A Study on Consumption of Drugs in India after the Amendment of … · 2018-07-29 · A Study on...

A Study on Consumption of Drugs in India after the

Amendment of NDPS Act 1M. Srinivasan and

2M. Kannappan

1Saveetha School of Law,

Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences,

Saveetha University,

Chennai.

[email protected] 2Saveetha School of Law,

Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences,

Saveetha University,

Chennai.

[email protected]

Abstract Substance use is omnipresent with a spread of drugs being abused the

globe over. Republic of India incorporates a massive shopper base of

various substance abusers. This has serious repercussions in terms of

morbidity & mortality. In India, the Narcotic medicine and psychoactive

Substances Act, 1985 (NDPS) provides the framework for misuse

management within the country. Some anomalies of NDPS act is corrected

by Narcotic medicine and psychoactive Substance (Amendment) Bill, 2011.

This paper critically reviews the initiatives taken to this point to manage

misuse in our country.

Key Words:Drug consumption - drug abuse-NDPS-NDPS ACT.

International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 119 No. 17 2018, 1367-1380ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/

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1. Introduction

Drug abuse has become a universal and growing issue of concern to humanity.

The illicit medicine have multiple consequences to health, society and economy.

These consequences embrace health: mortality, morbidity, medicine and

physical disorders; social: accidents, absence, family disintegration, vice crime,

gangland etc; and economic: finances spent on developing services, drain on

national resources, loss of productivity, etc... This issue is complicated and

multifarious requiring each health measures and efforts to manage

trafficking/smuggling and manufacture of illicit medicine. a discount within the

demand of medicine of addiction each legal and ill-gotten is needed. in line with

estimates created by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOH & FW),

a minimum of forty million individuals throughout the globe often abuse

medicine. In Republic of India too, the matter is increasing and it's calculable

that three million individuals square measure alcohol and different drug abusers

of that 5-6 lakhs square measure dependent, requiring medical treatment and

rehabilitation.1

India is that the biggest provider of licit demand for narcotic needed primarily

for medicative functions. Besides this, Republic of India is found getting ready

to the main flower growing areas of the globe, with “Golden Crescent” on the

Northwest and “Golden Triangle” on the North–East. These create Republic of

India. Vulnerable to misuse notably in flower growing areas and on the

transit/trafficking routes.

The quick dynamic social surroundings, among different factors, is principally

conducive to the proliferation of misuse, each of ancient and of recent mind-

blowing substances. The introduction of artificial medicine and blood vessel

drug use resulting in HIV/AIDS has value-added a replacement dimension to

the matter, particularly within the Northeast states of the country.2

2. Research Question

What is the scenario on consumption of drugs in India?

Materials and Methods

The Researcher has used Doctrinal Research Method for this paper. The

Researcher has mostly relied on books, online Journals and Published Articles

for the development of this research paper.

1https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259937757_Current_status_of_the_narcotic_dru

gs_and_psychotropic_substances_NDPS_act

2http://www.cppr.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/NDPS-Act-Room-for-greater-reform.pdf

International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

1368

Hypothesis

There is a no relation between the consumption of drugs and increasing crime

rate.

There is a relation between the consumption of drugs and increasing crime rate.

Objectives

Analysis on consumption of drugs in india and to attain viable remedial

measures to control over consumption of drugs.

3. Review of Literature

As the time passes through, the range of drugs increased to an alarming level.

Drugs like Narcotics: analgesics, morphine, opium, heroin, brown sugar, and

cocaine, are frequently abused. In India, there are many targeted states like

Punjab, Haryana, and Maharashtra who have been in the great victimized group

of drug addiction but the most vulnerable state is Punjab.(Ray 2004) In a

newspaper named Hindustan Times (HT) page 2 on 26th June, 2016, a mind

boggling news was published that a 20 year old youth died due to drug

overdose. This boy used to inject himself with different kinds of drugs and his

whole body bored marks of injections. Few days back he was deteriorated due

to overdose and was admitted to an Anti Drug Addiction Centre where he was

saved but unfortunately he quit his life on 26th June, 2016. In this June 2015

report India Spend has cited this data to convey the extent of Punjab‟s drug

problem as Two studies in the village of Chhajli in south-eastern Punjab district

of Sangrur, 32 years apart, show a 9 percentage points rise in the

casual/recreational use of drugs (including tobacco, alcohol, opium, cannabis,

etc.) from 30% in 1979 to 39% in 2011. Based on his experience, Amarpreet

Singh Deol, chairman of the Guru Nanak Charitable Trust, an NGO working

with addicts, estimated that “about half of males of the productive age group (15

to 60 years) casually use drugs including alcohol, tobacco, poppy husk and

other opiates, etc., of who around 10% cannot do without it for longer than 24

hours.” During 2011-2012, Punjab‟s growth rate slipped to “5.79 per cent – the

lowest in the last five years of the Parkash Singh Badal government” due to

drug epidemic which has swept across the state.(Stolberg ) According to many

reports it has seen that the problem of drug addiction in Punjab is linked with

many factors like Punjab masculinity, culture of consumption, urbanization and

as well as poverty. According to 2011 report, on drug abuse and alcoholism in

Punjab by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports witnessed, “40 percent of

Punjabi youth in the age group of 15 to 25 years have fallen prey to drugs”.

(Sarda 2016)At present, more than 75% of youth in Punjab is hooked to

dangerous drugs like heroin, smack, cocaine and many synthetic drugs. Out of

these 75% addicts, about 30% are HIV-positive people. In 2004, Punjab was

ranked as the “second richest” state in terms of GDP per capita, according to a


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report by the Confederation of Indian Industry, “with a per capita income of Rs

25,652”. (Ray 2004; National Bureau of Standards 1972)

According to the latest report by the Narcotics Control Bureau, Punjab alone

has registered 50 percent of the total drug-related cases in the country.(Jiloha

2015) But, as pitiful as it may seem, the Akali Dal Government which is led by

the Badal family continues to live in a state of denial, even when the names of

many of their top leaders have appeared for running the drug nexus.(Kumar and

Tewari 1990)

Extent of Drug Abuse in India

In the National Survey on “The Extent, Pattern and Trends of drug abuse in

India”, conducted by Ray R (2004) major findings were that alcohol, cannabis,

controlled substance and hard drug were major medication of abuse, the

quantity of persons requiring treatment was massive, misuse was seen in each

rural and concrete India and Injection Drug Use had been reportable from

numerous sites, as well as rural India. The period of misuse was long with vital

time gap between onset of drug use and treatment seeking. an oversized range

of drug users engaged in unsafe sex practices. congruousness between treatment

seeking and also the extent of the matter in an exceedingly given state was

lacking with low enrollment in treatment.3

Legislative Policy of Indian Parliament on Drug Abuse

India's approach towards Narcotic medication and psychoactive Substances is

enshrined in Article 47 of the Constitution of India that mandates that the “State

shall endeavour to bring on prohibition of the consumption apart from healthful

functions of intoxicating drinks and of medication that are injurious to health”.

The statutory management over narcotic medication was exercised in India

through variety of Central and State enactments. The principal Central Acts,

namely, the opium substance Act, 1857, the opium substance Act, 1878 and also

the Dangerous medication Act, 1930 were enacted while past. With passage of

your time and also the developments within the field of illicit traffic and misuse

at the national and international level, several deficiencies within the laws that

have acquire force below the same Acts. As a result to supply a comprehensive

legislation on narcotic medication and psychoactive substances that, inter alia,

ought to consolidate and amend the then existing laws regarding narcotic

medication, build provisions for elbow grease effective management over

psychoactive substances, build provisions for the implementation of

international conventions regarding narcotic medication and psychoactive

substances, the Narcotic medication and psychoactive Substances Bill 1985 was

enacted on 16th September, 1985, and also the Act is popularly called (NDPS

Act).4

3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances_Act,_1985

4https://idhdp.com/media/400258/idpc-briefing-paper_drug-policy-in-india.pdf


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NDPS act is Associate in Nursing act to consolidate and amend the law

regarding narcotic medication, to:

1. build tight provisions for the management and regulation of operations

regarding narcotic medication and psychoactive substances.

2. give for the forfeiture of property derived from, or used in, illicit traffic

in narcotic medication and psychoactive substances.

3. Implement the provisions of the International Conventions on Narcotic

medication and psychoactive Substance and for matters connected

therewith.5

Components of NDPS Act

The act as originally passed in 1985 was spread over six chapters comprising 83

sections. After being amended by the narcotic drugs and psychotropic

substances (amendment act), 1988 with effect from 29-5-1989, the act now

contains eight chapters.

Section 2 of the act defines 36 terms [sub sections (i) to (xxix), (viia-d), (viiia),

(xxiiia), and (xxviiia)]. a number of the necessary definitions below this act

include:6

1. “Addict” as someone World Health Organization has dependence on any

narcotic medication or psychoactive substance.

2. “Narcotic drug” as coca leaf, cannabis (hemp), opium, flower straw and

includes all factory-made product.

3. “Psychotropic substance” as any substance, natural or artificial, or any

natural material or any salt or preparation of such substance or material

enclosed within the list of psychoactive substances (n=110).

4. “Controlled substance” means that any substance with attainable use

within the production or manufacture of narcotic medication or

psychoactive substances or to the provisions of any international

convention. The Central Government has thus far notified anhydride, n

acetylanthranilic acid and alkaloid as controlled substances

Section 4 authorizes the central government to require measures necessary to

stop and combat substance abuse and illicit trafficking, together with

identification, treatment, education, aftercare, rehabilitation and social

reintegration of addicts. subsection 3 of section 4 additionally authorizes the

central government to represent an authority or hierarchy of authorities for the

needs and objectives mentioned in details within the totally different

subsections. Section 6 empowers the central government to represent an

5https://www.asianjournalofpsychiatry.com/article/S1876-2018(15)00041-6/pdf

6https://blog.ipleaders.in/a-detailed-analysis-of-the-national-drugs-and-psychotropic-

substances-act/


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consultative committee known as “The Narcotic medication and psychedelic

substances advisory committee” to tender recommendation on matters stated it.7

This chapter was accessorial by the 1989 modification to represent a fund to be

known as the “National Fund for management of Drug Abuse” with government

and public contributions and additionally with the sale of return of confiscate

property derived from or employed in illicit traffic with action predicated on

criminal conviction.

The act empowers Central Government to allow and regulate by rules (i) the

sale of narcotic and narcotic derivatives from the Central Government Factories

for export from Republic of India or sale to regime or producing chemists; (ii)

the manufacture of factory-made medication, not together with manufacture of

medicative narcotic or the other preparation containing factory-made drug from

materials that the maker is lawfully entitled to possess.

The regime could by rules allow and regulate (i) the cultivation of cannabis

plant, production , manufacture, possession, transport, import inter-State, export

interstate, sale, purchase and consumption of cannabis (Except Charas); (ii) The

manufacture of medicative narcotic or any preparation containing the factory-

made drug from materials that the maker is lawfully entitled to process; (iii) the

sale of narcotic and narcotic derivatives from the Central Government Factories

for export from Republic of India or sale to regime or manufacturing chemists;(

iv) the manufacture and possession, of ready narcotic from narcotic lawfully

possessed by a disciple registered with the regime on medical recommendation

for his personal consumption.

(Sections 15 to 40) sets out the penalties for offences underneath the Act. These

offences square measure primarily regarding violations of the varied

prohibitions obligatory underneath the Act on the cultivation, production,

manufacture, distribution, sale, import and export etc. of narcotic medication

and psychedelic substances. of these offences square measure triable by Special

Courts and therefore the punishments prescribed vary from imprisonment from

10 to 20 years for initial offences to 15 to30 years for any later offences along

with dissuasive fines.

The Act was amended in could 1989 to mandate the corporal punishment for

second offences with reference to contraventions involving over bound

quantities of specified narcotic medication and psychedelic substances.8

The Act, however, makes a distinction between possession for private

consumption and trafficking, the penalty for the previous being restricted to

7http://dor.gov.in/sites/default/files/NDPS-Amendment%20Act%20-%202014.pdf

8https://juniperpublishers.com/jfsci/pdf/JFSCI.MS.ID.555644.pdf


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between six months and one year solely. the applying of this provision is

subject to the qualification that amount|the number|the amount} of the drug

concerned within the offence ought to be a little quantity as specified by the

Central Government.

Punishment for cultivation of any cannabis plant and additionally for coca plant

and coca leaves is rigorous imprisonment up to ten years and additionally fine

up to 1,00,000 rupees. penalty for consumption of any narcotic drug or

psychedelic substance like hard drug, morphine, hard drug or the other narcotic

drug or any psychedelic substance specified by Central Government by Gazette

Notification is rigorous imprisonment for a term up to at least one year or fine

up to 20,000 rupees or each. penalty for consumption of any narcotic drug or

psychedelic substance however mentioned is rigorous imprisonment for a term

up to 6 months or fine up to 10,000 rupees or each. For second and every later

offence, penalty is rigorous imprisonment for a term, which can reach one half

the utmost term of imprisonment and additionally fine up to at least one half

the utmost quantity of fine.9

Chapter V of the NDPS Act (Section 41 to 68) sets out the powers still because

the procedures for the investigation of offences underneath the Act.

A new Chapter, Chapter V-A, was introduced into the Act in might 1989 to

produce for the investigation, freezing, seizure and forfeiture of property

derived from or non heritable through illicit trafficking in narcotic medication

and mind-blowing substances. This Chapter prohibits anyone from holding any

property derived from medication trafficking and authorizes officers authorized

underneath the Act to analyze, determine and seize such property.10

Under section 70 central and state governments ought to have relevancy

international conventions whereas creating rules. Section 71 of this act,

empowers government to ascertain centers for identification, treatment,

education, after care, rehabilitation, social reintegration of addicts and for

provide, of any narcotic medication and mind-blowing substance (as prescribed

by involved Government) to the addicts registered with government and to

others wherever such provide could be a medical necessity.

9 Malhotra,A., Mathur.R.S., Basu.D. & Mattoo,S.K. (1997) Prime of addiction Drug de

addiction and treatment centre. Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research,

Chandigarh.

10

Ray R, editor. The extent, pattern and trends of drug abuse in India-National survey.

Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India and United Nations

Office on Drugs and Crime. 2004. Available from:

www.unodc.org/India/Indianationalsurvey 2004.html, accessed on June 13, 2012.


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Positive Aspects of NDPS Act

a stimulating feature of the act is that the procedure of addition and deletion

from the lists of factory-made medication (narcotic drugs) and mind-blowing

substances are created terribly straightforward. No formal bill or modification is

needed for the aim, and also the government has been authorized to try to to

such changes through straightforward notifications within the official gazette on

the idea of accessible info or a call underneath any international convention

(sections 2.b) and 3).11

In terms of subsection 3 of section 4, the Narcotics management Bureau was

originated by the Central Government in 1986 with the broad remit to

coordinate drug enforcement nationwide. The NCB essentially functions as

national arranger international liaison and because the nodal purpose for the

gathering and dissemination of intelligence and assures coordinated

implementation inside the parameters of a broad national strategy.

The Narcotic medication and mind-blowing substances informative

committee makes important contributions in shaping and developing a national

policy and strategy and conjointly in matters of amendments under section 2.b

and 3 for planning addition or deletion of medication and substances for legal

regulation and management. The committee conjointly provides valuable inputs

for India‟s contribution to the molding of international policy and programs.

A assessment of the Act in 2001 resulted in amendments with reference to the

length of imprisonment and also the amount and sort of drug appropriated. This

ensured that, wherever ancient medication area unit involved, solely people with

massive quantities of cannabis may be in remission for narcotraffic and face

imprisonment. more changes within the law in 2002 created two categories that

area unit supported amount appropriated. These were outlined as tiny quantities

and business quantities.12

Section 31A states that anyone guilty by a competent court of criminal

jurisdiction outside Asian nation|Bharat|Asian country|Asian nation} underneath

any corresponding law shall be prescribed as if he has been guilty by a court in

India. therefore international criminals also are proscribed effectively.

an acquaintance guilty underneath section 27 could also be free on probation

underneath section thirty-nine once linguistic communication a bond with or

11

Published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Pt. II, Sec. 1, No. 75, dated 16th

September, 1985.

12

Act 2 of 1989 enforced w.e.f. 29th May, 1989, Published in the Gazette of India

Extraordinary, Pt. II, Sec. 2, No. 59, dated 6th December, 1988, vide S.O. 379 (E), dated

29th May, 1989, published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Pt. II, Sec 3 (ii),

No.300,dated 29th May, 1989.


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while not sureties, for detoxification or de addiction from a hospital or an

establishment maintained or recognized by the govt. The conviction would

stand and also the sentence remains inactive to modify him to report back on

fortunate completion of de addiction treatment inside one year. The court might

direct the discharge of the bad person once fortunate completion of de addiction

treatment and abstaining from the commission of any offence underneath

Chapter IV for three years. On failure to try to to thus, he would have to be

compelled to serve the sentence. The facility to issue search and arrest warrants,

has in terms of Section 41 been unconditional each in Magistrates still as in

specially selected (Gazetted) officers of the Central and State Governments. this

can be designed to make sure each timely and effective action in response to

any info and to obviate the requirement for judicial satisfaction anytime a

warrant is needed to be issued.

under section 64 A, any addict, UN agency is charged with associate offence

punishable underneath section 27 or with offences involving tiny amount of

narcotic medication or mind-blowing substances, UN agency voluntarily seeks

to endure medical treatment for de-addiction from a hospital or an establishment

maintained or recognized by the govt. or a neighborhood authority and below

goes such treatment shall not be at risk of prosecution under section 27 or the

other section for offences involving tiny amount of narcotic medication and

hallucinogenic substances. This immunity could also be withdrawn if the addict

doesn't endure the whole treatment for de-addiction.13

Chapter V-A, was introduced into the Act in might 1989 to produce for the

investigation, freezing, seizure and forfeiture of property derived from or non

inheritable through illicit trafficking in narcotic medication and hallucinogenic

substances.

The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Amendment) Bill, 2011

During the implementation of NDPS Act, some anomalies are detected.

consequently the Narcotic medication and hallucinogenic Substance

(Amendment) Bill, 2011 aims at rectifying those anomalies and conjointly

guaranteeing any changes to strengthen the provisions of the Act.14

Salient options of the Narcotic medication and hallucinogenic Substance

(Amendment) Bill, 2011

13

Morphine is classified as an opium derivative, a manufactured drug and a narcotic drug

under Sections 2(xvi), (xi) and (xiv) respectively of the NDPS Act, 1985.

14

Bombay High Court‟s decision dated 16 June 2011 in Indian Harm Reduction Network v

Union of India [Criminal writ petition No. 1784 of 2010.


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process “Central Government Factories” [new entry in Section 2]: albeit the

term “Central Government Factories” is mentioned in bound Sections of the

Act, until currently it's not been outlined within the Act. it's planned to outline

“Central Government Factories” on the lines of the definition of “Government

Company” below the businesses Act, therefore on enable the Central

Government the flexibleness to structure the govt. narcotic and organic

compound Works while not diluting the management over them.15

ever-changing the definition of “commercial quantity” and “small

quantity” [Section two (viia) & (xxiiia)]: NDPS Act follows a stratified

system of penalisation – the quantum of penalisation varies looking on whether

or not the number of drug concerned in an exceedingly case is “small” or

“commercial” or quite “small” however lower than “commercial”. it's been

command by the Hon„ble Supreme Court that whereas determinative whether or

not the quantum of drug concerned in an exceedingly specific case is small/

business, etc., it's the pure drug content and not the number of drug taken, that

should be taken into account. Since the drug is nearly ne'er taken within the

pure type and “small” and “commercial” quantities are notified for preparations

conjointly, it's planned to empower the

government to apprize quantities in respect of preparations of medication and

hallucinogenic substances conjointly.16

Rationalising the penalisation for consumption of opiate, hard drug and

opiate [Section 27]: Presently, the consumption of those medication involves a

most penalisation of one year whereas trafficking of tiny quantities of identical

attracts most penalisation of 6 months solely. This anomaly is planned to be

corrected, by reducing the utmost penalisation for consumption of 3 drugs to 6

months.

Repeat offences below the NDPS Act invite a penalisation of one and one half

times (1.5 times) of the penalisation for the primary offence. However, this

provision has been mistakenly worded as “one-half” of the penalty for the

primary offence, rather than “one and one half times”. This anomaly is planned

to be corrected.

15

https://books.google.co.in/books?id=AIDaAAAAMAAJ&q=a+study+on+consumption+o

f+drugs+in+india+after+the+amendment+of+NDPS+act&dq=a+study+on+consumption+o

f+drugs+in+india+after+the+amendment+of+NDPS+act&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwib

6Lek_LbbAhWHL48KHR4nAqgQ6AEIUjAJ

16

https://books.google.co.in/books?id=uv_kAAAAMAAJ&q=a+study+on+consumption+of

+drugs+in+india+after+the+amendment+of+NDPS+act&dq=a+study+on+consumption+of

+drugs+in+india+after+the+amendment+of+NDPS+act&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwib6

Lek_LbbAhWHL48KHR4nAqgQ6AEITzAI


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whereas section 52A of the Act provides for disposal of medication throughout

trial when due certification of the inventories of identical by the competent

justice, it doesn't do therefore for “precursors” utilized in the manufacture of

medication, that are answerable for seizure below the Act or for conveyances

taken. The change proposes to permit for pre-trial disposal of precursors and

conveyances conjointly.17

Presently, no point in time is prescribed for the work officer to seem into the

illicitly non inheritable properties of trafficking and report identical to the

Competent Authority. Consequently monetary investigations in drug cases are

receiving low priority. it's planned to create it necessary for the work officer to

create a report of the illicitly non inheritable properties of the person concerned

in traffic, to the territorial competent authority at intervals one hundred and

eighty days of the arrest or seizure. [New entry Section 57A]18

The Hon„ble Supreme Court has taken this provisions of Chapter VA (including

Section 68B) and command that it's necessary to ascertain an instantaneous

nexus between the properties wanted to be confiscate and also the offence

committed. it's nearly not possible to prove such a nexus because the drug

traffickers don't keep records of the medication they sell and also the manner

during which they invests the sale yield. It is, therefore, planned to outline

properties happiness to traffickers, their relatives and associates, the supply of

that can't be tried and also the property of equivalent price, as illicitly non

inheritable properties by amending section 68B clause (g).19

obstante clause in Section 31A. however in 1983 the Supreme Court of Asian

nation declared necessary corporal punishment as unconstitutional. during a

recent call, . the Bombay tribunal applied constant principle and control

Section 31A of the NDPS Act to be offending of Article twenty one of the

Indian Constitution. The NDPS (Amendment) Bill, 2011 ignores the premise of

invalidness of Section 31A as acknowledged by the Constitutional Court. the

govt has neither abolished nor amended Section 31A within the NDPS

(Amendment) Bill, despite the findings of the Bombay tribunal on its

17

https://books.google.co.in/books?id=HwKsDQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=a+stu

dy+on+consumption+of+drugs+in+india+after+the+amendment+of+NDPS+act

&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwib6Lek_LbbAhWHL48KHR4nAqgQ6AEISTAH

18

https://books.google.co.in/books?id=cPYhAQAAMAJ&q=a+study+on+consumption+of+

drugs+in+india+after+the+amendment+of+NDPS+actdq=a+study+on+consumption+of+dr

ugs+in+india+after+the+amendment+of+NDPS+act&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwib6Lek

_LbbAhWHL48KHR4nAqgQ6AEIQDAF

19

https://books.google.co.in/books?id=iSH8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA432&dq=a+study+on+con

sumption+of+drugs+in+india+after+the+amendment+of+NDPS+act

&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwib6Lek_LbbAhWHL48KHR4nAqgQ6AEIMDAC


1377

constitutional validity. This disregard of judicial orders deserves attention of the

committee.20

4. Conclusion

The last twenty seven years have seen rise within the combat against drug

dependence particularly the areas of policy formulation and growth of

infrastructure. this can be commendable. What currently remains to be seen is

that the effectiveness and impact of the assorted measures initiated. it's

imperative to own analysis and subsequent modifications of plans and policies

supported effective analysis. with none systematic analysis, plans would be

simply that - plans.

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[5] Kinrys, Gustavo, et al. “Proper Drug Disposal: Studying a Solution to Household Prescription and Over-the- Counter Drug Abuse.” Journal of Drug Abuse, vol. 02, no. 02, 2016, doi:10.21767/2471-853x.100027.

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[19] Stafford, Peter. Psychedelics Encyclopedia. Ronin Publishing, 2013.

[20] Stolberg, Victor B. “Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act.” Encyclopedia of Drug Policy.

[21] Yamatani, Hide. “Racially Destructive Effects of Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970: A Review Summary.” Journal of Drug Abuse, vol. 03, no. 03, 2017, doi:10.21767/2471-853x.100055.


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