A study of the regulation of hepatic microsomal glycerol ... · hepatic microsomal GPAT was assayed...

24
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author.

Transcript of A study of the regulation of hepatic microsomal glycerol ... · hepatic microsomal GPAT was assayed...

Page 1: A study of the regulation of hepatic microsomal glycerol ... · hepatic microsomal GPAT was assayed with material from these incubations a stimulator of GPAT was not detected. The

Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author.

Page 2: A study of the regulation of hepatic microsomal glycerol ... · hepatic microsomal GPAT was assayed with material from these incubations a stimulator of GPAT was not detected. The

A STUDY OF THE REGULATION OF

HEPATIC MICROSOMAL GLYCEROL PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE ( GPAT )

A thesis presented in partial fulfi lment o f the

r equirements for the degree of Doctor of Phi losophy

in Biochemistry at

MASSEY UNIVERSITY

EARL VICTOR JOHN STEVENS

1 986

Page 3: A study of the regulation of hepatic microsomal glycerol ... · hepatic microsomal GPAT was assayed with material from these incubations a stimulator of GPAT was not detected. The

1. ( a )

( b )

( c )

MASSEY UNIVERSITY ·I I give permission for my thesis, entitled

A STUDY OF THE REGULATION OF HEPATIC MICROSOMAL GLYCEROL ... . . . .. ... . . . ...... .... ....... . . .. . . . . ........... .. . ... . . ..... .

PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE (GPAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to be made available to readers in the Library under the conditions

determined by the Librarian.

I agree to my thesis, if asked for by another institution, being

sent away on temporary loan under conditions deterined by the

Librarian.

I also agree that my thesis may be copied for Library use.

�. I do not wish my thesis, entitled � . .......... . ............ ... . .. . . ..... .... · __ :-�-·-�--r-:-............. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � .. � · . � . . . . ..... . ... . . ..... .......... .

. . . . . . . . . . ... ·. -���· .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

_. . - -

�-------�---'"""""_:""'-_�:�o�-,..t-�-b:e::rn-a-Ei-km-¥e--\laflv�ca-±b-t-=' l&<a

e-bn -l-ee,&ftl-foTeir:re&a-wd4:e-

tr-f' ot4:-for-r-4-'tw-oe -'Vb-ee�s"'te'>f1;-t--t-o_o_t_h_e_r_i_fl __ s_t_i_t_tl_-:.._- 'l::_· o-�-�

�� 1,tJithout my Hritten e onoeftt Hithift t·"o years.

Signed .... f..:�·:!� . Date

E��� .3!Cf}t (."ft.T

.��"': .8 ...

Strike out the sentence or phrase which does not apply.

The Library,

Massey University,

Palmerston North, N.Z.

The copyright of this thesis belongs to the author. Readers must sign their

name in the space below to show that they recognise this. They are asked to

add their permanent address .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page 4: A study of the regulation of hepatic microsomal glycerol ... · hepatic microsomal GPAT was assayed with material from these incubations a stimulator of GPAT was not detected. The

i

ABSTRACT

Exper iments descr ibed in this thesis wer e conducted to examin e the

possib i l ity that hepatic microsomal GPAT activity in r ats is r egulated

by insulin .

Hepatic microsomal fractions were prepared by a procedure based on

publi shed methods and it was established by assay of cytochrome

oxidase , monoamine o x idase and NADPH cytochrome C r eductase that the r e

was less than 1 1 % mitochondrial impurity . A butanol extraction o f GPAT

assays was adopted to separate the butanol-soluble [ 1 4c J-lipid products

1 4 from the unreacted aqueous-soluble [ C ) -glycerol 3-phosphate

substrate . Methods were developed to simplify the determination o f

[ 1 4 c J-radioactivity . The kinetics of the r esponse o f the assay s ystem

to changes in the concentrations o f glycerol 3-phosphate and

palmitoyl-CoA were similar to those publ i shed for the microsomal GPAT .

The products o f the assay were identi fied as phosphatidic aci d and

lysophosphatidic acid by their chromatographic properties befo r e and

after hydrolysis with chicken liver phosphatidate phosphohydrolase .

These products are consistent with literature r eports .

Male Sprague-Dawley r ats were treated with insulin ( 4 i . u . /kg body

weight ) or saline , and extracts o f hind-limb muscle were prepared and

fractionated on Sephadex G-25 in 50 mM formic acid . Fractions whi ch

eluted subsequent to the void volume were assayed with hepatic

microsomal GPAT and the effect o f insul in-treatment fractions were

compared with the effect of saline-treatment fractions .

Page 5: A study of the regulation of hepatic microsomal glycerol ... · hepatic microsomal GPAT was assayed with material from these incubations a stimulator of GPAT was not detected. The

ii

Fractions containing mater ial o f approximately 3000 and 1 000 daltons

molecular weight enhanced GPAT activity in an insulin-dependent manner

by 0 . 46 and 0 . 64 nmol/min/mg of microsomal protein , respectively ( both

P<0 . 0 1 ) , compared to the e ffect of the saline control s . Control r ates

were approximately 3 . 5 nmol/min/mg of microsomal protein . It was

calculated that these insulin-dependent increases in hepatic microsomal

GPAT acti vity would be suffic ient to account for the difference b etween

the estimated hepatic triacylglycerol production of fed and fasted

rats . Furthermore , publ i shed studies suggest that insulin-dependent

changes in activities of enzymes , demonstrated with in vitro systems

utilising low molecular weight fractions from rat muscle , may par allel

sensiti vity o f the same enzymes to insulin in vivo . The low mol ec ular

weight stimulator or stimulators of hepatic microsomal GPAT have an

apparent molecular weight within the range 1 000-3000 daltons , appear to

be heat and acid stable , are soluble in aqueous solution , have very low

absorbance at 220nm ( or a very high specific activity ) and may be

sensitive to oxygen . These properties suggest that the low molecular

weight stimulator or stimulator s of hepati c microsomal GPAT activity

may be related to the putati ve insulin mediator substance ( IMS ) .

In initial experiments , where r ats were hepar inised pr ior to

treatment with i nsulin or salin e , it was observed that some fractions

were able to stimulate hepatic microsomal GPAT acti vity i n an

insulin-independent manner . Exper iments to r esolve this suggested that

the treatment of r ats with hepar in alone l ed to the presence of low .

mol ecular weight mater ial , in the fractions o f muscle extracts , with

the potential to enhance GPAT acti vity . It was found that low

Page 6: A study of the regulation of hepatic microsomal glycerol ... · hepatic microsomal GPAT was assayed with material from these incubations a stimulator of GPAT was not detected. The

i i i

molecular weight fractions o f the saline treatment muscle extr acts d i d

not enhance GPAT activity . Thi s supported the suggestion that hepar in

was r esponsible for the abi l ity o f low molecular weight fractions o f

muscle extracts t o stimulate GPAT activity in a n insulin-independent

manner .

Experiments were also conducted in which impure hepatic p lasma

membranes were treated with i nsulin ( 20- 1 000 �units/ml ) . However , when

hepatic microsomal GPAT was assayed with mater ial from these

incubations a stimulator of GPAT was not detected .

The r esults o f exper iments presented in thi s thes is provide

further evidence in favour of the hypothesis that hepatic microsomal

GPAT acti vity c an be modi fi ed by insul in and may contr ibute to the

overall r egulation o f glycerolipid biosynthesis in liver .

Page 7: A study of the regulation of hepatic microsomal glycerol ... · hepatic microsomal GPAT was assayed with material from these incubations a stimulator of GPAT was not detected. The

i v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to thank my supervisor , Dr D. R . Husbands , for hi s advice

dur ing the course of this study and also Dr J . c. Hawke for his h e lpful

comments on aspects of the work . The help and encouragement r ec e i ved

from fr iends and colleagues was appreciated . I would also l ik e to

acknowledge the encouragement of my wi fe Debbie and the support o f my

parents , Vie & Betty Stevens .

Page 8: A study of the regulation of hepatic microsomal glycerol ... · hepatic microsomal GPAT was assayed with material from these incubations a stimulator of GPAT was not detected. The

V

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • i v

TABLE OF CONTENTS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • v

LIST OF FIGURES • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • x i

LIST OF TABLES • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • XV

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • x i x

LIST OF APPENDICES • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • x x i

Chapter 1 . INTRODUCTION • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1

1 . 1 THE CENTRAL ROLE OF GLYCEROLIPIDS IN METABOLISM • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2

1 . 2 PATHWAYS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF GLYCEROLIPIDS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7

1 . 3 THE CONTROL OF GLYCEROLIPID BIOSYNTHESIS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 5

1 . 3 . 1 REGULATION BY SUBSTRATE AVAILABILITY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 5

1 . 3 . 2 REGULATION BY CONTROL OF PHOSPHATIDATE

PHOSPHOHYDROLASE ACTIVITY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 23

1 . 3 . 3 REGULATION BY CONTROL OF DIACYLGLYCEROL

ACYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 28

1 . 3 . 4 REGULATION BY CONTROL OF GLYCEROL PHOSPHATE

ACYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 1

1 . 3 . 4 . 1 Physiological effectors o f GPAT activity • • • • • • • • 3 1

1 . 3 . 4 . 2 Dietary effectors o f GPAT activity • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 34

1 . 3 . 4 . 2 . 1 Fasting • . . . . • . . . • . . . • . . . • . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • 35

1 . 3 . 4 . 2 . 2 High fat , high carbohydrate and

ethanol diets • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 37

Page 9: A study of the regulation of hepatic microsomal glycerol ... · hepatic microsomal GPAT was assayed with material from these incubations a stimulator of GPAT was not detected. The

1 . 3 . 4 . 3

1 . 3 . 4 . 4

1 . 3 . 4 . 5

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ( continued )

Page

Pharmacological effector s of GPAT activity • • • • • • 38

Control by glucagon , catecholamines

and insulin • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 39

Control by other hormones • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 43

1 . 4 GLYCEROLPHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE - CHARACTERISTICS

AND PROPERTIES • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 45

1 . 4 . 1 Di str ibution o f GPAT between mitochondrial and

microsomal fractions • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 45

1 . 4 . 2 Location of GPAT within mitochondrial and

1 . 4 . 3

1 . 4 . 4

microsomal fractions • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 47

Properties o f GPAT • • . . . . • • . • • . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • 48

GPAT pur i fi cation • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 59

1 . 5 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 62

Chapter 2 . MATERIALS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 63

2 . 1 Reagents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 64

2 . 2 Instruments & Equipment • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 64

2 . 3 Statistical package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . 64

2 . 4 Animals . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • • • . . . . • . • . . . • . . . . • • • . . . • . • • . • . . . • • . • . 64

2 . 4 . 1

2 . 4 . 2

Rats • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 64

Chickens • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 65

Page 10: A study of the regulation of hepatic microsomal glycerol ... · hepatic microsomal GPAT was assayed with material from these incubations a stimulator of GPAT was not detected. The

Chapter 3 .

vi i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ( continued )

METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF GPAT

ASSAY PROCEDURE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 68

3 . 1 Introductio n • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 69

3 . 2 Procedure for subcellular fractionation • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 70

3 . 3 Validation o f subcellular fractionation procedure • • • • • • • • • • • • • 73

3 . 4 Method for protein d etermination • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 82

3 . 5 Determination of r ad ioactivity • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 83

3 . 6 Extraction of r ad ioactive glycerol 3-phosphate

from aqueous butanol • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 85

3 . 7 Examination of microsomal ester ification assay system • • • • • • • • • 87

3 . 7 . 1 Preparation of glycerol 3-phosphate and

palmitoyl-CoA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 87

3 . 7 . 2 Initial selection of conditions for GPAT assay • • • • • • • • • • 87

3 . 7 . 3 Response to [ palmitoyl-CoA] • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 89

3 . 7 . 4 Response to [ glycerol 3-phosphate ] • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • go

3 . 7 . 5 Response to amount o f microsomal protein • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 9 9

3 . 7 . 6 Dependence on time • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • 9 9

3 . 7 . 7 Response to pH • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 99

3 . 7 . 8 Identi fication o f products o f the GPAT assay • • • • • • • • • • • 1 05

3 . 7 . 8 . 1 Thin layer chromatography • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 05

3 . 7 . 8 . 2 Protocol for identi fication r adioactive

products o f the microsomal GPAT r eaction • • • • • • • 1 06

3 . 8 Summary o f methodology adopted for the assay o f GPAT • • : • • • • • • 1 1 5

Page 11: A study of the regulation of hepatic microsomal glycerol ... · hepatic microsomal GPAT was assayed with material from these incubations a stimulator of GPAT was not detected. The

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ( continued )

Chapter 4 . EXPERIMENTS TO EXAMINE THE EFFECT OF INSULIN

ON GPAT ACTIVITY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 1 6

4 . 1 Introduction • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 1 7

4 • 2 Methods • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 1 9

4 . 2 . 1 Effect of insulin on blood glucose • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 1 9

4 . 2 . 2 General method for preparation o f r at

muscle extracts • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 1 9

4 . 2 . 3 Chromatography of extracts • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 2 1

4 . 2 . 4 Assay o f Sephadex G-25 fractions with

l iver microsomal GPAT • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 23

4 . 3 R esults and Discussion • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 28

4 . 3 . 1 Section 1 - Preliminary exper iments with extracts

from hepari nised r ats treated with i nsulin

( Extract A) or saline ( Extract B ) , r espectively:

the e ffect o f low molecular weight fractions o f

these extr acts on GPAT activity • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 28

4 . 3 . 2 Section 2 - Exper iments with further extracts

from hepar i nised rats treated with insulin

( Extr acts C, D , E , & G) or saline ( Extracts F & H ):

r econsideration o f the role o f l iquid air ver sus

l iquid nitrogen in the method for prepar ing extracts • • • 1 45

Page 12: A study of the regulation of hepatic microsomal glycerol ... · hepatic microsomal GPAT was assayed with material from these incubations a stimulator of GPAT was not detected. The

i x

TABLE OF CONTE NTS ( continued )

4 . 3 . 3 Section 3 - E xper iments with e xtracts from

48 h-fasted hepar inised rats treated with i nsulin

(E xtract K) or saline (E xtracts I & J ) , and with

E xtracts L and M from fed or 48 h-fasted

non-cannulated r ats , r espectively : consideration o f

the possible influence of cannulation and hepar in • • • • • • 1 63

4 . 3 . 4 Section 4 -·E xper iments with extracts from non

Chapter 5 .

hepar inised r ats treated with insulin (E xtracts N ,

P , & R ) o r saline ( 0 , Q & S ) : insulin-dependent

stimulation of hepatic microsomal GPAT activity • • • • • • • • 1 83

THE E FFE CT OF SUPE RNATANTS FROM LIVE R

?ARTICULATE FRACTIONS ON GPAT • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 89

5 . 1 Introduction • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 90

5 . 2 Methods • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 93

5 . 2 . 1 Selection of method for preparation o f l iver

particulate fraction enriched in plasma membranes • • • • • • 1 93

5 . 2 . 2 Incubation o f particulate fraction with insulin

or buffer . • . • . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . • 1 97

5 . 2 . 3 Assay to examine the effect o f particulate

fraction supernatant on GPAT activity • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 97

5 . 3 Results and Discussion - The e ffect of supernatants

from liver particulate fractions treated with insulin . � • • • • • • 1 99

Page 13: A study of the regulation of hepatic microsomal glycerol ... · hepatic microsomal GPAT was assayed with material from these incubations a stimulator of GPAT was not detected. The

Chapter 6 .

TABLE OF CONTE NTS ( continued )

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 205

APPE NDICE S • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 228

BIBLIOGRAPHY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 248

X

Page 14: A study of the regulation of hepatic microsomal glycerol ... · hepatic microsomal GPAT was assayed with material from these incubations a stimulator of GPAT was not detected. The

xi

LIST OF FIGURE S

Fig ur e Pag e

1 . 1 : E n zymes and pathways o f glycerol ipid biosynthesis • • • • • • • • • • • • 5

3 . 1 : Scheme for the subcellular fractionation of r at l iver • • • • • • • 7 1

3 . 2 : The specific activity and total activity of

cytochrome oxidase in various subcellular fractions • • • • • • • • • 75

3 . 3 : The speci fic activity and total activity o f monoamine

oxidase in v ar ious subcellular fractions • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 77

3 . 4 : The speci fic activity and total activity o f NADPH

cytochrome C r eductase in var ious subcellular fractions • • • • • 79

3 . 5 : E ffect of [ palmitoyl-CoA ] on ester i fication of

glycerol 3-phosphate with palmitoyl-CoA by a

hepatic microsomal fraction • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 9 1

3 . 6 : Hill plot transformation o f the d ata for the

r esponse of esterification of g lycerol 3-phosphate

with palmitoyl-CoA by a hepatic microsomal fraction

to v ar ying [ palmitoyl-CoA] • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 93

3 . 7 : E ffect o f [ glycerol 3-phosphate ] on esterifi cation

of glycerol 3-phosphate with palmitoyl-CoA by a

hepatic microsomal fraction • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 95

3 . 8 : E adie-Hofstee transformation o f d ata for the e ffect

of [ glycerol 3-phosphate ] on esteri fication

of glycerol 3-phosphate with palmitoyl-CoA by

a hepatic microsomal fraction • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 97

Page 15: A study of the regulation of hepatic microsomal glycerol ... · hepatic microsomal GPAT was assayed with material from these incubations a stimulator of GPAT was not detected. The

X i i

LIST OF FIGURE S ( continued )

Figure Page

3 . 9 : E ffect o f amount o f microsomal protein on

ester ific ation o f glycerol 3-phosphate with

palmitoyl-CoA by a hepatic microsomal fraction • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 00

3 . 1 0 : E ffect o f time on ester i fi cation o f g lycerol

3-phosphate with palmitoyl-CoA by a hepatic

microsomal fraction • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 02

3 . 1 1 : Identification o f microsomal GPAT assay

products - Part 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 09

3 . 1 2 : Identification o f microsomal GPAT assay

products - Part 2 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 1 3

4 . 1 : The e ffect o f insulin on blood glucose concentration • • • • • • • 1 24

4 . 2 : Titration curve o f r at muscle solution acidified

with acetic acid to pH 3 . 8 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 26

4 . 3 : Sephadex G-25 fractionation o f muscle extract from

insulin-treated , hepar inised r at and absolute

effect of fractions on microsomal GPAT from l ivers

of fed or fasted r ats • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 36

4 . 4 : Sephadex G-25 fractionation o f muscle extr act

from hepar inised r ats treated with i nsulin

and saline and absolute e ffect o f fractions on

microsomal GPAT from l ivers o f fed r ats • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 39

Page 16: A study of the regulation of hepatic microsomal glycerol ... · hepatic microsomal GPAT was assayed with material from these incubations a stimulator of GPAT was not detected. The

x i i i

LIST OF FIGURE S ( continued )

Figure Page

4 . 5 : Sephadex G-25 fractionation of muscle extract

( twice usual loading on column ) from heparini sed

r at treated with insulin and absolute effect of

fractions on microsomal GPAT from liver s of fed r ats • • • • • • 1 42

4 . 6 : Sephadex G-25 fr actionation o f muscle e xtract from a

heparinised r at treated with insulin and absolute

e ffect on GPAT activity : inhibition of GPAT activity

r elative to the formic acid control GPAT activity • • • • • • • • • • 1 4 8

4 . 7 : Sephadex G-25 fractionation o f muscle extract from

hepar inised r ats treated with i nsulin or saline

and absolute effect on GPAT : inhibition o f GPAT

activity r e lative to formic acid controls • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 5 1

4 . 8 : Sephadex G-25 fractionation o f muscle extr act

from heparinised r ats treated with insulin or

saline and absolute effect on GPAT : i nhibition of

GPAT activity r elative to formic acid controls • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 53

4 . 9 : The absolute e ffect o f Sephadex G-25 fr actions

of muscle extr acts from hepar inised r ats treated

with insulin o r saline , prepared using liquid nitrogen ,

on microsomal GPAT from liver s of fed r ats • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 59

4 . 1 0 : The absolute effect o f Sephadex G-25 fractions o f

muscle extr act from 4 8 h-fasted hepar inised r at

treated with saline on microsomal GPAT from fed r at • • • • • • • • 1 68

Page 17: A study of the regulation of hepatic microsomal glycerol ... · hepatic microsomal GPAT was assayed with material from these incubations a stimulator of GPAT was not detected. The

xiv

LIST OF FIGURE S ( continued )

Figure Page

4 . 1 1 : The absolute effect of Sephadex G-25 fractions o f

muscle extract from 4 8 h-fasted hepar inised r ats

treated with saline or insulin on microsomal GPAT

GPAT from fed r ats • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 70

4. 1 2 : The absolute effect of Sephadex G-25 fractions o f

muscle extract from fed , non-cannulated r at , on

microsomal GPAT from fed r at • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 78

4 . 1 3 : The absolute effect of Sephadex G-25 fr actions

o f muscle extract from 48 h-fasted , non-cannulated

r at on microsomal GPAT from fed r at • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 80

4 . 1 4 : The absolute effect of Sephadex G-25 fractions o f

muscle extract from fed non heparinised r ats treated

with either insulin or sal ine , on microsomal GPAT fr6m

liver s of fed r ats • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 86

Appendix I

I . 1 : E lution o f carbohydrate , as shown by Phenol-sulphuric

reactivity , in Sephadex G-25 fractions o f muscle

extracts from hepar ini sed r ats treated with e ither

insulin or saline • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 233

Page 18: A study of the regulation of hepatic microsomal glycerol ... · hepatic microsomal GPAT was assayed with material from these incubations a stimulator of GPAT was not detected. The

XV

LIST OF TABLE S

Table Page

1 . 1 : Treatments r eported to affect glycerol 3-phosphate

concentrations in mammals • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 6

1 . 2 : Concentrations o f glycerol 3-phosphate in

ti ssues o f fed mammals • • . . • • • . • . • . • • • • . • . • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 8

1 . 3 : Concentrations o f glycerol 3-phosphate i n

tissues o f fasted r ats • • . • • • . • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 20

1 . 4 : Hepatic mitochondr ial GPAT - K values for m

1 . 5 :

glycerol 3-phosphate • • • • . . . • • • • . • . . . . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • • • • 54

Microsomal GPAT - K values for glycerol m

3-phosphate • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 55

2 . 1 : Reagents used and source of supply • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 66

2 . 2 : Reagents used and source o f supply • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 67

3 . 1 : Protein content and marker enzyme activities i n

subcellular fractions o f r at liver • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 8 1

3 . 2 : The e ffect o f using the Automatic Quench

Compensation faci lity of the Beckman LS 8000

scintillation counter on the e ffic iency o f

counting of E 1 4c J-hexadecane in the presence o f

varying amounts of water-saturated butanol • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 84

3 . 3 : The effect of the volume of the aqueous phase

and number of washings on the r emoval of

1 4 [ C ] glycerol 3-phosphate from aqueous butanol • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 86

3 . 4 : The effect o f pH of the reaction on ester i fication

of glycerol 3-phosphate with palmitoyl-CoA by a

hepatic microsomal fraction • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 04

Page 19: A study of the regulation of hepatic microsomal glycerol ... · hepatic microsomal GPAT was assayed with material from these incubations a stimulator of GPAT was not detected. The

xvi

LIST OF TABLE S ( continued )

Table P age

4 . 1 : The e ffect of Sephadex G-25 fractions of muscle

extract ( A ) from heparinised rat treated with

insulin on l i ver microsomal GPAT from fed r ats

or 72 h-fasted r ats • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 38

4 . 2 : The e ffect o f Sephadex G-25 fractions o f muscle

extract from heparini sed r ats treated with i nsulin

(E xtract A) or saline (E xtract B ) on liver

microsomal GPAT from fed r ats • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 4 1

4 . 3 : The e ffect o f Sephadex G-25 fr actions o f muscle

extract (A ) from a hepar inised r at treated with

insulin on liver microsomal GPAT from fed r ats • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 44

4 . 4 : The effect of Sephadex G-25 fractions o f muscle

extract ( C ) from a hepar inised rat treated with

insulin , prepared using liquid air , on l iver

microsomal GPAT from fed r at (E xperiment 6 ) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 50

4 . 5 : The effect o f Sephadex G-25 fractions o f muscle

extracts from hepar inised r ats treated with insulin

(E xtracts D & E ) or saline (E xtract F ) , prepared using

liquid air , on l iver microsomal GPAT from fed r ats • • • • • • • • • 1 55

4 . 6 : The e ffect o f Sephadex G-25 fractions of muscle

extracts from heparinised r ats treated with insulind

(means of values in Fig 4 . 5 ) or salinee , prepared

using liquid air , on microsomal GPAT from fed r ats • • • • • • • • • 1 56

Page 20: A study of the regulation of hepatic microsomal glycerol ... · hepatic microsomal GPAT was assayed with material from these incubations a stimulator of GPAT was not detected. The

xvii

LIST OF TABLE S ( continued )

Table Pag e

4 . 7 : The e ffect o f Sephadex G-25 fractions o f muscle

extracts , from heparini sed rats treated with insulin

(E xtract G) or saline (E xtract H ) , using liquid

nitrogen , on l i ver microsomal GPAT from fed r ats • • • • • • • • • • 1 6 1

4 . 8 : The absolute and percentage effect o f Sephadex

G-25 fractions of muscle extracts from hepar inised

r ats treated with i nsulin (E xtract G ) or saline

(E xtract H ) , prepared using liquid nitrogen , on

liver microsomal GPAT from fed r ats • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 62

4 . 9 : The effect o f Sephadex G-25 fractions o f muscle

extr acts from 48 h-fasted hepar inised r ats treated

with saline (E xtracts I & J ) on l iver microsomal

GPAT from fed r ats • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 72

4 . 1 0 : The e ffect o f Sephadex G-25 fractions o f muscle

extracts from 48 h-fasted heparini sed r ats treated

with saline (E xtr acts I & J ) or i nsulin (E xtr act K ) on

liver microsomal GPAT from fed r ats • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 173

4 . 1 1 : The effect o f Sephadex G-25 fractions of muscle

extracts from fed or 4 8 h-fasted , non-cannulated r at

on liver microsomal GPAT from fed r ats • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 82

4 . 1 2 : The absolute and percentage effects o f Sephadex G-25

fractions of muscle extracts from fed r ats treated

with either insulin or saline , on microsomal GPAT

from livers o f fed r ats • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 88

5 . 1 : Results for 5 1 -nucleotidase marker study using Method

3 for preparation of l iver particulate fraction • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 95

Page 21: A study of the regulation of hepatic microsomal glycerol ... · hepatic microsomal GPAT was assayed with material from these incubations a stimulator of GPAT was not detected. The

xviii

LIST OF TABLE S ( continued )

Table Page

5 . 2 : The effect o f supernatant from liver particulate

fraction treated with 20 , 1 00 or 500 �units of

insulin/ml on GPAT • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 203

5 . 3 : The effect o f supernatant from l iver particulate

fraction treated with 500 or 1 000 �units

insulin per ml on l iver microsomal GPAT • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 204

Appendic es

I . 1 : The effect o f fructose 2 , 6-bisphosphate on

microsomal GPAT • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 236

II . 1 : The e ffect o f ATP , ADP , and AMP on hepatic

microsomal GPAT from fed r ats • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 242

II I . 1 : The effect o f oestradiol 1 7 8-dipropionate on

chicken l i ver microsomal GPAT activity • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 247

Page 22: A study of the regulation of hepatic microsomal glycerol ... · hepatic microsomal GPAT was assayed with material from these incubations a stimulator of GPAT was not detected. The

ADP

AMP

c AMP

AQC

ATP

BSA

CoA

cpm

dpm

DG

DHAP

DHAPAT

DTNB

E DTA

0! -GP or GP

GPAT

h

IMS

i . u .

LPA

m in

MG

NE M

NADH

LIST OF ABBRE VIATIONS

adenosine d iphosphate

adenosine monophosphate

adenosine 3 ' , 5 ' -cyclic monophosphate

Automatic Quench Compensation

adenosine triphosphate

bovine serum albumin

coenzyme A

counts per minute

disintegrations per minute

diacylglycerol

dihydroxyacetone phosphate

dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase

dithiobis nitrobenzoic acid

ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid

�-glycerol 3-phosphate

xi x

acyl-CoA : sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltr ansferase

hour ( s )

i n sulin mediator substance

international units

lysophosphatidic acid

minute ( s )

monoacylglycerol

N-ethylmaleimide

B-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide , r educed

Page 23: A study of the regulation of hepatic microsomal glycerol ... · hepatic microsomal GPAT was assayed with material from these incubations a stimulator of GPAT was not detected. The

NOTE

NADPH

PA

PC

PL

PO POP

PPO

sec

SD

SE M

TLC

TMPD

Tr i s

VLDL

v/v

v/w

vol

X X

LIST OF ABBRE VIATIONS ( continued )

nicotinamide adenine d inucleotide phosphate , r educed

phosphatidic acid

phosphatidylcholine

phospholipid

1 , 4-bis [ 2- ( 5-phenyloxazolyl ) ] benzene

2 , 5-diphenyloxazole

seconds

standard deviation

standard error of the mean

thin-layer chromatography

tetra methyl phenylene diamine

tr is- (hydroxymethyl ) -aminomethane

very low density l ipoprotein

volume/volume

volume/weight

volume ( s )

In this thesis unless stated otherwise , < 1 00% = less than control

enzyme acti vity ; 1 00% = control enzyme activity ; > 1 00% = stimu l ation

of enzyme activity r elative to the appropriate control .

Page 24: A study of the regulation of hepatic microsomal glycerol ... · hepatic microsomal GPAT was assayed with material from these incubations a stimulator of GPAT was not detected. The

xxi

LIST OF APPE NDICIE S

P age

Appendix I . THE E FFE CT OF FRUCTOSE 2 , 6-BISPHOSPHATE ON GPAT • • • • • • 228

Appendix II . THE E FFE CT OF ADE NINE NUCLE OTIDE S ON GPAT • • • • • • • • • . • • 239

Appendix III . THE E FFE CT OF OE STROGE N ON CHICKE N LIVE R

MICROSOMAL GPAT • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 243