtherulesrelatedtothem.Issue34:WateriseitherMixedorPure.MixedWater:Thatwaterthathasbeentakenfromsomething,forexampleapplejuice,orwatermelonwater,orwaterthathasbeenmixed\withsomethinginsuchawaythatitcannolongerbecalledwater,likejuice.PureWater:Thatwaterwhichisnotmixed.Issue35:MixedWater:•(WithMixedWater)itispossibletomakesomethingthatisdirty,clean,butitcannevermakesomethingthatisNajis,Tahir(Andbecauseofthis,itisnotcountedasoneoftheMutahirat).•Ifmixedwatercomesintocontactwithanajasat,itwillbecomeNajis-howeversmallanamountthenajasatis,andevenifthesmell,colourortasteofthewaterhasnotchanged.•WudhuandGhusldonewiththiswaterarevoid.

TheDivisionsofPureWater

Issue36:Water-eitherspringsforthfromtheground,fallsfromthesky,orneithergushes,norfalls.•WaterthatcomesfromtheskyiscalledRainWater.•ThewaterthatspringsforthfromthegroundflowslikethewaterofawellorriveriscalledRunningWater;andthatwhichdoesnotflow,iscalledStillWater.•Asforthewaterthatdoesnotgushoutfromthegroundnordoesitcomefromthesky,ifitisintheamount(thatwillbementionedinthenextrule),thenitiscalledKurr(largequantityofwater).Ifitlessthanthisspecifiedamount,itiscalledQaleel(smallquantityofwater).Issue37:Anamountofwater,whichifputintoacontainerwhoselength,width,andbreadthare,accordingtoIhtiyat,3½handspanseachbecomesfilled,thenitisconsideredaKurr.Inaddition,ifitsweightis128MinTabriz,less20Mithqal1,itwillalsobecountedasaKurr.

QaleelWater

Issue38:QaleelWater(lessthanaKurr)willbecomeNajisassoonasitcomesintocontactwithanajasat,unlessitisappliedwithforceontoaNajisthing.Inthisevent,onlythatamountthatcomesintocontactwiththenajasatwillbecomeNajis.Forexample,ifacontainercontainswater,andthiswaterispouredontoanobjectfromabove,thenonlythatamountofwaterthatcomesintocontactwiththenajasatwillbeNajis,andthewaterinthecontainer,willremainTahir.Issue39:IfKurrorRunningWaterisconnectedtoanamountofQaleelwaterthatisNajis,andifitbecomesmixed,thentheQaleelwaterwillbecomeTahir.Forexample,ifasmallcontainerfullofwaterisNajis,andwaterfromatapthatisconnectedtoaKurrismadetoflowintothecontainerandthiswatermixeswiththewaterinthecontainer,itbecomesTahir.However,ifthesmell,colourortastehaschangedduetothenajasat,thatamountofwaterthathastakenonthesmell,colourortasteofthenajasatmustberemoved.

Kurr,FlowingandWellWater

Issue40:AllthedivisionsofPureWater,withtheexceptionofQaleelWater,areTahir,aslongasthesmell,colourortastehasnotchangedduetothenajasat.Inaddition,ifbecauseofcomingintocontactwithanajasat,thesmell,colourortasteofwatertakesonthatofthenajasat,thenthatwaterwillbecome

Najis.(FlowingWater,WellWater,andKurrWaterandevenRainWaterallsharethissameruling.)Issue41:ThewaterinthepipesofbuildingsthatareconnectedtoasupplyofKurrWater,fallintothecategoryofKurrWater.Issue42:SomeofthespecialtiesofRainWater:•IfrainfallsonsomethingNajisthatdoesnotcontainan‘AynNajasat2onetime,thenitwillmakeitTahir.•IfitfallsonaNajisrugorNajisclothing,thenitisnotnecessarytosqueezethewaterout;itwillautomaticallybecomeTahir.•IfitfallsonNajisground,thenthegroundwillbemadeTahir.•Anytimerainwatercollectsinaplace,evenifitislessthanaKurr,itwillhavetherulingofKurrWater.ThereforeifaNajisitemiswashedinsuchwaterwhileitisraining,thenaslongasthesmell,colourortasteofthewaterdoesnotchange,theobjectwillbecomeTahir.

HowtowashsomethingNajisinWater

Issue43:TomakesomethingTahirthathasbecomeNajis,thenajasatmustfirstberemoved,andthenitmustbewashedinwaterinthewaywhichwillbeexplainedinthefollowingrules.Issue44:ANajisutensil:Itissufficientthatoncethenajasathasbeenremoved,ifitiswashedinKurrwater,thenitissufficienttowashitonce,butifitisbeingwashedwithQaleelWater,thenitmustbewashedthreetimes.Issue45:ANajisutensilcanalsobewashedinthefollowingmanner:•KurrWater:DippingitinandtakingitoutoftheKurrwateronce.•QaleelWater:Filltheutensilwithwater,andemptyitoutandrepeatthisthreetimes.Onecanalsopouranamountofwaterinthedish/utensilthreetimes,andaftereachpouring,shakethedishinsuchawaythatthewaterreachestoalltheNajisparts,andthenemptyitout(aftereverypouring,andshaking).Issue46:Rugs,clothinganditemslikethesethatabsorbwater,andthatcanbesqueezedorwrungoutcanbemadeTahirbyusingQaleelWater(bythefollowingmethod)thataftereachwashing,theitemmustbesqueezedsothatthewaterthathasabsorbedin,isremoved.Thiscanalsobedoneinanyothermethod(thatallowsthewaterthathasbeenabsorbedtoberemoved),butifKurrWaterorFlowingWaterisused,thenitisnotnecessarytosqueezeoutthewater.

TheGround

Issue47:Ifwhilewalking,thebottomofthefeetorthebottomoftheshoebecomesNajis,thenbywalkingorrubbingitontheground,itonceagainbecomesTahir,withtheconditionthatthenajasatisremoved.TheGroundmustbe:•Tahir•Dry,accordingtoIhtiyatWajib•(Madeof)Dirt,Brick,Rock,andthingslikethis.Issue48:Ifbywalkingorrubbingontheground,thenajasatonthebottomoftheshoeorfootisremoved,thenitwillbecomeTahir,butitisbetterthataminimumof15stepsarewalked.

TheSun

Issue49:Thesun(withtheconditionsmentionedbelow)willmakethefollowingthingstahir:•Ground•Buildingsandthethingsthatareusedinthebuildingslikethedoorsandwindows.•Treesandplants.Issue50:Withthefollowingconditions,thesunisapurifier:•TheNajisthingiswet,insuchanamountthatifitcomesintocontactwithsomethingelse,thenitwillmakethatthingwettoo.•Bytheraysofthesun,theNajisthingisdried;andifanywetnessremains,thenitwillnotbemadeTahir.•Thingssuchasthecloudsoracurtainshouldnotpreventthesunfromshining(ontotheNajisitem),unlessitissothinsuchthatitdoesnotpreventthesunfromshining(ontotheNajisitem).•Thesunitselfdriestheitemsuchthatitisnotwiththehelpofthewindthattheitemisdried.•Whilethesunisshining,thereisno‘AynNajasatontheitem,therefore,ifanajasatremains,itmustberemovedbeforehavingthesunshineonit.•Thepartoutsideandinsideofthewallorthefloormustallbedriedatonetime.Therefore,iftheoutsidedriesoneday,andtheinsidepartthenextday,thenonlytheoutsidewillbeTahir.Issue51:IfthegroundorthingslikethisbecomeNajis,butthereisnowetnessremaining,itispermissibletopoursomewaterorsomethingelseonittomakeitwet,thenwhenthesunshinesonit,anditdries,itwillbeTahir.

Islam

Issue52:Thenon-MuslimisNajis,butifheorsherecitestheShahadatain,heorshewillbecomeaMuslim.Forexample,onesays:(ItestifythatthereisnogodexceptAllah,AndItestifythatMuhammadisHisMessenger.)Moreover,bysayingthis,one'scompletebodyisbecomesTahir.

Removalofthe‘AynNajasat

Issue53:Intwoinstances,theremovalofthe‘AynNajasatmakessomethingTahir,anditisnotnecessarytowashitwithwater.1.Thebodyofananimal:Forexample,abeakofachickenwhoiseatinganajasat,oncethenajasatisremovedfromthebeak,thebeakisTahir.2.Theinsideofthebody:Partslikethemouth,noseandear.Forexample,ifatthetimeofbrushingonesteeth,bloodcomesoutfromthegums,thentheinsideofthemouthwillbeTahir,anditisnotnecessarythattheitbewashedwithwater.However,ifthetoothbrushitselfcomesintocontactwiththeblood,thenaccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,itwillbeNajis,evenifitisinsidethemouth.__________1.Thisunitofweightisequaltoapproximately377.419Kilograms.(TR.)2.An‘AynNajasatissomethingthatinitselfifNajis,likeurineorblood,andaMuta-NajisissomethingthatinitselfisnotNajis,buthasbecomeNajis.

Wudhu.BeforestartingtheSalat,onemustperformWudhu,andprepareone'sselfforthisimportantactofworship.Insomeinstances,onemustalsoperformGhusl-meaningthatthecompletebodyiswashedinaspecialway;andanytimeonecannotperformtheWudhuorGhusl,thenonemustperformanotheractioncalledTayammum.Eachoneofthesewillbeexplainedinthissection

HowdoweperformWudhu?

Issue54:ToperformWudhu,onemustfirststartbywashingtheface,thenwashtherightarm,followedbytheleftarm.Afterthis,themoisturethatisinthehandfromthewashing,mustbewipedonthehead,meaning,therighthandiswipedonthetopofthehead,andthentherightfootandleftfootarewiped(withthismoisture-noextrawatercanbeused).

AnexplanationoftheactionsinWudhu

Washing

Issue55:InWudhu,thepersonmustfirststartbywashinghisfacefromthepointwherethehairgrows,untilthebottomofthechin,fromtoptobottom.ToensurethatonehaswashedthatwhichisWajib,onemustwashabitextraofthesurroundingsoftheface.Issue56:Afterwashingtheface,therightarmmustbewashed,followedbytheleftarm,fromtheelbowuptothefingertips.Issue57:Toensurethatonehaswashedthecompletearm,onemustalsowashabitabovetheelbow.Issue58:Ifsomeonewasheshishandsuptothewristbeforehewasheshisface,thenwhenhestartstoperformtheWudhu,hemustwashfromtheelbowtothetipsofthefingers,andifhewashesonlyuptothewrist,thenhisWudhuwillbecomevoid.

Wiping

Issue59:Theplaceforwipingisonequarterofthefrontalpartoftheheadabovetheforeheadonthetopofthehead.Issue60:Thewipingoftheheadmustbedoneinsuchawaythatifsomeoneseesitbeingdone,itwouldbesaidthatthewipingisbeingperformed.Issue61:AccordingtoIhtiyatMustahab,thewipingshouldbethewidthofthreeclosedfingers,andthelengthofonefinger.Issue62:Itisnotnecessarythatthewipingbedoneonthescalp,ratheritiscorrectevenifitisdoneonthehair,unlessthehairontheheadissolongthatwhenitiscombed,itfallsontheface.Inthisevent,theskinontheheadortherootsofthehairmustbewiped.Issue63:Afterwipingthehead,onemustwipethetopofthefootfromanyofthetoestothejointofthefootwiththemoisturethatisleftonone’shand.AccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,onemustwipeuptothejoint–meaningthatpointwherethefootbendsaswell.Issue64:Whileperformingthewipingontheheadorfeet,thehanditselfmustbedrawn.

Therefore,ifthehandiskeptstationaryandtheheadorfeetaremoved,thentheWudhuwillbecomevoid,butiftheheadorfeetmoveslightlywhilethehandisbeingdrawnforwiping,thenitisnotaproblem.Issue65:Ifthereremainsnomoistureonthehandtoperformthewiping,oneisnotallowedtogetwaterfromanothersourcetomakeitwet;rather,onemustmakethehandwetfromanotherpartofthebodythatWudhuwasperformedon.Forexampleonecantakesomeofthemoisturethatisontheface,andperformthewipingwiththat.Issue66:Themoistureonthehandmustbeasufficientamounttoleaveaneffectontheheadorfeet.Issue67:Theplaceofwiping–theheadorthefeet-mustbedry.Therefore,iftheplaceofwipingiswet,itmustbedried(beforebeingwiped);butifthewetnessisverylittlesuchthatitdoesnotaffectthemoistureonthehand,thenitisnotaproblem.Issue68:TheremustnotbeanybarrierlikeaHijaborhat,orsocksorshoesbetweenthehandandthehead,nomatterhowthintheybe,evenifthewaterstillmanagestoreachtheskin(exceptifoneishelpless).Issue69:TheplaceofwipingmustbeTahir,soifthereisanajasatpresent,andoneisnotabletoremoveit,thenonemustperformTayammum.

ConditionsforWudhu

Issue70:Ifthefollowingconditionsarepresent,thentheWudhuwillbecorrect,andifevenoneofthemisnotpresent,thentheWudhuwillbecomevoid.1.ThewaterforWudhumustbetahir(notNajis).2.ThewaterforWudhu,andtheplacewhereoneisgettingthewaterfrommustbothbeMubah(permissibleforuse)-meaningthatitisnotstolenproperty.3.ThewaterforWudhumustbeMutlaq(pure)-notmixedwater.4.ThecontainerholdingthewatermustbeMubah(Withtheconditionsthatwillbeexplainedlater).5.Thecontainerholdingthewatermustnotbemadeofgoldorsilver(Withtheconditionsthatwillbeexplainedlater).6.Thepartsofthebody(thataretobewipedorwashedatthetimeofWudhu)mustbeTahir.7.Theremustbenoobstructiononthebodythatpreventsthewaterfromreachingthebody.8.TheWudhumustbedonewiththeintentionof“seekingnearnesstoAllah”,andnotforshowingoff.9.Succession(Tarteeb)inactionsmustbeobserved(aswillbeexplainedlater).10.Sequence(Muwalat)intheactions,meaningthatthereshouldnotbeatimegapbetweentheactionsofWudhu.11.Onemustnothavethehelpofotherpeople.12.Thereshouldbenoconstraintinusingthewater.13.TheremustbeenoughtimetoperformWudhu.

SummaryoftheconditionsofWudhu

Issue71:TheWudhuthatisperformedwithNajisandmixedwaterisvoid-whetheroneknowsthatthewaterisNajisormixed,oronedoesnotknow,ofitthepersonhadforgotten.Issue72:ThewaterforWudhumustbeMubah;thereforeinthefollowinginstances,theWudhuisvoid:•PerformingWudhuwithwaterwhoseownerisnothappywithhiswaterbeingused(Hisdispleasureisknown).•Thatwaterwhichisnotknownifitsownerishappyornotbyitsuse.•Waterthathasbeendonated(Waqf)tospecificpeople,whichisusedbyotherthanthosespecified.For

example,thepoolsofmostMadaras(schools)whichhavebeengivenasadonationtothoseofthatspecificMadrasah(school),andtheroomsofWudhuinmostMasajidthathavebeenspecificallydonatedforthosepeoplewhoreadtheirSalatinthatMasjid.Issue73:PerformingWudhufromalargeriverorlakeispermissibleevenifthepersondoesnotknowwhetheritsowneriscontentornot.However,iftheownerpreventsonefromperformingWudhuthere,thenaccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,onemustnotperformWudhuthere.Issue74:Ifthewaterisinausurpedutensil,andonehasnoaccesstoanyotherwater,thenonemustperformTayammum.IfsomeoneperformsWudhuwithsuchwater,hisWudhuisvoid.Issue75:ThepartstobewashedorwipedinWudhu-forexampletheface,arms,andfeetmustbeTahir.Issue76:Ifthereissomethingonthefaceorarmsthatpreventswaterfromreachingthere,itmustberemovedinordertoperformtheWudhu.Issue77:Ifthereissomethingontheareasthatthewipingistobedoneon(ontopoftheheadorthefeet)thatdoesnotpreventwaterfromreachingthere,itmuststillberemoved,sincetheremustnotbeanythingbetweenthehandandtheareaofwiping.Issue78:Intheeventthattheeffectsoftheinkofapen,thespotofpaint,andoil/grease,andcreamarenotremaining(ontheskin)anditisnotanobstacleorbarrierforperformingWudhu,thenitisnotaproblem.However,ifitisacoveringthatpreventswaterfromreachingtheskin,thenitmustberemoved.Issue79:IfsomethingisstuckontheskinorononeoftheareasofWudhu,butitisnotknownwhetheritwillpreventwaterfromreachingthatareaornot,thenitmustberemovedorthewatermustbemadetoflowunderneathit.Issue80:TheactionsofWudhumustbedoneinthefollowingsequence(Tartib):Thefacemustfirstbewashed,followedbythewashingoftherightarm,thentheleftarm,andthereafter,theheadandfeetmustbewiped.AccordingtoIhtiyat,therightfootmustbewipedbeforetheleftfoot,andiftheWudhuisnotperformedinthissequence,thentheWudhuwillbevoid.Issue81:Muwalat-thismeansthateachactionmustbeperformedoneaftertheother,withnolapseoftimebetweentheactions.Issue82:IfbetweentheactionsofWudhu,aperiodoftimepassessuchthatwhenonedecidestowashorwipeaparticularplace,onenoticesthatthemoistureofalltheplacesthathavepreviouslybeenwashedorwipedhavebecomedry,theWudhuwillbecomevoid.Issue83:SomeonewhoisabletoperformtheactionsofWudhumustnotseekassistancefromothers.Therefore,ifsomeoneelsewashesthefaceandarmsofthepersonwhoneedstoperformWudhuorperformsthewipingforhim,thenhisWudhuwillbevoid.Issue84:SomeonewhoisnotabletoperformWudhuonhisownmustperformWudhuwiththehelpofanotherperson,buthehimselfmustmaketheintention.Issue85:Someonewhoknowshewillgetsickorfearsthathewillbecomeill,mustperformTayammum;andifhestillperformsWudhu,itwillbevoid.However,ifonedoesnotknowthatthewaterwouldbeharmful,andperformedWudhu,andlater,findsoutthatthewaterwasharmful,thenhisWudhuiscorrect.Issue86:Wudhumustbeperformedwiththeintentionof“seekingnearnesstoAllah,”meaningforthewishordesireofAllah(SWT)oneisperformingWudhu.ItisnotnecessarythattheNiyyatbe“spoken”oreven“mentioned”intheheart,ratherevenifoneknowsthatheisperformingWudhutoobeythecommandmentofAllah,thistooissufficient.Therefore,ifonewasasked,“Whatareyoudoing?”-hisresponsewouldbe:“IamperformingWudhu.”Issue87:IfthetimeofSalatissoshortthatifapersonperformsWudhu,thecompleteSalatorapartofitwillbeperformedafteritstime,thenhemustperformTayammum.However,iftheperformingofWudhuandTayammumtakesthesameamountoftime,thenhemustperformWudhu.

WudhuJabirah

MedicineandthingslikethisthathavebeenappliedtoaninjuryorthingsthatarewrappedaroundaninjuryarereferredtoasaJabirah.Issue88:IfsomeonehasaninjuryorawoundononeofthepartsofWudhu,butisstillabletoperformWudhuintheregularmanner,thenhemustperformitassuch.Forexample,iftheinjury(wound)isopen,andpouringwateronitisnotharmful,oriftheinjuryiscovered(likewithacastorbandage),butitispossibletoopenthatcoveringandthepouringofwateronthewoundisnotharmful,then(inbothinstances)Wudhumustbeperformedintheusualmanner.Issue89:Intheeventthattheinjuryisonthefaceorthearms,andtheinjuryisopen,anditisharmfultopourwateronit,onemustwasharoundtheinjury.Iftherubbingofamoisthandovertopoftheinjurywillnotbeharmful,thenaccordingtoIhtiyat,themoisthandmustberubbedoverthoseparts.Issue90:WhileperformingWudhuJabirah,ifitispossibletowashandrubthoseplacesthatmustbewashedandrubbed,thenthismustbedone.Asforthoseplaceswhereitisnotpossible,awethandmustberubbedovertheJabirah.Issue91:Iftheinjuryisonthefrontoftheheadoronthetopofthefeet(theplacesofwiping)andtheseplacesareopen(thewoundisopen),butonecannotperformthewipingonthoseparts,themtheIhtiyatisthataTahirclothbeplacedovertheinjury,andwiththemoisturethatisonthehandfromtheWudhu,onemustwipeoverthecloth.However,ifitisnotpossibletoplaceaclothovertheinjury,thenthewipingwillnotbenecessary,butinbothinstances,onemustperformTayammumaftertheWudhu.Issue92:Iftherearemultipleinjuriesonthefaceorarms,thentheareasbetweentheinjuriesmustbewashed.Inaddition,iftherearemultiplebandagesontheheadorthetopofthefeet,thewipingmustbeperformedbetweenthesebandages,andwhereverthereisabandage,wipingmustbeperformedinthewayaswaspreviouslymentionedforWudhuJabirah.Issue93:Someonewhohasabandageonthepalmofthehandoronthefingers,thenatthetimeofWudhuthewethandisrubbedoverit,andonemustperformthewipingoftheheadorfeetwiththatsamemoisture.Issue94:Ifthebandagecoversthefacecompletely,oneofthehandsorbothofthehandscompletely,WudhuJabirahmustbeperformed.AccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,ifthecompleteareaorapartoftheareawhereTayammumisperformedisnotcovered,thenTayammummustbeperformedaswell.Issue95:Ifthebandagecoversthecompletefoot,butasmallamountaroundthetoesandalittleareaabovethefootisopen,onemustwipethosepartswhichareopenandalsowipeontopoftheJabirah.Issue96:IftheJabirahislargerthanusualaroundtheinjury,anditisnotpossibletotakeitoff,onemustactaccordingtotherulesofWudhuJabirah,andaccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,mustalsoperformTayammum.IntheeventthatitispossibletoremovetheJabirah,thenitmustberemoved.Issue97:IfsomethingisstuckontheplaceofWudhuorGhusl,anditisnotpossibletoremoveitoritissopainfultotakeitoffthatonewillnotbeabletowithstandthepain,thenonemustactaccordingtotherulesofWudhuJabirah.AccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,ifthecompleteareaorapartoftheareathatisperformedinTayammumisuncovered,thenTayammummustbeperformedaswell.Issue98:IftheJabirahisNajis,oroneisnotabletowipeawethandovertopofit;forexample,thereissomemedicinethatisonthehand-thenaTahirclothmustbeplacedovertheinjuryandthemoisthandmustbewipedoverthat.Issue99:GhuslJabirahissimilartoWudhuJabirah,andaccordingtoIhtiyat(Wajib),itmustbeperformedbywayofTartibi(sequential),andnotIrtimasi(allatonetime).

ThingsforwhichWudhumustbeperformed

Issue100:ApersonmustperformWudhufor(all)SalatwiththeexceptionofSalatal-Mayyit,andaswellasforTawafoftheKa’bahandfortouchinganypartofthebodytotheQur’anorthenamesofAllah.Issue101:IfsomeoneperformsSalatorTawafoftheKa’bahwithoutWudhu,thenthatSalatwillbevoid.Issue102:Itisnotpermissibleforsomeonetotouchthefollowingthings,withanypartofthebody,withoutWudhu:•TheArabicscriptoftheHolyQur’an,buttouchingitstranslationisnotaproblem.•ThenameofAllahinanylanguage,forexampleorGod.•ThenameoftheNobleProphet(peacebeuponhimandhisprogeny),andthenamesoftheA’immah(peacebeuponallofthem),andthenameofFatimahaz-Zahra(peacebeuponher),ifitentailsdisrespecttoanyofthem(accordingtoIhtiyatWajib.)Issue103:ItisMustahabtoperformWudhuforthefollowingacts:•EnteringaMasjidorHaramoftheA’immah(peacebeuponthem).•RecitingtheQur’an.•CarryingtheQur’an.•TouchinganypartofthebodytothecoverorthemarginsoftheQur’an.•PerformingZiyaratofthedeceas

HowdoesWudhubecomevoid?

Issue104:Ifapersoncommitsanyofthefollowingacts,thenhisWudhuwillbecomevoid:•Urinating,defecatingorpassinggas.•Goingtosleep,suchthatonecannothearorseeanything.•Anythingthatmakesonelosehissenses,suchasgoinginsane,becomingdrunk,orbecomingunconscious.•Istihada-forwomen1•AnythingthatmakesaGhuslessential;forexample,enteringthestateofJanabatortouchingaMayyit(deadbody).________1.Thisruleappliesonlytowomen,andforacompleteexplanation,pleaserefertoRule#137.

GhuslSometimesforSalatandotheractsthatrequireWudhu,aGhusltoobecomesWajib.

ThemethodofperformingGhusl

Issue105:ToperformGhusl,thecompletebody,includingtheheadandtheneckmustbewashed.SometimesaGhuslbecomesWajib,forexampleinthecaseofJanabat;andsometimesitisMustahab,suchastheGhuslonFriday(Jumu'ah).Inreality,thereisnodifferenceinthewaythevariousGhuslsareperformed;theonlydifferenceliesin

theNiyyat(Intention).Issue106:Ghuslcanbeperformedintwoways:Tartibi(Sequential)orIrtimasi(Atonetime).•InGhuslTartibi,onestartsbywashingtheheadandtheneck,andthentherighthalfofthebodyiswashed,followedbythelefthalfofthebody.•InGhuslIrtimasi,thecompletebodyisplacedunderwateratonetime.Therefore,forGhuslIrtimasi,theamountofwatermustbemuchsothatthepersonisabletosubmergehiscompletebody(underthewater.)ConditionsnecessaryfortheGhusltobecorrectIssue107:AlltheconditionsthatwerenecessaryforWudhu1tobecorrectarealsonecessaryforGhusl,exceptforMuwalat(notleavingagapbetweentheactions)-andalso,itisnotnecessarythatthebodybewashedfromtoptobottom.Issue108:IfmanyGhuslsbecomeWajibonaperson,itisallowedtoperformalloftheminoneGhusl,butonehastospecifyaNiyyatforeachone.Issue109:OnewhohasperformedGhuslJanabatmustnotperformWudhuforSalat.However,onecannotoffertheSalatwithoutalsoperformingWudhuifanyotherGhuslwasdone.Issue110:InGhuslIrtimasi,thecompletebodymustbeTahir.However,forGhuslTartibi,itisnotnecessarythatthecompletebodybeTahir.Therefore,ifbeforeeachpartofthebodyisgivenaGhusl,thatareaiswashed,thenitwillbesufficient.Issue111:GhuslJabirahisperformedjustasWudhuJabirah.2Issue112:IfsomeoneisperformingaWajibfast,thenheisnotallowedtoperformGhuslIrtimasi,sincethatpersonfastingisnotpermittedtoplacehiscompleteheadunderwater.However,ifduetoforgetfulness,oneperformsGhuslIrtimasi,hisGhuslwillbecorrect.

Issue113:ItisnotnecessarythatthecompletebodybewashedwiththehandsduringtheGhusl,therefore,intheeventthatwiththeNiyyatofperformingaGhusl,thewaterreachestoallpartsofthebody,thiswillbesufficient.

WajibGhusls

Issue114:TherearesevenWajibGhusls:•Janabat•Mayyit•Mass-e-Mayyit(Touchingofthedeadbody)•Haidh•Istihadha•Nifas•TheGhuslmadeWajibbyaNadhr(promise)

GhuslJanabat

Issue115:Ifsemencomesoutofaperson,eitherwhileasleeporduetosexualintercourse,hebecomesJunub,andmustperformGhuslJanabatforSalatandotheractswhichrequiretaharat.Issue116:Ifonefeelsthemovementofsemenwithinthebody,butitdoesnotcomeout,thenonewillnotbeconsideredasJunub.Issue117:Ifsomeoneknowsthatsemenhascomeoutofthebodyoroneknowsthatthatwhichhascomeoutissemen,onewillbeconsideredasJunubandmustperformGhusl.

Issue118:Ifaliquidcomesoutofaperson’sbodybutonedoesnotknowifitisurine,semenorsomethingelse,thenintheeventthatitcomesoutwithpassion,andafteritisdischarged,thebodybecomesrelaxed,thenthatwetnesswillbeconsideredassemen.However,ifallofthesesigns,orevensomeofthemarenotpresent,thenthatwetnesswillnotbeconsideredassemen.Nevertheless,asforthosewhoaresick,eventheonesign,meaningthewetnesscomingoutinastateofpassion,isenough.Issue119:ItisMustahabthatapersonurinatesaftersemenhascomeout,andifonedoesnoturinateandaftertheGhuslaliquidcomesoutwhichonedoesnotknowwhetheritissemenorsomethingelse,thenitwillbeconsideredasbeingsemen.

ActionsHaramforaJunub

Issue120:FromthetimeapersonbecomesJunubuntiltheGhuslisperformedorifoneisnotabletoperformGhuslandinsteadperformsTayammum,thefollowingactsareHaram:TouchingtheQur’anwithanypartofthebody,andthenamesofAllah,andaccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,touchingthenamesoftheProphets(a.s)andtheA’immah(a.s).GoingintoMasjidal-HaramandMasjidan-Nabi(a.s)-evenifonejustgoesinfromonedoorandexitsthroughanotherdoor.StayinginaMasjidandintheHaram(Sanctuary)oftheA’immah(a.s),butifoneonlyintendstoenterfromonedoorandexitthroughanotherdoor,ortotakesomething,thenitisnotaproblem.RecitinganyoftheSurahsfromtheQur’anthatcontainaWajibSajdah,evenifitisonlyoneletterfromtheseSurahs.(TheayatsofSajdaharethefollowing):1.SurahSajdah32:151.SurahFusilat41:371.SurahNajm53:621.Surah‘Alaq96:19Issue121:IfapersonhasaspecificroomforSalatinhishouse,orlikethosefoundinmostorganizationsandclubs,itdoesnothavetherulingofaMasjid.Issue122:ThereisnoharminstayingintheharamsofthedescendentsoftheA’immah(‘a)inastateofjanabat,butstayinginthemasajidthatareusuallybuiltadjacenttotheharams,isforbidden.

GhuslMayyit

Issue123:AnytimeaMuslimpassesaway,hisbodymustbegivenaGhuslandkafanandSalatmustbeprayedoverthebody,andthenhemustbeburied.3

GhuslMassMayyit

Issue124:IfsomebodytouchesanypartofthebodyofadeadpersonoranypartoftheirbodycomesintocontactwiththeMayyit,whosebodyhasgonecoldandhasnotbeengivenaGhusl,hemustperformaGhuslMassMayyit.TheGhuslsrelatedtoGirlsandWomenIssue125:FromalloftheWajibGhusls,three,meaningtheGhuslofHaidh,Istihadha,andNifasareWajibonlyforgirlsandwomen.ThereasonfortheseGhuslsisinrelationtothebloodthatisdischargedfromthewombofthewomanandeachofthesehastheirownspecificrulings.

GhuslofHaidh(Menstruation)

Issue126:Whenthedischargeofbloodfromthemenstrualperiodstops,thewomanmustperformGhuslinordertoperformSalatandotheractionsforwhichTaharatisnecessary.Issue127:ThebloodofmenstruationdoesnotoccurbeforetheageofBulugh(9years),andthereforeifagirlseesbloodbeforethis,thenitdoesnothavetherulingofHaidh.Issue128:ThedurationofHaidhcannotbelessthanthreedays,thereforeifthebloodthatisdischargedstopsbeforethreedays,thenitwillnotbeconsideredasHaidh.Issue129:ThedurationofHaidhcannotcontinueformorethantendays,thereforeifawomanseesbloodformorethantendays,thentheperiodaftertendayswillnothavethesamerulingasHaidh.Issue130:ThebloodofHaidhisusuallythick,warm,anddarkincolour,andisdischargedwithpressureandabitofburning.Issue131:DuringtheperiodofHaidh,thefollowingactionsareHaramforawoman:•SalatandTawafoftheKa’bah•AlltheactionsthatareHaramforaJunub(suchasstayinginaMasjid4)Issue132:Duringtheperiodofmenstruation,performingSalatandfastingarenotWajib.AsfortheSalatthatweremissed,theydonothavetobemadeup,howeverthefaststhatwerenotkept,onemustkeepuptheQadhaofthem.Issue133:TheGhuslofHaidhisnodifferentthantheGhuslofJanabat,exceptfortheintention.Issue134:AwomancannotperformSalatsimplybyperformingtheGhuslofHaidh,rather,alongwiththeGhusl,shemustalsoperformWudhuaswell.

GhuslofIstihada

Issue135:Oneoftheothertypesofbloodthatisdischargedbygirlsandwomenforacertainperiodoftimefromthewomb,iscalledIstihada.Issue136:ThebloodofIstihadaisusuallyyellowincolour,cold,andcomesoutwithoutforceorburning,andisnotthick;butitispossiblethatsometimesitmaypossessadarkcolour,warm,isthick,andcomesoutwithforce.Issue137:ThebloodofIstihadainrelationtothequantitythatcomesout,isdividedbrokenupintothreecategories.Ifitisverylittleinquantity,Ghuslisnotneeded,butitdoesmaketheWudhuvoid;andifitisnotalittlequantity,GhuslbecomesWajib.Forabetterunderstandingoftherulesofeachofthesecategories,womencanrefertotheTawdihulMasa’il.

GhuslofNifas

Issue138:TheGhuslofNifasisrelatedtochildbirthanddoesnotoccurinanyotherinstance.ThisGhuslmustbeperformedafterthebloodthatcomesoutfollowingdeliveryisseen.(TheexplanationofthisGhuslisgivenintheTawdihulMasa’il,Rule#514)________________1.TheconditionsforWudhuwerementionedinRule70.2.TherulesrelatedtoWudhuJabirahwerementionedinRule50.3.ForabetterunderstandingoftherulesrelatedtoadeadMuslim,onecanrefertoRule527intheTawzihulMasa’il.Foreasyaccess,wehaveincludedthemethodofprayingSalatulMayyitonpage126.(TR.)4.TherearealsootheractionsthatareHaram,andifonewouldliketobebetteracquaintedwiththem,

onecanrefertotheTawzihulMasa’ilunderRule456.ThoseactionswhichareharamforaJunub,werementionedinRule120.

TayammumIssue139:Inthefollowinginstances,insteadofWudhuandGhusl,Tayammummustbeperformed:Thereisnowateravailableorthereisnowaytogetanywater.Theuseofwaterhassomedanger;forexample,ifwaterisusedonewillbecomeilloranillnesswillbecomeaggravated,oritwillbeverydifficulttobecured(fromtheillness).IfoneusesthewatertoperformWudhuorGhusl,thenone’sself,spouse,children,afriend,someonewhoisdependentonhim,oronewhoselifeisWajibtobesaved,willdieofthirstorwillbecomesickorwillremainsothirstythattheywillnotbeabletohandleit.Thisalsoincludesanimalsthatareunderone’scare.ThebodyorclothesareNajis,andthereisonlyenoughwaterlefttomakethemTahir,andnootherclothesareavailable.TheamountoftimeisextremelyshortsuchthatifoneperformsWudhuorGhusl,thenthecompleteSalatorapartofitwillbereadafteritstime.

TheRulesofTayammum

Issue140:TherearefivethingsWajibinTayammum:•Niyyat•HittingorplacingthepalmsofthehandsonsomethingthatTayammumispermittedon.•Wipingorstrokingbothhandsoverthecompleteforeheadfromwherethehairstartstogrowuntiltheendoftheeyebrows,andabovethenose.•Wipingorstrokingtheleftpalmoverthebackoftherighthand.•Wipingorstrokingtherightpalmoverthebackofthelefthand.(Thefingersarealsoincludedinthepalm)Issue141:Inordertobecertainthatthecompletebacksideofthehandhasbeenwiped,onemustwipeabithigherthanthewrist,butwipingbetweenthefingersisnotnecessary.Issue142:InordertoperformTayammum,onemustremoveanyringsfromthefingersandanythingelsethatmaybeontheforeheadorhandsthatwillbeanobstacleintheTayammum.Issue143:AlltheactionsofTayammummustbedonewiththeintentionofperformingTayammum,andforobeyingthecommandmentsofAllah(SWT).ItmustalsobemadespecificwhethertheTayammumisbeingperformedinplaceofWudhuorGhusl.

ThingsthatTayammumispermittedon

Issue144:Tayammumispermittedonthefollowing:earth(dirt),sandandalumpofclayorastone,aslongastheyareTahir.

TheRulesofTayammum

Issue145:ThereisnodifferencebetweenthepersonperformingTayammuminplaceofWudhu,andthepersonperformingTayammuminplaceofGhusl.Issue146:IfapersonperformsTayammuminplaceofWudhu,thenwhenoneofthethingsthatcausesWudhutobecomevoidoccurs,thenhisTayammumwillbecomevoid.Issue147:IfapersonperformsTayammuminsteadofGhusl,andifoneofthethingsthatcausetheGhusltobecomevoidoccurs,thenhisTayammumwillbecomevoid.Forexample,ifinplaceofGhuslJanabat,oneperformsTayammum,thenifheagainbecomesJunub,hisTayammumwillbecomevoid.Issue148:TayammumisonlycorrectintheeventthatapersonisnotabletoperformWudhuorGhusl.Therefore,ifoneperformsTayammumwithnoreason,itwillnotbecorrect;andifhehasareason,andlaterthatreasonisremovedthenhisTayammumwillbecomevoid.Forexample,onedidnothavewater,thenlaterhefoundsomewater.Issue149:IfoneperformsTayammuminplaceofGhuslJanabat,thenhemustnotperformWudhuforSalat;butifitisinplaceofanotherGhusl,thenwiththatTayammum,hecannotperformtheSalatandhemustperformWudhu.IfheisnotabletoperformWudhu,thenhemustperformanotherTayammumintheplaceoftheWudhu.

SalatSalatisthemostimportantactofworshipinIslam,andifacceptedbyAllah(SWT),thenallotheractsofworshiptoowillbeacceptedtoo,butiftheSalatisnotaccepted,thenallotheractionswillalsonotbeaccepted.Inthesamewaythatifapersonwastobathefivetimesaday,thennodirtorfilthwouldremainonhisbody-Salattoo,ifperformedfivetimeseverydaywillremoveallthesinsfromapersonandmakehimpure.Ithasbeennarratedthatthe6thImam,Ja’faras-Sadiq(Peacebeuponhim),quotinghisforefathers,quotingtheMessengerofAllah,Muhammad(Peacebeuponhimandhisprogeny),said:Al-ImamJa’farbinMuhammad(Peacebeuponhim)said:“Iftherewasastreamatthehouseofanyoneofyouinwhichhewasheshimselffivetimesaday,willthereremainanydirtonyourbody??Verily,thelikenessoftheSalatisthesameasthestream.ThepersonwhoestablishestheritualprayersclearsouthissinstherebyexceptforthesinthattakeshimoutfromtheFaiththathebelievesin.”(Biharal-Anwar:Volume82,Page236)ItisbetterthatapersonreadshisSalatinthefirsttime(whenthetimeforSalatcomesin),andonewhoconsiderstheSalatasbeingsomethingtrivialisjustliketheonewhodoesnotreadhisSalatatall.TheProphetofIslam(Peacebeuponhimandhisprogeny)hassaidthat,“HewhodoesnotgiveimportancetohisSalatandconsidersitsomethinglight(trivial),isworthyofthepunishmentinthenextlife.”ItisbetterthatthosethingsthatreducetherewardoftheSalatareavoided;forexample,readingtheSalatinastatewhenoneissleepy,orlookingupattheskywhileoneispraying.Rather,oneshouldperformthoseactionswhichincreasetherewardoftheSalat;suchasprayingwiththecleanestclotheson,applyingperfume,brushingtheteeth,andcombingthehair.

TheDivisionsofSalat

InordertobebetteracquaintedwiththerulesrelatedtoSalat,firstwemustpointoutthattheSalatisoftwotypes,WajiborMustahab.TheWajibSalatisdividedintotwocategories;someofthemareadailyresponsibility,meaningthateveryday,andatcertainspecifictimesoftheday,theymustbeperformed.TheothergrouparethoseprayersthatbecomeWajibatspecifictimesduetocertainincidents,andthesedonothaveasetprogramorschedule,andthusnotperformedeveryday.

TimesfortheDailySalat

Issue150:TheSalatthatareperformedeverydayarefive,andare17Rak’atintotal:•SalatulFajr-2Rak’at•SalatulZuhr-4Rak’at•Salatul‘Asr-4Rak’at•SalatulMaghrib-3Rak’at•Salatul‘Isha-4Rak’atIssue151:ThetimeforSalatulFajrisfromtheAdhanofFajruntiltherisingofthesun-andinthisperiod,theSalatmustberead.ThebesttimetoreaditisasclosetothetimeofAdhanaspossible.ThetimeforSalatulZuhrand‘Asrisfrommidday(accordingtoIslamicLaw)untilthesettingofthesun.TheamountoftimethatonecanperformafourRak’atSalatatthebeginningofmiddayistheprimetimereservedonlyforSalatulZuhr.Thesameamountoftimethatremainsbeforethesettingofthesun,isthereservedtimeforSalatul‘Asr.ThetimeforSalatulMaghriband‘IshaisfromMaghribuntilmidnight(accordingtoIslamicLaw),andthatamountoftimethatonecanperformathreeRak’atSalatatthebeginningofthis,istheprimetimereservedonlyforSalatulMaghrib.Theamountoftimethatremainsbefore“midnight”inwhichonecanprayafourRak’atSalatisthespecifictimeonlyforSalatul‘Isha.

TheTimeforFajrAdhan

Issue152:ClosetothetimefortheAdhanofFajr,intheeasternsky,awhitelightriseswhichisreferredtoasthefirstdawn.Oncethiswhitenessspreadsitiscalledtheseconddawn,andthisiswhenthetimebeginsforSalatulFajr.

Midday(accordingtoIslamicLaw)andthetimeforSalatulZuhr

Issue153:Ifastickorsomethinglikethisisplaceduprightintheground,it’sshadowwillfallwestwardwhenthesunrisesinthemorning,andasthesuncontinuestorise,theshadowwillreduceinsize.Oncetheshadowreachesit’ssmallestsize,itstartstoturntotheeastandwillthenstartincreasinginsizeonceagain,andatthismoment,midday(accordingtoIslamicLaw)hasstarted,andthusbeginsthetimeforSalatulZuhr.1

WhatisthetimeforMaghrib?

Issue154:Maghribisthattimewhentherednessintheeasternskythatappearsafterthesettingofthesun

isseen,passesoverhead.

CalculatingMidnight

Issue155:Tocalculatemidnight,whichisthefinaltimetoperformSalatul‘Isha,accordingtoIhtiyatWajib,thetimebetweenthesettingofthesunand(thetime)oftheAdhanofFajrshouldbedividedintwo.2

TheRulesfortheTimesofSalat

Issue156:TheSalat,otherthanthedailySalatdonothaveaspecifictime(toberead),rathertheyarerelatedtoaspecifictimeandeventwhichmakesthembecomeWajib.Forexample,SalatulAyatisrelatedtoeventslikeearthquakes,solareclipses,lunareclipsesandothernaturaloccurrences.Ontheotherhand,SalatulMayyit,becomesWajibwhenaMuslimpassesaway.Issue157:IfthecompleteSalatisreadbeforeitstimehassetin,eitherintentionallyorunintentionally,thatSalatwillbevoid.IftheSalatisreadinisspecifictime,thenitisreferredtoasSalatul-AdainIslamicterminology,andifitisreadafterthetimehaselapsed,thenitisreferredtoasSalatulQadha.Issue158:ApersonmustreadhisSalatinitsspecifiedtime,andifoneintentionallydoesnotprayitinthistime,thenhehascommittedasin.Issue159:ItisMustahabthatapersonreadhisSalatrightwhenthetimesetsin,andthecloserthatitisreadtowhenitbecomestime,thebetteritis.However,ifitisdelayedforagoodreason,suchasdelayingtheSalatsoitcanbereadinJama’at,thenthisisbetter.Issue160:IfthetimeforSalatissoshortthatifthepersonpraystheMustahabbatoftheSalat,apartoftheSalatwillbeperformedafterit’stime,thenhemustleaveouttheMustahabbat.Forexample,ifonewantstopraytheQunut,butthetimewillpassfortheSalat,thenonemustnotperformtheQunut.Issue161:ApersonmustreadSalatul‘AsrafterSalatulZuhrandSalatul‘IshaafterSalatulMaghrib,andifoneintentionallypraysSalatul‘AsrbeforeSalatulZuhrorSalatul‘IshabeforeSalatulMaghrib,thentheSalatwillbevoid.

TheQiblah

Issue162:TheKa’bahwhichissituatedinthecityofMakkah,insidetheMasjidul-HaramistheQiblah,andapersonwhointendstopraymustfacetowardsthisdirection.Issue163:IfsomeonewhoisoutofthecityofMakkahandisfaraway,standsinsuchawaythatitcanbesaidheisprayingfacingtheQiblah,thenthisissufficient.

TheCoveringoftheBodyinSalat

Issue164:DuringSalat,boysandmenmustcovertheirprivateparts,anditisbetterthattheareabetweenthenaveltothekneesiscovered.Issue165:Girlsandwomenmustcovertheirentirebody,butitisnotnecessarytocoverthehandsandthefeetuptotheankle,andthefaceinthatamountthatmustbewashedinWudhu.However,tohavecertaintythattheamountthatisWajibtocover,hasbeencovered,onemustcoverabitextraaroundtheface,andabitlowerthantheankle.

Issue166:TheclothingofthepersonperformingSalatmusthavethefollowingconditions:•ItmustbeTahir(notNajis).•ItmustbeMubah(notGhasbi).•Itmustnotbemadefromananimal’scorpse;forexampletheskinofananimalthathasnotbeenslaughteredaccordingtoIslam,evensomuchsoasabeltorhat.•Itmustnotbefromananimalthatisharamtoeat;forexample,itmustnotbefromtheskinofaleopardorfox.•Ifthepersonwhoisprayingisaman,hisclothingmustnotbemadeofgoldorpuresilk.Issue167:Alongwiththeclothing,thebodyofthepersonwhointendstopraymustalsobeTahir.Issue168:IfapersonknowsthathisbodyorclothingisNajis,butatthetimeofSalat,heforgets(theyareNajis)andinthatclothing,hereadshis,thenhisSalatwillbevoid.Issue169:Inthefollowinginstances,ifsomeonereadshisSalatwhilehisbodyorclothingisNajis,theSalatwillbecorrect:•OnedoesnotknowthathisbodyorclothingisNajis,andaftertheSalat,herealizesit.•Duetoaninjuryonthebody,thebodyorclothinghasbecomeNajis,anditisdifficulttowashtheclothingorchangethem.•ThebodyorclothingofthepersonintendingtoprayhasbecomeNajisbyblood,buttheamountthatisNajisislessthanthesizeofadirham(almostthesizeastheupperjointofthethumb).3•SomeoneishelplessandmustpraywithaNajisbodyorclothing;forexample,onedoesnothaveenoughwatertocleantheclothingorbody.(AccordingtotheexplanationinRule812intheTawdihulMasa’il).Issue170:IfthesmallitemsofclothingofthepersonwhointendstoprayareNajis,forexampleagloveorsocks,orifthereisaNajishandkerchiefinone’spocket,thenaslongastheyarenotmadefromthecorpseofananimaloraharammeatanimal,itisnotaproblem.Issue171:Wearingan‘aba,whiteclothing,aswellasthecleanestclothes,andapplyingperfumeonone’sself,andwearinganAqiqringonthehandduringSalatareallMustahab.Issue172:Wearingblackclothing,tightorshortclothing,andclothesthathavepicturesorimagesonit,andkeepingthebuttonsopenduringtheSalatareallMakruh.

ThePlaceofSalat

Issue173:TheplacewhereapersonprayshisSalatmusthavethefollowingconditions:•Mubah(notGhasbi).•Itmustbestationary–forexample,itshouldnotbeamovingvehicle.•Theplacemustnotbetoonarrow,aswell,theceilingmustnotbesolowsothatthepersonisunabletoperformtheQiyam,Ruku’,andSujudintheproperway.•TheplacewhereoneputshisforeheadforSajdahmustbeTahir.•IftheplaceofprayerisNajis,itmustnotbesowetthatittransfersthenajasattothebodyortheclothing.•Theplacewhereoneputshisforehead(inSajdah)mustnotbemorethantheamountoffourclosedfingerslowerorhigherthanthefeet,butifthegroundisslopedalittlebit,itisnotaproblem.4•AccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,womenmuststandbehindmeninSalat.

TheRulesofthePlaceofSalat

Issue174:Incaseofhelplessness,oneisallowedtoprayinamovingvehiclesuchasatrainorairplane.

Oneisalsoallowedtoprayinaplaceinwhichtheroofislow,orwhosewidthisnarrowlikeinatrenchorfort,oronanunevenground.Issue175:AccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,apersonmustobservetheproperetiquetteandnotprayinfrontorparalleltothegraveoftheProphet(peacebeuponhimandhisprogeny)andtheA’immah(peacebeuopnallofthem).5Issue176:ItisMustahabthatonereciteshisWajibSalatinaMasjid,andinIslam,agreatdealofemphasishasbeenplacedonthisrecommendation.

TheRulesoftheMasjid

Issue177:Inthefollowingrule,wewillexplaintheimportanceofbeingpresentintheMasjid,andrecitingtheSalatinthere:•FrequentingtheMasjidisMustahab.•ItisMustahabtogotothatMasjidwherepeopledonotgofrequently.•ItisMakruhforthepersonwholivesnearaMasjidtoprayinanyotherplace(otherthantheMasjid)withoutanexcuse.•IfapersondoesnotgototheMasjidforSalat,itisMustahabthatothersshouldnoteatwithhim,takeadvicefromhim,norlivebesidehim,takeawomanfromhisfamily(inmarriage),norshouldonegiveawomantohim(inmarriage).Issue178:ThefollowingactionsrelatedtotheMasjid,areHaram:•DecoratingtheMasjidwithgold.•SellingaMasjid-evenifitisdemolished.•MakingaMasjidNajis,andifithasbeenmadeNajis,thenitmustbemadeTahirimmediately.•TakingdirtandrocksfromtheMasjidunlessthereisalotofdirtandrocksthere.Issue179:Thefollowingactions,relatedtotheMasjidareMustahab:•OneshouldcometotheMasjidearlierthanothers,andleaveitaftereveryoneelsehasleft.•IlluminatingtheMasjid.•CleaningtheMasjid.•EnteringtheMasjidwiththerightfootfirst.•ExitingtheMasjidwiththeleftfootfirst.•RecitingatwoRak’atMustahabSalatasagestureofrespectandforenteringtheMasjid.•Applyingperfumetoone’sselfandwearingone’sbestclothes.Issue180:Thefollowingactions,relatedtotheMasjid,areMakruh:•PassingthroughaMasjidwiththethoughtthatitisonlyaplacetopassthrough,withoutreadingSalatthere.•Spitting,andremovingphlegmormucusfromthenoseinsidetheMasjid.•SleepingintheMasjid-exceptinastateofhelplessness.•YellingintheMasjid,orspeakingveryloud,exceptforwhileperformingtheAdhan.•BuyingandsellinginsidetheMasjid.•Speakingaboutworldlyaffairs.•ForsomeonetogointoaMasjidwhosebreathmaybugothers.

ThePreparationforSalat

Now,sincewehavelearnttherulesrelatedtoWudhu,Ghusl,Tayammum,thetimesforSalat,thecoveringinSalat,andtheplaceofSalat,wearereadytostartpraying.

AdhanandIqamah

Issue181:ItisMustahab,thatbeforereadingthedailySalat,onerecitestheAdhanandIqamah,andthenstartstheSalat.

Adhan

4Times2Times2Times2Times2Times2Times2Times2Times

Iqamah

2Times2Times2Times2Times2Times2Times2Times2Times1TimeIssue:182Thesentence:“ هللا يلو ایلع نأ دهشأ ”isnotapartoftheAdhanorIqamah,butitisbettertoreciteitafter:“ هللا لوسر ادمحم نأ دهشأ ”withtheintentionofseekingnearnesstoAllah.

TheRulesoftheAdhanandIqamah

Issue183:TheAdhanandIqamahmustberecitedafterthetimeforSalathassetin,andifitisrecitedbeforethetime,eitherintentionallyorunintentionally,thenitwillbevoid.Issue184:TheIqamahmustbereadaftertheAdhan,anditisnotcorrectifitisreadbeforetheAdhan.Issue185:TheremustnotbealargegapbetweenthesentencesintheAdhanandIqamahwhentheyarebeingread,andifthegapisgreaterthanusual,thenthey(theAdhanandIqamah)mustberepeated.Issue186:IftheAdhanandIqamahhavebeenrecitedforSalatJama’at,onemustnotreadhisownAdhanandIqamahifheisjoiningthatJama’at.Issue187:IfsomeonegoestotheMasjidforSalatulJama’at,andwhenhegetsthere,henoticesthattheSalatulJama’athasfinishedbut(heknowsthat)theAdhanandIqamahhadbeenrecited,thenaslongasthelinesofthecongregationhavenotbrokenandthepeoplehavenotyetsplitup,thenheisallowedtoprayhisSalatwithoutrecitingtheAdhanandIqamah.Issue188:TheMustahabSalatdonothaveanAdhanorIqamah.Issue189:Whenachildisborn,itisMustahabthattheAdhanisrecitedintherightearandIqamahinthe

leftearofthechild.Issue190:ItisMustahabthatthepersonwhointendstoreadtheAdhan,prepareshimselffortheAdhan,isajustperson(Adil),distinguishthetimeofAdhan,andthatherecitesitinaloudvoice.

TheActionsinSalat

Issue:191TheSalatstartsbysaying:“ ربكأ هللا ”andendsbyrecitingtheSalam.Issue192:TheactionsperformedinSalatareeitherWajiborMustahab.Issue193:TheWajibatofSalatare11,ofwhichsomeareRukn,andothersareGhair-Rukn.

WajibatofSalat

TheWajibatofSalatare11,ofwhichsomeareaRukn,andothersareGhair-Rukn.

Rukn

1.Niyyat(Intention)2.Qiyam(Standing)[AtthetimeofsayingtheTakbirtulIhramandtheQiyambeforetheRuku]3TakbirtulIhram(Saying“” ربكأ هللا4.Ruku(Bowing)5.Sujud(Prostrating)

Ghair-Rukn

1.Qira’at(Recitation)2.Dhikr(Glorification)3.Tashahhud4.Salam5.Tartib(Sequence)6.Muwalat(Order)

TheDifferencebetweenaRuknandGhair-Rukn

Issue194:TheArkan(Rukn)ofSalatarethosepartswhicharethenecessitiesoftheSalat,andifanyoftheruknareleftout,evenifitisduetoforgetfulness,thentheSalatwillbecomevoid.However,inrelationtotheotherWajibat(GhairRukn),althoughperformingthemismandatory,iftheyareleftoutorextraareaddedduetoforgetfulness,thentheSalatwillnotbevoid.However,iftheyareintentionallynotperformedorextraareadded,thentheSalatwillbecomevoid.

TheRulespertainingtotheWajibatofSalat

Niyyat

Issue195:FromthebeginningoftheSalatuptoitsend,thepersonprayingmustknowwhichSalatheisreciting,andhemustperformitwiththeintentionofcomplyingwiththeordersofAllah(SWT).

Issue196:ItisnotnecessarytospeaktheNiyyatwiththetongue,butifthisisdone,itisnotaproblem.Issue197:TheSalatmustnotbeperformedwiththeintentionofshowingofforboasting.Therefore,theSalatmustonlybeperformedforobeyingtheordersofAllah(SWT),andifthecompleteSalatorevenapartoftheSalatisperformedtoshowoff,thenitisvoid.

TakbiratulIhram

Issue:198Aswaspreviouslyexplained,saying:“ ربكأ هللاا ”beginstheSalat,andthisphraseisreferredtoasTakbiratulIhram.ItiscalledsuchbecausewiththesayingofthisTakbir,manyactionswhichbeforetheSalatwerepermissibleforthepersonpraying,nowbecomeHaram,suchaseating,drinking,laughingandcrying.Issue199:ItisMustahabthatatthetimeofsayingTakbiratulIhramandtheotherTakbirs,thepersonprayingraiseshishandsuntiltheyareparalleltohisears

Qiyam

Issue200:Qiyammeansstanding.ThepersonprayingmustbestandingstillwhenhesaystheTakbiratulIhram,andwhenheisrecitingtheSurahs.Issue201:IfoneforgetstoperformRuku’,andaftertheQira’atgoesdirectlytoSajdahbutbeforeactuallybeinginSajdah,remembersthathehadnotperformedRuku’,thenhemuststandupcompletely,gotoRuku’,andthenperformtheSajdah(andcontinuewiththeSalat).Issue202:AccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,thepersonrecitingtheSalat,must,atthetimeofstanding,standwithbothfeetontheground,butitisnotnecessarythattheweightbeequallydistributedonbothfeetandifmoreweightisappliedtoonefoot,thenitisnotaproblem.Issue203:Someonewhoisnotabletostandandpray,evensomuchaswiththehelpofacaneorleaningagainstawall,mustpraysittingfacingtheQiblah,andifheisnotabletopraysitting,thenhemustpraylyingdown.Issue204:AfterRuku’,itisWajibthatonestandupcompletely,andthengointoSajdah,andifintentionally,oneleavesoutthisstanding,theSalatwillbecomevoid.

Qira’at

Issue205:InthefirstandsecondRak’atofthedailySalat,onemustfirstreciteSurahal-Fatiha,andthenoneothercompleteSurahfromtheQur’an,forexampleSurahal-Tawhid.

Surahal-Fatiha

Surahal-Tawhid

AndinthethirdandfourthRak’at,onemustreciteSurahal-FatihaonceorTasbihatal-Arbahthreetimes,andifit(theTasbihat)isreadonlyonce,itissufficient.

Tasbihatal-Arbah

TheRulesofRecitation(Qira’at)

Issue206:InthethirdandfourthRak’atoftheSalat,Surahal-FatihaorTasbihatal-Arbahmustberecitedquietly(inasilentwhisper).Issue207:InSalatul²uhrand‘Asr,theQira’atofthefirstandsecondRak’at,mustalsoberecitedquietly(inasilentwhisper).Issue208:DuringSalatulFajr,Maghriband‘Isha,boysandmenmustreciteSurahal-FatihaandtheotherSurahinthefirstandsecondRak’atoutloud.Asforgirlsandwomen,ifanon-Mahramcannotheartheirvoice,theytoocanrecitethemoutloud,butifanonMahramcanheartheirvoice,thenaccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,theymustrecitethemquietly(inasilentwhisper).Issue209:IfintheplaceswhereitisWajibtoreciteoutloud,oneintentionallyrecitesquietly(inasilentwhisper),orinplaceofwhereitisWajibtorecitequietly(inasilentwhisper),oneintentionallyrecitesoutloud,thentheSalatwillbecomevoid.However,ifthisisdoneoutofforgetfulness,orduetonotknowingtherules,thentheSalatwillbecorrect.Issue210:Ifduringtherecitationofal-FatihaortheotherSurah,onerealizesamistakehasbeedmade,forexample,insteadofrecitingoutloud,onewasrecitingquietly(inasilentwhisper),thenitisnotnecessarythattheamountthatwasreadwrongberepeated.Issue211:ApersonmustlearnhowtopraytheSalatsothathedoesnotmakeanymistakes.SomeonewhoabsolutelycannotlearnhowtoreciteitproperlymustreadtheSalatasbestashecan,andaccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,hemustprayinJama’at,unlessthisentailsdifficultyforhim.

Ruku’

Issue212:IneveryRak’ataftertheQira’at,thepersonprayingmustbendanamount,withtheintentionofRuku’,suchthatthetipsofthefingersofthehandcanbeplacedontheknees-andthisisactioniscalledRuku’.ItisWajibthatwhileinthispositionofRuku’,aDhikrisrecited.Issue213:WhicheverDhikrrecitedintheRuku’issufficientwiththeconditionthatitbenolessthan:“هللا ناحبس ”threetimesor“ هدمحب و میظعلا بر ناحبس ”once.

Issue214:WhilerecitingtheDhikrinRuku’,thebodymustbestationary.Issue215:IfbeforeonehasfullyboweddownintothepositionofRuku’andthebodyhasbecomestationary,intentionally,theDhikrisrecited,thentheSalatwillbecomevoid.Issue216:IfbeforefinishingtheWajibDhikr,oneintentionallyliftsone’sheadupfromRuku’,theSalatwillbecomevoid.

Sujud

Issue217:IneveryRak’atoftheWajibandMustahabSalat,onemustperformtwoSajdahaftertheRuku'.Issue218:SajdahreferstoplacingtheforeheadonthegroundwiththeintentionofperformingSajdah,whileinSajdahitisWajibthatthepalmsofbothhands,theknees,andthetipsofboththebigtoesareallplacedontheground.ItisalsoWajibthatwhileinSajdah,Dhikrisrecited.Issue219:WhateverDhikrrecitedinSujudissufficientwiththeconditionthatitbenolessthan“ ناحبسهللا ”threetimesoronce.

Issue220:WhilerecitingtheDhikrinSujud,thebodymustbestationary.Issue221:Ifbeforeone’sforeheadhasreachedthegroundandthebodyhasbecomestationary,intentionally,theDhikrofSajdahisrecited,the,oncetheforeheadhasreachedthegroundandthebodyhasbecomestill,theDhikrmustberepeated.Inthissituation,accordingtoIhtiyatWajib,oncetheSalatisfinished,itmustberepeated,andifonewascontentwiththefirstrecitation,hisSalatwillbevoid.Intheeventthatduetoforgetfulness(theDhikrisrecitedbeforetheforeheadreachestheground)then,oncethe

bodyisbecomesstill,theDhikrmustberepeated.Issue222:AftercompletingtherecitationoftheDhikrinthefirstSajdah,thepersonmustsitupandoncethebodybecomescompletelystationary,themonemustgointoSajdahagain.Issue223:IfbeforefinishingtheDhikr,thepersonwhoisprayingintentionallycomesoutofSajdah,hisSalatwillbecomevoid.Issue224:IfwhilerecitingtheDhikrinSajdah,intentionally,oneofthesevenpartsofthebody(asmentionedinRule218)isliftedofftheground,thenaccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,onceallthepartsofthebodyhavebecomestationary,theWajibDhikrmustberepeated.TheSalatmustthenbecompleted,andperformedagain.However,ifonewasnotrecitinganyDhikrandoneofthesevenparts,withtheexceptionoftheforehead,isliftedupandplacedbackontheground,thenitisnoproblem.Issue225:Ifalongwiththebigtoe,othertoesarealsoplacedontheground,thenitisnoproblem.Issue226:WheninSajdah,thepersonprayingmustplacehisforeheadonthegroundoronsomethingthatcomesfromthegroundthatisneitheredible,norwearable;likewood,ortheleafofatree.Issue227:ItisnotcorrecttoperformSajdahonminerals;forexamplegold,silver,AqiqandFiroza.Issue228:PerformingSajdahonthingsthatcomefromtheearthwhicharefoodforanimalslikegrass,straworhayisallowed.Issue229:PerformingSajdahonpaperthatismadefromcottonorthingslikeit,isaproblem(notpermissable).Issue230:ThebestthingtoperformSajdahonisthedirtfromthegraveofHadhratSayyidash-Shohadaal-Imamal-Husain(‘a),andafterthis,inthefollowingorder:•Dust•Stone•Greenery(plants)Issue231:IfduringthefirstSajdahtheturbahstickstotheforehead,andwithouttakingitoff,onegoesintothesecondSajdah,thentheSalatwillbecomevoid.

TheResponsibilityofOnewhocannotPerformSajdahintheNormalWay

Issue232:Someonewhoisnotabletomakehisforeheadreachtheground,mustbendasmustaspossibleandthenlifttheturbahup,andplaceitontheforehead.Thepalmsofthehands,thekneesandthebigtoesofthefeetmustbeplacedonthegroundasusuallywouldbedoneinSajdah.Issue233:IfoneisnotabletobendforSajdah,onemustsitandwithhishead,maketheindicationofSajdah,butaccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,theturbahmustbeliftedupsothatitcanbeplacedontheforehead.

TheWajibSujudoftheQur’an

Issue234:InfourSurahsoftheQur’anthereareAyatsofSajdahthatifapersonreadsoneoftheseAyats,orifhehearssomeoneelsereciteoneoftheseAyats,oncetheAyatisfinished,thenonemustimmediatelygointoSajdah.Issue235:TheSurahsthatcontainaAyatofWajibSajdahare:•Surah32as-Sajdah,Ayah15•Surah41al-Fusilat,Ayah38•Surah53an-Najm,Ayah62•Surah96al-Alaq,Ayah19Issue236:IfoneforgetstoperformtheSajdah,thenwheneveroneremembershemustperformit.

Issue237:IftheAyatofSajdahisheardovertheradio,oronataperecorderandthingsofthissort,thenaccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,Sajdahmustbeperformed.Issue238:IfonehearstheAyatofSajdahoveraspeaker,itisWajibtoperformtheSajdah.Issue239:ItisnotWajibtoreciteaDhikrwhileintheSajdah,ratheritisMustahab.[ThefollowingDua'hasbeenrecommendedtobereadwhileinSajdah.](Translatorsnote)

Tashahhud

Issue240:InthesecondRak’at,andattheendoftheWajibSalat,afterthesecondSajdahonemustsit,andinastateofcompletestillness,recitetheTashahhud.Onemustsay:

Salam

Issue241:InthefinalRak’atoftheSalat,afterTashahhud,Salammustberecited,andafterthis,theSalatwillbecompleted.Issue242:TheWajibamountoftheSalamthatmustberecitedisoneofthetwofollowingsentences:But,ifthefirstSalam(asmentionedabove)isread,thenaccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,thesecondSalamtoomustberead.ItisMustahabthataftertheTashahhudandbeforetheSalam(thesentencesmentionedabove),thefollowingSalamberead:

Tartib(Sequential)

Issue243:TheSalatmustberecitedinthefollowingsequence:TakbiratulIhram,Qira’at,Ruku,Sujud,andinthesecondRak’atafterSujud,Tashahhudmustberecited,andinthefinalRak’at,aftertheTashahhud,theSalammustberecited.

Muwalat(Succession)

Issue244:Muwalatmeansthateachactionmustbeperformedoneaftertheotherwithoutagapbetweentheactions.Issue245:IfsomeoneplacessuchagapbetweentheactionsofSalat,thatitwouldnotbesaidoneisrecitingSalat,thentheSalatwillbecomevoid.Issue246:ExtendingtheRuku’andSujudandreadinglongerSurahsoftheQur'an,donotbreaktheMuwalatoftheSalat.QunutIssue247:ItisMustahabtoreciteQunutinthesecondRak’atofSalataftertherecitationofSurahal-FatihaandtheotherSurahbeforegoingintoRuku’.Thismeansthehandsareliftedupinfrontoftheface,andaDua’orDhikrisrecited.Issue:248WhateverDhikrthatisrecitedinQunutissufficient,evenasmuchas“ هللا ناحبس ”andonecanalsorecitethefollowingDua’:

Ta’qibSalat

Ta’qibreferstotherecitationofDhikrandDua’,andtherecitationoftheQur'anaftertheSalat.Issue249:ItisbetterthatwhileinthestateofTa’qib,oneisfacingtheQiblah.Issue250:ItisnotnecessarythattheTa’qibberecitedinArabic,butitisbetterthatthoseDua’thatarementionedintheappropriatebooksberecited.Issue251:OneofthethingsintheTa’qibofSalatthathasbeenhighlyrecommendedtoreciteistheTasbihofHadhratFatimahaz-Zahra’(‘a),whichisasfollows:“34” ربكا هللاا times,then“33”هللا دمحلاtimes,followedby“33” هللا ناحبس times.

MubtilatofSalat

Issue252:FromthetimeonesaystheTakbiratulIhramandstartshisSalat,untiltheendoftheSalat,manyactionsbecomeHaramforhim,andifanyoftheseareperformedduringtheSalat,thentheSalatwillbecomevoid.Forexample:•Speaking•Laughing•Crying•TurningawayfromtheQiblah•EatingandDrinking•BreakingtheformoftheSalat•AddingortakingawayanythingfromthearkanofSalat(Thesewereexplainedinrule194).6

TheRulesoftheMubtilatofSalat

Speaking

Issue253:Ifthepersonwhoisprayingintentionallysaysaword,evenasmuchasawordthatisonlyoneletter,whetherornotthiswordhasameaning,theSalatwillbecomevoid.Issue254:Ifoutofforgetfulness,thepersonprayingsayssomethingbecausehedidnotrealizethatheisinthestateofSalat,thenhisprayerwillnotbecomevoid.Issue255:CoughingandsneezingdoesnotinvalidatetheSalat.Issue256:DuringtheSalat,onemustnotgreetanotherperson;butifsomeoneelsesaysSalamtotheonepraying,thenitisWajibtoreplytheSalam,andthereplymustbethesameastheSalamthatwasoriginallygiven.Forexample,ifitissaid:thereplytoomustbebutthereplytomustbegivenasLaughingIssue257:IfthepersonprayingSalatintentionallylaughsoutloud,thenhisSalatwillbecomevoid,andintheeventthatheunintentionallylaughsoutloudinawaythattheformoftheSalatisbroken,hisSalat(too)willbevoid.Issue258:SmilingdoesnotmakeinvalidatetheSalat.

TurningawayfromtheQiblah

Issue259:IfoneintentionallyturnsawayalittlebitfromtheQiblahsuchthatitwouldnotbesaidoneisfacingtheQiblah,thentheSalatwillbecomevoid.Issue260:IfthefaceisturnedtotherightoftheQiblahortotheleftoftheQiblah,eitherintentionallyorunintentionally,thentheSalatwillstillbecorrect,althoughthisactionisdiscouraged.

EatingandDrinking

Issue261:Ifthepersonpraying,eatsordrinkssomethingintheamountthatitwouldbesaidthatheisnotrecitingSalat,thentheSalatwillbecomevoid.Issue262:Ifthepersonprayingintentionallyeatsordrinkssomething,evenifitdoesnotbreaktheformoftheSalat,thenaccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,theSalatwillbecomevoid.

ChangingtheformoftheSalat

Issue263:IfduringtheSalat,anactionisperformedthatchangestheformoftheSalat;forexampleclapping,jumpingupintheair,orthingslikethis,eveniftheyaredoneoutofforgetfulness,theSalatwillbecomevoid.Issue264:IfduringtheSalatoneremainssilentinsuchanamountthatitwouldnotbesaidoneispraying,theSalatwillbecomevoid.Issue265:TurningawayfromtheWajibSalat(breakingtheSalat)withoutagoodreason,isHaram,exceptinastateofhelplessness,suchasinthefollowingcases:•Toprotectone’slife.•Toprotectone’sproperty.•Topreventinjurytoone’spropertyorbody.Issue266:ItispermissibletobreaktheSalattopaybackaloanofaperson,inthefollowingconditions:•WhileinthestateofSalat,oneisnotabletopaybacktheloan.•Thepersonwhogaveyoutheloanisrequestingtheloanback.•ThetimeforSalatremains,meaningthatoncetheloanispaidback,thereisstillenoughtimelefttorecitetheSalat.Issue267:ItisharamtobreaktheSalattoprotectpropertythatisnotimportant.Issue268:ThefollowingthingsareMakruhduringSalat:1.Closingtheeyes.2.Playingwiththefingersandhands.3.Goingsilentwhilerecitingal-FatihaortheotherSurahorDhikr,tolistentootherconversations.4.Anyactionwhichbreakstheattentionorconcentration.5.Turningthefacetotherightortheleftasmallamount.(Ifitismovedalargeamount,thentheSalatwillbecomevoid.)

TranslationoftheAdhan&Iqamah

TranslationoftheAdhan

AllahistheGreatestIbearwitnessthatthereisnogodexceptAllahIbearwitnessthatMuhammadistheMessengerofAllahHurryuptotheSalatHurryuptoSuccessHurryuptothebestofactionsAllahistheGreatestThereisnogodexceptAllah

TranslationoftheIqamah

AllahistheGreatestIbeatwitnessthatthereisnogodexceptAllahIbearwitnessthatMuhammadistheMessengerofAllahHurryuptotheSalatHurryuptoProsperityHurryuptotheBestofActionsTheSalatisbeingestablishedAllahistheGreatestThereisnogodexceptAllah

TranslationoftheSalat

TakbiratulIhram

AllahistheGreatest

Surahal-Fatiha

IntheNameofAllah,TheMostBeneficent,theMostMercifulAllPraiseisduetoAllah,LordoftheWorldsTheMostBeneficent,theMostMercifulMasteroftheDayofJudgementYoualonedoweworship,andYoualonedoweaskforhelpKeepusonthestraightpath,Thepathofthosewhohaveearnedyourblessings,notofthosewhohaveearnedyourwrath,northosewhohavegoneastray.

Surahal-Ikhlas

InthenameofAllah,theMostBeneficent,theMostMercifulSay(O’Muhammad!)HeisAllah,TheOneAllah,theSelf-ExistentHedoesnotbeget,norisHebegottenAndthereisnothinglikeHim.

DhikrinRuku

GloryandpraisebetomyLord,theMagnificent

DhikrinSujud

GloryandpraisebetomyLord,theHighest

Tasbihatal-Arbah

GlorybetoAllah,andallpraisebelongstoAllah,thereisnogodexceptAllah,andAllahisthegreatest

TashahhudandSalam

IbearwitnessthatthereisnogodexceptAllah,theOnewhohasnopartners,IbearwitnessthatMuhammadisHisservantandHisMessengerO’Allah,sendYourblessingsonMuhammadandthefamilyofMuhammad.Peacebeuponyou,O’Prophet,andmaythemercyofAllahandHisblessingsbeuponyou,Peacebeuponus,andontherighteousservantsofAllah,Peacebeuponyou,andmaythemercyofAllahandHisBlessingsbeonyou.

DoubtsinSalat

Sometimes,itispossiblethatthepersonperformingtheSalathasdoubtsinapartoftheSalat;forexample,hedoesnotknowwhetherhereadtheTashahhudornot,orhedoesnotknowifoneSajdahwasperformedortwoSajdas.Inaddition,sometimesonehasadoubtinthenumberofRak’atrecited;forexample,onedoesnotknowwhetheratthatmoment,oneisinthethirdRak’atorfourthRak’at.FordoubtsintheSalat,therearespecialrulesofwhichthecompleteexplanationisnotpossibleinthisbook,butaconciseandbriefexplanationofthetypesofdoubts,andtheirrespectiverulesisasfollows:

DoubtinthePartsoftheSalat

Issue269:IfthepersonprayinghasdoubtsintheperformanceofpartsoftheSalat;meaning,onedoesnotknowwhetherapartoftheSalatwasperformedornot,thenifthepartafterithasnotyetbeenstarted,meaningonehasnotenteredintothenextstateoftheSalat,thenonemustperformthatpart(theonethatonehaddoubtabout).ButifafterenteringintothenextpartoftheSalat,adoubtcomesintothemind(aboutapreviousaction);meaning,onehasalreadypassedthe(former)state,thenoneshouldnotpayattentiontothistypeofdoubtandshouldcontinuewiththeSalat,andones’Salatwillbecorrect.Issue270:IfaftertheperformanceofoneofthepartsofSalat,onedoubtsinthecorrectness(ofthatpart),meaning,onedoesnotknowifthepartthatwasjustperformedwasproperornot,thenoneshouldnotpayanyattentiontothatdoubt;meaning,thatwhichhaspassedshouldbecountedasbeingcorrect,andtheSalatshouldcontinueon.

DoubtsthatmaketheSalatvoid

Issue271:IfinthetwoRak’atSalat,forexampleSalatul-Fajr,orinthethreeRak'atSalatofMaghrib,onehasadoubtinthenumberofRak’atrecited,thentheSalatwillbevoid.Issue272:IfonehasadoubtbetweenthefirstRak’atandmorethanthefirstRak’at;forexample,betweenthefirstandsecondorthefirstandthirdRak’at,thentheSalatwillbevoid.Issue273:IfduringtheSalat,onedoesnotknowhowmanyRak’atonehasread,thentheSalatwillbevoid.Issue275:DoubtsinthefollowingSalatmustnotbepaidattentionto:•InMustahabSalat.•InSalatulJama’at.•AftertheSalaminSalat.•AfterthetimeofSalathaspassed.

Issue276:IfonedoubtsduringtheMustahabSalatonthenumberofRak’atrecited,oneshouldtakeitthattwoRak’athavebeencompletedsincealloftheMustahabSalat,withtheexceptionofSalatulWitr,aretwoRak’at.Therefore,ifonehasadoubtbetweenoneRak’atandtwoRak’atormorethantwoRak’at,oneshouldtakeitthattwoRak’athavebeenrecited,andone’sSalatwillbecorrect.Issue277:InSalatulJama’at,iftheImamoftheJama’athasadoubtinthenumberofRak’atalreadyrecited,buttheMa’moom(thosefollowingtheImam)donothaveanydoubts,andtheyareabletoinformtheImamofwhichRak’attheyarein,thentheImamoftheJama’atmustnotpayattentiontohisdoubt.ThesameruleappliesfortheMa’moom,suchthatifhehasadoubt,buttheImamoftheJama’atdoesnothaveanydoubts,thenthesamewaythattheImamoftheJama’atreciteshisSalat,onecanfollowhim,and(theSalat)willbecorrect.Issue278:IfaftertheSalamoftheSalat,onedoubtsifone’sSalatwascorrectornot;forexample,onedoubtsiftheRuku’wasperformedornot,oraftertheSalamofafourRak’atSalat,onedoubtsiffourRak’atwererecitedfiveRak’at,oneshouldnotpayattentiontothesedoubts.However,ifleaningeitherwayinthedoubtmakestheSalatvoid;forexample,aftertheSalamofthefourRak’atSalat,onedoubtsifthreeRak’atwereread,orfiveRak’at,theSalatisvoid.Issue279:IfafterthetimeofSalathaspassed,onedoubtsiftheSalatwasrecitedornot,oronehasasmalldoubtthattheSalatwasnotrecited,thenitisnotnecessarytoreadtheSalat(again);butifbeforethetimehaspassed,onedoubtsiftheSalatwasreadornot,oronehasasmalldoubtthattheSalatwasnotread,thenthatSalatmustberecited.Issue280:IfduringtheSalat,oneofthedoubtsthatmakestheSalatvoidcomesinthemind,onemustponder(onthatdoubt)alittlebit,andintheeventthatnothingcomestomindandthedoubtremains,thenoneshouldbreaktheSalat,andstartoveragain.

SalatulIhtiyat

Issue281:IntheeventthatSalatulIhtiyatbecomesWajib,forexample,adoubtoccursbetweenthethirdandfourthRak’at,thenrightaftertheSalam,withoutdoinganythingtobreaktheappearanceoftheSalat,orwithoutcommittingoneofthethingsthatmaketheSalatvoid,onemuststandup,andwithoutAdhanorIqamah,immediatelymakeaNiyyatforSalatulIhtiyat,recitetheTakbiratulIhram,andreciteSalatulIhtiyat.Issue282:ThedifferencebetweenSalatulIhtiyatandtheotherSalat:•TheNiyyatmustnotbepronouncedwiththetongue.•Thereisnorecitationofthe(second)SurahandnoQunut(eveniftheSalatulIhtiyatistwoRak’at).•AccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,Surahal-FatihaandeventheBismillahmustberecitedquietly.Issue283:IfoneRak’atofSalatulIhtiyatbecomesWajib,thenafterthetwoSajdahs,theTashahhudandSalammustberead;andiftwoRak’athavebecomeWajib,thenTashahhudandSalammustnotbereadafterthefirstRak’at,rather,onemoreRak’atmustbeperformed(withoutaTakbirtostartthesecondRak’at),andattheendofthesecondRak’at,theTashahhudandSalammustberead.

SajdahSahw

Issue284:IntheeventthatSajdahSahwbecomesWajib;forexample,adoubtoccursbetweenthefourthandfifthRak’atinthestateofsitting,thenaftertheSalamoftheSalat,onemustgodirectlyintoSajdahandrecitingthefollowing:“ هلآ و دمحم ىلع هللا ىلص و هللااب و هللا مسب ”Or

“ دمحم لآ و دمحم ىلع ىلص مهللا هللااب و هللا مسب ”OrThenonesholdsitup,gobackintoSajdahandagainreciteoneoftheaboveDhikr,thensitbackupandrecitetheTashahhudandSalam.

SalatulMusafir

Issue285:Whenapersontravels,hemustreducethefourRak’atSalattotwoRak’at(otherwiseknownQasr),withtheconditionthatthejourneyisnolessthaneightFarsakh[EightFarsakhisapproximatelyequalto45Kilometers].Issue286:IfatravellerwhoseSalatisprayedinfull,goesfromaplace,suchashishometown(Watn),toanotherplacewhichisfourFarsakhaway,andreturns,whichisalsofourFarsakh,thentheSalatonthistripwillbeprayedasQasr.Issue287:Forsomeonewhoistravelling,themomentthattheSalatmustbereacitedinQasrisfromtheminimumdistancethathegoesawaysuchthathecannotheartheAdhanofthatcity,thepeopleofthatcitycannolongerseehim,andhecannotseethepeopleofthatcity.IntheeventthathewanstorecitetheSalatbeforehavingtraveledthisamount,itmustberecitedinfull.Issue288:Ifapersonwishestotraveltoaplace,andtherearetworoadsleadingthere,andoneroadislessthaneightFarsakhandtheotherroadiseightFarsakhormore,thenifonetakestheroadthatiseightFarsakhormore,thentheSalatmustberecitedasQasr.However,ifonetakestheroadthatislessthaneightFarsakh,theSalatmustbeprayedinfull.Forexample,ifonegoesfromhishome(Watn)toavillagethathastworoadsleadingtoit,andthefirstroadisfourFarsakhandtheotheroneisthreeFarsakh,thenifonetakesthefirstroadandreturnsfromthatroad,theSalatduringthetravelandatthatvillagewillbeprayedasQasr.But,ifonegoesbythefirstroad,andreturnsbyanotherroad,orgoesbythesecondroad,andreturnsbythatroad,thenintheventthatthecompletetripislessthaneightFarsakh,theSalatonthistripandatthatvillagewillbeprayedasfull.Issue289:Inthefollowingexamplesvariousofjourneys,theSalatwillberecitedasfull:1.IfbeforetravellingeightFarsakh,onepassesthroughone’sWatnandstopsthere,oronestaysfortendaysinoneplace.2.Fromthebeginning,onedoesnothavetheintentiontotraveleightFarsakh,andwithouttheintentionstartsajourney;forexample,onewhoissearchingforsomethingthatislost.3.Duringthejourney,onedecidedtoreturnfromthetrip,meaningthatbeforereachingtothepointoffourFarsakh,onechangeshismind(aboutthejourneyandgoesbackhome).4.Onewhosejoborprofessionistravelling;forexample,thedriverofatrainandthosedriverswhotraveloutofthecitysuchasPilots,andSailors(whoseprofessionistravelling).5.Someonewhosejobisinanotherplaceandusuallyatleastonceeverytendays,travelstothatplaceandreturns.Forexample,studentswhogotoanothercitytostudy,andeveryFridayreturnbacktotheirownWatn(city).6.SomeonewhoistravellingforHarampurposes;forexample,thejourneyofsomeonewhotravelstohurtorannoyone'sfatherandmother.Issue290:Inthefollowingplaces,theSalatwillbeprayedinfull:•Inone’shometown(Watn).•Inaplacewhereonehasmadetheintentiontostayfortendays.•Inaplacewhereonehasstayedfor30daysinastateofdoubt.Meaningthatoneisnotsurethatonewillstayorleave(thisplace),andonestaysinthisstaysfor30daysanddoesnotgotoanyotherplace,then

inthisevent,after30daysonemustrecitetheSalatinfull.

Whereisone’sHome(Watn)?

Issue291:TheWatnisthatplacewhereaperson,byhisownwill,choosestolivein;sometimesthatplaceiswherehewasbornandtheplacewherehisfatherandmotherlive,and(sometimes)hehimselfchoosesthatplacetolivein.Issue292:Foraslongasachildstayswiththefatherandmotherandhasnotseparatedfromthem,theWatnthatishisFatherandMother'sisalsoconsideredashisWatn.(Thisruleapplies)evenifhewasnotbornthere.OnceheseparatesfromthemandpicksanotherplaceashisWatn,thenthat(new)placewillbeconsideredashisWatn.Thereforeasanexample:IftheFatherandMotherarefromIsfahan(Iran),butforaperiodoftimeliveinShiraz(Iran)toworkandhavetointentiontoreturntoIsfahan,andachildisbornthere(inShiraz),butsinceIsfahanwasnottheWantofthefatherandmother's,thenaslongasthechildliveswithhisFatherandMother,thecityofIsfahanwillbeconsideredashisWatn,andifhetravelsthere,hemustrecitehisSalatinfull.Issue293:IftheplacewherethepersonisstayingisotherthanhisoriginalWatn,andforhimtotransferfromthatplacetoanotherplace,forexample,fromtheretootherparts,involvehimgoingthroughvariouschallengesordifficulties,thenthatplacewillbeconsideredashisWatn.Issue294:IfsomeonehastheintentiontostayinaplaceforasmallperiodoftimethatisnothisoriginalWatn,andthengotoanotherplace,thatplacewillnotbecountedashisWatn.Forexample,Universitystudentswhoforaperiodoftime,movetoanothercitytostudy.Issue295:Ifaperson,withouttheintentionofstayinginaplaceforever,orwithouttheintentionedofleavingthatplace,staysinaplaceforsuchaperiodoftimethatthepeopleofthatareacounthimasaresidentthere,thenthatplacewillhavetherulingofhisWatn.Issue296:IfsomeonegoestoaplacethatwaspreviouslyhisWatn,butnowhehasturnedawayfromthatplace;meaning,hehasdecidedthathewillnotreturntherewiththeintentiontolive,thenhemustnotrecitehisSalatinfull,evenifhehasnotyetchosenanotherplaceforhisWatn.Issue297:ThetravelerwhoisreturningtohisWatnmustreadhisSalatinfullfromthetimehecanseetheboundariesofhiscity.

Theintentionoftendays

Issue298:Ifatravellerwhomadetheintentionofstayinginaplacefortendaysstaysformorethantendaysinthatplace,thenaslongashehasnottraveled(fromthisplace),hisSalatmustberecitedinfull.Itisnotnecessaryforhimtomaketheintentionthathewillbestayingforanothertendays.Issue299:Ifatraveller,whohadmadetheintentiontostayinaplacefortendays,changeshismind,then:1.IfbeforerecitinganyfourRak’atSalat,hechangeshisintention(tostaythere)thenhemustprayhisSalatintheformofQasr(twoRak’at).2.IfafterrecitingonefourRak’atSalat,heturnsbackfromhisintention,thenforthetimethatheisinthatplace,hemustrecitehisSalatinfull.

SalatulQada

SalatulQada,referstothatSalatwhichisprayedafteritstimehaselapsed.Issue300:ApersonmustrecitetheWajibSalatinitsspecifiedtime,andintheeventthatwithoutavalid

excuse,theSalatismadeQada,onehascommittedasin,andmustrepenttoAllah(SWT)andperformtheQadaofthatSalat.Issue301:Intwoinstances,performingtheQadaoftheSalatisWajib:1.TheWajibSalathadnotbeenrecitedinitspropertime.2.AfterthetimeoftheSalathaspassed,onerealizesthattheSalatthathadbeenrecitedwasvoid.Issue302:SomeonewhohasQadaSalattoperform,mustnottaketheseSalatlightly,butitisnotWajibthattheybeperformedimmediately.Issue303:TheSalatwhichareQadafromonedaymustberecitedintheirorder,butifSalatulAsrofoneday,andSalatul²uhrofanotherdaybecomeQada,thentheydonothavetobeprayedinorder.Issue304:OnewhoknowsthathehassomeQadaSalat,butdoesnotknowhowmany;forexample,hedoesnotknowifhehadfourorfiveQadatomakeup,itwillbesufficienttoperformthelowernumberofSalat.Issue305:IfoneknewtheamountofQadaSalat,butforgottheactualnumber,thenitisbetterthatonepraysenoughSalattohavecertainitythatalloftheQadaSalathavebeenmadeup.Issue306:OneisallowedtopraytheQadaSalatinJama’at,whethertheSalatoftheImamoftheJama’atisAdaorQada,anditisnotnecessarythatoneisprayingthesameSalatastheImam.Forexample,ifonehasQadaforSalatulFajr,itisnoproblemifthisisprayedwiththe²uhror‘AsroftheImamofJama’at.Issue307:IfatravellerwhomustprayhisSalatinQasr,makeshis²uhror‘Asror‘IshaQada,thenhemustmaketheQadaupbyprayingtwoRak’at,evenifhewishestomakethemupwhenheisnottravelling.Issue308:Oneisnotallowedtofastwhiletravelling,evensomuchsoasaQadafast,butonecanreadone’sQadaSalat.Issue309:Ifwhiletravelling,onewishestoreadtheSalatthatwasmadeQadawhilenotatraveler,thenhemustperformtheSalatofZuhr,‘Asrand‘IshaasfourRak’at.Issue310:SalatulQadacanbereadatanytime,meaningonecanevenpraytheQadaofSalatulFajrintheafternoonorevening.

TheQadaSalatoftheFatherandMother

Issue311:Aslongasapersonisalive,nootherpersoncanreadhisSalatforhim,evenifhehimselfisunabletoofferthem.Issue312:If,becauseofavalidexcuse,thefatherdidnotperformhisSalatorfasting,thenafterthedeath,itisWajibontheeldestsontoperformtheQadaofthose.However,iftheydidnotperofrmthem(theSalatorfasting)simplyoutofdisobedinece(oftheordersofAllah),thenaccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,theeldestsonhastoperformtheQadaofthem.

SalatulJama’at

OneoftheissuesthatIslamhasgivenalotofimportancetoistheunityoftheIslamicnation,andinordertoprotectandmaintainthecontinuationofthisunity,aspecialprogramhasbeenladout;andoneofthespecialtiesofthisprogramisSalatulJama’at.InSalatulJama’at,apersonwhoholdscertainqualifications,standsinfrontofthecongregation,andotherslineupinanorganizedfashionbehindhim,andtogethertheyrecitetheSalat.ThepersonwhostandsupinfrontoftheJama'at,toleadtheothersinSalatiscalledtheImamofJama'at,andthepeoplewhoarebehindhim,andarefollowinghiminSalatarecalledtheMa’moom.

ImportanceofSalatulJama'at

WhathasbeenmentionedcontinuouslyinthehadithaboutSalatulJama'atisthatitholdsagreatreward.Wewillnowgointosomeoftherulesofthisveryimportantactofworship,andpointoutsomeofthefinerpointsrelatedtoit.Issue313:ParticipatinginSalatulJama'atisMustahabforallMuslims,especiallyforthosewholivenearaMasjid.Issue314:ItisMustahabthatonebepatientsoastoreadhisSalatinJama'at.Issue315:EvenifSalatulJama'atisnotreadrightwhenthetimesetsin,itisstillbetterthanrecitingtheSalatindividually(Furada7)initsprimetime.Issue316:TheSalatinJama'atthatisreadquicklyandshorterisbetterthanaFuradaSalatthatisrecitedslowly.Issue317:ItisnotproperthatapersonmissSalatulJama'atwithoutavalidreason.Issue318:ItisnotpermissibleforonetobeabsentatSalatulJama'atbecauseofconsideringitatrivialmatter(regardingitasbeingunimportant).

ConditionsforSalatulJama'at

Issue319:OnceSalatulJama'athasbeenestablished,thefollowingconditionsmustbeobserved:1.TheMa’moommustnotbeinfrontoftheImam,andaccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,theyshouldstandalittlebehindtheImam.2.ThestandingplaceoftheImammustnotbehigherthanthestandingplaceoftheMa’moom.3.ThedistancebetweentheImamandMa’moom,andthegapbetweentherowsmustnotbetoomuch,andaccordingtoIhtiyat,thegapshouldnotbemorethanonefoot.4.BetweentheImamandMa’moom,andalsobetweentherows,thereshouldnotbeanyseparatorlikeawallorcurtain-butacurtainorthingslikethisthatareusedtoseparatethemenfromthewomen,isnotaproblem.Issue320:TheImamoftheJama'atmustbeBaligh,andJust(‘Adil),andmustknowhowtorecitetheSalatinthepropermanner.ConnectingorJoininginSalatulJama'atIssue321:IneachRak’at,oneisallowedtojoininwiththeImambetweentheQira’atandRuku’,therefore,ifonedoesnotreachtheImamwhenheisinRuku’,thenonemustwaituntilthenextRak’attojoinin,andifonereachestheImaminRuku’,itwillcountasoneRak’athavingbeenread.Issue322:VariousinstanceswhereonecanjointheSalatulJama'at:•FirstRak’at•DuringtheQira’at:TheMa’moommustnotreadal-FatihaandthesecondSurah,andtherestoftheactionsareperformedwiththeImam.•InRuku':TheRuku'andtherestoftheactionsareperformedwiththeImam.•SecondRak’at•DuringtheQira’at:TheMa'moommustnotreadal-FatihaandthesecondSurah,butfollowstheImaminQunutandRuku'andSajdah.WhentheImamoftheJama'atisrecitingtheTashahhud,accordingtoIhtiyatWajib,onemustsituppartially8,andifthisSalatisatwoRak’atSalat,onemustreadonemoreRak’atonhisownandthencompletetheSalat.ButiftheSalatisthreeorfourRak’at,theninthesecondRak’at,whichwouldbethethirdRak’atoftheImam,theSurahal-FatihaandthesecondSurahmustberead(eveniftheImamisreadingtheTasbihat),andwhentheImamoftheJama'atfinisheshisthirdRak’atandstandsupforhisfourthRak’at,the

Ma'moom,afterthetwoSajdahsmustrecitetheTashahhud,andthenstandupforhisthirdRak’at.InthefinalRak’atoftheSalat,whentheImamoftheJama'atreadstheTashahhudandSalamtofinishtheSalat,onemuststandupandreciteonemoreRak’at.•InRuku':TheRuku'isperformedwiththeImamoftheJama'at,andtherestoftheSalatisperformedaswaspreviouslymentioned.•ThirdRak’at•DuringtheQira’at:IntheeventthatoneknowsthatifonejoinstheJama'at,therewillbeenoughtimetoreciteSurahal-FatihaandthesecondSurah,orevensufficienttimetoreciteSurahal-Fatihaalone,thenoneisallowedtojointheJama'at,andonemustreadal-FatihaandthesecondSurahoratleastSurahal-Fatiha.However,ifknowingthatonedoesnothavetheabilitytoreadtheSurahs,thenaccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,onemustbepatientuntiltheImamoftheJama'atgoesintoRuku',andthenjointheSalat.•InRuku':IntheeventthatonewantstojoinduringRuku',theRuku'mustbeperformedwiththeImam,andtherecitationofal-FatihaandthesecondSurahisdropped,andtherestoftheSalatwillbeperformed,aswaspreviouslyexplained.•FourthRak’at•DuringtheQira’at:ThishasthesamerulingasjoininginthethirdRak’at.Therefore,whentheImamoftheJama'atissittinginhisfinalRak’atgettingreadytorecitetheTashahhudandSalam,accordingtoIhtiyatWajib,theMa’moommustsituppartially(aswasexplainedpreviously)andwaituntiltheTashahhudandtheSalamoftheImamoftheJama'atarefinished,andthengetup(andcontinuewithhisSalat).•InRuku':TheRuku'andtheSajdahsareperformedwiththeImam(atthispointthefourthRak’atoftheImamwillbethefirstRak’atoftheMa’moom),andthentherestoftheSalatwillbeperformed,aswaspreviouslyexplained.

TheRulesofSalatulJama'at

Issue323:WhentheImamoftheJama'atisrecitingoneofthedailySalat,thenonecanfollowtheImaminanydailySalat.Therefore,iftheImamisreadingSalatul‘Asr,theMa'moomisallowedtorecitehisSalatul²uhr(behindtheImam),orifaftertheMa'moomhasfinishedrecitingSalatul²uhr,theSalatulJama'atbecomesestablished,oneisallowedtoreciteSalatul‘AsrwiththeSalatul²uhroftheImamofJama'at.Issue324:TheMa'moomisallowedtoreadhisownSalatulQada’withtheSalatulAdaoftheImam,evenifitistheQada’SalatofanotherdailySalat;forexample,iftheImamoftheJama'atisreadingSalatul²uhr,theMa'moomisallowedtoreadtheQada’ofSalatulFajr.Issue325:SalatulJama'atcanbeestablishedwithaminimumoftwopeople,onebeingtheImam,andtheotherbeingtheMa'moom,exceptinthecasesofSalatulJumu’ah,andSalatul‘EidFitrandQurban.Issue326:MustahabSalatcannotbereadinJama'at,excepttheSalattoprayforrain9Issue327:TheMa’moommustnotsaytheTakbiratulIhrambeforetheImamsaysit.Rather,aslongastheTakbiroftheImamhasnotcompleted,theMa’moommustnotrecitetheirs.Issue328:TheMa’moommustreciteeverythingintheSalathimself,exceptforal-Fatihaandthe(second)Surah.However,ifthefirstorsecondRak’atoftheMa’moomcoincideswiththethirdorfourthRak’atoftheImam,thenthetwoSurahsmustberecited.

SalatulJumu‘ah

OneoftheweeklygatheringsfortheMuslimsisonJumu‘ah(Friday),andonthisday,alongwithSalatul

Zuhr,theMuslimscanreciteSalatulJumu‘ahbutaccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,SalatulJumu‘ahdoesnotsufficeinplaceofSalatul²uhr.AsforthebenefitsofthisSalat,itsufficestomentionthataSurahoftheQur'anhasbeenmentionedinregardstothisSalat,andtheMo’mininhavebeeninvitedtobepresentintheSalatofJumu‘ah.

HowtoreciteSalatulJumu‘ah

Issue329:SalatulJumu‘ahisatwoRak’atSalat,justlikeSalatulFajr,exceptthatitcontainstwokhutbah(speeches)performedbytheImamofJumu'ahbeforetheSalattakesplace.Issue330:AccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,theImamofJumu‘ahmustreadSurahal-FatihaandthesecondSurahinaloudvoice.Issue331:InSalatulJumu‘ah,itisMustahabthatinthefirstRak’atafteral-Fatiha,SurahJumu‘ahberecited,andinthesecondRak’atafteral-Fatiha,SurahMunafiqunberecited.Issue332:ItisMustahabtoperformtwoQunutinSalatulJumu‘ah,oneinthefirstRak’atbeforeRuku',andoneinthesecondRak’atafterRuku'.

TheConditionsforSalatulJumu‘ah

Issue333:ThefollowingpointsmustbeobservedinSalatulJumu‘ah:

•AllthepointsthatmustbefollowedinSalatulJama'at,mustalsobefollowedinSalatulJumu‘ah.

•TheSalatmustberecitedinJama'atanditisincorrectifrecitedindividually.•TheminimumamountofpeopletakingpartinSalatulJumu‘ahmustbefive,meaningoneImamandfourMa'moom.•Theremustbeaminimumdistanceofonefarsakh.(Approximately5.4Kilometersor3.4miles)betweentwoSalatulJumu‘ah.

TheResponsibilityofthePersonMakingSalatulJumu‘ah

Issue334:AccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,theMa'moommustlistentotheJumu‘ahkhutbah.Issue335:AccordingtoIhtiyatMustahab,oneshouldrefrainfromspeaking.Issue336:AccordingtoIhtiyatMustahab,whiletheImamisdeliveringtheKhutbah,thepeopleattendingtheJumu‘ahshouldbesitting,facingtheImamandshouldnotlookfromsidetoside.Issue337:IfapersondoesnotreachtheSalatofJumu‘ahinthefirstRak’at,buthemanagestoreachitinthesecondRak’at,evenifitbewhiletheyareinthestateofRuku’,thenhisSalatwillbecorrect,andheonlyneedstoprayoneRak’atonhisown.

SalatulAyat

Issue338:OneoftheWajibSalatisSalatulAyat,whichbecomesWajibwiththeoccurrenceofnaturaleventssuchas:Earthquakes,LunarEclipses,SolarEclipses,LighteningandThunder,andYellowandRedCyclones,intheinstancesthatmostpeoplewouldbecomefrightenedbythenaturalevent.

HowtoreciteSalatulAyat

Issue339:SalatulAyatconsistsoftwoRak’atandeachRak’athasfiveRuku'.BeforeeachRuku',Surahal-FatihaandoneotherSurahfromtheQur'anmustberecited.However,oneisalsoallowedtobreakuptheSurahsintofivepartsandbeforeeachRuku',reciteonepartofthebrokenSurah;andinthisway,inthetwoRak’ats,twoSurahal-FatihaandtwootherSurahsoftheQur'anwillberecited.WewillnowexplainhowSalatulAyatcanberecitedbysplittingupSurahal-Iklhas.

FirstRak’at

•AftertheTakbiratulIhram,Surahal-Fatihamustberead,andthen:" میحرلا نمحرلا هللا مسب “isrecited,andthenonewillgointoRuku'.•Onewillthenstandup,andsay:“ دحا هللا وه لق ”andgobackintoRuku'.•Again,onewillstandupandsay:“ دمصلا هللاا ”andgointoRuku'.•Then,onewillstandupandsay:“ دلوی مل و دلی مل ”andgointoRuku'.•FromtheRuku',onewillstandup,andrecite:“ دحا اوفك هل كی مل intogothenand”وRuku'.WhenonecomesbackupfromRuku',onewillgointoSajdahandafterperformingthetwoSajdahs,willgetbackupandperformthesecondRak’at.

SecondRak’at

ThesecondRak’atistobeperformedjustasthefirstRak’at,andthereaftertheTashahhudandSalamaretoberecitedtocompletetheSalat.

TheRulesofSalatulAyat

Issue340:Onlythepeople,wholiveinthatareawhereoneofthenaturaleventsoccurs,needtoreciteSalatulAyat,andtheSalatdoesnotbecomeWajibonthoselivinginotherareas.Issue341:IfinthefirstRak’atofSalatulAyat,onerecitesSurahal-FatihaandacompleteSurahfivetimes,andinthesecondRak’at,recitesSurahal-FatihaonceandbreaksupthesecondSurahinfiveparts,thentheSalatwillbecorrect.Issue342:ItisMustahabthatafterthesecondRuku',thefourthRuku',thesixthRuku',theeighthRuku'andthetenthRuku',thatQunutbeperformed,andevenifoneQunutisperformedafterthetenthRuku',this(too)issufficient.Issue343:EachoftheRuku'inSalatulAyatisaRukn,andifintentionallyorunintentionallyoneistakenoutoradded,theSalatwillbecomevoid.Issue344:SalatulAyatcanberecitedinJama’at,andifitisrecitedinJama’at,thenonlytheImamwouldreadSurahal-FatihaandthesecondSurah.

MustahabSalat

Issue345:TherearemanyMustahabSalat10,howeversinceitisnotpossibletoincludealloftheminthiswriting,wehaveincludedthosethathavethemostimportance:

Salatul‘Eid

Issue346:Inthetwo‘Eids,‘EidofFitrand‘EidofQurban,recitingthespecialSalatof‘EidisMustahab.

TheTimeofSalatul-‘Eid

Issue347:ThetimeforSalatul-‘Eid,isfromtherisingofthesununtilZuhr.Issue348:ItisMustahabthaton‘Eidal-Fitr,afterthesunhasrisenup,oneshouldeatsomefood,paytheZakatul-Fitr11andthenpraytheSalatul-’Eid.

HowtoReciteSalatul-‘Eid

Salatul-’EidconsistsoftwoRak’atwithnineQunut,andisrecitedinthefollowingmanner:•InthefirstRak’atofSalat,afteral-FatihaandthesecondSurah,fiveTakbirmustberecited,andaftereachTakbir,aQunutisperformed.AfterthefifthQunut,anotherTakbirissaid,andthenonegoesintoRuku’,followedbythetwoSajdahs.•InthesecondRak’at,afteral-HamdandthesecondSurah,fourTakbirarerecited,andaftereachTakbir,aQunutisperformed,andafterthefourthQunut,anotherTakbirissaid,andthenonegoesintoRuku’,performstwoSajdah,andthenfinishesoffwithTashahhudandSalam.•IntheQunutofSalatul-’Eid,anyDua’orDhikrthatisrecitedissufficient,butitisbetterthatthefollowingDua’isprayed:( لها و توربجلا و دوجلا لها و ةمظعلا و ءایربكلا لها مهللااذه قحب كلأسا ةرفغملا و ىوقتلا لها و ةمحرلا و وفعلاهلآ و هیلع هللا ىلص دمحمل و ادیع نیملسملل هتلعج يذلا مویلادمحم لآ و دمحم ىلع ىلصت نا ادیزم و ةمارك و افرش و ارخذ

نا و دمحم لآ و ادمحم هیف تلخدا ریخ لك يف ينلخدت نا وكتاولص دمحم لآ و ادمحم هنم تجرخا ءوس لك نم ينجرختكدابع هب كلأس ام ریخ كلأسا ينا مهللا مهیلع و هیلع

نوصلخملا كدابع هنم ذاعتسا امم كبذوعا و نوحلاصلا )

TheNafilahoftheDailySalat

TheNafilahofthedailySalat-otherthanthedayofJumu’ah-total34Rak’at.Amongthemarethe11Rak’atNafilahofthenight,twoRak’atNafilahofSalatulFajr,andtwoRak’atNafilahof‘Isha’,andtherewardofprayingthisisgreat.12

SalatulLail(NightPrayers)

Issue349:SalatulLailconsistsof11Rak’atwhicharetoberecitedinthefollowingsequence:•TwoRak’atNiyyatofNafilahSalatulLail•TwoRak’atNiyyatofNafilahSalatulLail•TwoRak’atNiyyatofNafilahSalatulLail•TwoRak’atNiyyatofNafilahSalatulLail•TwoRak’atNiyyatofNafilahSalatulShafa’•OneRak’atNiyyatofNafilahSalatulWitr

TheTimeforSalatulLail

Issue350:ThebesttimeforSalatulLailisfrommidnightuntiltheAdhanofFajr,andthecloserthatitisreadtotheAdhanofFajr,thebetteritis.Issue351:Peoplewhoaretravelling,andthosewhofindithardtoreciteSalatulLailafterthemiddleofthenight,canperformtheseNafilahinthebeginningofthenight.

SalatulGhufailah

Issue352:AnotherSalatfromamongthosewhichareMustahabisSalatulGhufailah,whichisperformedbetweenSalatulMaghriband‘Isha.

TheMethodofPrayingSalatulGhufailah

Issue353:SalatulGhufailahconsistsoftwoRak’at,andinthefirstRak’at,afteral-Hamd,thefollowingayahmustberead:AndinthesecondRak’at,afteral-Hamd,thefollowingayahisread:AndintheQunut,thisDua’isread:________________1.Inmostcities,likeMakkah,theshadowcompletelydisappears,sowhenitreappearsagain,itindicatesthatZuhrhasstarted.2.Approximately11¼hoursaftermidday(accordingtoIslamicLaw)isthefinaltimeforSalatulMaghrib&Ishaforexampleifmiddayisat12:15PM,"midnight"wouldbeat11:30PM.3.Thisrulehasmanyexceptions,whicharefurtherexplainedintheTawzihulMasa’il,inrule856.4.IntheTawzihulMasa’il,otherruleshavealsobeenmentioned.Forabetterunderstandingoftheserules,pleaserefertorules875to901.5.Thisrulereferstoprayingwhilestandinginfrontofthegravewithone’sbacktothegraveoftheProphet(a.s),orAimmah(a.s)((Translator’sNote)).6.Tolearnaboutmoreofthemubtilatofsalat,onecanrefertorule1135intheTawzihulMasa’il.7.TheSalatthatisreadalone,notinJama’at,iscalledsalatulFurada.8.ThisactionofsittinguppartiallyiscalledTajaf.9.ThisSalatiscalledSalatulIstisqa’.10.MustahabSalatarereferredtoasNafilah.11.Zakatul-Fitrisoneofthewajibatofpropertythatmustbegivenonthedayof‘Eidal-Fitr.(SeeIssue384)12.FormoreinformationontheNafilahofthedailySalat,pleaserefertotheTauzhiulMasa’il,rulenumber772.

FastingOneoftheotherWajibactsandyearlyprogramsofIslam,fortheself-buildingoftheMuslimisfasting.Inthisactofworship,apersonleavesvariousactions,whichwillbeexplainedshortly,fromtheAdhanofFajruntilMaghrib,onlyinobediencetothecommandofAllah(SWT).

NiyyatforFasting

Issue354:Fastingisoneoftheactsofworship,andmustbeperformedforthepleasureofAllah(SWT)(ComplyingwiththeorderofAllah(SWT)),andthisistheNiyyatoffasting.Issue355:ApersoncanspecifytheNiyyateachprecedingnightforthemonthofRamadhanforthefollowingdaysfast,butitisbetterthattheNiyyatbemadeonthefirstnightofthemonth,fortheentiremonthsfasts.Issue356:ItisnotnecessarythattheNiyyatberecitedwiththetongue(spoken),rather,evenifonedoesnotperformthoseactionsthatmakethefastvoidfromtheAdhanofFajruntilMahgribbecause(onewishes)tofollowthecommandmentsofAllah(SWT),thenthistoowillbesufficient.

TheThingsthatMaketheFastVoid

Issue357:ThepersonfastingmustavoidcertainactsfromtheAdhanofFajruntilMahgrib,andifanyoftheseactsareperformed,thenthefastwillbecomevoid.Thecollectionoftheseactionsarereferredtoasthe“ThingswhichmaketheFastvoid”,includethefollowing:•Eatinganddrinking•Havingathickdust(orsmoke)reachthethroat•Placingthecompleteheadunderwater•VomitingOtherthanthethingslistedabove,therearealsootheractionsthatmaketheFastvoid,andonewhowouldliketolearntheseadditionalthingscanrefertotheTaudhiulMasail,rulenumber1581formoreinformation.

TheRulesofthoseThingsthatMaketheFastVoid

EatingandDrinking

Issue358:Ifthepersonwhoisfastingintentionallyeatsordrinkssomething,thenhisfastwillbecomevoid.Issue359:Ifsomeoneintentionallyswallowssomefoodthatwasstuckbetweentheteeth,thenthefastwillbecomevoid.Issue360:Swallowingthesalivathatisinthemouthdoesnotmakethefastvoid,nomatterhowmuchisswallowed.Issue361:Ifthepersonwhoisfastingaccidentallyeatsordrinkssomething(becausehedoesnotrememberthatheisfasting),thenthefastwillnotbecomevoid.Issue362:Apersonisnotallowedtobreakhisfastifhefeelsweak,butifhisweaknessistosuchanextentthatnormallyonecannottolerateit,thenthereisnoprobleminbreakingthefast.

HavinganInjection

Issue363:Havinganinjectionorgettingserum(forexampleanintravenous)doesnotmakethefastvoid.

Allowingthickdust(orsmoke)toreachthethroat

Issue364:Ifthickdustreachestothethroatofapersonwhoisfasting,thenthefastwillbecomevoid,whetherthedustisadrydustlikeflourorsomethingthatisnotdrylikedirt.

Placingthecompleteheadunderwater

Issue365:Ifapersonwhoisfastingsubmergeshisentireheadunderwater,thenaccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,thefastwillbecomevoid.Issue366:Ifapersonwhoisfastingisforcedintothewater(notbyhisownwill),andhiscompleteheadgoesunderwater;orifheforgetsthatheisfastingandsubmergeshisheadunderwater,thenhisfastwillnotbecomevoid.However,assoonasheremembers(thatheisfasting),hemustimmediatelyremovehisheadoutfromthewater.

Vomiting

Issue367:Anytimeapersonwhoisfastingintentionallyvomits,evenifitasaresultofsomesickness,thenthefastwillbecomevoid.Issue368:Ifapersonwhoisfastingdoesnotrememberthatheisfasting,orifheisforcedtovomit,thenthefastwillnotbecomevoid.

TheQada’andtheKaffarahoftheFast

TheQada’Fast

Issue369:IfsomeonedoesnotfastduringthemonthofRamadan,orhisfastbecomesvoid,thenhemustmakeuptheQada’ofthesefastsafterthemonthofRamadan.

KaffarahoftheFast

Issue370:Someonewhomakeshisfastbecomevoidwithoutavalidexcuse,bycommittingoneofthethingsthatbreaksthefast,mustperformtheQada’ofthefast,andmustalsofulfilloneofthefollowingactswhicharereferredtoastheKaffarah(orpenalties)(ofthefast):•Mustfreeoneslave.•Mustfastfortwomonthsofwhich31daysmustbeconsecutive.•Mustfeedsixtypoorpeople,orgiveonemudd1offoodtoeachofthem.IfaKaffarahbecomesWajibonsomebody,thenoneoftheabovethreementionedactsmustbeperformed;andbecauseintoday’sdayandage,thefreeingofaslaveisnotapplicableintermsofFiqh,thesecondorthirdpenaltymustbeperformed.Howeverifonedoesnothavetheabilitytoperformanyofthese,thenonemustgivesomeamountoffoodtoapoorperson,andifonecannotevenperformthis,thenonemustdoasmuchaspossibleandalsogiveSadaqah.Ifoneisnotevenabletodothis,thenonemustaskforforgivenessfromAllah(SWT).

TheRulesoftheQada’andtheKaffarahoftheFast

Issue371:ItisnotnecessarythattheQada’ofthefastbeperformedimmediately,butaccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,itmustnotbedelayeduntilthenextRamadan.

Issue372:OnemustnotbenegligentaboutgivingtheKaffarah,butitisnotnecessarythattheKaffarahbegivenimmediately,andevenifafewyearspassbeforeitisfulfilled,nothinghastobeaddedtotheKaffarah.Issue373:Ifsomeonedoesnotfastduetoanexcusesuchastravelling,andafterthemonthofRamadantheexcusegoesaway,anduntilthenextRamadanintentionallydoesnotmakeuptheQada’fast,theninadditiontomakinguptheQada’fast,onemustalsogiveoneMuddoffoodtoapoorpersonforeachfastthatwasmissed.Evenifduetoanexcuse,theQada’fastwasnotmadeup,thenaccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,inadditiontoperformingtheQada’fast,onemustalsogiveoneMuddoffoodtoapoorperson.Issue374:IfsomeoneisnotabletofastduetosicknessandthissicknesscontinuesuntilthenextRamadan,thenthepersonisnotresponsibleformakinguptheQada’ofthefast,howeveronemustgiveoneMuddoffoodtoapoorpersonforeveryfastthatwasmissed.

TheFastofaTraveller

Issue375:ThetravellerwhomustreducehisSalatfromfourRak’attotwoRak’atduringajourney,isnotallowedtofastwhileheistravelling,buthemustperformtheQada’ofthefast.AsforthetravellerwhoseSalatisprayedinfull,hemustfastwhileheistravelling–forexamplethepersonwhoseprofessionistravelling.Issue376:Apersonwhoisfastingandtravelsafter²uhrmustcontinuewithhisfast,anditwillbevalid.Issue377:Ifapersonwhoisfastingtravelsbefore²uhr,andreachestheHaddTarakkhusmeaninghereachesthepointwherehecannotheartheAdhanofhiscityandhecannotseethepeopleofhiscity-thenhisfastwillbecomeinvalid.Ifbeforehereachesthispoint,hedoessomethingtomakehisfastvoid,thenalongwithperformingtheQada’ofthefast,aKaffarahalsobecomesWajibuponhim.Issue378:ThereisnoproblemwithtravellingduringtheholymonthofRamadan,butifitisdonetoavoidfasting,thenitisMakruh.Issue379:Ifatravellerreacheshishome(Watn)oraplacewhereheintendstostayfortendaysbefore²uhr,thenintheeventthathehasnotcommittedanactthatmakesthefastvoid,hemustfastonthatday.Ifhehascommittedanactthatmakesthefastvoid,thenhemustnotfastonthatday.Issue380:IfatravellerreacheshisWatnoraplacewhereheintendstostayfortendaysafter²uhr,thenhemustnotfastonthatday.

ZakatulFitrah

Issue381:OncethemonthofRamadanhasended-meaningonthedayof‘EidulFitr–onemustgiveacertainamountofone’sownwealthtothepoor,withtheNiyyatofZakatulFitrah.

TheAmountofZakatulFitrah

Issue382:Foroneselfandthosewhoareone’sdependants;suchasone’sspouseandchildren,onemustgiveoneSa’perperson,whichisapproximatelythreekilograms(asZakat).

TheItemsthatcanbegivenforZakatulFitrah

Issue383:TheitemsthatcanbegivenasZakatulFitraharethingssuchaswheat,barely,dates,raisins,rice,cornandotherthingssuchasthese;andifonegivesthevalueofthesethingsincash,ittoowillbesufficient.

_______________1.Onemuddoffoodisapproximatelytensr(750grams)ofwheatorbarleyorthingslikethis.

KhumsOneoftheeconomicresponsibilitiesoftheMuslimsistopaytheKhums;whichmeansthatoncertainitems,1/5or20%(ofthevalueofthatitem)mustbepaidtoaMujtahid,whichwillbeusedforspecificpurposes.Issue384:KhumsisWajibonseventhings:•Profitorgainsfromearnings•Minerals•Treasures•Spoilsofwar•Gemsthathavebeenobtainedfromtheseabydiving.•TheHalalwealthwhichismixedwithHaramwealth.•ThelandwhichaKafirDhimmi1(Anon-MuslimlivingundertheprotectionoftheIslamicGovernment)purchasesfromaMuslim.Issue385:JustlikeSalatandFasting,thepayingofKhumsisoneoftheWajibat,andanyonewhopossessesoneoftheseventhingslistedabove,mustactaccordingtothatwhichwillfollow(inrelationtothepayingofKhums).OneoftheinstancesofKhumsthatincludemostpeopleinthesocietyisgivingKhumsonthatwhichexceedsapersonandhisfamilies’yearlyexpenses(benefit/profitfromworking).Islamrespectsapersonworkingandearning,andthusplacespreferenceoversecuringone’sneedsoverthatofpayingtheKhums.Therefore,onewhocansecurehis(financial)needsfromhisearnings,ifaftersecuringhis(financial)needsnothingremainsattheendoftheyear,thenKhumswillnotbeobligatoryonhim.But,ifaftercalculatingallthenormalexpensesforhislife(andthemaintenanceofhisfamily)accordingtohis(social)statusandneeds,andwithoutbeingextravagantormiserly,ifsomethingremainsattheendoftheyear,then1/5(or20%)ofthatwhichremainsmustgotowardsthespecifiedexpense(ofKhums),and4/5(80%)oftheamountthatisleftcanbeputintoone’ssavings.

TheRulesofKhums

Issue386:UntilKhumshasbeengivenonone’sproperty,oneisnotallowedtospendfromthatproperty,meaning,oneisnotallowedtoeatthatfoodonwhichKhumshasnotbeentakenouton.Similarly,oneisnotallowedbuythingsfromthatmoneyonwhichKhumshasnotbeentakenouton.Issue387:Ifattheendofoneyear,theprovisionsorfoodssuchasrice,oil,ortea,thathadbeenpurchasedfromone’swealthforuseduringtheyearremaininexcess,thenKhumsmustbepaidonthem(theexcess).Issue388:IfaNon-Balighchildhassomemoney,andfromthatmoneyreceivesaprofit,andifthismoneyremainsuntilhebecomesBaligh,thenafterbecomingBaligh,hemustgivetheKhums(onthatmoney).

TheSpendingofKhums

Issue389:TheKhumsistobedividedintotwoportions-halfofwhichiscalledSahmImamaz-Zaman(‘a)andmustbegiventotheMujtahidwhoisJam’al-Sharaitorhisrepresentative-andtheotherhalfmustbegiventopoorSayyids,SayyidswhoareorphanedoraSayyidwhohasbeenstrandedonajourney(referredtoasSahmas-Sadat)._________________1.TheChristians,JewsandZoroastriansthathavemadeacontractwiththeIslamicrulerthattheywillpayacertainamountofmoneyintax,andthattheywillacceptthespecificconditions(thatarelistedinthedetailedbooksoffiqh),arereferredtoasKafirDhimmi,andtheirlivesandpropertiesareprotected(inexchangeforpayingthetaxandacceptingtheconditions).

ZakatOneoftheotherimportanteconomicalresponsibilitiesofMuslimsisthepayingofZakat.AsfortheimportanceofZakat,itsufficestopointoutthatintheGloriousQur'an,afterthementioningofSalat,Zakatismentioned.PayingZakatisalsocountedasoneofthesignsoffaithandrighteousactions.IncountlesshadithfromtheMa¥umin(‘a),ithasbeennarratedthat:“OnewhodoesnotpayZakat,isoutofthereligionofIslam.”Zakat,justlikeKhums,hasitsownspecificinstances.OnepartofZakatisataxonthebodyandlife,thatonceayear,thosepeoplewhohavetheabilitytopaythistax(fromtheviewpointofproperty),itbecomesWajibonthemonthedayof‘Eidal-Fitr.TherulesrelatedtothistypeofZakatwereexplainedattheendofthesectiononFasting.TheotherdivisionofZakatistheZakatonwealth,butthisdoesnotmeanthatitisnecessaryorincludesallthepropertyofaperson-ratherZakatisonlyWajibonninethings.Issue390:ThingsthatZakatisWajibtobepaidonarethefollowing:Wheat,barley,dates,raisins,camels,cows,goats,goldandsilver.Issue391:ZakatbecomesWajibintheeventthattheitemthatZakatmustbepaidonreachesacertainquantity.Theseamountshavebeengiveninthefollowingtable:

TypeofPropertyAmountAmountofZakatThatmustbePaid1WheatApproximately847.2071/10intheeventthatthecropswereirrigatedwithrainwaterandwaterfromariver.2BarleyKilograms1/20intheeventthatthecropswereirrigatedbyhandwatering,orbyajug,orbyawaterpump.3DatesOnecamel3/40intheeventthatthecropswereirrigatedbybothmethods.4RaisinsUpto25camelsOnesheep5Camels26ormorecamelsOnesheepforevery5camels6Cows30cowsOnecamel

One,oneyearoldcowthathasjustenteredintoitssecondyear.7Sheep40SheepOneSheep8Gold15Mithqal1/409Silver105Mithqal1/40Abriefnote:Camels,cowsandsheepalsohaveotherquantities(thatZakatbecomesWajibon),andforacompletelistingoftheserules,onecanrefertotheTawdhiulMasail,rules1918-1932.

TheRulesofZakat

Issue392:Ifforacompleteyear,theanimalsgrazefromthegrassofthewilderness,thenZakatwillbecomeWajibontheseanimals.Therefore,ifduringtheyear,orforapartoftheyear,thegrassthatispickedorthat,whichiscultivated,iseaten,thenZakatwillnotbepaidontheseanimals.Issue393:TheZakatofgoldandsilverbecomesWajibintheeventthattheamountreachesoneSikke-thatwhichonecandobusinesswith.Therefore,theamountwomenpossessandusethesedaysdoesnothaveanyZakatliableonit.Issue394:PayingtheZakatisoneoftheactsofworshipandmustbegivenwiththeintentionofZakatandwiththeNiyyatofbeingpaidforthepleasureofAllah(SWT).

TheDisposalofZakat

Issue395:ThereareeightwaysinwhichtheZakatcanbedisposedof;andonecandisposeofone’sZakatinallorsomeoftheseways.Thefollowingaresomeoftheexamplesoftheseplaces:•Itcanbegiventothepooranddestitute.•Itcanbegiventothosenon-Muslimswho,ifZakatisgiventothem,maybecomeinclinedtoIslamortheymayhelpMuslimsinthetimeofwar.•ItmaybespentinthewayofAllah;meaning,inthosethingsthathaveacommonbenefitfortheMuslimsorabenefitforIslam-forexample,buildingawell,bridgeorMasjid1________________1.Formoreinformationontheusesofzakat,onecanrefertotheTawzhiulMasa’il,rulenumber1933.

TheRulesofBuyingandSellingIssue396:ItisWajibthatapersonlearnstherulesofbuyingandsellingthathewillcommonlyhaveaneedfor.Issue397:ItisHaramtosellandrentahouseorotherthingsthatwillbeusedforHaram.Issue398:Buyingandselling,keeping,writing,andreadingnewspapers,magazinesandbooksthatcanleadpeopleastrayisHaram,andthesameappliesforteachingfromsuchbooks.(Apersoncansellsuchthingsif)heknowsthatthepersonwhowillbuythemisapersonwhoissoundinhisbeliefs,and(whoisbuyingthem)foragoodreasonliketoanswerquestionsraisedintheseitems.Issue399:ItisHaramtosellaproductwhichhasbeenmixedwithsomethingelsesuchthatitisnotclearwhattheproductis,oriftheselleroftheproductdoesnotinformthepurchaser.Forexample,milkthathasbeenmixedwithwater.(SuchanactioniscalledGhash).

Issue400:Intransactions,theexactproductthatisbeingboughtandsoldmustbespecified,butitisnotnecessarytomentionthespecifics-suchthatifstatedornotwouldnothaveanaffectonthedesireorinclinationofthepeopleinrelationtothatproduct.Issue401:Inthebuyingandsellingoftwothingswhichareofthesametypeandwhicharesoldbyweightorquantity,ifmoreissold,itiscalledRiba(Interest)andisHaram;forexample,onegivesonetoneofwheat,andinreturn,takes1.2tones.Issue402:ItisMustahabthatthepersonsellingdoesnotdifferentiateinthepricebetweenthepeoplebuyingfromhim.Inaddition,oneshouldnotbefirminone’sprice,andifthebuyerorsellerwishestocancelthetransaction,thentheotherpersonshouldagreetoit.Issue403:ItisHaramtotakeanoathduringtransactionsifthatwhichissaidisalie,andifwhatissaidistrue,thenitisMakruh.CancellingaTransactionIssue404:Insomeinstances,thesellerorbuyerisallowedtocancelthetransaction.Someoftheseinstancesinclude:•Thebuyerorthesellerhasbeencheated.•Ifatthetimeofthetransaction,ithadbeenspecifiedthatforaspecificperiod,eitherparties,orevenoneofthetwopartiesisallowedtocancelthetransaction.Forexample,atthetimeofbuyingandsellingitisstatedthatifeitherpersonhassomesortofdoubt(aboutthetransaction),thenhehasthreedays(oncethedealismade)tobreakthecontract.•Thesellerandthebuyerhavenotseparatedfromeachother.Forexample,apersonpurchasessomethingfromastore,thenbeforeheleavesthestore,heisallowedtocancelthetransaction.•Theobjectthathadbeenboughtwasdefective,andafterthetransaction,itwasnoticed.•Thesellerexplainedtheitemtothepersonbuyingtheproduct,whohimselfdidnotseetheproduct’sspecialties,andlateritwasnoticedthatitwasnotasthesellerhadexplainedittobe.Forexample,onewastoldthatanotebookhas200pages,andlateritwasfoundtohavelessthanthisamount.Issue405:Ifafteratransaction,onenoticesadefectintheproductandrightawaydoesnotcancelthetransaction,thenlateron,onedoesnothavetherighttobreakthetransaction.

LoansGivingaloanisoneoftheMustahabactsthathasbeenhighlyemphasizedintheQur'anandAhadith,andontheDayofJudgement,theonewhohadgivenaloan,willbehighlyrewarded.

TheDivisionsofGivingaLoan

1.DurationLoan:Atthetimeofgivingaloan,itisspecifiedwhentheloanwillbepaidback.2.Non-DurationLoan:Thetimewhenaloanwillbepaidbackisnotspecified.

TheRulesofGivingaLoan

Issue406:Ifaloanisgivenandthetimewhenitwillbepaidbackisstated,thenaccordingtoIhtiyat

Wajib,thepersonwhohadgiventheloancannotaskfortheloantobepaidbackuntilthetimeperiodexpires.Issue407:Iftheloanisgivenwithoutaspecificperiodoftimeofwhenitwillbepaidback,thenthepersonwhohadgiventheloancanaskforitbackatanytime.Issue408:Ifthepersonwhogavetheloanrequestsfortheloantobepaidback,andifthepersonwhohadtakentheloanisabletopayitback,thenhemustpayitbackrightaway,andifhedelaysinitspayment,thenhehascommittedasin.Issue409:Ifthepersongivingtheloanmakesaconditionthatafteraperiodoftime,forexampleafteroneyear,hewilltakebackmore(thanthatwhichwasgiven),orhewillprovidesomeserviceforhim,thenthisisRiba(interest)anditisHaram.Forexample,ifonegives$150.00asaloanandmakestheconditionthatafteroneyear;onewilltakeback$200.00-thisisHaram.Issue410:Ifthepersongivingtheloandoesnotmaketheconditionthathewilltakemoreback,butthepersonwhohadtakentheloanhimselfgivesmoreback,thenthisisnoproblem,rather,thisisMustahab.

CustodyorTrustIfsomeonegiveshispropertytoanotherperson,andtellshimthathehasgivenittohimasatrustandthelatteracceptsit,thentheymustabidebythefollowingrules:

TheRulesRegardingCustodyorTrust

Issue411:Itisnotpermissableforapersontoacceptsomethingasatrustifhecannotlookafterit.Issue412:Someonewhogivessomethingasatrustcantakeitbackwheneverhewantsto.Similarly,thepersonwhoacceptedtolookafterthethingcangiveitbacktoitsownerwheneverhewishestodoso.Issue413:Ifonedoesnothaveasafeandsuitableplacetolookafteranitemthathehasacceptedasatrust,thenhemustprepareaplaceforit.Forexample,ifthetrustthatonehasbeengiven,isanamountofmoneyandheisnotabletokeepitinhishouse,thenhemustplaceitinthebank.Issue414:Thepersontakingcareofthetrustmustlookaftertheiteminsuchawaythatthepeoplewouldnotsaythatheisbeingdisloyal,orthathehasfallenshortinlookingaftertheitem.Issue415:Intheeventthatthetrustofapersonislost:1.Ifthepersonlookingafterthetrustdidnotpayattentionintakingcareofthetrust,thenhemustgiveorrepaytheownerforthatwhichwaslost.2.Ifinthetakingcareofthetrustonewasnotnegligent,andforotherreasonsthatpropertywaslost;forexample,awindtooktheitemaway,thenthepersonwhowasthecaretakeroftheitemwillnotberesponsibletopayitbacktotheowner.Issue416:Thepersontakingcareofapropertyisnotallowedtousetheitem,exceptwiththepermissionofitsowner.EatingandDrinkingAlmightyAllahhasmadenaturesobeautifulandhasplacedalltheanimals,fruitsandgreeneryatthedisposalofmankindforhisownuse,foreatinganddrinking,coveringhimself,tobuildhisshelter,andothernecessities.However,fortheprotectionofman’slife,andforthesecurityofhisbodyandsouland

forthosewhowillcomeafterhim,aswellastoprotecttherightsofothers-lawsandregulationshavebeenlaiddown,andsomeoftheoneswhichwillbeexplainedinthischapterarerelatedtoeatinganddrinking.Issue428:Eatingthosethingsthatareharmfultoaperson,isHaram.Issue429:Eatinganddrinkingthosethings,whichareNajis,isHaram.Issue430:EatingdirtisHaram.Issue431:EatingaverysmallamountofthedustfromthegraveofSayyidash-Shohadaal-Imamal-Husainbin'Ali(‘a),forShafa’(recovery)fromasicknessispermissable.Issue432:ItisWajibuponeveryMuslim,togivebreadandwatertothoseMuslimswhoarenearhim,whomayotherwisediefromhungerorthirstinordertosavetheirlives.TheEtiquettesofEatingIssue433:Thefollowingactions,whicharerelatedtoeatingfood,areMustahab:1.Washingthehandsbeforeandaftereating..2Saying“ هللا مسب ”whenstartingtoeat,andsaying“هللا دمحلا ”whenoneisfinishedeating.3.Eatingwiththerighthand.4.Eatingsmallbitesoffood.5.Chewingthefoodproperly.6.Washingfruitwithwaterbeforeeatingit.7.Ifmanypeoplearesittingatadinnertable,thenoneshouldstartwiththatfoodwhichisinfrontofhim.8.Thehostshouldstarteatingbeforealltheguests,andshouldfinishafterallofthem.Issue434:Thefollowingactions,whicharerelatedtoeatingfood,areMakruh:1.Eatingfoodwhenoneisfull.2.Eatingtoone’sfill(eatingtoomuchfood).3.Lookingatthefacesofotherswhileeating.4.Eatinghotfood.5.Blowingonhotfood.6.Cuttingthebreadwithaknife.7.Placingthebreadunderthedishes.8.Throwingawayfruitbeforeithasbeencompletelyeaten.TheEtiquettesofDrinkingWaterIssue435:Thefollowingactions,whicharerelatedtodrinkingwater,areMustahab:1.Drinkingwaterwhilestanding,inthedaytime..2Beforedrinkingwater,saying“ هللا مسب ”andsaying“هللا دمحلا ”whenoneisfinisheddrinkingthewater.3.Drinkingwaterinthreesips.4.Afterdrinkingwater,rememberingHadhratImamHusaynibn'Ali('a),hisfamily,andcompanions,andcursingtheirkillers.Issue436:Thefollowingactions,relatedtodrinkingwater,areMakruh:1.Drinkingtoomuch.2.Drinkingwateraftereatingfattyfoods.3.Drinkingwiththelefthand.4.Drinkingwhilestanding,intheevening.5.TheRulesofSlaughteringIssue437:IfthefourlargeveinsintheneckofananimalwhosemeatisHalaltoeat,arecompletelycutfromthebottomtothetop,thenwiththeconditionsthatarelistedbelow,thatanimalwillbeTahir,andHalaltoeat:ConditionsfortheSlaughteringofanAnimalIssue438:Therearefiveconditionsfortheslaughteringofananimal:

•ThepersonwhoisslaughteringtheanimalmustbeaMuslim.•Aninstrumentmadeofironmustbeusedtoslaughtertheanimal.•Atthetimeofslaughtering,theface,legs,feetandstomachoftheanimalmustbefacingQiblah.•Atthetimeofslaughtering,thenameofAllahmustbesaid,andevenifjust“ هللا مسب ”issaid,thisissufficient.•Aftertheanimalhasbeenslaughtered,itshouldmovearoundabitsothatonecanbesurethatitwasalive(beforebeingslaughtered).HuntingbyWeaponsIssue439:IfaHalalmeat,wildanimalishuntedwithaweapon,thenbytheconditionsthatwillbementioned,itwillbeTahirandthemeatwillbeHalal:•Theweaponofhuntingissomethingsuchas:asharpdaggerorknife,asword,somethingsharporpointedlikeadartoranarrow,anditssharpnessissuchthatitcutsthroughthebodyoftheanimal.•ThepersonwhoishuntingtheanimalmustbeaMuslim.•Theweaponmustbeusedforthehunt,therefore,ifoneisaimingforsomethingelse,andthenaccidentallyananimalishit,thatanimalwillnotbeHalal.•Atthetimeofusingtheweapon(forexampleatthetimeofshootingthearrow,)thenameofAllahmustbesaid.•Afterhuntingtheanimal,onemustquicklygotowardstheanimal,andwhenonereachesthere,ifitisdead,orifthereisnotenoughtimetoslaughtertheanimaltheniftheanimalhasnotyetdied,andthereisenoughtimetoslaughtertheanimal,butthisisnotdone,thenuntiltheanimaldies,itisHaramFishingIssue440:Ifafishthathasscalesistakenoutofthewateralive,anditdiesoutsidethewater,thenitisTahir,andHalaltoeat.However,ifitdiesinsidethewater,thenalthoughthebodyisTahir,itisHaramtoeat.Issue441:Asforthefishthatdoesnothavescales,evenifitistakenoutofthewateraliveandthenitdies,itisstillHaramtoeat.Issue442:ItisnotnecessarythatthepersonwhocatchesthefishbeaMuslimnorisitnecessarythatthenameofAllahistakenoverthefish.

ItemsthatarefoundIssue420:Ifsomeonefindssomethingbutdoesnottakeit,thennospecialresponsibilitiesfalluponhim.Issue421:Ifanitemisfound,thenthefollowingruleswillapplytoit:•Iftheitemdoesnothaveanyspecialsignswhichwouldhelponeinfindingits’owner,thenoneisallowedtotakeitforones’self,butaccordingtoIhtiyatMustahab,oneshouldgiveitawayasSadaqaonbehalfoftheowner.•Ifthevalueoftheitemisworthlessthan12.6chickpeasofcoinedsilver1,andtheownerisnotknown,thenonecankeepitforoneself.However,oncetheownerhasbeenfound,thenaccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,onemustreplaceorreturntheitemtoitsowner.•Ifthevalueoftheitemisnotlessthan12.6chickpeasofcoinedsilverandithassomespecialsignsonitthatwouldhelptoidentifytheowner,thenforthefirstweek,anannouncementmustbemadeeveryday,

andeachweekafterthat,itmustbeannouncedonceperweek.Intheeventthatafteroneyearofannouncing,theownerstillisnotfound,oneisallowedtokeepitfortheownersothatwheneverheisfound,theitemcanbegivenbacktohim.However,accordingtoIhtiyatMustahab,oneshouldgiveittoapoorperson,otherthanaSayyid,asSadaqa.

Issue422:Ifoneknowsthatannouncing(thelostitem)isofnobenefit,orthereisnohopeoffindingtheowner,thenitisnotnecessarytoannounce(thelostitem),butonecannotkeeptheitemforonesself.

Losingone’sShoes

Issue423:Ifsomeone’sshoesaretaken,andintheirplace,anotherpairofshoesareleft,thenintheeventthatoneknowsthattheshoesthatareremainingarethepropertyofthepersonwhotookhisshoes,andthatpersonwillbecontentthattheperson(whoseshoesweretaken)takeshisshoesinplaceofthestolenshoes,thenhecantaketheseshoesinsubstituteforhisownshoes.However,ifthevalueoftheshoesthatareleftbehindismorethanthevalueofonesownshoes,anditisnotpossibletofindtheownerofthoseshoes,thenaccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,withthepermissionoftheHakimShar’,theseshoesmustbegiventoapoorpersonwhoisnotaSayyid,asSadaqa.Issue424:Ifthepersonwhoseshoesweretaken,believestheyweretakenunintentionallyorthereisapossibilitythattheshoesthathavebeenleftbehindarenotthepropertyofanyonewhohadtakenhisshoes,andthatperson(whotookonesshoes)isnotavailable,thentheperson(whoseshoesweretaken)mustlookfortheowneroftheshoes(thatremainedbehind)andintheeventthatoneisnotabletofindtheperson,thenaccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,withthepermissionoftheHakimSharh’,onemustgive(thevalueoftheshoes),onebehalfoftheowner,withtheintentionofSadaqatoapoorpersonwhoisnotaSayyid._____________1.Thisamountofsilverisapproximately2.52grams,andatthetimethisbookwasbeingtranslated,itwasworthapproximately$0.20US.

LookingatOthersOneofthegiftsfromAllahtomakindisthegiftofsight.Wemustusethisgreatblessinginthepathtowardsperfectionandtoimproveothers,andourselvesandthuswemustpreventourselvesfromlookingatthosepeoplewhomwearenotpermittedtolookat.Lookingatthenaturalandapparentparts,aslongasitisdoesnotintrudeontherightsofothersisnotaproblem.Protectingothersandourselvesfromlookingatothers,towhomoneisaNon-Mahramhasspecifics,andsomeofthesewillbeexplainedinthischapter.

MahramandNon-Mahram

Issue443:AMahramisthatpersonwhooneisallowedtolookat-toacertainextent-morethanothers,andwithwhommarriageisHaram.Issue444:ThefollowingpeopleareMahramforboysandmen:

•MotherandGrandmother•DaughterandGranddaughter•Sister•Niece-Daughterofone'ssister•Niece-Daughterofone'sbrother•Aunt(Father’ssister)-One'sownaunt,hisfather’sauntandhismother’saunt•Aunt(Mother’ssister)-One'sownaunt,hisfather’sauntandhismother’sauntTheabovegroupofpeople,bybloodrelationsareMahram;andthereisanothergroupwhicharealsoMahrambymeansofmarriagefortheboyormanandtheseinclude:•Wife•Wife'sMother(Mother-in-Law)andthewife’sGrandmothers•Wifeofherfather(Stepmother)•Wifeofherson(Daughter-in-Law)•Thewifeofone’sbrotherandthesisterofone’swifeareNon-Mahrams.Issue445:ThesepeopleareMahramtoagirlandwoman:•FatherandGrandfather•Sonandthesonofherchild(Grandson)•Brother•Nephew-Sonofone'ssister•Nephew-Sonofone'sbrother•Uncle(Father’sbrother)-One'sownuncle,hermother’suncleandfather’suncle•Uncle(Mother’sbrother)-One'sownuncle,hermother’suncleandfather’suncleTheabovegroupofpeople,bytheirownbloodrelationsareMahram,andanothergroupisalsoMahrambymarriageonthegirlorwoman.Theseinclude:•Husband•Husband'sFather(Father-in-Law)andthehusband’sGrandfathers•Husbandofone'sdaughter(Son-in-Law)•ThehusbandofhersisterandthebrotherofherhusbandareNon-Mahrams.Withtheexceptionofthosewhohavebeenlisted,itispossiblethatothers-bythewayofmarriageandwithcertainconditions-mayalsobecomeMahramofeachother,andtheseinstancesarementionedinthedetailedbooksofFiqh.Issue446:IfawomanbreastfeedsachildaccordingtothespecificconditionsthatarementionedinthebooksofFiqh,thenthatchildwillbecomeaMahramforthatwomanandcertainothers.Forabetterunderstandingofthisrule,pleaserefertothe“IslamicLaws”rulenumber2483.

LookingatOthers

Issue447:Withtheexceptionofthehusbandandwife,itisHaramtolookatanyotherpersonwiththeintentionofderivingpleasureorlustfully,evenifthatpersonisofthesamesex.Forexample,amanlookingatanotherman;orsomeoneoftheoppositesex,forexample,amanlookingatawoman,whetherornothe/sheisaMahramoraNon-Mahram,andthisruleappliesforlookingatanypartofthebody.Issue448:Boysandmenmaylookatthecompletebodywiththeexceptionoftheprivateparts,ofawomanwhoistheirMahramaslongasitiswithoutlustortheintentionofderivingpleasure.Issue449:BoysandmenarenotallowedtolookatthebodyorhairofaNon-Mahramwoman,buttolookatthehandsuptothewrist,andtheface,inthatamountthatmustbewashedinWudhu-withouttheintentionofpleasureorlust,isnoproblem.

Issue450:Girlsandwomenareallowedtolookatthehead,face,handsandfeetofNon-Mahrammen,inthatamountwhichisnormallyuncovered,aslongasitisnotdonewiththeintentionofderivingpleasure.

MarriageIssue451:Ifsomeonefearsthathe/shewillfallintosinbecauseofnotbeingmarried;forexamplehe/shewilllookataNon-Mahram,thenitisWajibforthemtogetmarried.Issue452:Inmarriage,aspecificformulamustberecited,anditisnotsufficientthattheboyandgirlarecontentwitheachotherorevenloveeachother.Duetothis,untiltheformula(formarriage)hasbeenrecited,bothofthemarenotMahramtoeachother,andasfortheotherwomen(inherfamily),therearenorelationsforthemtobeconsideredasMahram.Issue453:Ifevenoneletterispronouncedincorrectlyinthemarriageformulasuchthatitchangesthemeaning,thenthemarriageformula(andmarriage)arevoid.

TheRulesofGreetingOneAnotherIssue454:ItisMustahabtogreetoneanother,butitisWajibtoreplythegreeting.Issue455:ItisMakruhtogreetsomeonewhoisprayingSalat.Issue456:IfsomeonesaysSalamtoonewhoisprayingSalat,thenthereplymustbegivenexactlyasitoriginallywasworded;forexample,ifitissaid:thenthereplymustbegivenas:butifthegreetingis:thenaccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,thereplymustbegivenas:Issue457:ItisnotpermissableforonewhoisrecitingtheSalattosaySalamtoanotherperson(toinitiateit).Issue458:ThereplytoaSalammustbegivenimmediately.Issue459:IftwopeoplesaySalamtoeachotheratthesametime,thenitisWajibthatbothofthemreplytotheSalamoftheotherperson.Issue460:SayingSalamtoanon-MuslimisMakruh,butifthenon-MuslimsaysSalamtoaMuslim,thenaccordingtoIhtiyatWajib,thereplymustbegivenasoronemustonlysay

Etiquette’sofGreetingOneAnother

Issue461:ItisMustahabthattheonewhoisridinggreettheonewhoiswalking,andthattheonewhoisstandinggreettheonewhoissitting,andthatasmallgroupofpeoplegreetthelargegroupofpeople,andthattheyoungeronegreettheolderone.Issue462:ItisMustahab-exceptinSalat-toreplytheSalaminabettermanner;therefore,ifsomeonesaystoyou:itisMustahabtoreplybysaying:Issue463:ItisMakruhforamantosaySalamtoawoman,especiallyifitisayoungwoman.

TheRulesoftheQur’anIssue464:TheQur’anmustalwaysbekeptcleanandtidyanditisHaramtomakethewritingorthepagesoftheQur’anNajis,andifitbecomesNajis,thenitmustbemadetahirimmediatelywithwater.Issue465:IfthecoveroftheQur’anismadeNajis,anditisconsideredasdisrespecttotheQur’an,thenitmustbemadetahirwithwater.

TouchingtheScriptoftheQur’an

Issue466:ItisHaramtotouchtheQur’anwithanypartofthebody,forsomeonewhodoesnothaveWudhu.Issue467:IntouchingthewritingsoftheQur’an,thereisnodifferencebetweentheAyatandwords,rathereventhelettersorthevowelpointsontheletters.Issue468:ThereisnodifferenceastowhattheQur’aniswrittenon,beitpaper,ground,thewalloracloth.Issue469:ThereisnodifferenceastohowtheQur’aniswritten,whetheritiswithapen,computerprinter,chalkorwithanythingelse.Issue470:EvenifthewritingsoftheQur’anarenotintheQur’anitself,itisstillHaramtotouchit.Therefore,ifanAyatoftheQur’aniswritteninabook,ratherifevenonewordisfoundonapieceofpaper,orevenhalfawordfromapageoftheQur’anoranotherbookisrippedout,thentouchingthiswithoutWudhuisalsoHaram.Issue471:ThefollowinginstancesdonotconstitutetouchingthescriptoftheQur’an,andthusarenotHaram(totouch):•TouchingthescriptoftheQur’ancoveredbyglassorplastic.•TouchingthepagesoftheQur’an,thecoverorthemargins-althoughitisMakruh.•TouchingthetranslationoftheQur’anthatisinanylanguage,exceptthenameofAllah.ForonewhodoesnothaveWudhu,touchingthenameofAllahinanylanguageisHaram,forexamplethePersianword. ادخIssue472:WordsthatarecommonbetweentheQur’anandbooksotherthantheQur’an,likethewords“

نمؤم ”or“ نیذلا ”iftheyarewrittenwiththeintentionofbeingfromtheQur’an,thentouchingthemwithoutWudhuisHaram(otherwiseitisnotaproblem).Issue473:TouchingthescriptoftheQur’anforonewhoisJunub,isHaram.Issue474:ItisnotpermittedforaJunubtoreciteoneofthe4AyatsthatcontainaWajibSajdah(aswasexplainedinRule120).

TakinganOathIssue:475IfsomeonetakesanoathbyoneofthenamesofAllah,like, ادخ , هللا orAllahthathewillperformorrefrainfromacertainact;forexampleonetakesanoaththathewillprayatwoRak’atSalat

thenitbecomesWajibforhimtoperformthataction.Issue476:Ifintentionally,onedoesnotactuponhisoath,hemustgiveaKaffarah(penalty),andtheKaffarahforthisdelayisoneofthefollowingthreethings:•Freeingoneslave•Feedingtenpoorpeople•ClothingtenpoorpeopleIfoneisnotabletoperformanyofthesethreethings,thenonemustfastforthreeconsecutivedays.Issue477:ItisMakruhforapersontotakeanoathaboutsomethingwhichistrue,andiftheoathistakenforsomethingwhichisalie,thenthisoathisHaramanditisconsideredamajorsin.

VariousIssuesIssue478:Ifapersonslapssomeoneonthefaceorhitshimwithsomethingelse,theniftheskinturnsred,onemustgive1.5Mithqalofgold;ifitturnsblackish-blue,thenhemustgive3Mithqalofgold,andifitturnsblack,thenonemustgive6Mithqalofgold.EachMithqalisequalto18“chickpeas”.1Issue479:Ifanyotherplaceofthebody–otherthantheface,ishit,anditturnsredorblackish-blue,thenonemustgivehalfoftheamountsthatwerelistedinthepreviousrule.Issue480:Killingthoseanimalsthataredangeroustopeople,andarenotthepropertyofanyone,likethesnakeandscorpionispermissable.Issue481:Ifapersongivessomethingtoarepairmantorepair,andthatpersondoesnotcomebacktocollectit,thenaslongastherepairmanhastriedtofinditsowner,andcannotfindhim,accordingtoIhtiyatWajib,withthepermissionoftheHakimShar’,withtheintentionofitsowner,itmustgiveasSadaqatoapoorpersonwhoisnotaSayyid.Issue482:Eitherpersonwithoutthepermissionoftheothercannotbuildawallthatisthepropertyoftwopeople,likethewallsharedbetweentwohouses.Likewise,oneisnotallowedtoplaceanything,likeironarrowsontopofthewall,orevencutintothewall(withoutthepermissionoftheotherperson).Asforcertainactionswhichoneknowsthattheotherpersonwouldpermit,suchasleaningagainstthewall,orhangingtheclothestodryonthewallisnotaproblem.However,ifapersontellshisneighborthatheisnotpleasedwith(those)actions,thenitisnotpermissabletoperformthem.Issue483:Iftherootsofatreeofsomeoneenterintoanotherperson’sproperty(Land,Garden,House,etc.),thentheownerofthatpropertyhastherighttoaskhisneighbortoremovetheroots,ortocutthem.Intheeventthattheownerofthetreedoesnotdothis,theperson(neighbor)canhimselfpreventthetreefromgrowingontohisarea,andifanyharmcomestotheneighborfromtherootsofthetree,heisallowedtotakethetreefromitsowner.Issue484:Ifthebrancesofafruittreegrowoverawallofthegarden,andifonedoesnotknowwhetherornottheownerofthetreeiscontentornotthatifthefruitfromthetreebepicked,thenoneisnotallowedtotakethatfruit.Evenifthefruitfromthetreefallstotheground,onecannottakethefruit.Theonlyexceptionisifthegardenisonthesideofthestreet,thenthosewhopassbythegarden(withtheconditionsthathavebeengiveninthedetailedbooksofFiqh)areallowedtotakethefruit.Issue485:ThegiftsthatbanksgivetopeoplewhokeeptheirmoneyintheirbankisHalalaslongas:(1)Thepeopledonotmakeaconditionwiththebankthattheywantsomethinginreturn,(2)(thegivingofthegift)isnotharminganybody,and(3)Thebanksitselfgivesthegifttothepeopleinordertoencouragethem(tokeepmoneyintheirbank).Issue486:ShavingthebeardwithabladeisHaram,andthesameruleappliestoshavingitwithanelectricrazor.Inthisruling,allmenareequal,andtherulesofAllah(SWT)donotchangebecauseofone

beingmadefunofforkeepingabeard).Therefore,itisHaram,ifthepersonwhoisjustturningBaligh,orthepersonwhoifhedoesnotshavehisbeard,willbemadefunon,shaveshisbeardortrimsitinsuchawaythatitlookslikeithasbeenshaved.Issue487:Masturbationisharam.Masturbationmeansthatapersoncomitsanactionbyhimselfinordertoreleasesemenfromhimself.Issue488:Soundsthatarereservedforvaingatheringsandpleasure(Parities,Dances,etc..)areconsideredasGhinaandareHaram.Also,ifaNauha(poemsthatarecomposedintributetotheProphet(S)andhisAhlulBayt('a))orMasaib(PoemscomposedintributetotheShahahdatofal-Imamal-Husain('a)),ortheQur’anarereadinthewayofGhina(Singing),thenittoowillbeharam.However,ifthesearereadinapleasingway,itwillnotbeconsideredasGhina,andthus,isnoproblem.Issue489:Playingchessorcards,withorwithoutbettinginvolvedisHaram.Issue490:Clappingoneshandsinhappyoccasionsandinspeechesinordertoencouragethepersonispermissable,aslongasitisnotaccompaniedbyanythingHaram,anditisnotanythingvain.(Although)itisbetterthatforencouragement,oneshould(instead)reciteTakbir“ ربكا هللاا ”oraSalawat(ontheProphetandhisFamily)“ دمحم لآ و دمحم ىلع ىلص مهللا ”Issue491:ItisHaramforwomentodanceingatheringsforwomen,anditisalsoHaramformentodanceingatheringsformen.However,itispermissableforawomantodanceforherhusband.Issue492:Beatingthechestinthestreetsandavenues(Forexample,inthemonthofMuharram)wheretherearewomenwatchingispermissableaslongasthemenwhoarebeatingtheirchestsarewearingshirts.______________1.OneMithqalisequalto45.36grams.

AGlossaryofTerms1.A'lam:AMujtahidconsideredbeingthemostknowledgeable.2.‘Adil:Ajustindividual.3.‘Aqil:Asaneperson.4.Ahkam:Legalrulingsorlaws.(PluralofHukm).5.Ahlul-Kitab:“Peopleofthescripture”aQur’anictermusedforChristiansandJews.6.‘AinulNajasat:Anactualsourceofimpurity,likeblood(impureinitself).7.Adhan:Islamiccalltoprayer.8.Baligh:Apersonthathasreachedtheageoflegalmaturity,aminimumof9yearsforgirlsandamaximumof15yearsforboys.9.Du’a:Supplicationorprayer.10.‘Eid:Dayofcelebration,holiday.11.‘Eidul-Adha:TheholidaycommemmoratingProphetIbrahim’sintendedsacrificeofhisson,Ismaa`il-the10thofZil-Hijjah.12.‘Eidul-Fitr:AholidaycommemmoratingtheendofthemonthofRamadhan(monthoffasting)-the1stofShawwal.13.Fajr:Morningtime,beforesunrise.

14.Farsakh/Farasikh:Aunitofmeasure,equaltoapproximately5.4Kilometresor3.4miles.15.Fitrah:AnobligatorycharityintheamountofoneSaa`offood(3Kilograms/6.6Pounds)giventotheneedyon‘Eidul-Fitr.16.Ghasbi:Usurped,takenorusedwithoutownershiporproperpermissionoftheowner.17.Ghusl:AbathaccordingtotheIslamiclaw.18.Hajj:PilgrimagetotheHolyKa’abahinMakkah,toperformspecificritesandceremonies.19.Halal:Lawful,permissible.20.Haram:HolyShrine-oftheProphetortheImams.21.Haram:Thoseactionswhichmustbeavoided,andtheperformanceofthemincurpunishmentfromAllah.22.Hijab:Islamiccoveringforwomen.23.IhtiyatMustahab:IhtiyatMustahabalwaysaccompaniesaFatwa,meaning,inthatruling,andtheMuqallidcanacteitheraccordingtotheFatwaortheIhtiyat,whicheveronehepreferstoactupon.24.IhtiyatWajib:IhtiyatWajibdoesnotaccompanyaFatwa,andtheMuqallidmustactaccordingtothatIhtiyat,butheisalsoallowedtoreferthisruletoanotherMujtahid(performRuju).25.Intiqal:Thetransferofanimpurity,namelyblood,fromonepersonoranimaltoanotherpersonbymeansofaninsect.26.Iqamah:Partofthecalltoprayer,recitedtoannouncetheactualbeginningoftheSalat.27.Istibra`:Theprocessofremovingurineandsemenfromtheurinarytract.Alsomeanstoquarantineanimpurity-eatinganimal,untilitssystembecomescleanagain.28.Jari:Flowing,asinMaa`ul-Jaarimeaningflowingwater.29.Jabirah:Abandage,cast,splintandsimilarthingswhichcoverawoundorbreakage.30.Ka’bah:TheHouseofAllah,theHolySanctuarybuiltbyProphetIbrahiminMakkah.ThedirectiontowhichtheMuslimspraytowardsdailyandwherethepilgrimage(Hajj)isperformed.31.Kafir:Anon-Muslim.32.Kaffarah:Anatonement,usuallyforthelapseofone’sdutiesorinabilitytoperformacertainobligation.33.Khums:Anobligatorytaxonexcesswealthanditems.34.Kurr:Ameasurementofvolumeequaltoapproximated102USGallons.35.Maghrib:Thetimewhentherednessintheeasternskypassesoverhead.36.Mahram:Apersononeisrelatedto.Onewhoitisnotpermissibletomarryduetobloodrelationorfamilyaffinity.37.Makkah:ThebirthplaceoftheProphetofIslam(Peacebeuponhimandhisprogeny)andlocationoftheKa’abah.38.Makruh:Thoseactions,whicharebetterifnotperformed,andifavoided,earnareward;butifperformed,donotaccompanyapunishment.39.Masjid:AMosque.40.Mubah:Thoseactionswhoseperformanceorturningawayfromareequal;meaningtheyneitheraccompanyarewardnorapunishment.41.Mudhaf:Mixedwater.42.Mujtahid:AnIslamicjurist,capableofindependentderivationoflegalrulingsfromtheIslamicsourcesoflaw.43.Mukallaf:OnedeemedasresponsibleandaccountableunderIslamiclaw.44.Mustahab:Theactionswhicharerecommendedtobeperformedandthusearnthepersonareward;butturningawayfromsuchactionsdoesnotincurpunishmentfromAllah.45.Mutahhir/Mutahhirat:Somethingcapableofpurifyinganimpuresubstance,forexamplewater.46.Mutanajjis:SomethingwhichinitselfisTahir,butduetohavingcomeincontactwithsomething

Najis,ittoohasbecomeNajis.47.MutlaqWater:PureWater.48.Muwalah:Continuity,meaningthattheactionsmustbeperformedwithcontinuityandcontinuation.49.Nafilah/Nawafil:Avoluntary,optionalprayer.50.Najasat/Najasat:Animpuresubstance,accordingtoIslamiclaw,likebloodandurine.(Somethingimpureinitself).51.Najis:SomethingcontainingaNajasahoranimpurity.52.Nadr:Avow.53.Niyyah:Intention-inmattersofworship.54.Qadha`:Theperformanceofadutywhichhaslapsedandwasunperformed,likeaprayerwhichwasnotperformedinitspropertime.55.QalilWater:Asmallquantityofwater-lessthanaKurr(whichis102USGallons).56.Qiblah:ThedirectionoftheHolyKa’abah,thedirectiontowhichMuslimspray.57.Qiyam:Thestandingpositioninprayer.58.Qunut:Thesupplicationmadeinprayer,inthe2ndRaka’ah.59.Qurbah:TheintentiontoperformadutyonlyforthesakeofAllah,togainnearnesstoHimandfulfillone’sduty.60.Rak’at:Onecycleinprayer.61.Ramadhan:TheninthholymonthintheIslamiccalendar,inwhichMuslimsfastduringthedaytime.62.Rukn:Apillarofprayer.63.Ruku:Thebowingpositioninprayer.64.Sahm:Ashare,asinthetwosharesofKhums-Sahmal-ImamandSahmAs-Sadat(theshareoftheImamandtheshareofthedescendantsoftheProphet).65.SajdahSahw:Twoprostrationsthatareperformedtorectifysomeinadvertentmistakesthatwerecommittedduringtheprayer,likeforgettingaSajdah.66.Salatul-Ayat:ThePrayerofSigns-anobligatoryprayerperformedupontheoccurrenceofeclipses,earthquakesandotherextraordinarynaturaloccurrences.67.Salatul-’Asr:Mid-afternoonprayer.68.Salatul-‘Eid:Prayersonthedaysofthetwocelebrationsof‘Eid(Ref:‘Eid).69.Salatul-Fajr:Themorningprayer,alsocalledSalatus-Subh.70.Salatul-Ihtiyat:ThePrayerofPrecaution-performedwhenonehasdoubtinthenumberofRaka’atperformed.71.Salatul-‘Isha`:Thenightprayer-recitedaftersunsetwhentheskydarkens.72.Salatul-Jama'at:Congregationalprayer.73.Salatul-Jumu'ah:FridayPrayer.74.Salatul-Lail:Thelatenightprayer,usuallyperformedaftermidnightandbeforethemorningprayer.75.Salatul-Maghrib:Theeveningprayer.76.Salatul-Mayyit:Theprayerforthedeceased.AlsocalledSalatul-Amwat.77.Salatul-Musafir:Theprayerofthetraveller,meaningaprayershortenedfromfourRaka’attotwoRaka’atduetotravelling.78.Salatush-Shaf’a:TwoRaka’atprayerwhichispartoftheelevenRaka’atofSalatul-Lail.79.SalatulWitr:TheoneRaka’ahprayerthatispartofSalatul-Lail.80.Salatuz-²uhr:Thenoontimeprayer.81.Salawat:TosendsalutationsandprayersupontheProphetMuhammad(Peacebeuponhimandhisprogeny)andhisfamily.(Recitedas:(. دمحم لآ و دمحم ىلع ىلص مهللاAlso,thepluralofSalah.82.Sayyid/Sayyidah:Male/femaledescendantofoneofthetwelveA`immah.

83.Shahid:AMartyr-onekilledinthewayofAllah.84.Sujud:Prostration.85.Surah:AchapteroftheHolyQur’an.86.Ta'qibat:Theactions(du’a,etc..)whichfollowtheprayer.87.Tahir:Pure-accordingtotheIslamiclaw.88.Taqlid:FollowingaMujtahid-inmatterspertainingtothepracticallawsofIslam.89.Tartib:Sequence,properorder.90.Tasbih:Glorification,Praise.91.TasbihatAl-Arba’:TheZikrrecitedinthethirdandfourthRaka’ahofprayer,inplaceofSurahAl-Hamd.92.Tashahhud:TherecitationoftheShahaadatainintheprayer.93.Tayammum:Drypurification-usedasasubstituteforWudhoo`andGhuslinspecificcircumstances.94.Turbah:ThepieceofclayordirtusuallyformedintotheshapeofatabletthatMuslimsprostrateonduringSalat.95.‘Ulama`:Scholars,pluralofAlim.96.‘Ummah:TheMuslimsworldwide,theMuslimnation.97.Wajib:Thoseactionswhichmustbeperformed,andturningawayfromthemincurAllah’spunishment.ForexampleSalat,andSawm.98.Waqf:AnIslamicTrust.99.Wasiyah:Awill.100.Wudhu:Aritualofpurificationnecessarybeforeprayerandotheractsofworshipwhichrequirepurification.Involveswashingtheface,armsfromtheelbowstothefingers,andthenwipingtheheadandfeet.101.Zakat:Anobligatory(andsometimesrecommended)charitygivenonanimals,agriculture,goldandsilver.102.Zakatul-Fitrah:Anobligatorycharitygiventothepoorafterthemonthoffasting(Ramadhan).

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