A STUDY OF SAFETY IN THE INDUSTRIAL ARTS LABORATORIES IN THE DALLAS INDEPENDENT...

A STUDY OF SAFETY IN THE INDUSTRIAL

ARTS LABORATORIES IN THE DALLAS

INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT

APPROVED!

Major Frofessor ***<« u&*r

N,, -£.

Minor Professor

Director of the Department of Industrial Arts

P +- %"% o f!>»o r} n afc> r* >•> r* "1 Dean of the Graduate School

A STUDY OF SAFETY IN THE INDUSTRIAL

ARTS LABORATORIES IN THE DALLAS

INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT

THESIS

Presented to the Graduate Council of the

North Texas State University in Partial

Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

By

Virgil R. Morrow

Denton, Texas

August, 1969

TABLE OF CONTENT^

LIST OP TABLES lv

Chapter

I. INTRODUCTION

Statement of the Problem Method of Procedure Limitation of the Problem Need for the Study-Purpose of the Study-Source of Data Organization of the Study-Definition of Terms Related Studies

II, PREFERRED SAFETY PRACTICES OF FIFTY-TWO

INSTRUCTORS AND TWENTY MEMBERS OF A JURY 14

III. PRESENT STATUS OF SAFETY EDUCATION 59

IV, SUMMARY, FINDINGS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

FOR FURTHER STUDIES 85

APPENDIX 88

BIBLIOGRAPHY 112

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

II,

III,

IV.

VI,

VII,

VIII.

IX.

Number of Accidents Reported In Vocational-Industrial Education 196^ through 1969 in the Dallas Independent School District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ^

Factors Considered Responsible for Accidents Occurring in Sixty-Three High School Shops . . . . . . . . . . 8

School Shop Accidents Pacts . . . . . . . . . . 9

Data Concerning Desirability of Certain General Safety Practices as Indicated by Twenty Jury Members and Fifty-Two Laboratory Instructors . . . . . 17

Data Concerning Desirability of In-structional Techniques as Indicated by Twenty Jury Members and Fifty-Two Laboratory Instructors

Data Concerning Desirability of Certain Equipment as Indicated by Twenty Jury Members and Fifty-Two Laboratory Instructors . . . . . . ,

. . 20

Data Concerning Desirability of Certain Personal Protection as Indicated by Twenty Jury Members and Fifty-Two Laboratory Instructors . . . ,

25

29

Data Concerning Desirability of Certain Housekeeping Practices as Indicated by Twenty Jury Members and Fifty-Two Laboratory Instructors , ,

Data Concerning Desirability of Certain Electrical Practices as Indicated by Twenty Jury Members and Fifty-Two Laboratory Instructors. . . . .

31

33

X. Data Concerning Desirability of Certain Fire Safety Practices as Indicated by Twenty Jury Members and Fifty-Two Laboratory Instructors . . . . . . . . . 35

XI, Data Concerning Desirability of Certain Accident Reports as Indicated by Twenty Jury Members and Fifty-Two Laboratory Instructors . . . . . . . . . . . 37

XII, Data Concerning Desirability of Certain First-Aid Practices as Indicated by Twenty Jury Members and Fifty-Two Laboratory Instructors . . 39

XIII, Relative Importance Placed on 181 Safety Practices by Twenty Jury Members and Fifty-Two Laboratory Instructors . . . . . . ^1

XIV, Data Concerning Extent of use of 181 Safety Practices by Fifty-Two Laboratory Instructors, , . , , • • • • • • 60

XV. Data Concerning Rank Order of Importance -of Ninety-Two Safety Practices Employed by Fifty-Two Laboratory Instructors 7^

XVI, Thirty-Five Safety Practices Not Used Yet Preferred by Fifty-Two Laboratory Instructors t . 82

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

One of the major problems confronting teachers of in-

dustrial arts in the secondary school is that of safety. The

application of industrial practices has been helpful in im-

proving safety education. However, the greatest contribution

to the development of safety standards has been made through

research.

Safety instruction has a definite place in industrial

arts laboratories in the public schools. It has been used

effectively in the teaching of safety practices and accident

prevention, A safe environment is an Essential part of the

school safety education program.

Schools with industrial arts programs have followed

practices of industry, and as a result, early attempts at

accident prevention consisted mostly of guarding dangerous

machinery and equipment.

Safety education at all levels has as its primary

objective the prevention of accidents«• accidents which result

in injury to personnel and accidents which cause damage to

building facilities and equipment.

One of the nation's leading exponents of safety education

is H. W. Heinrich. His-approach to the accident sequence is

effectively described in his book. He stated;

A preventable accident is one of the five factors in a sequence that results in an injury. The injury is invariably caused by an accident in turn is always the result of the factor that immediately preceded it. In accident prevention the bull's eye of the target is in the middle of the sequence—an unsafe act of a person or a medaanical or physical hazard. The several factors in the accident occurrence series are given in chrono-logical order in the following list:

1. Ancestry and social environment

2. Fault of person

3. Unsafe act and/or mechanical or physical hazard

4. Accident

5. Injury

The occurrence of a preventable injury is the natural culmination of a series of events or circumstances which invariably occur in a fixed and logical order. One is dependent on the other and follows because of another, thus constituting a sequence that may be compared to a row of dominoes placed on end and in such alignment in relation to one another that the fall of the first domi-noe precipitates the fall of the entire row. An accident is merely one factor in the sequence (6, p. 11).

According to Heinrich safety education can then be considered

as the interruption of this series of events by the elimination

of the central factor—the unsafe act and/or mechanical or

physical hazard. Leavitt stateds "In organizing or conducting

a safety program we must be careful that we do not introduce

a new subject, but put safety instruction on the basis of a

general education to be lived rather than studied " (8, p. 251).

Statement of the Problem

This is a study of safety in the industrial arts

laboratories in the Dallas Independent School System.

Method of Procedure

A questionnaire was sent to each instructor of industrial

arts metal working, woodworking, electricity, and power

mechanics in the Dallas Independent School District. This

sampling was taken from a directive sent out each semester by

the school administration. This directive contains names,

subject taught, and building.

The questionnaire was developed to include nine main areas

of safety* (1) general practices, (2) instructional techniques,

(3) personal protection, (4) equipment safety, (5) housekeeping

practices, (6) electrical safety, (7) fire safety, (8) accident

reports, (9) first-aid practices. Practices first chosen for

the questionnaire were taken from the National Safety Council's

Check-List and numerous safety manuals containing check lists.

Industrial arts instructors of the Dallas Independent School

District and staff members of the Industrial Arts Department

of North Texas State University were consulted for additional

practices that should be included in the questionnaire.

The questionnaire (Appendix A) and a letter of explana-

tion were directed to 120 industrial arts instructors, and a

jury of twenty members. Sixty (50 per cent) were returned

from the instructors, while the jury returned 100 per cent,

the questionnaires returned by the instructors, fifty-two

were usable.

Limitation of the Problem

The study was limited to an investigation of safety in

the industrial arts programs in the twenty-three junior high

schools and nineteen senior high schools in the Dallas Inde-

pendent School District, Dallas, Texas. This study was

further limited to safety in the woodworking, metalworking,

electricity, and power mechanics laboratories.

Need for the Study

There are forty-two industrial arts programs in the

Dallas Independent School District, and those programs involve

the use of hand tools, power-driven machinery, materials, and

processes of industry. The tools and equipment are used by

the students enrolled in industrial arts laboratories. Data

in Table I indicate the number of accidents that occurred in

the industrial arts programs of the Dallas Independent School

District since the spring semester of the 1964-65 school

through the fall semester of 1969.

TABLE I

NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS REPORTED IN VOCATION-INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION 1964 THROUGH 1969 IN THE DALLAS

INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT (2, p. 2)

Semester Report Year Number

Spring 1964-1965 33 Fall 1965-1966 22 Spring 1965-1966 21 Fall 1966-1967 19 Spring 1966-1967 32 Fall 1967-1968 32 Spring 1967-1968 39 Fall 1968-1969 24

Data in Table I reveal a small number of accidents;

however, there was an increase from nineteen accidents in the

fall of 1967 to thirty-nine in the spring of 1968.

Purpose of the Study

This study was conducted to answer the following questions

related to safety education in the Dallas Independent School

District 1

1, What is the status of safety education in the Dallas

Independent School District's industrial arts school

laboratories?

2, What are the safety practices employed by industrial

arts instructors to prevent accidents resulting in injury to

students or damage to the facility or equipment?

It is believed that this study will provide pertinent

and current information that may be useful to the supervisor

of industrial arts and to other administrators of the Dallas

Independent School District for evaluating the present safety

program.

Source of Data

The data used in th3s study were obtained from question-

naires completed and returned by a jury of twenty members and

fifty-two industrial arts instructors.

Organization of the Study

Chapter I of the study includes an introduction, statement

of the problem, purpose of the study, sources of data,

limitations of the study, organization of the study,

definition of terms and related studies.

Chapter II presents a review of preferred safety

practices, and a rank order of importance with an analysis

of the top-rated forty-seven practices. Chapter III presents

a review of present status of safety practices with an analysis

of the top-rated forty-seven practices.

Chapter IV of the study includes a summary of data,

findings of the study, and recommendations made in view of

the findings,

Definition of Terms

"Industrial arts" is defined as that phase of general

education which deals with industry—its organization, mater- .

ials, occupations, processes, and products,—and with the

problems resulting from the industrial and technological

nature of society (12, p, 2),

"Safety education" is defined "by the Texas Education

Agency as ".,.experiences through which boys and girls learn

to make wise choices when the possibility of injury to self,

or others, is one of the factors involved" (10, p, 1),

An "accident" is an event in which (a) the contact of a

person with an object, substance, or another person, (b) the

exposure of a person to objects, substances, or other persons,

(c) the movement of a person causes personal injury or suggests

the probability of such injury (6, p, ^3)«

"First-aid" is the "immediate, temporary treatment given

in case of an accident or sudden illness before the services

of a physician can be secured" (1, p, 3)»

"Guard" means "that which is so covered, fenced, or en-

closed that a person in the course of work is not likely to

come in contact with the point of work and be injured"

(5, P. 53>.

"Guarding the point of operation" refers to the safe-

guarding of "those parts of the machine where various types

of materials are cut, drilled, shaped, or formed" (5» p. 53).

"Guarding power transmission" refers to the "safeguarding

of all hazardous moving parts of the equipment used for the

mechanical transmission of power" (5» p. 53)•

Related Studies

In 19^3» c» c» Davis made a comprehensive investigation

of general safety education in industry and vocational schools,

in which he emphasized the importance of safety education in

the industrial arts laboratories (3, p. 5)* Finis Turner in

19*1-6 conducted a study of accidents occurring in industrial

arts laboratories in Texas with reference to their underlying

causes, and. how they might be prevented through safety educa-

tion (12, p. 28),

Davis then presented recommended areas for further studies

that might be made in respect to the following phases of safetyi

1, Prerequisites to safety training, 2, Identification, availability, and use of teaching

materials in the field of school and shop safety, 3, Evaluation methods of teaching safety, b. Development of a comprehensive course of study for

siafety training in all phases of school life.

8

5, Evaluation of school safety programs in the light of industrial demands,

6. Visual aids in the safety programs of the school (3, p. 1^2).

Turner presented the following factors as being

responsible for accidents in sixty-three high school shops,

TABLE II

FACTORS CONSIDERED RESPONSIBLE FOR ACCIDENTS OCCURRING IN SIXTY-

THREE HIGH SCHOOL SHOPS (11, p. 28)

Causes of Accidents Number

Pupils carelessness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Hasty work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Crowded conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zk Horse play . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Dull tools . . . . . . . . . 20 Improperly guarded machines . . . . . . . . 13 Poor housekeeping . . . . . . 9 Improper lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Working before class time . . . ^ Falling objects . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Jigs and fixtures 3 Working after school hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Home made equipment 1 Unnecessary talking . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Improper use of machine 1 Improper teaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Wayne P. Hughes established by a comprehensive survey

of the United States in school shops that one-third of the

accidents occurring in the industrial arts shops and approxi-

mately two-thirds of the accidents happening in the school

shop were occurring in vocational training. The industrial

arts programs presented in this report reported fewer

hazards than did the vocational type of shops (7, p. 2).

Hughes developed the following table on accidents that

occurred in secondary school shop programs.

TABLE III

SCHOOL SHOP ACCIDENTS FACTS (7, pp. 10-11)

Accident Frequency

By time of day

By day of week

By month of year

By age of student

By type of school

By area of activity

By hand tools

Conditions of Relative Frequency and other Factors.

3/5 occur in morning, 2/5 in afternoon. Highest frequency during hour after 10 a.m.

Highest frequency on Wednesday.

High frequency during early and late months of year. Also high just prior to, and following vacation period.

Marked increase in frequency at age 14, reaching peak at age 15.

Only slight increase in frequency in vocational trade school shops over industrial arts shops

Hazardous work areas, as determined by frequency of accidents, are: wood, metal, transportation, communication, and graphic arts. (Host hazard ous wood)

Higher frequency of accidents in use of wood chisel than all other tools combined. Other tools classified as especially dangeroust saw, knife, plane, hammar, file, and soldering iron.

10

TABLE III—Continued

By machine tool

Machine tool versus hand tool

Hazardous machine, as determined by frequency of accidents ares jointer, circular saw, wood lathe, grinder, band saw, drill, press, engine lathe, (only most dangerous listed.)

Hand tool accidents to increase twice as number as machine tool accidents. Machine tools accidents are more serious.

In 1952, Ralph W. Miller made a study of safety education

and safety standards in the industrial arts programs in the

Fort Worth Schools, Fort Worth, Texas (9, pp. 11-115),

Miller made the following recommendations with respect to

safety education and safety standards in the industrial arts

programs»

1. That representatives of state government agencies and industrial safety engineers or specialist should be invited to make periodical inspections of all of the shops.

2. That all of the industrial arts instructors should complete a course in first-aid.

3. The goggles in all the shops should be sterilized when used by more than one person, or a pair be provided for each student in the industrial arts classes.

4. More stress should be placed upon more and better artificial lighting in the industrial arts classes,

5. A larger amount of glass area in relation to floor area should be provided in new shops to be built or re-modeled in the future.

6. The standard ceiling height of at least twelve feet should be provided in the new shops built in the future.

7. Greater floor area should be provided in all new shops and attention should be directed toward providing more floor space in the present industrial arts shops.

11

8. Those shops with an inadequate number of electrical outlets should be provided with a sufficient number of outlets.

9, A sufficient number of electrical outlets should be in the new shops built in the future and should be forty-two inches from the floor.

10. Adequate fire extinguishing equipment should be provided in all of the shops.

11. All of the machines without guards should be equipped with proper guards.

12. Further study should be made of safety education in the industrial arts shops in the Fort Worth Public Schools in order to develop a better safety program in all of the shops (9, pp. 114-115).

Gilliland ascertained the present practices employed in

conducting safety programs in the public schools of selected

cities. He found that most schools have a program in safety

education and several different teaching methods were being

employed (4, p. 3).

Gilliland developed the following conclusions from the

results of his investigation:

1. Industry initiated the concept that accidents could be reduced by means of education.

2. Improved mechanization has increased the need for more education in accident prevention.

3. The problem of traffic control in the proximity of schools had been given very little study. No standardization of school signs, signals, markings, aaad pick-up drives had been established.

4. Only a few areas of safety were taught by a large number of schools.

5. An accident report system was in use in a majority of these school systems.

6. Non-school organizations and agencies had many worth-while services that were used to supplement the safety program (4, p. 191).

12

CHAPTER BIBLIOGRAPHY 7

1. American Red Cross, First-Aid Text Book, Philadelphia, The Blakiston Company, 1940.

2. Dallas Independent School District, "Vocational-Indus-trial Education Accidents Report Fall Semesters 1967-1968", (March, 1968), p. 2.

3. Davis, C. C., "An Analysis of General Safety Education for Industrial and Vocational Schools with Specific Recommendations for Wood Shop and Machine Shop", unpublished master's thesis, Department of Indus-trial arts, North Texas State Teacher's College, Denton, Texas, 1943.

4. Gilliland, Lonnie, "Practices in Safety Education in the Public Schools of Selected Cities in the United States", unpublished doctoral dissertation, School of Education, University of Oklahoma, 1955.

5. Good, Carter V., Editor, Dictionary of Education, New York, McGraw-Hil1 Company, 1059.

6. Heinrich, H. W. , Industrial Accident Prevention, New York, McGraw-Hill Company, 1950.

7. Hughes, Wayne P., "Safety Procedures in the School Shop", unpublished doctoral dissertation, School of Education, New York University, 1942.

8. Leavitt, Jerome, "Safety Education", Industrial Arts and Vocational Education, XLII (October, 1953), 254.

9. Miller, Ralph W., "A study of Safety in the Industrial Arts programs in the Fort Worth Public Schools, Fort Worth, Texas, Based upon Recommended Safety standards", unpublished master's thesis, department of Industrial Arts, North Texas State College, Denton, Texas, 1952.

10. Texas Education Agency, Safety Education in Secondary Schools, Texas Education Agenty, Austin, Texas, 17ST.

11. Turner, Finis, "A Study of Accidents and Their Causes Occurring in Industrial Arts Shops in the Public

13

Schools of Texas and the Methods Used to Teach Safety Education in Industrial Arts Programs", unpublished master's thesis, Department of Indus-trial Arts, North Texas State University, Denton, Texas.

12. Wilber, Gordon 0., Industrial Arts in General Education, Scranton, Pennsylvania, International Textbook Company, 1948.

CHAPTER II

PREFERRED SAFETY PRACTICES OF FIFTY-TWO INSTRUCTORS AND TWENTY MEMBERS OF A JURY

A total of 181 laboratory safety practices were submitted

to a jury of experts and to a group of Dallas industrial arts

instructors for appraisal. One of the problems was to

determine the desirability of each practice and to ascertain

whether it was used or not. One indicator used to disclose

the importance of the practice was the percentage of responses

registered on each point of the scale for each group. The

results of such tabulations are shown in Tables IV through

XII. Another indication of the importance of the practice was

the two groups of respondents.

On the check list which was submitted (Appendix A),

respondents were instructed to check each safety practice

listed under Column B as to their evaluation of the desir-

ability of each practice by classifying it as being considered

most desirablei desirable, and undesirable. These responses

were to be based on the opinion of each respondent. Tables

IV and XII present these totals as percentages of the re-

spondents in each group. The groups are indicated on the

tables as "Jury" for jury of experts and "Tchr" for the in-

dustrial arts instructors. The safety practices were

abbreviated for use in this chapter. A complete listing

15

of the safety practices may be found in Appendix A. Close

observation of the material in Appendix F will reveal that

if the responses were totaled across for each practice and

for each group, in some cases the totals would be less than

the total number of respondents. This is due to the fact

that many individuals who participated in the study failed

to check some of the practices.

Of the 181 safety practices, eleven were given an

exceptionally high rating with respect to desirability.

These practices were checked by seventy per cent or more of

the respondents in each of the two groups as being "most

desirable". These particular practices are as follows (the

figure in parentheses indicates the number of the practice

on the original check list)*

1. Prohibit running in the laboratory at any time. (103)

2. Prohibit horseplay or practical jokes of any kind in

the laboratory area. (102)

3. Give laboratory demonstrations emphasizing the use

of hazardous machines. (53)

4. Use painted line or tape on the floor around each

item of equipment. (53)

5. Develop a permanent safety consciousness in students

through teacher example always doing things the

safe way. (70)

6. Provide brushes-for the cleaning of equipment after

each use. (132)

16

7. Prohibit students from operating power-driven machines

before or after school when the instructor is not

present. (79)

8. Develop in each student a sense of personal respon-

sibility for his own safety and that of others. (31)

9. Helping students understand that effective ways of

doing things are the safe ways, (32)

10,. Require students to report all accidents to the

instructor regardless of nature of severity. (162)

11. Give periodic talk emphasizing the importance of

each student's acquiring the proper attitude toward

accident prevention, (56) ~

Table IV contains twenty-nine (16 per cent) of the 181

safety practices classified. Data in the table show the

responses of the two groups. The safety practice chosen to

be most desirable by the instructor was practice number three.

Practice number three was checked by 73,1 per cent of the

respondents. Practices nineteen and twenty-one were the first

choices of 80 per cent of the jury as being most desirable.

The safety practice chosen as being most undesirable by the

instructor was practice nineteen as compared to practice

number one chosen by the jury.

17

TABLE IV

DATA CONCERNING DESIRABILITY OF CERTAIN GENERAL SAFETY PRACTICES AS INDICATED BY TWENTY

JURY MEMBERS AND FIFTY-TWO LABORATORY INSTRUCTORS

SAFETY PRACTICES M. D.*

TCHR JURY

D.*

TCHR JURY

U. D.*

TCHR JURY

1. Take complete charge of program with no respon-sibility delegated to students

2. Command instant attention of every student during an emergency through some alarm..

3. Make an analysis of the hazards involving machines, tools, and general envi-ronment.

4«, Make written reports regarding any hazard,.....

5. Require visitor to the approval before entering laboratory

50.0

60.7

73.1

26.9

51.9

Have frequent safety inspections of the labor-atory made by*

,..inspectors from the state and industry

7. ...state fire inspectors..

8. ... industrial engineers...

11.1

28.8

15.3

15

50

75

70

35

40

40

25

25.0

26.9

26.9

59.3

34.6

57.8

25.0

63.4

0

35

25

25

40

40

55

55

25.0

12.4

13.8

13.5

21.1

19.2

19.2

85

15

25

20

5

20

*M. D. = Most Desirable, D. = Desirable, U. D. = Undersirable

18

TABLE IV —continued

M. D.* SAFETY PRACTICES

" TCHR|JURY

i i ^

9, ...school personnel—State and/or local level 21.11 45

10. ...a student committee | 38.4 | 50

11. student inspector or f o r e m a n . I 51•9| 30

12. ... other (name),, ..... i • • i • •

13. Use a check list to make a safety inspection.,.,..,... | 50•0 | 65

14. Use the National Safety Council's Shop Safety inspection check list during inspections . ... |38.4| 20

Have safety inspections of the laboratory made:

15. ...once a week 35.5 | 20

16. ,..once a month............ 13.3 | 40

17. ,,,once each year., | 7.6 | 60

18. Rotate assignments to safety committee 1 57 • 6 | 55

19. Rotate assignments as inspectors or foreman...... | 9.6 | 80

20. Present each individual who is assigned inspection duties with a list of his specific duties............ |65.3 I 50

21. Use alternate yellow and black stripes on protruding parts, low beams, etc,,,,, 170.6 I 80

D.*

TCHR JURY

%

38.4

%

40

40.3 40

19.2 • •

65

• I

30.6 0

46,1 60

23.0 40

17.3 20

2 5 . 0 35

32.6 45

21,1 15

28.6 35

29.4 20

U. D.*

TCHR JURY

26.9 15

17.3 10

26.9 5

• • I # •

17.3 0

15.3 10

17.3 15

23,0 I 20

67.3 1 5

9.6 I 0

69.2 5

5.7 15

0 0

19

TABLE IV —continued

SAFETY PRACTICES M. D.* D.* U. i D.*

TCHR JURY TCHR . JURY TCHR -JURY

% % % % % %

57.6 55 32.6 35 9.6 10

35.5 50 61.1 ^5 1.9 5

65.3 50 28.8 5.7 5

Jj-8.1 20 30.6 65 21.1 10

63.^ 70 28.8 20 7.6 5

63.^ 70 28.8 20 7.6 5

W . 3 35 ^0.3 55 15.3 10

61.1 60 26.9 35 11.5 5

22, Provide a non-skid floor area to stand on when operating machines

23. Have all auxiliary doors swing outward,...••••••«<

Zk, Provide four-foot minimum aisles throughout the labor-atory for general travel,,•.

25, Have the ventilating system checked by a responsible person to determine its effectiveness

26. Encourage all students to carry accident insurance....

27, Carry liability insurance as a protection in case of negligence charges

28. Present a safety award each year to a student who has exhibited outstanding application of the principal of safety,.................•

29, Require students to study and sign a combined acknow-ledgement of safety instruction and safety pledge.. .........

Data in Table IV indicate that the jury of experts and

instructors were in close agreement concerning the desir-

ability of the general safety practices included in the

20

check list. The jury of experts ranked sixteen of the

practices (55*1 percent) as being most desirable sis compared

to thirteen (*14.8 per cent) by the instructors.

Table V contains forty-one (22,6 per cent) of the

181 safety practices classified. The safety practice con-

sidered to be the most desirable by the instructors was

practice number fifty-three. This practice was checked by

88.4 per cent of the respondents. Practice seventy was

the first choice of 100 per cent of the jury as being most

desirable,

TABLE V

DATA CONCERNING DESIRABILITY OP CERTAIN INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES AS INDICATED BY TWENTY JURY MEMBERS

AND FIFTY-TWO LABORATORY INSTRUCTORS

SAFETY PRACTICES M. D,* D, ,* u. D.*

SAFETY PRACTICES TCHR JURY TCHR JURY TCHR JURY

30, Require all students to make a study of hazards in laboratory,,, ,.

%

67.3

% 35

% 30.6

% 50

%

1.9

%

15

Present safety instruction with the following objectives in minds

31. ...developing in each student a sense of personal responsibility for his own safety and that of others,. 84.6 95 15.3 5 0 0

32. ... helping students under-stand that the effective ways of doing things Hre the safe ways 82.5 85 17.3 15 0 0

21

TABLE V—continued

M. D.* D. * U. D.* SAFETY PRACTICES

TCHR JURY TCHR JURY TCHR JURY

33. ...helping students learn safe practices for use in meeting their own day-to-day activities

%

76.9

00

%

19.2

%

15

%

3.7

%

0

34. ,,,helping students recognize situations involving hazards ... 80.7 80 19.2 0 0

35. Teach accident prevention from a positive approach., 80.7 90 15.3 10 3.7 0

36. Teach accident prevention from a negative approach,. 13.3 5 26.9 10 59.6 85

37. Display shocker-type safety posters............ 13.3 0 26.9 25 59.6 75

•

00 c**s Display cartoon or "comic"

type posters.,............ 19.2 25 69.2 80 11.5 0

39. Display National Safety Council posters........... 25.0 60 46.1 40 3.7 0

40. Send "safety letters" to parents 21.1 25 48.1 60 28.8 15

41. Notify parents of unsafe work habits 23.0 10 26.9 35 50.0 55

•

CM -3" Require students to write

a "term paper" on safety.. 15.3 10 35.1 50 35.1 40

43. Provide a safety suggestion 23.0 30 65.3 60 11.5 10

44. Conduct field trips to industrial plants or construction Jobs....,,.,. 28.8 45 51.9 50 19.2 5

45. Conduct safety contestr,... 11.5 25 63.4 50 25.0 25

22

TABLE V—continued

SAFETY PRACTICES M. D.* D, ,* u. D.*


46. Provide for safety-instruction in the course of atudy ,.

%

67.3

% 95

%

28.8

%

5

%

3.7

% 0

47. Provide a written safety education program,........ 11.5 75 59.6 15 28.8 10

48. Provide a written safety (similar to a course of s t u d y i . . . . . . . . . . 26.9 65 51.9 30 21.1 5

49. Provide a safety bulletin board 38 i4 70 61.1 30 0 0

50. Use information sheets dealing with safe operation of hazardous machines..... 65.3 75 32.6 25 1 .9 0

51. Use information sheets dealing with the safe use of specific hand tools.... 31.1 65 65.3 35 0 0

52. Use information sheets dealing with safety, rules. 65.3 70 32.6 30 1 .9 0

53. Give laboratory demon-strations emphasizing the safe use of hazardous machines 88.4 85 11.5 15 0 0

54. Give laboratory demon-strations emphasizing the use of hazardous tools.., 80.7 90 17.3 10 1 .9 0

55. Provide instruction in what to do in case of a laboratory accident....,, 76.9 85 23.0 15 0 0

56. Give periodic laboratory talks emphasizing the importance of accident" prevention, 82,5 50 17 .3 50 0 0

23

TABLE V — continued

SAFETY PRACTICES M. D.* D, * t u . D.*


% % % % % % 57. Give periodic laboratory-

demonstrations on the proper use and care of -

personal protective devices . 75.0 70 25.0 30 0 0

58. Obtain safety literature — • ~ -

from the National Safety-Council, or other similar organizations 2 5 . 0 k5 70.6 55 3.7 0

59. Require each student to sign information sheets dealing with laboratory-safety rules and regulations 2 8 . 8 55 55.7 35 15.3 10

60. Provide instruction methods of lifting and/or moving heavy equipment,.......... 28 .8 . 55 55.7 35 15.3 10

6 l , Provide for visiting speakers from business and industry. 2 8 . 8 35 63.4 65 7.6 0

62. Provide Instruction in the maintenance of laboratory tools, machines, and other equipment 35.5 70 59.6 30 3.7 0

6 3 . Require each student to 6 9 . 2 maintain a notebook. 15.3 15 6 9 . 2 65 15.3 20

6^. Provide safety items for -

school newspaper. 9.6 35 73.0 50 17.3 15

Provide the following total of safety texts, bulletins and/or periodicals in the laboratory library:

65. ...none...... • • • • • • t • • • • •

13.3 20 23.O 25 15.3 15

Zk

TABLE" V—continued

SAFETY PRACTICES M. D.* D. ,* U. D.*


67. ...6 to 20 %

13.3 % 10

% 13.3

% 20

% 21,1 % 15

11.5 10 17.3 10 21,1 20

69. Provide periodic displays of commercial safety p o s t e r s , , . • • • • • • 21,1 4o 38.4

15.3

55

0

7.6 5

70, Develop a permanent safety consciousness in students through teacher example,,, 84,6 100

38.4

15.3

55

0 0 0

*M, D. as Most desirable, D. = Desirabl Le, U , D, c = Undesirable,

Data presented In Table V reveal that twenty-one

(51,4 per cent) practices were checked by 50 per cent or more

of the jury as being most desirable. There were fourteen

(3^,4 per cent) practices checked by the instructors as being

most desirableo

Table VI contains thirty (16,5 per cent) of the 181

safety practices classified. The safety practice chosen to

be most desirable by the instructors was practice number

eighty-nine. This practice was checked by 86,5 per cent of

the respondents. Practice seventy-nine and eighty were

checked by 100 per cent of the jury as being most desirable.

25

TABLE VI

DATA CONCERNING DESIRABILITY OF. CERTAIN EQUIPMENT AS INDICATED BY TWENTY JURY MEMBERS AND

FIFTY-TWO LABORATORY;INSTRUCTORS

SAFETY PRACTICES M. D,* D. ,* u. D,*


* % % % % % 71. Accept personal respon- -

sibility for all pupils using machines or hand, tools 51.9 70 25.0 30 15.3 0

72. Maintain supervision of students who are using power-driven machines and dangerous tools 78.8 80 19.2 20 - 0 0

73. Require parent granting permission to operate

40 machines 19.2 40 32.6 50 48.1 10

7**. Permit students to operate power-driven machine only after passing a written examination on operations., 59.6 70 30.6 25 9.6 5

75. Permit students to operate power-driven machine only after demonstrating his

76,9 ability to operate machine,- 76,9 90 19.2 10 3.7 0

76, Permit students to operate power-driven machines after oral examination, 46,1 : 45 26,9 50 26,9 5

77. Grant students permission -

to operate power-driven machines after class ~

demonstrations—no group or individual examination required 7.6 0 30.6 15 42.3 85

78, Provide an operator's 'card or license when necessary

65 63.4 qualifications are met,,,. 5.7 20 30.6 65 63.4 15

26

TABLE VP-continued

SAFETY PRACTICES

79. Prohibit students from operating power-driven machines before or after school when instructor is .not..present, ,,

80. Prohibit students from operating power-driven machines when instructor is not present,

81. Permit students to operate power-driven machines during absence of the instructor with a foreman in charge

82. Prohibit students who are not enrolled in classes conducted in laboratory from operating power-driven machines

83. Prohibit more than one operator to use any machine

84. Disconnect the main power line when the instructor leaves the laboratory

85. Prohibit machine operators from talking when operating any machine

86. Place unsafe sign on unsafe equipment,

87. Hang a large grey-blue disc (10"-l6") on equipment under repair....

88. Prohibit use of broken tools, machines, or equipment.

M. D.* D.* U. D.*


82.5

80,7

100 7-. 6 0

100

17.3

19.2

80,7

70,6

73.0

75.0

26.9

61.1

15

75

90

75

75

70

50

85

13.3 0

9.6

5.7

15.3 10 67.3

13.3

11.5

"17.3

23.0

21.1

63.^

35.5

10

25

15

25

30

15

67.2

5.7

11.5

3.7

3.7

9.6

1.9

0

75

15

0

10

5

20

27

TABLE VL--continued

SAFETY PRACTICES * • _

D< •* u . D.* SAFETY PRACTICES


8 9 . Use painted line or tape on the floor around each item of equipment,

%

8 6 . 5

%

65

%

1 1 . 5

%

2 5

%

1 . 9

%

0

9 0 . Provide storage for accessories to machines near each machine.......... 6 9 . 2 65 3 0 . 6 35 0 0

9 1 . Provide and require the use of point-of-operation guards 76 95 1 5 . 3 5 7 . 7 0

9 2 . Prohibit the removal of guards and safety devices.. 6 9 . 2 85 1 3 . 3 15 1 7 . 3 0

9 3 . Require the tool clerk to make a check of all tools.. 5 3 . 8 65 3 2 . 6 25 1 3 . 3 10

9^. Fasten all machines to floor.. 5 9 . 6 60 1 3 . 3 30 0 25

9 5 . Fasten all benches to the floor 5 3 . 8 i*5 1 3 . 3 30 0 25

9 6 . Use coding on power-driven machines to emphasize danger area , 7 0 . 6 65 1 9 . 2 35 9 . 6 0

9 7 . Enclose all gears, moving belts and other power transmission devices with permanent guards or barricades 7 8 . 8 90 2 1 . 1 10 0 0

9 8 . Require that all hand tools are kept sharp, clean and in safe working order 8 0 . 7 95 1 9 . 2 5 0 0

9 9 . Post safety rules at each power-driven machine or danger area,. 6 7 . 3 4-0 2 6 . 9 60 5 . 7 0

28

TABLE VI—continued

M. D.* D. ,* u. D.* SAFETY PRACTICES SAFETY PRACTICES


% % % % " % % 100, Maintain an awareness of

the effective use of safe guards against the special -

hazards associated with the laboratory instruction 75.0 70 25.0 30 0 0

*M. D. ss Most Desirable, D, = Desirabl Le, U, . D. = : Undesiral H

<D •

The data presented in Table VI reveal that twenty-three

(76,6.per cent) of the practices were checked by 50 per cent

or more of the jury as being most desirable. The instructors

checked twenty-three (76,6 per cent) of the practices by 50

per cent or more as being most desirable. There were twenty-

two (73*3 per cent) practices checked by both the jury and

instructors by more than 50 per cent as being most desirable.

Table VII contains eighteen (10,0 per cent) of the 181

safety practices classified. The safety practice chosen

to be most desirable by the Instructors was practice number

103, This practice was checked by 96.1 per cent of the

respondents as being most desirable. Practices 102, 103»

105, and 106 were checked by 100 per cent of the jury as

being most desirable.

29

TABLE VII

DATA CONCERNING DESIRABILITY OP CERTAIN PERSONAL PROTECTION AS INDICATED BY TWENTY JURY MEMBERS


SAFETY PRACTICES M. D.* D. * u . D.*

SAFETY PRACTICES TCHR JURY TCHR JURY TCuR JURY

1 0 1 . Provide a procedure to determine the physical defects and limitations of all students...........

i

6 5 . 3

i

4 5

i

3 2 . 6

i

55

i

1 . 9

i

0

1 0 2 . Prohibit horseplay or practical jokes of any kind. 9 2 , 2 100 7 . 6 0 . 0 0

1 0 3 . Prohibit running any time. 9 6 . 1 100 3 . 7 0 0 0

1 0 4 . Require students to wear a cap when working. 3 . 7 10 2 8 . 8 20 6 7 . 3 70

H O

• Prohibit grinding without

goggles or glasses 6 7 . 3 100 9 . 6 0 3 . 7 0

1 0 6 . Require the wearing of goggles or glasses when there is any danger of

7 0 . 6 100 9 . 6 0 0 0

1 0 7 . Require student furnished 3 . 7 0 1 3 . 3 30 6 3 . 4 70

1 0 8 . Provide "school purchased" goggles or glasses,. 5 9 . 6 70 1 9 . 2 25 1 . 9 5

1 0 9 . Require sterilization of goggles or glasses after each use, 5 3 . 8 75 2 6 . 9 20 0 5

1 1 0 . Emphasize the importance of wearing aprons 5 5 . 7 45 2 3 . 0 55 1 . 9 0

1 1 1 . Prohibit the wearing of "tie" ties while working,. 3 5 . 1 60 3 5 . 5 30 7 . 6 10

30

TABLE VH- - continued.

SAFETY PRACTICES M. D.» D, ,* u. D.*


112, Encourage the use of respirators where harmful dust or fumes are present.

%

42 ,3

%

65

%

23.0

%

25

%

9.6

%

10

113. Provide respirators for student use where harmful dust or fumes are present. 28,8 65 35.1 30 7.7 5

114. Require the wearing of goggles with appropriate lens when glare exists,,,. 46,1 95 17 .3 5 0 0

115. Require the use o f face shields during the performance of hazardous operations 55.7 70 19.2 25 5.7 5

116, Prohibit students from wearing jewelry when working,,,,,,,,,, 23.0 60 48,1 40 7 .6 0

117. Require students t o observe prescribed rules in wearing proper clothing. 53.8 85 26,9 15 0 0

118, Stress the importance of sanitation 48,1 65 28,8 30 3.7 5

*M, D, = Most Desirable, D, = Desirab] .e, U . D. = : Undesirable,

Data presented in Table VIIreveal that fourteen

(77.7 per cent) of the practices were checked by 50 per cent

or more of the jury as being most desirable. The instructors

checked nine (50,0 per cent) practices by 50 per cent or more

as being most desirable. There were nine (50 per cent)

practices checked by both the jury and instructors by 50

per cent or more as being most desirable.

31

Table VIII contains nineteen ( 1 0 . 5 per cent) of the 181

safety practices classified. The safety practices chosen to

be most desirable by the instructors were practices 131 and

132 . These practices were checked by 8 ^ , 6 per cent of the

respondents. Practices 119 and 126 were checked by 85 per

cent of the jury as being most desirable,

TABLE VIH

DATA CONCERNING DESIRABILITY OP CERTAIN HOUSEKEEPING PRACTICES AS INDICATED BY TWENTY JURY MEMBERS


SAFETY PRACTICES M. D.* D, ,* u . D.*

SAFETY PRACTICES TCHR JURY : TCHR JURY TCHR JURY

1 1 9 . Provide for the daily removal of all waste material

i

5 3 . 8 CD

%

2 5 . 0

i

1 5

i

1 . 9

i

0

Provide for the cleaning of the walls and ceilings

i

5 3 . 8 CD

%

2 5 . 0

i

1 5

i

0

1 2 0 . .. .once each week 1 9 . 2 15 2 6 . 9 2 5 3 5 . 1 60

1 2 1 . ...only once each month,.,. 1 1 . 5 1 0 1 9 . 2 3 5 2 5 . 0 2 0

1 2 2 . .,,only once each year,,,,, 2 1 . 1 1 0 1 9 . 2 2 5 1 9 . 2 35 1 2 2 .

Provide for the washing of the windows t

2 1 . 1 1 0 1 9 . 2 2 5 1 9 . 2 35

1 2 3 .

12k,

.. .daily,, ,,,, 5 . 7

5 . 7

2 3 . 0

0 7 . 6 1 5

5

3 8 . ^

3 2 . 6

1 7 . 3

4 5 ^ 0

1 2 3 .

12k, ... only once each week,«...

5 . 7

5 . 7

2 3 . 0

1 5

3 0

1 • v

1 3 . 3

2 3 . 0

1 5

5

3 8 . ^

3 2 . 6

1 7 . 3

4 5 ^ 0

1 2 5 . .,.only once each month..,,

5 . 7

5 . 7

2 3 . 0

1 5

3 0

1 • v

1 3 . 3

2 3 . 0 3 5

3 8 . ^

3 2 . 6

1 7 . 3 1 0

32

TABLE VII1--continued

SAFETY PRACTICES M. D.* D, .* U. D.*

SAFETY PRACTICES TCHR JURY TCHR JURY TCHR . JURY

Provide for the sweeping of floort

% % % % % %

126. ...after each class....... 78.8 85 13.3 10 9.6 5

12?. ...only once each day 50.0 0 26.9 30 9.6 35

128. ..,only once each week....

Provide for the cleaning of the electric lightss

3.7 5 1 .9 0 40.3 75

129. ... once each week 5.7 15 9.6 10 82.5 40

130. ...only once each month... 17.3 15 13.3 40 65.3 10

•

H

H ...only once each year.... 84.6 20 15.3 15 0 40

132. Provide brushes for the cleaning of equipment..... 84.6 70 15.3 30 0 0

133. Use a standard procedure to keep floors free of foreign materials 80.7 70 19.2 25 0 0

134. Provide properly marked bins for scrap stock...... 73.0 60 21.1 40 5.7 0

135. Paint all corners to expose any dirt accumulation,.... 9.6 5 23.0 35 67.3 60

136. Prohibit overhead storage. 44.3 10 40.3 75 15.3 15

137. Provide a toe-board or railing around balcony,... 21.1 65 19.2 30 50.0 5

*M. D. = Most Desirable, D. = Desirable, U. D, = Undesirable.

Data presented in Table VIII reveal that five (26.3 per

cent) of the practices were checked by 50 per cent or more of

33

the jury as being most desirable. Seven of the practices in

this group (36,8 per cent) were checked by 50 pe** cent or

more of the fifty-two instructors as being most desirable.

Table IX contains ten (5*5 per cent) of the 181

safety practices included in the study. The safety practice

chosen to be most desirable by the instructors was practice 1^1.

This practice was checked by 80 per cent of the respondents.

Practice 1*1-2 was the first choice of 80 per cent of the jury

as being most desirable.

TABLE IX

DATA CONCERNING DESIRABILITY OF CERTAIN ELECTRICAL PRACTICES AS INDICATED BY TWENTY JURY MEMBERS

AND FIFTY-TWO LAB INSTRUCTORS

SAFETY PRACTICES M. D.*

TCHR JURY

D.*

TCHR JURY

U. D.*

TCHR JURY

138. Condition students to assume that all electrical apparatus is "hot" and must be considered as such.

139. Provide a ground on all motors, fuse boxes, switch boxes and other electrical equipment

1*1-0. Provide sub-master switches at convenient locations throughout the laboratory to disconnect power-driven machines

1*KL. Make all equipment control switches easily accessible to the operator..

%

67.3

76.9

65.3

80.7

70

80

k5

85

32.6

23.0

26.9

17.3

30

20

50

15

0

0

7.6

1.9

0

34

TABLE IX —continued

SAFETY PRACTICES M. D . * D. ,* u . D . *


1 4 2 , Provide individual cut-off switches for each machine, (separate from operator-control switch)

%

6 1 . 1

%

75

%

3 0 . 6

%

1 5

%

7 . 6

%

1 0

1 4 3 . Provide overload pro-tection on all motors,,... 7 6 . 9 9 0 2 1 . 1 1 0 1 . 9 0

1 4 4 , Prohibit use of temporary wiring of any kind in the laboratory area. 5 0 . 0 8 5 2 8 . 8 15 2 1 . 1 0

1 4 5 . Provide individual lights on each machine 2 6 . 9 30 4 8 . 1 5 5 . 2 5 . 0 1 0

1 4 6 . Provide flourscent lights for the general lighting of the laboratory,........ 4 6 . 1 60 3 5 . 1 30 1 9 . 2 0

1 4 ? . Provide incandescent lights for the general lighting of the laboratory 5 3 . 8 1 5 2 6 . 9 30 1 9 . 2 55

*M. D. = Most Desirable, D, = Desirable, U, D, = Undesirable,

Data presented in Table IX reveal that eight of the

ten (80 per cent) of the practices were checked by 50 per

cent or more of the jury as being most desirable. Eight of

the practices in this group (80 per cent) were checked by

50 per cent of the instructors as being most desirable. There

were six (60.0 per cent) of the practices checked by both the

jury and instructors by 50 per cent or more as being most

desirable.

35

Table X contains fourteen (7.8 per cent) of the 181

safety practices Included in this group. The safety practice

rated as most desirable by the instructors was number 1^7.

This practice was checked by 80,7 per cent of the respondents.

Practice 1^7 was the first choice of 95 per cent of the jury

as being most desirable,

TABLE X

DATA CONCERNING DESIRABILITY OF CERTAIN FIRE SAFETY AS INDICATED BY TWENTY JURY MEMBERS AND

FIFTY-TWO LABORATORY INSTRUCTORS

SAFETY PRACTICES M. D.* D. * 1 U. D.*


CO

-3-H Provide instruction on the

prevention of fires

%

73.0

80.7

%

70

95

%

26.9

19.2

%

30

5

%

0

% 0

1^9. Provide fire extinguishers in the laboratory area,,,,,

%

73.0

80.7

%

70

95

%

26.9

19.2

%

30

5 0 0

•

O

H Provide a large flameproof

blanklet for use in case someone's clothing ignites 40.3 40 51.9 50 7.6 10

151. Provide instruction in the proper use of fire extinguishers 65.3 60 30.6 30 3.7 5

152. Post the National Safety Council's safety Instruction card, "Fire Extinguisher Facts"

L

35.5 35 57.6 60 5.7 5

153. Provide for the inspection and testing of fire extinguishers at regular intervals 67.3 75 32,6 25 0 0

36

TABLE X—-continued

SAFETY PRACTICES M. D . * D. * u . D , «


1 5 4 . Inspect (you do it) fire e x t i n g u i s h e r s ,

%

3 5 . 1

%

35

%

4 6 . 1

% 5 5

%

1 9 . 2

% 1 0

1 5 5 . Mark the location of fire-fighting equipment. 3 2 . 6 5 5 5 7 . 6 4 0 9 . 6 5

1 5 6 . Post instruction for evacuating the school..... 5 0 . 0 8 0 4 2 . 3 2 0 7 . 6 0

1 5 7 . Provide periodic instruction and practice for evacuating in emergency situations, 7 5 . 0 8 0 2 1 . 1 2 0 3 . 7 0

1 5 8 . Inspect paint and chemical cabinets periodically.,.,, 5 9 . 6 4-5 3 2 . 6 5 0 7 . 6 5

1 5 9 . Store flammable liquids in approved containers.... 7 8 . 8 9 0 2 1 . 1 1 0 0 0

1 6 0 . Provide for the bulk storage of flammable

5 7 . 6 9 0 3 5 . 1 1 0 7 . 6 0

1 6 1 . Prohibit use of flammable liquids for cleaning

5 1 . 9 4 5 3 2 . 6 2 5 1 5 . 3 30

*M. D. = Most Desirable, D, = Desirable, U. D. = Undesirable,

Data presented in Table X reveal that nine (64,2 per

cent) of the practices were checked by 50 per cent of the

jury as being most desirable. The instructors checked eleven

(78.5 per cent) of the practices by 50 per cent or more as

being most desirable, There were nine (64,2 per cent) of the

practices checked by both the jury and the instructors by 50


37

Table Xtcontains nine (5.0 per cent) of the safety

practices included in this group. The safety practice rated

as most desirable by the instructors was practice number 162,

This practice was checked by 82,5 per cent of the respondents.

Practice number 168 was the first choice of 80 per cent of the

jury as being most desirable,

TABLE XI

DATA CONCERNING DESIRABILITY OF CERTAIN ACCIDENT REPORTS AS INDICATED BY TWENTY JURY MEMBERS


SAFETY PRACTICES M. D.* D, u. D.*


162, Require students to report all accidents

i

82.5

i

75

i

17.3

*

20

i

0

i 5

163. Keep a record of all accidents 59.6 65 30.6 30 9.6 5

164, Use a form for recording an a c c i d e n t . . . . . . . 63.4 55 19.2 40 17.3 5

165. Use the National Safety Council's Standard Student Accident Report Form,,,,,, 17.3 50 59.6 35 23.0 15

166, Make a report to the administration of all accidents 15.3 35 25.0 45 59.6 20

167. Make a report to the administration of only those accidents resulting in injury that required a physician 75.0 30 17.3 10 7.6 50

168, Analyze all accident -reports for accident prevention 70.6 80 28.8 20 0 0

38

TABLE XI—continued

SAFETY PRACTICES M. D.* D. i u. D.*


% % % % % %

169. Prepare a monthly summary 13.0 ko 57.6 k5 28,8 15

170. Calculate an "accident-frequency-rate" ... 9.6 35 63A ko 26,9 25

*M. D. = Most Desirable, D, = Desirable, U, D. = Undesirable.

Data presented in Table XI reveal that five (55#5 per

cent) of the practices were checked by 50 per cent or more

of the jury as being most desirable. The instructors checked

five (55.5 per cent) of the practices by 50 per cent or

more as being most desirable,

Table XH contains eleven (6,1 per cent) of the 181

safety practices included in this group. The safety

practice chosen to be most desirable by the Instructors

was practice number 172, This practice was checked by

75.0 per cent of the respondents. Practice number 176

was the choice of 85.0 per cent of the jury as being most

desirable.

39

TABLE XII

DATA CONCERNING DESIRABILITY OF CERTAIN FIRST AID PRACTICES AS INDICATED BY TWENTY JURY MEMBERS AND FIFTY-TWO LABORATORY INSTRUCTORS

SAFETY PRACTICES M. D.* D. *

1 U. D,*


171. Post the policy of the administration of first

%

13.3

i

40

i

70.6

i

55

t

15.3

i

5

172. Provide a first-aid kit... 75.0 80 19.2 20 5.7 0

173. Mark the location of the first-aid kit with a green cross 17.3 65 61.1 30 21.1 5

174. Permit students to use the first-aid kit 21,1 10 30.6 25 48.1 45

175. Permit only the teacher to use the first-aid kit,.... 42.3 70 32.6 15 25.0 15

176. Inspect first-aid kit 57.6 85 35.5 15 5.7 0

177. Refer all injuries to a 9 .6 5 21.1 15 69,2 80

178. Refer all injuries to the 25.0 25 75.0 65 19.2 10

179. Enroll in and complete First Aid Course,, 17.3 30 32.6 65 50.0 5

180, Provide first-aid 17.3 15 38.4 45 44,3 40

181. Provide copies of the American Red Cross First

23 .0 30 59.6 55 17.2 15

*M. D. = Most Desirable, D, = Desirable, U, D. = Undesirable ,

40

Data presented in Table Xtl reveal that four (36.3 per

cent) of the practices were checked by 50 per cent or more

of the jury as being most desirable. The instructors checked

two (18,1 per cent) of the practice by 50 per cent or more

as being most desirable. There were two (18,1 per cent) of

the practices checked by both the jury and instructors by 50


It can also be noted that twelve (6.6 per cent) of the

practices were given an exceptionally low desirability rating.

These practices were checked by 60 per cent or more of the

respondents in each of the two groups as being undesirable.

These particular practices are as follows»

1. Teach accident prevention from a negative approach,

(36)

2. Display shocker-type safety poster, (37)

3. Provide an operator's card or license when necessary

qualifications are met, (78)

4. Permit students to operate power-driven machines

during absence of the instructor with a foreman

in charge. (81)

5. Prohibit students who are not enrolled in classes

conducted in the laboratory from operating the

power-driven machines. (82)

6. Require students to wear a cap when working. (104)

7. Require student .to furnish goggles or glasses. (107)

41

8, Provide for the cleaning of the electric lights

in the laboratory once each week. (129)

9. Provide for the cleaning of the electric lights in

the laboratory once each month. (130)

10. Paint all corners to expose any dirt accumulation.

(135)

11. Make a report to the administration of all accidents.

(166)

12. Refer all injuries to a physician. (177)

Table XIII presents the rank order of importance derived

from the combined rankings of the jury and the instructors.

In this instance the practices are not grouped according to

desirability levels.

TABLE XIII

RELATIVE IMPORTANCE PLACED ON 181 SAFETY PRACTICES BY TWENTY JURY MEMBERS AND FIFTY-TWO

LABORATORY INSTRUCTORS

Rank Order of _ ^ „ Importance S a £ e t y Practices

1. Prohibit running at any time. (103*)

2. Prohibit horseplay or practical jokes of any kind. (102)

3. Give laboratory demonstrations emphasizing the safe use of hazardous machines. (53)

4. Use painted line or tape on the floor around each item of equipment. (89)

^Numbers in parentheses refer to number of safety practice in original check list. See Appendix A.

kz

TABLE XI11-continued.

S f f g S S S ° f safety Practices

5. Develop a permanent safety consciousness in students through teacher example, (70)

6. ,,.developing in each student a sense of personal responsibility for his own safety and that of others, (31)

7. Provide brushes for the cleaning of equipment, (132)

8. Provide for the cleaning of the electric lights only once each year. (132)

9. Prohibit students from operating power-driven machines before or after school when the instructor is not present. (79)

10, Require students to report all accidents, (162)

11. ...helping students understand that the effective ways of doing things are the safe ways, (32)

12, Give periodic laboratory talks emphasizing the importance of accident prevention, (56)

13. Prohibit students from operating power-driven machines when the instructor is not present, (80)

1^, Require that all hand tools are kept sharp, clean, and in safe working order, (98)

15, Provide fire extinguishers. (1^9)

16, Teach accident prevention from a positive approach. (35)

17. Give laboratory demonstrations emphasizing the use of hazardous tools, (5^)

18. Prohibit more than one operator to use any machine. (88)

19. ...helping students learn safe practices for use in meeting their own day-to-day activities. (33)

20, Employ a standard pr,Q.cedure to keep floors free of foreign materials, (133)

^3

TABLE XIII-continued

Rank Order of S a f e t P r a c t i c e s Importance

21, Make all equipment control switches easily accessible to the operator, (1^1)

22, Enclose all gears, moving belts and other power trans-mission devices with permanent guards or barricades, (97)

23, Store flammable liquids in approved containers, (159)

2*i-, Provide for the sweeping of the laboratory floor after each class. (126)

25, Maintain supervision of students who are using power-driven machines and dangerous tools, (72)

26, Permit each student to operate a power-driven machine only after demonstrating his ability to operate the machine safely, (76)

27, Provide instruction in what to do in case of a laboratory accident, (55)

28, ,,,helping students recognize situations involving hazards, (3*0

29, Provide overload protection on all motors, (1*1-3)

30, Provide a ground on all electrical equipment. (139)

31, Provide periodic instruction and practice for evacuating in emergency situations, (157)

32, Provide a first-aid kit. (172)

33, Give periodic demonstrations on the proper use and care of personal protective devices, (57)

3^. Place unsafe sign on unsafe equipment, (86)

35« Maintain an awareness of the effective use of safe guards against the special hazards associated with the laboratory instruction, (100)

36, Make a report to the*"administration of only those accidents resulting in injury that required a physician, (167)

44


g g r S S S ° f Safety Practices

37o Make an analysis of the hazards in the laboratory-involving machines, hand tools and general environment. (3)

38. Have frequent safety inspections of the laboratory made by industrial safety engineers. (8)

39. Provide properly marked bins for scrap stock. (13^)

4-0. Provide instruction on the prevention of fires, (14-8)

4>1. Use alternate yellow and black stripes on protruding parts, low beams, and tripping hazards. (21)

4-2. Disconnect the main power line when the Instructor leaves the laboratory. (84-)

4>3. Require the wearing of goggles or glasses when there is any danger of flying particles. (106)

44. Provide "school purchased" goggles or glasses. (108)

4-5. Use color coding on power-driven machines to emphasize danger area, (96)

4-6, Prohibit the removal of guards and safety devices. (92)

4-7. Provide storage for accessories to machines in specially designed racks conveniently located. (90)

4-8. Prohibit grinding without goggles or glasses. (105)

4-9. Provide for safety instruction in the course of study, W)

50, Provide for the inspection and testing of fire extinguishers at regular intervals, (153)

51, Condition students to assume that all electrical apparatus is "hot". (138)

52, Post safety rules at each power-driven or danger area, (99)

45


Bank Order of S a f e t P r a o t l o e s Importance 17

530 Require all students to make a study of hazards in the laboratory, (30)

54, Use information sheets dealing with the safe operation of hazardous machines, (50)

55# Use information sheets dealing with safety rules, (52)

56, Provide instruction in the proper use of fire extin-guishers, (151)

57« Provide four-foot minimum aisles throughout the laboratory for general travel, (24)

58, Present each individual who is assigned inspection duties a listing of his specific duties. (20)

59, Provide a procedure to determine the physical defects and limitations of all students, (101)

60, Provide sub-master switches at convenient locations, (140)

61, Carry liability insurance as a protection in case of negligence charges, (27)

62, Provide and require use of point-of-operation guards, (91)

63, Encourage all students to carry accident insurance, (26)

64, Prohibit use of broken tools, machines or equipment, (88)

65, Require students to study and sign a combined acknow-ledgement of safety instruction, (29)

66, Command instant attention of every student in the laboratory during an emergency through the use of some type of alarm, (2)

67, Provide individual cut-off switches for each machine, (142)

68, Permit students to operate a power-driven machine only after passing a written examination on the safe operation, (74)

46


g g r S S S ° f Safety Practices

69* Keep a record of all accidents, (163)

70, Fasten all machines to the floor. (9*0

71, Inspect paint and chemical cabinets periodically, (158)

72, Provide for the bulk storage of flammable materials, (160)

73* Inspect first-aid kit periodically, (176)

7^, Rotate assignments in safety committee, (18)

75* Provide a non-skid floor area for students to stand on when operating machines, (22)

76, Emphasize the importance of wearing aprons. (110)

77, Require sterilization of goggles or glasses after each use, (109)

78, Require the use of face shields during the performance of hazardous operations. (115)

79, Fasten all benches to the floor, (95)

80, Provide for the daily removal of all waste material, (119)

81, Require students to observe prescribed rules in wearing clothing. (117)

82, Require the tool clerk to make a safety check of all tools. (93)

83, Provide incandescent lights for the general lighting, (1^7)

84, Prohibit use of flammable liquids for cleaning purposes. (161)

85, Accept personal responsibility for all pupils using machines or hand tools in the laboratory. (70)

^7


Rank Order of S a f e t P r a c t i c es Importance

86, Require visitor to get approval before entering the laboratory» (5)

87, Have frequent safety inspections of the laboratory made by a student inspector or foreman, (11)

88, Prohibit use of temporary wiring of any kind in the laboratory, (1^4)

89, Post instructions for evacuating the school, (156)

90, Provide instruction methods of lifting and/or moving heavy equipment, (60)

91, Take complete charge of program with no responsibility delegated to students, (1)

92, Use a form for recording all accidents, (16*0

93, Use a safety check list to make a safety inspection. (13)

9 » Provide for the sweeping of the laboratory floor only once each day, (127)

95, Stress the importance of sanitation, (118)

96, Provide an operator's card or license when necessary qualifications are met, (78)

97, Require the wearing of goggles with appropriate lens when danger from radiation of glare exists, (114)

98, Provide flourscent lights for the general lighting, (146)

99, Permit students to operate a power-driven machine only after passing an oral examination on the safe operation, (75)

100, Present safety award each year, (28)

101, Provide overhead storage. (136)

102, Permit only the instructor to use the first-aid kit. / -I « r+ \

48


Rank Order of S a f e t P r a c t i c e s

Importance

103. Encourage the use of respirators where harmful dust or fumes are present. (112)

104* Provide a large flameproof blanket for use in case someone's clothing ignites, (150)

105, Provide a safety bulletin board, (49)

106, Have frequent safety inspections of the laboratory made by a student safety committee, (10)

107, Use the National Safety Council's shop safety inspection check list during inspections, (14)

108, Provide instruction in the maintenance of laboratory tools, machines and other equipment, (62)

109, Have all auxiliary doors swing outward, (23)

110, Post the National Safety Council's safety instruction card -"Fire Extinguishers Pacts," (152)

111, Have a safety inspection of the laboratory made once a week, (15)

112, Inspect (you do it) fire extinguishers, (154)

113, Prohibit the wearing of "tie" ties while working, (111)

114, Mark the location of fire-fighting equipment, (155)

115, Use information sheets dealing with the safe use of specific hand tools, (51)

116, Provide respirators for student use where harmful dust and fumes are present, (113)

117, Require each student to sign information sheets dealing with laboratory safety rules and regulations, (59)

118, Conduct field trips to industrial plants or construction jobs, (44)

119, Have frequent safety inspections of the laboratory made by state fire inspectors, (7)

49


Bar* Order of Safety Practices Importance

120, Provide for visiting speakers from business and industry. (6l)

121, Make regular written reports regarding any hazards, (4-)

122, Provide a written safety education program, (48)

123, Hang a large grey-blue disc (10H-l6") on equipment under repair. (8?)

124, Provide individual lights on each machine, (145)

125, Display National Safety Council posters. (39)

126, Refer all injuries to the school nurse. (178)

127, Prohibit students from wearing jewelry when working, (116)

128, Provide for the washing of the laboratory windows only once each month, (125)

129, Notify parents of unsafe work habits, (4l)

130, Provide a toe-board or railing around a balcony, (137)

131, Have frequent safety inspections of the laboratory made by school personnel - state and/or local level, (9)

132, Provide periodic display of commercial safety posters, (69)

133, Send "safety" letters to parents, (40)

134, Provide for the cleaning of the walls and ceiling only once each year, (122)

135, Permit students to use the first-aid kit. (17*0

136, Prohibit students who are not enrolled in classes conducted in the laboratory from operating the equipment, (82)

137, Require parent granting permission to operate power machines, (73)

50

TABLE XII I-contlnued

Bank Order of S a f e t P r a 0t l 0es Importance

138. Display cartoon or "comic" type posters. (38)

139» Provide for the cleaning of the walls and ceiling once each week, (120)

140. Mark the location of the first-aid kit with a green cross, (173)

1^1, Use the National Safety Council's standard student accident report form for recording, (165)

1^2, Enroll in and complete First Aid Course, (179)

1^3, Permit students to operate power-driven machines during absence of the instructor with a foreman in charge, (81)

1*j4, Provide for the cleaning of the electric lights in the laboratory only once each month, (130)

1^5. Provide first-aid instruction, (180)

1*4-6, Require students to write a "term paper" on safety. (iJ-2)

1^7, Prohibit machine operators to talk to other students when working. (85)

1^8, Have the ventilating system checked by a responsible person to determine its effectiveness, (25)

1^9. Obtain safety literature from the National Safety Council, or other similar organizations. (58)

150, Provide a suggestion box, (^3)

151, Make a report to the administration of all accidents, (166)

152, Have safety inspections of the laboratory made once a month. (16)

153, Require each student to maintain a notebook, (63)

15^. Prepare a monthly summary of all accidents, (169)

51

TABLE XIII-continued.

Rank Order of ga^e^. Practices Importance

155. Post the policy of administration of first-aid, (1?1)

156. Provide a total of one to five safety texts, bulletins and/or periodicals in the laboratory library. (67)

157. Provide a total of six to twenty safety tests, bulletins and/or periodicals in the laboratory library. (67)

158. Teach accident prevention from a negative approach. (36)

159. Display shocker-type safety posters. (37)

160. Provide a written safety education program and submit it to the school administration, (47)

161. Have frequent safety inspections of the laboratory made by inspectors from the State Department of Labor and Indus try. (6)

162. Conduct safety contests, (^5)

163. Provide over twenty safety tests, bulletins and/or periodicals in the laboratory library, (68)

l6*f, Provide for the cleaning of the walls and ceiling only once each month. (121)

165. Rotate assignments as inspectors or foreman. (19)

166. Calculate the "accident-frequency-rate". (170)

167. Provide safety news items for newspaper, (6k)

168. Paint all corners to expose any dirt accumulations. (135)

169. Refer all injuries to a physician, (177)

170. Have safety inspections of the laboratory made once each school year. (17)

171. Grant students permission to operate power-driven machines after class demonstrations—no group or individual examination required, (77)

52

TABLE XIII-contlnued

Rank Order of qo»a+„ Importance S a f e t y P^aotioes

172, Provide for the washing of the laboratory windows only once each week, (124)

173. Provide for the cleaning of the electric lights in the laboratory once each week. (129)

17^. Provide for the washing of the laboratory windows daily. (123)

175. Provide for the sweeping of the laboratory floor only once each week, (128)

176. Require student furnished goggles or glasses. (107)

177» Provide no safety texts, bulletins and/or periodicals in the laboratory library, (65)

178, Require students to wear a cap when working. (104)

179, Analyze all accident reports for accident prevention, (168)

180, Provide copies of the American Red Cross First Aid Textbook. (181)

Analysis of Table XIII indicates that the respondents gave

high priority to the personal protection of the student, the

physical aspects of fire safety, and to the development of

attitudes. Top rated were the very basic rules of conduct

for any school laboratory which would prohibit running in the

laboratory at any time (1*) or prohibit horseplay or practical

jokes of any kind in the laboratory (2),

*Numbers in parentheses refer to rank order in Table XII,

53

The ratings of the individual practices listed in the

first forty-seven (26.0 per cent) which appear in the rank

order distribution in Table XII are worthy of review by

check-list categories. The first forty-seven were those which

were rated "most desirable" by an average of 70 per cent or

more of the two groups of respondents.

General Practices

Only three practices (6.3 per cent) in this category

were included in the forty-seven top-ranking practices.

These were as followsi

a. Make an analysis of the hazards in the laboratory

involving machines, hand tools and general envi-

ronment. (37)

b. Have frequent safety inspections of the laboratory

made by industrial safety engineers. (38)

c. Use alternate yellow and black stripes on protruding

parts, low beams, and tripping hazards. (41)

Instructional Techniques

Eleven practices (23,4 per cent) of the top forty-seven

were included in this category. This seems to indicate the

importance of instructional techniques in the development of

an effective accident prevention program. These techniques

included the following:

a. Give laboratory, demonstrations emphasizing the safe

- - - • / Q \

54

b. Developing a permanent safety consciousness in

students through teacher example. (5)

c. Developing in each student a sense of personal

responsibility for his own safety and that of

others. (6)

d. Helping students understand that the effective

ways of doing things are the safe ways. (11)

e. Give periodic laboratory talks emphasizing the

importance of accident prevention. (12)

f. Teach accident prevention from a positive approach.

(16)

g. Give laboratory demonstrations emphasizing the use

of hazardous tools, (17)

h„ Helping students learn safe practices for use in

meeting their own day-to-day activities. (19)

i„ Provide instruction in what to do in case of a

laboratory accident. (27)

j. Helping students recognize situations involving

hazards. (28)

k. Give periodic laboratory demonstrations on the proper

use and care of personal protective devices. (33)

Equipment Safety

Fourteen practices (29.7 per cent) of the top forty-

seven were included in equipment safety category. These

practices included the following:

55

a. Use painted lines or tape on the floor around each

item of equipment, (4)

b. Prohibit students from operating power-driven

machines before and after school when the instructor

is not present. (9)

c. Prohibit students from operating power-driven

machines when the instructor is not present, (13)

d. Require that all hand tools are kept sharp, clean

and in safe working order. (14)

e. Prohibit more than one operator to use any machine.

(18)

f. Enclose all gears, moving belts and other power

transmission devices with permanent guards. (22)

g. Permit each student to operate a power-driven machine

only after demonstrating his ability to operate the

machine safely. (26)

h. Maintain an awareness of the effective use of safe

guards against special hazards associated with the

laboratory instruction. (35)

i. Place unsafe sign on unsafe equipment, (3^)

3, Disconnect the main power line when the instructor

leaves the laboratory. (42)

k. Use color coding on power-driven machines to emphasize

danger areas. (45)

1. Prohibit the remeval of guards and safety devices,

(46)

56

m. Maintain supervision of students who are using

power-driven machines and dangerous tools, (25)

n. Provide storage for accessories to machines. (^7)

Personal Protection

Four practices (8.5 per cent) were among the top

forty-seven from this category. Among the four were the

practices rated one and two. Following are the top-rated

practices in the category of "personal protection"»

a. Prohibit running at any time. (1)

b, Prohibit horseplay or practical jokes of any kind,

(2)

o, Require the wearing of goggles or glasses when

there is any danger of flying particles, ( -3)

d, Provide "school purchased" goggles or glasses, (MO

Housekeeping Practices

Five practices (10,6 per cent) were included in the top

forty-seven safety practices in this category. These were as

follows 8

a. Provide for the sweeping of the floor after each

class, (2*0

b. Provide for the cleaning of the electric lights

only once each year, (8)

c. Provide brushes for the cleaning of equipment, (7)

d. Employ a standar.d procedure to keep floor free of

57

foreign materials, (20)

e. Provide instruction on the prevention of fires,

( W

Electricity Safety-

Only three practices (6,3 per cent) appeared in the

top-ranked safety practices in this category. These included

the following:

a. Make all equipment control switches easily accessible

to the operator, (21)

b. Provide overload protection on all motors. (29)

c. Provide a ground on all electrical equipment, (30)

Fire Safety

The importance of fire safety was emphasized when the

respondents included four (8,6 per cent) of the fourteen

practices listed under this category in the top-ranking

forty-seven practices. These items included the following»

a. Provide fire extinguishers, (15)

b. Store flammable liquids in approved containers, (23)

c. Provide periodic instruction and practice for

evacuating in emergency situations, (31)

d. Provide instruction on the prevention of fires, ( -0)

Accident Reports

Two ( -,2 per cent) out of the nine practices listed in

this category on the check-list were included, in the top

58

forty-seven safety practices by the respondents. Following

are these items t

a. Require students to report all accidents. (10)

b. Make a report to the administration of only those

accidents resulting in injury that required a

physician. (36)

First Aid Practices

Only one practice (2,5 per cent) of the first aid

practices was included in the top-ranked forty-seven safety

practices. This item was the following 1

a. Provide a first-aid kit, (32)

CHAPTER III

PRESENT STATUS OF SAFETY EDUCATION

One of the stated purposes of the study was to

ascertain the present status of safety education in the Dallas

Independent School District industrial arts laboratories and

identify the safety practices used by the industrial arts

instructors to prevent accidents resulting in injury to

students or damage to equipment and building facilities. A

second purpose of this study was to identify those specific

safety practices used by the Dallas industrial arts in-

structors. The fifty-two instructors participating in the

study checked 181 safety practices, indicating whether the

practice was (a) used, (b) not used, or (c) not applicable in

the laboratory in which they taught. The results of these

tabulations are shown in Table XIV. The first column in the

table indicates the number of the practices as it appeared on

the original check list. Data presented in Table XI indicate

responses of teachers concerning the use of safety practices

in their laboratories.

Another indication of the status of the safety practices

was the order of importance of the practices as indicated by

the fifty-two instructors. The practices are presented in

Table XIV and ranked according to their importance as

indicated by the instructors.

59

60

TABLE XIV

DATA CONCERNING EXTENT OP USE OF 181 SAFETY PRACTICES BY FIFTY-TWO LABORATORY INSTRUCTORS

! N.U.* N.A.* No e Safety Practices U.«

Per Cent

General Practices

1, Take complete charge of program with no responsibility delegated to students.... .............

2, Command instant attention of every student during an emergency through the use of some type of alarm.......

3, Make an analysis of the hazards in the laboratory involving machines, hand tools and general environment..

Make regular written reports regarding hazards

5. Require visitor to get the approval before entering the laboratory

Have frequent safety inspections of the laboratory made by:

6. ,..inspectors from the State Department of Labor and Industry,,.

7. ,,,state fire inspectors

8. ... industrial safety engineers

9. ,..school personnel—state and/or local level

10. ...a student safety committee......

11. ,.,a student inspector or foreman,.

12. ... other (name).. *U. a= Used, N. U. = Not Used, N. A. = Not

63.^ 35.3 0

59.6 35.5 3.7

88A 11.5 0

51.9 40,3 7.7

42.3 57.6 0

9.6 70,6 17.3

46,1 38,4 1.9

15.3 67.3 15.3

51.9 35.5 7.6

35.1 50.0 9.6

W-,3 53.8 0

• • § • t t Applicable.

TABLE XIV —continued

61

No. Safety Practices

13. Use a safety check list to make a safety inspection

14. Use the National Safety Council's shop safety inspection check list during inspections

Have safety inspections of the laboratory mades

15. ...once a week

16. ... once a month,.....................

17. ... once each year,

18. Rotate assignments to safety committee

19. Rotate assignments as inspectors or foreman

20. Present each individual who is assigned inspection duties with a list of his specific duties,.,,,.,,..

21. Use alternate yellow and "black stripes on protruding parts, low beams, and tripping hazards..........

22. Provide a non-skid floor area for students to stand on when operating hazardous machines.......... .........

23. Have all auxiliary doors swing outward.

2k, Provide four-foot minimum aisles throughout the laboratory for general travel

25. Have the ventilating system checked by a responsible person to determine its effectiveness

* 1 i p I i ' J " I I 1 ' I "

U.* N.U.* N.A.* Per cent

40.3 51.9 1.9

2 3 . 0 76.9 0

2 3 . 0 75.0 1.9

1 9 . 2 42.3 3.7

2 5 . 0 **0.3 5.7

2 6 . 9 7 0 . 6 11.5

3 0 . 6 6 1 . 1 7.6

15.3 80.7 3.7

3 2 . 6 57.6 9.6

53.8 46.1 0

80.? 15.3 3.7

67.3 30 ,6 1.9

23.O 65.3 11.5

TABLE XIV continued

62


26, Encourage all students to cariy accident insurance

27, Carry liability insurance as a protection in case of negligence charges..

28, Present a safety award each year,,....

29, Require students to study and sign a combined acknowledgement of safety Instruction

Instruction Techniques

30, Require all students to make a study of hazards in the laboratory

Present safety instruction with the following objectives in minds

31, »•.Developing in each student a sense of personal responsibility for his own safety and that of others

32, ,,,Helping students understand that the effective ways of doing things are the safe ways.........................

33, ,,,Helping students learn safe practices for use in meeting their own day-to-day activities

3^, ... Helping students recognize situations involving hazards..........

35. Teach accident prevention from a positive approach.

36. Teach accident prevention from a negative approach...,,

37. Display shocker-type safety posters...

U.» I N.tre I N.A.* Per Cent

7.6

30.6

15.3

21.1

69.2

9^.2

96.1

88.4

9^.2

92.2

40.3

25.0

80.7

63.4

80.7

76.9

26.9

5.7

3.7

5.7

3.7

7.6

57.7

73.0

5.7

5.7

3.7

1.9

3.7

0

0

3.7

0

0

3.7

3.7

TABLE XIV---continued.

63


38. Display cartoon or "comic" type posters

39. Display National Safety Council posters

^0. Send "safety letters" to parents,,...

4l. Notify parents of unsafe work habits,

^2, Require a "term paper"

43. Provide a safety suggestion box,.....

44. Conduct field trips to industrial plants or construction jobs,,

45. Conduct safety contest,,,.

k6, Provide for safety instruction in the course of study

47. Provide a written safety education program

^8, Provide a written safety education program (similar to a course of study)

^9, Provide a safety bulletin board,,....

50. Use information sheets dealing with the safe operation of hazardous machines,.,,,,

51. Use information sheets dealing with the safe operation of hazardous machines

52. Use information sheets dealing with safety rules .......

53. Give laboratory demonstrations emphasizing the use of hazardous machines.

U.* N.U.* Per Cent

N.A.*

35.1 63.4 3.7

38.^ 61.1 0

11.5 86.5 3.7

17.3 80.7 3.7

17.3 65.3 3.7

17.3 80.7 3.7

17.3 76.9 5.7

9.6 8^.6 5.3

86.5 13.3 0

11.5 88.^ 0

28.8 70.6 0

75.0 25.0 0

75.0 25.0 0

59.6 3^.8 0

76.9 23.0 0

100 0 0

TABLE XIV---continued

64


54. Give laboratory demonstrations emphasizing the use of hazardous tools

55. Provide instruction in what to do in case of a laboratory accident........

56. Give periodic laboratory talks emphasizing the importance of accident prevention

57. Give periodic laboratory demon-strations on proper use and care of personal protective devices

58. Obtain safety literature from the National Safety Council, or other similar organizations

59. Require each student to sign infor-mation sheets dealing with laboratory safety rules and regulations..,,

60. Provide instruction methods of lifting and/or moving heavy equipment

61. Provide for visiting speakers from business and i n d u s t r y , , .

62. Provide instruction in the mainte-nance of laboratory tools, machines and other equipment,

63. Require each student to maintain a notebook.

64. Provide safety news items for school paper.

Provide the following total of safety texts, bulletins and/or periodicals in the laboratory library 1

65 • ... none

U.» I N.U.»| N . A . * Per Cent

96.1

88.4

98.0

92.2

26.9

17.3

38.4

11.5

67.3

15.3

11.5

3.7

3.7

11.5

1.9

7.6

73.0

78.8

48.1

80.7

28.8

84.6

86.5

44.3

0

0

0

0

3.7

13.3

7.6

3.7

0

1.9

7.6

TABLE XIV-—continued

65


66. ,,, one to five . •

67 . ...six to twenty,

68. ...over twenty

69. Provide periodic displays of commercial laboratory safety posters.

70. Develop a permanent safety conscious-ness in students through teacher example......

71. Accept personal responsibility for all pupils using machines or hand tools

72. Maintain supervision of students who are using power-driven machines and dangerous tools

73. Require parent granting permission to operate power machines

74. Permit students to operate a power-driven machine only after passing a written examination on the safe operation of the machine.............

75. Permit students to operate power-driven machine only after passing an oral examination on the safe operation of the machine.

76 . Permit each student to operate a power-driven machine only after demonstrating his ability to operate the machine safely

77. Grant students permission to operate power-driven machines after class demonstrations—no group or indi-vidual examination required...

U.» N.U.* Per Cent

N.A.*

35.1 28.8 1.9

13.3 28.8 7.6

9.6 28.4 7.6

30.6 42.3 3.7

92.2 7.6 0

80.7 13.3 3.7

98.0 1.9 0

3.7 90.3 3.7

63.4 35.5 0

50.0 48.1 1.9

8 6 . 5 13.3 0

28.8 48.1 3.7

TABLE XIV continued

66

No, Safety Practices

78, Provide an operator's card or license when necessary qualifications are met,

79, Prohibit students from operating power-driven machines before or after school when the instructor is not present,

80, Prohibit students from operating power-driven machines when instructor is not present,

81, Permit students to operate power-driven machines during absence of the instructor with a foreman in charge,,

82, Prohibit students who are not enrolled in classes conducted in the laboratory from operating the power-driven machines,,,,,

83, Prohibit more than one operator to use any machines ......

84, Disconnect the main power line when the instructor leaves the laboratory,

85, Prohibit machine, operators to talk to other students when working,

86, Place unsafe sign on unsafe equipment

87, Hang a large grey-blue disc (10"~l6" ) on equipment under repair

88, Prohibit use of broken tools, machines or e q u i p m e n t . . ,

89, Use painted line or tape on the floor around each item of equipment,,,,,,,,

90, Provide storage for accessories to machines

U.» N.U.* N.A.* Per Cent

9.6

90.3

88.4

26,9

84.6

80.7

75.0

80.7

75.0

21.1

63.4

90.3

73.0

80.7

9.6

11.5

73.0

13.3

17.3

23.0

19.2

25.0

76.9

35.5

9.6

23.0

5.7

0

0

1.9

1.9

1.9

0

0

1.9

3.7

67

TABLE XIV-—continued

No, Safety Practices U.* N.U.* N.A.* No, Safety Practices Per Cent

91. Provide and require the use of point-of-operation guards, 80,7 15.3 3.7

92. Prohibit the removal of guards and 76,9 safety devices....... 76,9 21.1 1.9

93. Require the tool clerk to make a safety check of all tools............ 63.^ 28,8 7.6

9^. Fasten all machines to floor,........ 4-6.1 3.7 5.7

95. Fasten all benches to the floor.,.,,. 65.3 7.6 5.7

96,. Use color coding on power-driven 4-0.3 machines emphasizing danger area,,,,. 53.8 4-0.3 1.9

97. Enclose all gears, moving belts and other power transmission devices with permanent guards 90.3 7.6 1.9

98, Require that all hand tools are kept sharp, clean and in safe working order * 9^.2 5.7 0

99. Post safety rules at each power-

9^.2 5.7 0

driven or danger area 35.1 65.3 0

100, Maintain an awareness of the effective use of safe guards against the special hazards associated with the laboratory instruction,,,,,,,,,,. 90.3 7.6 1.9

Personal Protection

101, Provide a procedure to determine the physical defects and limitations of all students 55.7 4-0.2 1.9

102, Prohibit horseplay or practical jokes 100 0 0

103. Prohibit running at any time 92.2 7.6 0

104-, Require students to wear a cap 3.7 9^.2 5.7

68

TABLE XIV continued

No. Safety Practices U.* N.U.* 1 N.A.* No. Safety Practices Per Cent

105. Prohibit grinding without goggles.. 100 0 0

106e Require the wearing of goggles or glasses when there is any danger of flying particles 96.1 0 3.7

107. Require student furnished goggles or glasses 3.7 90.3 3.7

108. Provide "school purchased" goggles or glasses 96.1 1.9 1.9

109, Require sterilization of goggles or glasses after each u s e , . 75.0 23.0 1.9

110. Emphasize the importance of wearing aprons.. 8^.6 15.3 0

111. Prohibit the wearing of "tie" ties while working, 59.6 *K).3 0

112. Encourage the use of respirators where dust or fumes are present..,. 28.8 57.6 13.3

113. Provide respirators for student use where harmful dust and fumes are present, 28.8 63.^ 7.7

11*1-. Require the wearing of goggles with appropriate lens when danger from radiation of glare exists.....,,,,. 57.6 15.3 25.0

115. Require the use of face shields during the performance of hazardous operations 9^.2 1.9 3.7

116, Prohibit students from wearing jewelry when working *1-0.3 59.6 0

117. Require students to observe pre-scribed rules in wearing proper clothing. 9^.2 5.7 0

118. Stress the importance of sanitation 75.0 19.2 5.7

TABLE XIV---continued.

69

No. U.* N.U.* N.A.*

No. gai ©T,y rracuicco • I >er Cent


119. Provide for the daily removal of 84.6

119. 84.6 13.3 1.9

Provide for the cleaning of the laboratory walls and ceilings

120. 25.0 75.0 0

121. 13.3 40.3 7.6

122. 35.1 19.2 7.6

Provide for the washing of the laboratory windows t

123. 3.7 53.8 9.6

124. 3.7 51.9 9.6

125. 28.8 32.6 9.6

Provide for the sweeping of the laboratory floorj

126. 88.4 9.6 3.7

127. 46.1 38.4 1.9

128. 5.7 32.6 7.6

Provide for the cleaning of the electric lights in the laboratory!

129. 3.7 78.8 15.3

e O

cn H 15.3 78.8 1.9

131. 65.3 23.0 7.6

132. Provide brushes for the cleaning of

TABLE XIV—continued

70

No. Safety Practices U.* N.U.* N.A.* No. Safety Practices Per Cent

133, Employ a standard procedure to keep 76.9 floors free of foreign materials,... 76.9 17.3 5.7

13^. Provide properly marked Dins for 26.9 scrap stock 73.0 26.9 0

135* Paint all corners to expose any dirt accumulation. 9.6 80.7 9.6

136, Prohibit overhead storage.. 40.3 50.0 9.6

137. Provide a toe-board or railing around a balcony.................... 9.6 25.0 61,1

Electrical Practices - ^

138, Condition students to assume that all electrical apparatus is "hot"... 80.7 15.3 3.7

139. Provide a ground on all electrical equipment 80.7 5.3 3.7

1^0. Provide sub-master switches at convenient locations 65.3 28.8 3.7

1^1. Make all equipment control switches 86.5 easily accessible to the operator... 86.5 13.3 0

1^2, Provide individual cut-off switches 76.9 for each machine 76.9 23.0 0

1^3. Provide overload protection on all 82.5 15.3 1.9

144, Prohibit use of temporary wiring of 80.7 17.3 1.9

1^5. Provide individual lights on each 26.9 63A 26.9 63A 9.6

1^6. Provide flourscent lights for the 23.O 70.6 5.7

TABLE XIV—--continued

71

No, Safety Practices u . * N.U.* N . A . * No, Safety Practices Per Cen j

147. Provide incandescent lights for the general lighting 70.6 21.1 7.6

Fire Safety

148. Provide instruction on the pre-vention of fires 86.5 13.3 0

149. Provide fire extinguishers.......... 88.4 9.6 1.9

150. Provide a large flameproof blanket.. 17.3 76.9 5.7

151. Provide instruction in the proper use of fire extinguishers,. 50.0 48.1 1.9

152. Post the National Safety Council's safety instruction card, "Fire Extinguisher Facts", . 19.2 78.8 1.9

153. Provide for the inspection and testing of fire extinguishers at

86.5 regular intervals.,,.,.............. 86.5 13.3 3.7

154. Inspect (you do it) fire extin-guishers 40.3 55.7 3.7

155. Mark the location of fire-fighting equipment,..., 25.0 73.0 1.9

156. Post instructions for evacuating the school.............................. 51.9 44.3 3.7

157. Provide periodic instruction and practice for evacuating in emergency s i tuations 78.8 21.1 0

158. Inspect paint and chemical cabinets periodically,,, 67.3 28.8 3.7

159. Store flammable liquids in approved containers ........... 80.7 13.3 1.9

TABLE XIV-.—-continued

72


160. Provide for the bulk storage of flammable materials,.

161. Prohibit use of flammable liquids for cleaning purposes

Accident Reports

162. Require students to report all accidents

1 6 3 . Keep a record of all accidents,

164. Use a form for recording an accident

1 6 5 . Use the National Safety Council's student accident report form for recording an accident...............

166. Make a report to the administration of all accidents

1 6 7 . Make a report to the administration of only those accidents resulting in injury that required a physician.

1 6 8 . Analyze all accident reports for prevention of other accidents.......

1 6 9 . Prepare monthly summary of all accidents

170. Calculate the "accident-frequency-rate" each month,

First-Aid Practices

171. Post the policy of administration of first-aid

172. Provide a first-aid kit..

173. Mark the location of the first-aid kit

U.» I N.U.»I N.A.* Per Cent

73.0

69.2

9^,2

35.1

38.4

15.3

32.6

76.9

82.5

13.3

11.5

13.3

86,6

9.6

25.O

28.8

5.7

63.4

57.6

82.5

65.3

2 1 . 1

17.3

82.5

86.6

84,6

9.6

1.9

1.9

0

1.9

3.7

1.9

1.9

1.9

0

3.7

1.9

1.9

3.7

84,6 5.7

TABLE XIV-~continued

73

No. Safety Practices U.* N.U.* 1 N.A.* No. Safety Practices Per Cent

174-. Permit students to use the first-aid kit 44.3 50.0 5.7

175. Permit only the teacher to use the first-aid kit....................... 4-0.3 55.7 3.7

176, Inspect first-aid kit periodically.. 75.0 21.1 3.7

177, Refer all injuries to a physician... 11.5 86.5 1.9

178. Refer all injuries to the school nurse 57.6 4-0.3 1.9

179. Enroll in and complete First Aid

57.6 4-0.3

Course, 13.3 82,5 3.7

180, Provide first-aid instruction,...... 9.6 88,4- 1.9

181. Provide copies of the American Red Cross First Aid Textbook,,,,,, 11.5 88.4- 0

74

TABLE XV

DATA CONCERNING RANK ORDER OF IMPORTANCE OF NINETY-TWO SAFETY PRACTICES EMPLOYED BY FIFTY-TWO


Rank of Item

Practice Rank of Item

Practice Rank of Item

Practice

1. 102* 32. l 4 l 63. 86 2. 53 33. 46 64. 90 3. 105 34. 148 65. 160 4. 56 35. 76 66. 134 5. 72 36. 153 67. 147

6. 54 37. 82 68. 30 7* 32 38. 119 69. 161 8. 106 39. 110 70. 62 9. 108 40. 143 71. 158

10. 132 41. 168 72. 24

11. 31 42. 71 73. 95 12. 34 43. 159 7^. 131 13. 117 44. 23 140 14. 98 ^5. 91 76. 93 15. 115 46. 138 77. 1

16. 162 47. 139 78. 74 17. 35 48. 144 79. 88 18. 103 49. 83 80. 2 19. 57 50. 85 81. 51 20. 70 51. 157 82. 111

21. 100 52. 133 83. 114 22. 97 53. 167 84. 178 23. 79 54. 92 85. 101 24. 89 55. 52 86, 96 25. 33 56. 142 87. 22

26. 126 57. 118 88. 9 27. 149 58. 176 89. 4 28. 55 59. 84 90. 156 29. 80 60. 109 91. 75 30. 3 61. 49 92. 151 31. 172 62..- 50

*Refer to Table XIII for listing of these practices

75

An analysis of the data presented in Tables XV and XVI

indicates that the respondents placed a high priority on the

use of instructional techniques, equipment safety, and

personal protection.

The extent to which Individual practices were reported

follows:

General Practices

Only two practices of this category were included in the

top forty-seven practices used by Dallas industrial arts

instructors, They were as follows»

a. Make an analysis of the hazards in the laboratory

involving machines, hand tools, and general

environment. (3)*

b. Have all auxiliary doors swing outward. (23)

Of these practices, only one practice of the two was included

in the top-ranking practices preferred by the instructors

and reported in Chapter II,


Twenty-five per cent of the practices in the top forty-

seven practices were included in this category. This seems

to give further strength to the importance of the instructional

techniques used by the instructors in the development of a

sound accident prevention program. These techniques included

the followings

*In each case the number in parentheses refers to the practices in original check list.

76

a. Give laboratory demonstrations emphasizing the safe

use of hazardous machines. (53)

b. Give periodic laboratory talks emphasizing the

importance of accident prevention. (56)

c. Present safety instruction with the following

objectives in minds

1) Developing in each student a sense of personal

responsibility for his own safety and that of

others. (31)

2) Helping students understand that the effective

ways of doing things are the safe ways. (32)

3) Helping students learn safe practices for use

in meeting their own day-to-day activities. (32)

4) Helping students recognize situations involving

hazards, (34)

d. Teach accident prevention from a positive approach.

(35)

e. Provide for safety instruction in the course of

study.

f. Give laboratory demonstrations emphasizing the use

of hazardous tools. (54)

g. Provide instruction in what to do in case of a

laboratory accident. (55)

h. Give periodic laboratory demonstrations on the

proper use and-care of personal protective devices.

(57)

77

i., Develop a permanent safety consciousness in students

through teacher example. (70)

Eleven of these twelve practices were among the top forty-two

practices preferred by the instructors, indicating a high

correlation between practice and preference in this category.

Equipment Safety

Eleven practices involving equipment safety were included

in the top forty-seven practices used by the instructors.

These included the following!

a. Accept personal responsibility for all pupils using

machines or hand to«l in the laboratory. (71)

b. Maintain supervision of students who are using

power-driven machines and dangerous tools. (71)

c. Permit each student to operate a power-driven

machine only after demonstrating his ability to

operate the machine safely. (76)

d. Prohibit students from operating power-driven

machines before or after school when instructor is

not present.

e. Prohibit students from operating power-driven

machines when the instructor is not present. (80)

f. Prohibit students who are not enrolled in classes

conducted in the laboratory from operating the power-

driven machines. (82)

g. Use painted line or tape on the floor around each

item of equipment. (89)

78

ho Provide and require the use of point-of-operation

guards. (1)

i. Enclose all gears, moving belts, and other power

transmission devices with permanent guards. (97)

j. Require that all hand tools are kept sharp, clean,

and in safe working order. (98)

k. Maintain an awareness of the effective use of safe

guards against the special hazards associated with

the laboratory instruction. (100)

Eight of these eleven equipment-safety practices were among

the first forty-seven practices preferred by the instructors.

This seemed to indicate a high degree of correlation between

practice and preference in this category.

Personal Protection

Eight practices were among the top-ranking forty-seven

practices used from this category. These included the

foilowingj

a. Prohibit horseplay or pratical jokes of any kind.

(102)

b. Prohibit running at any time. (103)

c. Prohibit grinding without goggles or glasses. (105)

d. Require the wearing of goggles or glasses when

there is any danger of flying particles. (106)

e. Provide "school purchased" goggles or glasses. (108)

f. Emphasizing the importance of wearing aprons. (110)

g. Require the use of face shields during the performance

of hazardous operations, (115)

79

h. Require students to observe prescribed rules in

wearing proper clothing. (115)

Four of the eight personal-protection practices were among

the first forty-seven preferred safety practices as indicated

in Chapter II.


Three housekeeping practices were included in the top

forty-seven practices used by the respondents in their school

laboratories. These were as followsi

a. Provide for the daily removal of all waste materials.

(119)

b. Provide for the sweeping of the laboratory floor

after each class. (126)

c. Provide brushes for the cleaning of equipment. (132)

Two out of the three housekeeping practices were among the

first forty-seven practices preferred by the instructors.

Electrical Safety

Four of the ten practices listed under this category

on the check list were among the top-rated forty-seven safety

practices used by the laboratory instructors. These included

the followings

a. Condition students to assume that all electrical

apparatus is "hot", (138)

b. Provide a ground on all electrical equipment. (139)

80

c. Make all equipment control switches easily accessible

to the operator, (1^1)

d, Provide overload protection on all motors, (1^3)

Three of the four electrical-safety practices were among the

first forty-seven preferred practices of the laboratory

instructors.

Fire Safety

The instructors included four fire-safety practices

among the top-ranking practices which they used. These

included the following:

a. Provide fire extinguishers in the laboratory, (1^9)

be Provide instruction on the prevention of fires, (1*1-8)

c. Provide for the inspection and testing of fire

extinguishers at regular intervals, (153)

d. Store flammable liquids in approved containers.

Three of the four fire-safety practices were among the first

forty-seven preferred practices as indicated by the instructors.

Accident Reports

Two of the nine practices listed in this category on the

check list were Included in the top forty-seven practices used

by the instructors. Following are these practicesi

a. Require students to report all accidents, (162)

b. Analyze all accident reports for prevention of

other accident.^, (168)

One of the two practices was among the top forty-seven

preferred practices as indicated by the instructors.

81

First-Aid. Practices

One first-aid practice was included in the top forty-

seven practices used by the respondents in their school

laboratories, This was as follows:

a. Provide a first-aid kit. (1?2)

This was the only practice among the top forty-seven

preferred practices of the Instructors.

In general, the study indicated that thirty-four of the

forty-seven top-ranking practices preferred by fifty-two in-

dustrial arts instructors of the Dallas Independent School

District are used by these instructors in their respective

programs.

Another indication of the status of the safety practices

used was the comparison of the percentage of instructors who

do not employ each practice with the percentage of instructors

for the practice. Table XVI lists thirty-five such practices.

These were selected as those practices which $0 per cent or

more of the instructors did not employ in their laboratories;

however, they were preferred by 50 Ve* cent or more of the

respondents, Column A in Table XVI. indicates the percentage

of respondents not using each practice, while Column B indicates

the percentage of the respondents who rated the practice as

"most desirable." Using the first practice as an example, one

should read the table as follows: 57,6 per cent of the fifty-

two industrial arts instructors participating in the study

do not "require visitors"to get approval before entering the

82

laboratory," but 51.9 per cent consider the practice as

desirable or most desirable. The first column of the table

gives the number of the practice as it appears on the check-

list.

TABLE XVI

THIRTY-FIVE SAFETY PRACTICES NOT USED YET PREFERRED BY FIFTY-TWO


No. Safety Practice Col. Col. a; B ^

5. Require visitor to get approval before entering laboratory 57.6 51.9

6. Have frequent safety inspections of the laboratory made by inspectors from the State Department of Labor and Industry.... 70.6 57.8

8. Have frequent safety inspections of the laboratory made by industrial safety engineers 67.3 63.4

11. Have a frequent safety inspection of the laboratory made by a student inspector or foreman 53.8 51.9

13. Use a safety check list to make a safety inspection 51.9 50.0

18. Rotate assignments to safety committee.... 70.6 57.6

20. Present each individual who is assigned inspection duties a listing of his specific duties 80.7 65.3

21. Use alternate yellow and black stripes on protruding parts, low beams, and tripping hazards 57.6 70.6

26. Encourage all students to carry accident insurance.... 80.7 63.4

# m

27. Carry liability insurance as a protection in case of negligence charges 63.4 63.4

* Not Used. ** Desirable,

83

79

TABLE XVI continued

No. Safety Practices Col. Col. A. B.

Require students to study and sign a combined acknowledgement of safety instruction and safety pledge 76.9 61.1

38. Display cartoon or "comic" type posters...63.4 69.2

43. Provide a safety suggestion box..... 80.7 65.3

44. Conduct field trips to industrial plants

or construction jobs ..76.9 51.9

45. Conduct safety contest 84.6 63.4

47, Provide a written safety education program 88.4 59.6

48. Provide a written safety education program (similar to a course of study)....70.6 51.9

58. Obtain safety literature from the National Safety Council, or other similar organizations..... 73.0 70.6

59. Require each student to sign information sheets dealing with laboratory safety rules and regulations 78.8 55.7

61. Provide for visiting speakers from business and industry... 80.7 63.4

63. Require each student to maintain a note-book .....84.6 69.2

64. Provide safety news items for school newspaper ...86.5 73.0

87. Hang a large grey-blue disc (10"-16") on equipment under repair 76.9 63.4

99. Post safety rules at each power-driven or danger area . 65.3 67.3

150. Provide a large flameproof blanket for use in case someone's clothes ignite 76.9 51.9

84

TABLE XVI—Continued

No. Safety Practice Col. Col. A B

152, Post the National Safety Council's Safety instruction card, "Fire Extinguishers Facts" 78.8 57.6

155. Hark the location of fire-fighting

equipment..... 73.0 57.6

163. Keep a record of all accidents 63.4 59.6

164. Use a form for recording an accident 57.6 63.4 165. Use the National Safety Council's

standard student accident report form for recordingaccidents 82.5 59.6

169. Prepare a monthly summary of all accidents..., 82.5 59.6

170. Calculate the "accident-frequency-rate" each month and post 86.5 57.6

171. Post the policy of administration of

first-aid. 84.6 70.6

173, Mark the location of the first-aid kit... 84.6 61.1

181. Provide copies of the American Red Cross First-Aid Textbook. 88.4 59.6

Data presented in Table XVI reveal the instructors were

not using practices from six of the nine headings on the check

list; however, the instructors prefer the practices. The in-

structors were not using eleven general practices (37.9 per

cent), eleven instructional techniques (28.5 per cent), two

equipment safety practices (6.8 per cent), three fire-safety

practices (21.4 per cent), five accident reports (55.5 per

cent), and three first-aid practices (27.3 per cent)} yet the

instructors indicated them as preferred practices.

CHAPTER IV

SUMMARY, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The purpose of this study was to collect data concerning

safety practices preferred and used by instructors in the

Dallas Independent School District, and to provide data for

developing criteria for evaluating the status of safety pro-

grams in the school system.

Data and information needed for the study were secured

and the study was organized as follows: Chapter I includes

an introduction, statement of the problem, purpose of the

study, method of procedure, sources of data, limitations of

the study, organization of the study, definition of terms and

a review of five related studies; Chapter II presents data

concerning the preferred safety practices of fifty-two

instructors and twenty members of a jury as indicated by the

participating respondents; Chapter III includes data indicating

the safety practices used by fifty-two instructors; Chapter

IV contains a summary, findings, and recommendations.

A questionnaire was designed to gather data concerning

nine aspects of safety education taught by instructors in the

Dallas Independent School District which were as follows«

(1) what are the general,-safety practices taught by instruc-

tors, (2) what instructional techniques are used, (3) what

85

86

principles of personal protection are considered as being im-

portant, (4) what equipment safety methods are used, (5) what

housekeeping practices are used, (6) what electrical safety

practices are considered important, (7) what fire safety methods

are used, (8) what are the methods of reporting accidents, and

(9) what first-aid methods are used?

The questionnaires were directed to 120 instructors and

to a jury of twenty experts. Sixty questionnaires (50 per cent)

were returned by the instructors, while twenty (100 per cent)

were returned by the jury. Fifty-two instructors (43.3 per cent)

completed questionnaires in such a manner that made them usable

for the purpose of this study as compared to twenty (100 per

cent) by the jury.

Findings

From the findings in this study, the following conclusions

and interpretations were drawni

1. The opinions of instructors and jury of safety experts

were in close agreement in regard to the 181 safety practices.

2. The development of an effective accident prevention

program was considered of prime importance by the instructors.

3. A high degree of correlation was shown between

instructor's most preferred practices and those practices used

in the classroom.

4. The use of some practices lagged considerably behind

the preferences of the instructors.

87

5, The jury and instructors generally agreed that a core

of safety practices should "be used by instructors in their

organization and administration of an effective accident

prevention program in school laboratories,

6, Safety is incorporated into the everyday laboratory

experiences rather than being taught as a separate unit,

7, First-aid practices were not rated very highly;

however, instructors felt a need for a first-aid kit in their

laboratories.

Recommendations for Further Studies

In view of the findings and implications of this study,

the following suggestions are made for further researchi

1, Investigate the reasons why some instructors feel

that many of the safety practices included in this study "do

not apply" to their program,

2, Investigate reasons for the relatively low rating

given to the first-aid practices by the instructors,

3, Investigate the implications of the high rating given

by instructors to thirty-five practices which they did not

use in their laboratories.

88

APPENDIX A

DIRECTIONSj Following is a list of safety practices which might be employed by industrial arts instructors to prevent accidents resulting in injury to students or other personnel, and/or damage to laboratory equipment and building facilities. Please indicate by marking (x)t

1. Column A--whether the safety practice is :

(a) YES (employed) (b) NO (not employed) (c) NA-NOT APPLICABLE (does not apply in the

laboratory where you teach)

This column is based on fact.

2. Column B—your evaluation of the desirability of each safety practice whether you apply it or not, and regardless of administrative difficulties. This column asks for your opinion. Check as follows.

(a) Most desirable--you feel that the practice is a "must" for all laboratory instructors.

(b) Desirable—you feel that it would be desirable to employ the practice regardless of your present practices.

(c) Undesirable—you feel that the practice should not be employed regardless of your present practice.

Samples

Prohibit running in the laboratory at any time

Col. A Col. B M 0 U s N T D

E D E

D S S E I I S R R I A A

Y R B B E N N A L L S 0 A B

T, E E

X X

APPENDIX A

General Practices

89

1.

2.

3,

4„

5.

7.

8„

9„

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

Take complete charge of conducting the safety program with no responsibility .—m—• •—. delegated to students... I—II—II—I

Command instant attention of every student in the laboratory during emergency situ-ations through the use of a bell, whistle, — . or some other type of alarm I II II I

Make an analysis of the hazards in the laboratory involving machines, hand tools, , — — , and general environment I II II—I

Make regular written reports to the princi-pal or director regarding any hazardous .—.i—i.—i condition in the laboratory I—II—II—I

Require visitor to get the approval of the director or principal before entering the ,—.,—,,—. laboratory I 11 II I

Have frequent safety inspections of the laboratory made by:

...inspectors from the State Depart- .—. .—< >—, ment of Labor and Industry I—II—II—I

...State fire inspectors C D C D C D

...industrial safety engineers.. • • •

...school personnel—State and/or ,—..—..—. local level ....I 11 11 I

...a student safety committee C D C D E D

...a student inspector or foreman.... • • •

...other (name) C D E H C D

Use a safety check list to make sure that all safety factors are checked during a ,—,•—>,—, safety inspection..... I II—II—I

Use the National Safety Council's Shop Safety Inspection Check list during safety inspections

IS.

Have safety inspections of the laboratory madet

.... once a week

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

90

16. .. ..once a month D O EH

17. ....once each school year . O CU CD

18. Rotate assignments of students to the —. laboratory safety committee 1—II II I

19. Rotate assignments of students as safety inspectors or safety foremen I III I I

20. Present each individual who is assigned safety inspection duties with an information •——. sheet listing his specific duties .[_j I—II I

21. Use alternate yellow and black stripes on protruding parts, low beams, and tripping |——.i—i hazards .....I—II—II—I

22. Provide a non-skid floor area for students to stand on when operating hazardous •—m—n—. machines I—11—11—I

23. Have all toolroom, storage room, and , — , r — . . — ,

laboratory doors swing outward ..I—II—II—I

24. Provide four-foot minimum aisles throughout,—, ,—.,—. the laboratory for general travel,,,» I—II—II—I

25. Have the ventilating system in the laboratory checked at the beginning of each school year by a trained and experienced ventilation .—..—.<—i engineer to determine its effectiveness... .1—II—II—I

26. Encourage all students to carry accident insurance while enrolled in laboratory ?—.,—. .—. courses I—11—11—I

27. Carry liability insurance as a protection in case of negligence charges which might be .—ir—ii—i made by the parents of injured students... .1—II—II—I

28. Present a safety award each year to a student who has exhibited outstanding |——, ,—. application of the principle of safety I—II I I—I

29. Require students to study and sign a com-bined acknowledgement of safety instruction and safety pledge I II I I I

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30. Require all beginning laboratory students to make a study of hazards in the laboratory—,,—,.—. during the first dew days of the course....!—II—II—I

Present safety instruction with the following objectives in mind:

31. ....developing in each student a sense of personal responsibility for .—• .—,i—i his own safety and that of others I—II—II—I

32. ....helping students understand that the effective ways of doing things are——.•—• the safe ways I—II—II—I

33. ....helping students learn safe practices for use in meeting their . — — . own day-to-day activities I II—II—I

34. ....helping students recognize i — i j — — i

situations involving hazards I—11—11—I

35« Teach accident prevention from a positive approach, (stressing the right way to .—..—..—• perform an operation) I—II—II—I

36. Teach accident prevention from a negative approach, (pointing out the wrong way to ,—,,—,,—• perform an operation) I—II—II—I

37. Display shocker-type safety poster in the laboratory, (emphasizing safety through ,——.,—, the emotion of fear).. I—II—I Li

38. Display cartoon or "comic" type safety .—.<—. <—. poster in the laboratory I—II—II—I

39. Display National Safety Council safety .—>.—, •—> posters in the laboratory I—II 11—1

40. Send "safety" letters to parents when a student has exhibited a high degree of interest in safety, or when he has met a laboratory situation which required an j——..—. application of safety principles I—II—II I

41. Notify parents by letter of pupils unsafe work habits and practices in the |—.j—.j—. laboratory I—II II—I

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92

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

53.

54.

55.

Require students to write a "term paper" near the closing date of school reporting the safety activities in the laboratory during the school term. (the best paper to be transmitted to the local director r — , . — . . — .

or principal for proper recognition) I—JI I! I

Provide a safety suggestion box for , — — . student use L 11 II I

Conduct student field trips to industrial plants or construction jobs to observe ,—..— accident prevention practices I II II I

Conduct an annual laboratory safety contest

Provide for safety instruction in the .— . .—. course of study I 11 11 I

Provide a written safety education program for the laboratory, and submit to the ,——, • . school administration for information I II II I

Provide a written safety education program for the laboratory (similar to a course of ,,—.. study) • • •

Provide a bulletin board for safety bulletins, safety posters, and safety rulesj—,,——. and regulations I II II I

Use information sheets dealing with the ,——..—. safe operation of hazardous machines I II II I

Use information sheets dealing with the |——,,—, safe use of specific hand tools I II II I

Use information sheets dealing with the , — — . general safety rules of the laboratory I II II I

Give laboratory demonstrations emphasizing the safe use of hazardous machines

Give laboratory demonstrations emphasizing,—— the use of hazardous hand tools.. I II II I

Provide instruction in what to do in case of a laboratory accident I II II I

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93

56. Give periodic laboratory talks emphasizing the importance of each student acquiring the proper attitude towards accident .—..— prevention I 11 11 I

57. Give periodic laboratory demonstrations on _ the proper use and care of personal pro-tective devices, goggles, face shields, ,——,,—> hoods, aprons, etc ...I II II—I

58. Obtain safety literature from the National Safety Council, or other similar organi-zations, for distribution to students for i—1i—u—i use as instructional materials . .1—I'—''—'

59. Require each student to sign information sheets dealing with laboratory safety rules and regulations to indicate that the information has been read and is understood; these sheets to be maintained in a file cabinet until the student com- .—n—.i—. pletes his course of instruction ...J—II—II—I

60. Provide instruction in the safe methods of lifting and/or moving heavy equipment or •—.i—n—. other loads• J—11—11—I

61. Provide for visiting speakers from business and industry to speak on safety and health ,—.,—.•—. practices .1—11—II—I

62. Provide instruction in the maintenance of laboratory tools, machines, and other .—.,—..—. equipment I—II—II—I

63. Require each student to maintain a safety notebook for keeping safety illustrations, clippings, safety rules, and other relevanti—ji—n—i material I—JI—11—I

64. Provide safety news items for use in the i—.<—..—, school newspaper. I—II—II—I

Provide the following total of safety texts, bulletins, and/or periodicals in the laboratory libraryi .—..—.,—•

65. ....none I—JI—II—I

66. 1 to 5 • • •

67. 6 to 20 • • •

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• • •

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• • •

• • •

• • •

• • •

• ••

• • •

9^

68.

69.

70.

.... over 20....... • • •

Provide periodic displays of commercial . — — . laboratory safety i—II—>1—I

Develop a permanent safety consciousness in students through teacher example, p—,.——. (always doing things the safe way) I—II—II—I

Equipment Safety

71. Accept personal responsibility for all pupils using machines or hand tools in the , — — . laboratory I—II—II—I

72. Maintain strict supervision of students who are using power-driven machines and ,—.,—..—, dangerous tools I—II—II—I

73. Require a signed statement from a parent granting permission for student to operate |—i,——• power machines I—11—11—I

74. Permit students to operate a power-driven machine only after passing a written exam-ination on the safe operation of the i—i.—.i—i machine .......I—II—II—I

75. Permit the students to operate a power-driven machine only after passing an oral examination on the safe operation of the ,——..—. machine 1—II—II—I

76. Permit each student to operate a power-driven machine only after demonstrating h i s . — — . ability to operate the machine safely..... .1 II—II—I

77. Grant students permission to operate power-driven machines after giving routine class demonstrations—no group or individual |—•,—..—. examinations required I—II II—I

78. Provide an operator's card or license to each student who successfully completes the necessary qualifications to operate .—,.——. power-driven machines .......I II—II—I

79. Prohibit students from operating power-driven machines before or after school when—.j——, the instructor is not present I II II 1

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80.

81

82.

83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

89.

90.

91.

92.

Prohibit students from operating power-driven machines during regular class ,—..—..—. periods when the instructor is not present.!—II—II—I

Permit students to operate power-driven machines during the temporary absence of the instructor, but only with a foreman ,—.,—..—. in charge I 11 11—I

Prohibit students who are not enrolled in classes conducted in the laboratory from operating the power-driven machines of the .——..—. laboratory I—11—11 I

Prohibit more than one operator to use any .—. i—n—. machine at one time I—II—II—I

Disconnect the main power line when the instructor leaves the laboratory for any j—n—..—• period of time I—II—II—I

Prohibit machine operators to talk to other students while using power-driven , — — , machines I—11—11—I

Place a warning sign on equipment that is ,——..—• unsafe to operate I II—II—I

Hang a large grey-blue disc (10"-16") on equipment under repair as a precautionary |—..—..—> measure I 11—11 I

Prohibit use of any broken tools, machines,<—..—..—. or other equipment I—11—11—I

Use painted line or tape on the floor , — — , around each item of equipment... ..I II II—I

Provide storage for accessories to machines in specially designed racks conveniently ,—..—..—. located near each machine I—II—II—I

Provide and require the use of point-of-operation guards for operations involving machine cutting, drilling, shaping, and |—,,——, forming LJ U U

Prohibit the removal of guards and safety devices even for a b'rief interval without .j—.j—. the approval of the instructor .......I II II I

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96

93. Require the tool clerk to make a safety check of all tools before issued to students-broken tools are discarded immediately or are put aside until they can be repaired properly. .LjLJU

9 F a s t e n all machines securely to the floor..f~~T 1 II I

95. Fasten all benches securely to the floor.. .1 11 11 I

96. Use color coding on power-driven machines to emphasize danger area. .1 II || |

97. Enclose all gears, moving belts, and other power transmission devices with permanent ,—..—..—. guards or barricades .....I—II—II—I

98. Require that all hand tools are kept sharp,,——. clean, and in safe working order,..........1—11—11—I

99. Post safety rules at each power-driven or . ..—..—. danger area. LJ U LJ

100, Maintain an awareness of the effective use of safe guards against the special hazards .——..—. associated with the laboratory instruetion,LJ I II I

Personal Protection

101, Provide a procedure to determine the physical defects and limitations of all students so that they will not be assigned tasks which will be detrimental to their .•—..—. health or physical condition...............I II II I

102, Prohibit horseplay or practical jokes of , — — . any kind in the laboratory area. .1 11 11 I

103, Prohibit running in the laboratory at any r — , r — — ,

time LJULJ

10^, Require students to wear a cap when working—..——. in the laboratory J 11 11 I

105. Prohibit grinding of any type without ,—.,—1(—, wearing safety goggles or glasses,,, I II II—I

106, Require the wearing-of safety goggles or glasses when there is any danger of flying .—..—.j—. or falling particles or chips,,,, I—II—II—I

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97

107. Require students to furnish their own .—..—..—. safety goggles or glasses I II II I

108. Provide "school purchases" safety goggles or glasses for student use I I I 11 I

109. Require sterilization of safety goggles or glasses after each use. (when such pro-tective devices are furnished by the school)

110. Emphasize the importance of wearing aprons ,—. —»,—. as proper laboratory clothing .1 I LJ I I

111. Prohibit the wearing of "tie" ties while j—..—.,—. working in the laboratory I II II I

112. Encourage the use of respirators where .—..—.,—. harmful dust or fumes are present I II II I

113. Provide respirators for student use where |—ii—i r—i harmful dust or fumes are present I 11—11—J

114. Require the wearing of goggles with appro-priate lens when danger from radiation or ,—.,——. glare exists I II II I

115. Require the use of face shields during the performance of hazardous operations involved in cutting metal, wood, or other similar |—..—.<—. materials I 11 11 I

116. Prohibit students from wearing rings and other similar jewelry when working in the |—.,—,,—. laboratory I 11 11 I

117. Require students to observe prescribed rules in regard to proper wearing of clothing and protective devices while operating hazardous equipment Q Qj Q

118. Stress the importance of laboratory sani-tation, require washing of hands before eating lunch; prohibit the blowing of ,—.,—. gasoline fuel lines with the mouth, etc...J II II I


119. Provide for the daily removal of all saw-dust, shaving, metal cuttings, and other .,—.. waste material J II II |

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120.

121.

122.

123 .

124.

125.

126.

127.

128.

129.

130.

131.

132.

133.

134.

135.

136.

137.

Provide for the cleaning of the laboratory walls and ceiling! I—.j—.|—,

.... once a week .1 11 11 J

..,.only once each month.... • • •

....only once each year • • •

Provide for the washing of the laboratory windows t I—n—w—i

.. . .daily LJLJLJ

o...only once each week.... • • •

.... only once each month.... • • •

Provide for the sweeping of the laboratory floors | j ill |

....after each class I—II—II—I

...only once

..only once each week,

each day.... • • •

• • •

Provide for the cleaning of the electric lights in the laboratory! . — — >

... .once each week I—II—II—I

....only once each month.... • • •

...»only once each year.... • • •

Provide brushes for the cleaning of equip- , — — . ment after each use. I—II—II—I

Employ a standard procedure to keep floors , — — | free of oil, water, and foreign materials..I—II—II—I

Provide properly marked boxes or bins for .—1|—. j—. various kinds of scrap stock... I—II—II—I

Paint all corners of the laboratory with white paint to expose any dirt which might .—. j——, accumulate I 11 11—J

Prohibit overhead storage of supplies, equipment, laboratory projects, or similar .—. j——. items I 11—11 I

Provide a toe-board or railing around a balcony used for overhead storage of supplies, equipment, laboratory projects, .—..——, or other similar items I—11 11—I

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138.

139.

140.

141.

142.

143.

144.

145.

146.

147.

148.

149.

150.

Electrical Safety

Condition students to assume that all electrical apparatus is "hot" and must be treated as such.

Provide a ground on all motors, fuse boxes, switch boxes, and other electrical .—< <—•.—i equipment .1—11—11—I

Provide sub-master switches at convenient locations throughout the laboratory to . — , — . disconnect power-driven machines 1—II II—I

Make all equipment control switches easily ,——..—. accessible to the operator I II II I

Provide individual cut-off switches for each machine. (separate from operator- ,—,.—..—. control switch) .1 11—11—I

Provide overload protection on all motors.. • • •

Prohibit use of temporary wiring of any .—.,—..—. kind in the laboratory area I II—II I

Provide individual lights on each machine.. • • •

Provide flourscent lights for the general |—.,—.i—i lighting of the laboratory. I—11 JI—I

Provide incandescent lights for the general,——..—• lighting of the laboratory I II II—I

Fire Safety

Provide instruction on the prevention of .—..—,,—. fires in the school laboratory I—II II I

Provide fire extinguishers in the laboratory area

Provide a large flameproof blanket in the laboratory area which is immediately and, easily obtainable for use in case someone' clothes

ocainaoie ror use in case someone's,—,,——. ignite • • •

151. Provide instruction .in the proper use of fire extinguishers and other fire-fighting, — — . eauiDment. I II 11 I

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loo

152. Post the National Safety Council's safety instruction card. "Fire Extinguisher Factst^,——. in a conspicuous place in the laboratory...! || || I

153. Provide for the inspection and testing of fire extinguishers at regular intervals to ascertain if they are fully charged and in proper working order J II 11 I

154. Inspect (you do it) fire extinguishers and other fire-fighting equipment at least each week J 11 I [_J

155. Mark the location of fire-fighting equipment in the laboratory with a large"bright red" square, arrow or bar, high enough to be seen from any position in the laboratory........| || [| |

156. Post instructions for evacuating the school laboratory in a conspicuous place where all—..—..—, can see and read I 11—11—I

157. Provide periodic instruction and practice in the proper procedure for evacuating the laboratory in the event of a fire or other .—..—..—. emergency situation J—11—11—I

158. Inspect paint and chemical cabinets periodically, noting date of inspection on .—.,—..—. or in the cabinet inspected . J 11 II—I

159. Store flammable liquids in approved safety .—..—..—. containers J 11 11 I

160. Provide for the bulk storage of flammable materials (gasoline, paint thinner, etc.) .—..—..—. in an area away from the laboratory area..J II II I

161. Prohibit use of flammable liquids for .—..—..—. cleaning purposes J II II I

Accident Reports

162. Require students to report all accidents to the teacher regardless of nature of j—..—..—, severity J—11—II—I

163. Keep a record of all"laboratory accidents resulting in injury to students regardless —.—. of nature of severity .1 II II I

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164. Use a printed or duplicated form for record*-..—..—. ing the details of a laboratory accident...I II—II I

165. Use the National Safety Council's standard accident report form for recording the ,—.,—. ,—• details of a laboratory accident LJ I—II—I

166. Make a report to the school administration of all laboratory accidents resulting in injury to students regardless of the .—..—.,—. nature of severity I II II I

167. Make a report to the school administration of only those laboratory accidents result-ing in injury to students that require the .—,,—,,—, service of a physician I II II 1

168. Analyze all accidents reports for the purpose of aiding in prevention of other r—,,—,i—i accidents LJ I—11—I

169. Prepare a monthly summary of all accidents in the laboratory and transmit it to the director or principal for inclusion in a composite summary of all accidents in the ,—..—,,—. school LJLJLJ

170. Calculate the "accident-frequency-rate" each month and post in the laboratory with |—<.—.•—i comparisons to previous years shown LJ I—II—I

First-Aid Practices

171. Post the policy of the school regarding the administration of first-aid in a conspicuous place in the laboratory | 11 | [ j

172. Provide a first-aid kit in the laboratory..

173. Mark the location of the first-aid kit with a large green cross high enough to be seen ..—..—. all over the laboratory area I II II I

174. Permit students to use the first-aid kit to,—.,—.,—. treat minor injuries I—II II I

175. Permit only the teacher to use the first-aid kit to treat minor injuries I II II I

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102

176. Inspect first-aid cabinets periodically to determine condition and amount of supplies ,—,,—.,—. , contained in them... I II II I I II ]| I

177. Refer all injuries, minor or otherwise, to .—..——. .—.,—.,—. a physician for treatment. I—II—II I I II II I

178. Refer all injuries , minor or otherwise, to , — — . .——..—. the school nurse for treatment I II II—I I II—II I

179. Enroll in and complete successfully the ,——..—. .—.. —. American Red Cross First-Aid Course I II II I I II II I

180. Provide first-aid instruction for all laboratory students, (based on applicable material found in the American Red Cross .—,, —. .—,,—,,—, First-Aid Textbook) I 11 JI I I II II I

181. Provide several copies of the American Red Cross First-Aid Textbook in the ,—.,—.,—, ,—.,—,,—, laboratory library for student use.........1 II—II—III II II—I

In the space below write in any additional practices you think should be employed by industrial arts laboratory teachers.

103

APPENDIX B

Dear

A study Is being made of safety practices which are employed and preferred by industrial arts laboratory instructors in the Dallas Independent School District. Your valued professional assistance is needed in conducting this study.

A check list which takes approximately forty-five minutes to complete is enclosed. This research survey was developed to discover the safety practices that are used and preferred by industrial arts laboratory instructors throughout the system. The contribution that you can make by completing one of these lists and returning it as soon as possible will be greatly appreciated. You will not be asked to identify yourself on the check list either by name, or by location of your school. A self-addressed, return reply envelope is included for your convenience. You may be assured that the data gathered will be treated in a con-fidential manner and that it will not be used in any way which will be objectionable to any group or individual.

The first column is designed to determine whether are not the safety practices listed are employed in your laboratory. The statement of practices might be more clearly •understood if you will add the words "do you... " to the beginning of each statement and then add a question mark?

The second column is designed to determine your evaluation of the desirability of each practice whether you apply it or not, and regardless of administrative difficulties. In other words, "what do you think of each of these practices?"

Space has been provided at the end of the check list for you to add a statement indicating some additional practices which you are employing in your laboratory. Be sure to complete this important section.

A summary of the findings of this study will be forwarded to you if requested.

Sincerely yours,

Virgil R. Morrow, Instructor T. C. Marsh Jr. High School Dallas Independent School District

10k

APPENDIX C

Dear Sirs

A study is being made of the status and preferred practices of safety education in the industrial arts school laboratories of the Dallas Independent School District with implications for teacher education. In conducting this study, your valued professional assistance is needed.

The enclosed check list is being mailed to all indus-trial arts instructors in the Dallas Independent School District to determine (1) their opinions of each of the listed safety practices, and (2) whether or not the instructors are now employing the practices. Th© form is also being sent to you as one of a jury of experts selected to evaluate the desirability of employing the safety practices in public laboratories. The opinions of the jury will aid in establish-ing criteria for determining those practices which should be included in a safety education guide. The contribution that you can make by completing Column "B" of one of these lists and returning it as soon as possible will be greatly appreciated. You will not be asked to identify yourself on the check list either by name or organization and you may be assured that the data gathered will be treated in a confidential manner and that it will not be used in any way which will be objectionable to any group or individual. A self-addressed return reply envelope is included for your convenience.

A summary of the findings of this study will be forwarded to you when completed.

Sincerely yours,

Virgil R. Morrow, Instructor T. C. Marsh Jr. High School Dallas Independent School District

105

APPENDIX D

Research Proposal Form

Name Virgil R. Morrow Addressl^O^ Japonica Ln. , Piano, . ! : ' 1 Texas

Professional Address Thomas C. Marsh Jr. High Date 3/8/69

Please complete this form in quadruplicate. The divisions indicated serve to alert you to the facets of your proposed study in which we are particularly interested.

1. Working title of your study: Safety education and Safety Practices used in the Industrial Arts Programs of the Dallas Independent School District

2. What are the major hypotheses to be tested?

a. What is the status of safety education in the Dallas Independent School District's industrial arts school laboratories?

b. What are the safety practices employed by industrial arts laboratory instructors to prevent accidents resulting in injury to students or damage to laboratory equipment and building facilities?

c. What specific safety practices are employed by Dallas laboratory instructors?

3. Describe in detail the student populations or data about students desired.

To ascertain what safety education and safety practices are taught to the industrial arts students by using the following areasJ

a. general practices b. instructional techniques c. equipment safety d. personal protection e. hous ekeep ing f. electrical safety g. accident reports h. first-aid practices

4. Furnish samples of forms, questionnaires, tests, or other devices which you plan to use in collecting your data.

ATTACHED

106

RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORM - page 2

5. Describe your plans for administering instruments or collecting pupil data from school records.

A questionnaire will be sent to each instructor of industrial arts teaching metalworking, woodworking, electricity, and power mechanics in the Dallas Independent School District.

6. Describe statistical techniques to be used in the treatment of your data.

The data collected from the survey will be compared with data collected from the established safety practices obtained from leaders in the field of safety education, safety practices in industry, and in indus-trial arts. The data will be used to evaluate current safety education in the industrial arts program of the Dallas Independent School District.

7. When do you expect to complete this study?

August, 1969

8. In what form and to whom will you report your findings?

A summary, conclusion, and recommendations will be made available to the supervisor of the industrial arts and other administrators of the Dallas Independent School District.

Please ask your major professor, the^chairman of your advisory committee, or other professional person sponsoring your research to sign the following:

"I am. familiar with the proposed study and feel that the researcher submitting this proposal is professionally qualified to undertake this investigation."

Signature of sponsoring professional

Position or title

10?

APPENDIX E

Mr. Virgil R. Morrow Thomas C. Marsh Junior High School Dallas, Texas

Dear Mr. Morrow:

The Research Committee has studied and has approved your proposal, Safety Education and Safety Practices Used in the Industrial Arts Programs of the Dallas Independent School District. Mr. Bragg Stockton has told us that he will be glad to have you contact him about your project.

Ver} -jtrply yours,

C. C. Miller Assistant Superintendent Organization

CCMsrp

108

APPENDIX F

Total Responses of Instructors

U NU NA MP D UP U NU NA M) D UP n 3 T T 5 0 T 5 13 13 47. 6 5 5 0 & 131 lb 2 . 31 19 2 34 14 4 48. 15 37 0 14 27 11 3. 46 6 0 38 14 0 49. 39 13 0 20 32 0 4 . 27 21 4 14 31 7 50. 39 13 0 34 17 1 5. 22 30 0 27 17 8 51. 31 30 0 18 34 0 6 . 5 37 9 6 30 11 52. 40 12 0 34 17 1 7. 24 20 1 15 13 10 53. 52 0 0 46 6 0 8. 8 35 8 8 33 10 54. 50 2 0 42 9 1 9. 27 19 4 11 20 14 55. 46 6 0 40 12 0

10. 18 26 5 20 21 9 56. 51 1 0 43 9 0 11. 23 28 0 27 10 14 57. 48 4 0 39 13 0 12. 10 11 5 7 6 10 58. 14 38 0 13 37 2 13. 21 27 1 26 16 9 59. 9 41 2 15 29 8 14. 12 40 0 20 24 8 60, 20 25 7 28 17 4 15. 12 39 1 13 29 9 61. 6 42 4 15 33 4 16. 10 22 2 19 12 9 62. 35 15 2 19 31 2 i 7 1 3 21 3 7 9 12 63. 8 44 0 8 36 8 18! 14 37 6 13 35 4 64. 6 45 1 5 38 9 19. 16 32 4 30 17 5 65. 2 23 4 2 10 13 20. 8 42 2 11 36 5 66. 18 15 1 7 12 8 21. 17 30 5 34 15 3 67. 7 15 4 7 7 11 22. 28 24 0 37 15 0 68. 5 20 4 6 9 11 23. 42 8 2 30 17 5 69. 16 22 2 11 20 4 24. 35 16 1 19 32 1 70. 48 4 0 44 8 0 25. 12 34 6 34 15 13 71. 42 7 2 27 13 8 26. 4 42 3 25 16 11 72. 51 1 0 41 10 0 27. 16 33 3 33 15 4 73. 2 47 2 10 17 25 28. 8 42 2 23 21 8 74. 33 19 0 31 16 5 29 11 41 1 32 14 6 75. 26 25 1 24 14 14 30! 36 14 2 35 16 1 76. 45 7 0 40 10 2 31. 49 3 0 44 8 0 77. 15 25 2 4 16 22 32. 50 2 0 43 9 0 78. 5 42 3 3 16 33 33! 46 5 1 40 10 2 79. 47 5 0 43 4 5 3 4 49 3 0 42 10 0 80. 46 6 0 42 7 3 35! 48 4 0 42 8 2 81. 14 38 0 9 8 35 36. 21 30 1 7 14 31 82. 44 7 1 10 7 35 37 13 38 1 7 14 31 83. 42 9 1 42 6 3 38 18 33 1 10 36 6 84. 39 12 1 37 9 6 39 20 32 0 13 24 2 85. 42 10 0 38 12 2 40. 6 45 1 11 25 15 86. 39 13 0 39 11 2 4 1 9 42 1 12 14 26 87. 11 40 1 14 33 5 42*. 9 34 I 8 18 18 88. 33 19 o 32 19 1 43. 9 42 1 12 34 6 89. 47 5 0 45 6 1 44. 9 40 3 15 27- 10 90. 38 12 2 36 16 0 45. 5 44 3 6 33 13 91. 42 8 2 40 8 14 46. 45 7 0 35 15 2 92. 40 11 1 36 7 9

U=used NU=not used NA=not applicable MD=most desirable P=desirable UP=undesirable

1 0 9

APPENDIX F — C o n t i n u e d

U NU NA MD D UD U NU NA MD D UD

9 3 . 3 3 1 5 4 2 8 i 7 7 1 4 1 . 4 5 7 0 42 9 1

9 4 . 2 4 2 3 31 7 0 1 4 2 . 4 0 12 0 32 16 4

9 5 . 3 4 4 3 2 8 7 0 1 4 3 . 4 3 8 1 4 0 1 1 1

9 6 . 2 8 2 1 1 37 1 9 5 1 4 4 . 42 9 1 26 1 5 11

9 7 . 47 4 1 4 1 1 1 0 1 4 5 . 1 4 3 3 5 1 4 2 5 1 3

9 8 . 4 9 3 0 42 1 0 3 1 4 6 . 12 37 3 2 4 1 8 1 0

9 9 . 1 8 3 4 0 3 5 1 4 3 1 4 7 . 37 1 1 4 2 8 1 4 10

1 0 0 . 4 7 4 1 3 9 1 3 0 1 4 8 . 4 5 7 0 3 8 1 4 0

1 0 1 . 2 9 2 1 1 3 4 17 1 1 4 9 . 4 6 5 1 42 1 0 0

1 0 2 . 52 0 0 4 8 4 0 1 5 0 . 9 4 0 3 2 1 27 4

1 0 3 . 4 8 4 0 50 2 0 1 5 1 . 26 2 5 1 3 4 16 2 1 0 4 . 2 47 3 2 1 5 3 5 1 5 2 . 1 0 4 1 1 1 9 3 0 3

1 0 5 . 52 0 0 4 5 5 2 1 5 3 . 4 5 5 2 3 5 17 0

1 0 6 . 50 0 2 47 5 0 1 5 4 . 2 1 2 9 2 1 8 2 4 10

1 0 7 . 2 47 2 2 7 4 3 1 5 5 . 1 3 3 8 1 17 30 5

1 0 8 . 50 1 1 4 1 1 0 1 1 5 6 . 27 2 3 2 26 22 4

1 0 9 . 39 12 1 3 8 1 4 , 0 1 5 7 . 4 1 1 1 0 3 9 1 1 2

1 1 0 . 4 4 8 0 3 9 12 1 1 5 8 . 3 5 1 5 2 3 1 17 4

1 1 1 . 31 2 1 0 2 3 2 4 4 1 5 9 . 42 7 1 4 1 1 1 0

1 1 2 . 1 5 30 7 32 12 5 1 6 0 . 3 8 1 3 1 30 1 8 4

1 1 3 . 1 5 3 3 4 1 5 2 8 4 1 6 1 . 36 1 5 1 27 17 8

1 1 4 . 30 8 1 3 3 4 9 0 1 6 2 . 4 9 3 0 4 3 9 0

1 1 5 , 4 9 1 2 3 9 1 0 3 1 6 3 . 1 8 3 3 1 3 1 16 5

1 1 6 . 2 1 3 1 0 12 3 5 4 1 6 4 . 2 0 30 2 3 3 1 0 9

1 1 7 . 4 9 3 0 3 8 1 4 0 1 6 5 . 8 4 3 1 9 31 12

1 1 8 . 3 9 1 0 3 3 5 1 5 2 1 6 6 . 17 3 4 1 8 1 3 31

1 1 9 . 4 4 7 1 3 8 1 3 1 1 6 7 . 4 0 1 1 1 3 9 9 4

1 2 0 . 1 3 39 1 1 0 1 4 1 8 1 6 8 . 4 3 9 0 37 1 5 0

1 2 1 . 7 2 1 4 6 1 0 1 3 1 6 9 . 7 4 3 2 7 30 1 5

1 2 2 . 1 8 1 0 4 1 1 1 0 10 1 7 0 . 6 4 5 1 5 3 3 1 4

1 2 3 . 2 2 8 5 3 4 2 0 1 7 1 . 7 4 4 1 7 37 8

1 2 4 . 2 27 5 3 7 17 \l\' 4 5 5 2 3 9 1 0 3

1 2 5 . 1 5 17 5 12 12 9 17 3 . 5 4 4 3 9 32 11

1 2 6 . 4 6 4 2 4 0 7 5 1 7 4 . 2 3 26 3 1 1 16 2 5

1 2 7 . 2 4 2 0 1 26 1 4 5 1 7 5 . . 2 1 2 9 2 22 17 1 3

1 2 8 . 3 1 7 4 2 1 2 1 1 7 6 . 3 9 1 1 2 30 1 9 3

1 2 9 . 2 4 1 8 3 5 4 3 1 7 7 . 6 4 5 1 5 1 1 36

1 3 0 . 8 4 1 1 9 7 3 4 1 7 8 . 30 2 1 1 1 3 3 9 10

1 3 1 . 3 4 12 4 4 4 8 0 1 7 9 . 7 4 3 2 9 17 26

1 3 2 . 50 2 0 4 4 8 0 1 8 0 . 5 4 6 1 9 2 0 2 3

1 3 3 . 4 0 9 3 42 1 0 0 1 8 1 . 6 4 6 0 12 31 9

1 3 4 . 3 8 1 4 0 3 8 1 1 3 1 3 5 . 3 42 5 5 12 3 5 1 3 6 . 2 1 26 5 2 3 2 1 8 1 3 7 . 5 1 3 32 1 1 1 0 26

1 3 8 . 4 2 8 2 3 5 17 0 1 3 9 . 4 2 8 2 4 0 1 2 0

1 4 0 . 3 4 1 5 3 34 1 4 4

110

APPENDIX G

Total Responses of Jury

MD D UD MD D UD MD D UD

1 . 3 0 1 7 4 7 . 1 5 3 2 y j . 1 3 5 2

2 . 1 0 7 3 4 8 . 1 3 6 1 9 4 . 1 2 6 1

3 . 1 5 5 0 4 9 . 1 4 6 0 9 5 . 9 6 5

4 . 1 4 5 1 5 0 . 1 5 5 0 9 6 . 1 3 7 0

5 . 7 8 5 5 1 . 1 3 7 0 9 7 . 1 8 2 0

6 . 8 8 4 5 2 . 1 4 6 0 9 8 . 1 9 1 0

7 . 8 1 1 1 5 3 . 1 7 3 0 9 9 . 8 1 2 0

8 . 5 1 1 4 5 4 . 1 8 2 0 1 0 0 . 1 4 6 0

9 . 9 8 3 5 5 . 1 7 3 0 1 0 1 . 9 1 1 0

1 0 . 1 0 8 2 5 6 . 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 . 2 0 0 0

1 1 . 6 1 3 1 5 7 . 1 4 6 0 1 0 3 . 2 0 0 0

1 2 . 4 0 0 5 8 . 9 1 1 0 1 0 4 . 2 4 1 4

1 3 . 1 3 7 0 5 9 . 1 1 7 2 1 0 5 . 2 0 0 0

1 4 . 9 1 0 1 6 0 . 9 1 1 0 1 0 6 . 2 0 0 0

1 5 . 4 1 2 2 6 1 . 7 1 3 0 1 0 7 . 0 6 1 4

1 6 . 4 8 3 6 2 . 1 4 6 0 1 0 8 . 1 4 5 1

1 7 , 8 4 4 6 3 . 3 1 3 4 1 0 9 . 1 5 4 1

1 8 . 1 2 7 1 6 4 . 7 1 0 3 1 1 0 . 9 1 1 0

1 9 . 1 1 9 0 6 5 . 0 0 5 1 1 1 . 1 2 6 2

2 - 0 . 1 6 3 1 6 6 . 4 5 3 1 1 2 . 1 3 5 2

2 1 . 1 0 7 3 6 7 . 2 4 3 1 1 3 . 1 3 6 1

2 2 . 1 6 4 0 6 8 . 2 2 4 1 1 4 . 1 9 1 0

2 3 . 1 1 7 2 6 9 . 8 1 1 1 1 1 5 . 1 4 5 1

2 4 . 1 0 9 1 7 0 . 2 0 0 0 1 1 6 . 1 2 8 0

2 5 . 1 0 9 1 7 1 . 1 4 6 0 1 1 7 . 1 7 3 0

2 6 . 5 1 3 2 7 2 . 1 6 4 0 1 1 8 . 1 3 6 1

2 7 e 1 4 5 1 7 3 . 8 1 0 2 1 1 9 . 1 7 3 0

2 8 . 7 1 1 2 7 4 . 1 4 5 1 1 2 0 . 3 5 1 2

2 9 . 1 2 7 1 7 5 . 9 1 0 1 1 2 1 . 2 7 4

3 0 . 7 1 0 3 7 6 . 1 8 2 0 1 2 2 . 2 5 7

3 1 . 1 9 1 0 7 7 . 0 3 1 7 1 2 3 . 0 3 9

3 2 . 1 7 3 0 7 8 . 4 1 3 3 1 2 4 . 3 1 8

3 3 . 1 7 3 0 7 9 . 2 0 0 0 1 2 5 . 6 7 2

3 4 . 1 6 3 0 8 0 . 2 0 0 0 1 2 6 . 1 7 2 1

3 5 . 1 8 2 0 8 1 . 3 2 1 5 1 2 7 . 0 6 7

3 6 . 1 2 1 7 8 2 . 1 5 2 3 1 2 8 . 1 0 1 5

3 7 . 0 5 1 5 8 3 . 1 8 1 1 1 2 9 . 3 2 8

3 8 . 5 1 5 0 8 4 . 1 5 5 0 1 3 0 . 3 8 2

3 9 . 1 2 8 0 8 5 . 1 5 3 2 1 3 1 . 4 3 8

4 0 . 5 1 2 3 8 6 . 1 4 5 1 1 3 2 . 1 4 6 0

4 1 . 2 7 1 1 8 7 . 1 0 6 4 1 3 3 . 1 4 5 0

4 2 . 2 1 0 8 8 8 . 1 7 3 0 1 3 4 . 1 2 8 0

4 3 . 6 1 2 2 8 9 . 1 5 5 0 1 3 5 . 1 7 1 2

4 4 . 9 1 0 1 9 0 . . . 1 3 7 0 1 3 6 . 2 1 5 3

4 5 . 5 1 0 5 9 1 . 1 9 1 0 1 3 7 . 1 3 6 1

4 6 . 1 9 1 0 9 2 . 1 7 3 0 1 3 8 . 1 4 6 0

I l l

MD D UD 139. 16 5 0 140. 9 10 1 141. 17 3 0 142. 15 3 2 143. 18 2 0 144. 17 3 0 145. 6 11 2 146. 12 6 0 147. 3 6 11 148. 14 6 0 149. 19 1 0 150. 8 10 2 151. 12 6 1 152. 7 12 1 153. 15 5 0 154. 7 11 2 155. 11 8 1 156. 16 4 0 157. 16 4 0 158. 9 10 1 159. 18 2 0 160. 18 2 0 161. 9 5 6 162. 15 4 1 163. 13 6 1 164. 11 8 1 165. 10 7 3 166, 7 9 4 167. 6 2 10 168. 16 4 0 169. 8 9 3 170. 7 8 5 171. 8 11 1 172. 16 4 0 173. 13 6 1 174. 2 5 13 175. 14 3 3 176. 17 3 0 177. 1 3 16 178. 5 13 2 179. 6 13 1 180. 3 9 8 181. 6 11 3

APPENDIX G~Cont inued

112

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

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Blake, Roland, 0., and others, Industrial Safety. New York, Prentice-Hill, Inc., 1963.

Ericson, Emanuel, Teaching the Indus trial Arts. Peoria, Chas. A, Bennett Company, i960.

Good, Carter V., Editor, Dictionary of Education. New York, McGraw-Hill Company, 1959#

Helnrich, H.W,, Industrial Accident Prevention. New York, ,McGraw Hill Company, 1950

Kigin, Denis J., Teacher Liability in School Shop Accidents. Ann Arbor, Michigan, Prakken Publications, Inc., 1963.

National Safety Council, Industrial Safety. Chicago, National Safety Council, 1959.

Twency, C, F,, and L. E. Hughes, Chamber's Technical Dictionary. New York, The MacMillan Company, 19^4.

Wilber, Gordon 0., Industrial Arts in General Education. Scranton, Pennsylvania, International Textbook Company, 195^.

Williams, William A., editor, Accident Prevention Manual for Shop Teachers. Chicago, American Technical Society, 1963.

Articles

Bruchl, John T,, "Safety Rules," Industrial Arts and Vocational Education. XLIX (January, i960), 25.

Campbell, Edward A., "Build-in Safety for Industrial Education FacilitiesIndustrial Arts and Vocational Educatlon. XXI, (March, 1961), ^7-52.

Dick, Arthur A,, "Safe Work Habits," School Shop. XV (December, 1955),11.

113

Erickson, Marcus C., "Examination in School-Shop Safety" Industrial Arts and Vocational Education, XL (April, 1955), 134-5"

Glenn, Harold T., "A Safety Committee for Your Shop," School Shop, XVII (October, 1957), 60.

Glenn, Harold T., "Teaching Safe Work Habits," School Shop XVI (January, 1957), 11,

Gausman, Chester A., "Legal Aspects of Shop Accidents," Industrial Arts and Vocational Education, XLIV (September, 1955), 207-11, ~

Gottlick, Gordor K., "Safety Demonstrations Test." Industrial Arts and Vocational Education, XLII (February, 1953), 5T7~

Hales, James A., "Lets' Have Safety and Sanitation," Industrial Arts and Vocational Education, XLIX (February, I960), 2l,

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Leavitt, Jerome, "Safety Education," Industrial Arts and Vocational Education, XLII (October,1953), 254.

McKinney, Francis M., "Electric Tool Safety for the School Shop," Industrial Arts and Vocational Education, LI (February, 1962), 40-42.

Rathburn, Jesse E., "Moral and Legal Aspects of Safety Education," Industrial Arts and Vocational Education, XXXV (November, 1946), 379-817"

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Sams, Denver and William H. Mason, "Machine Operator's License," Industrial Arts and Vocational Education, LI (February, 1962), 39-40.

Scime, Anthony, "Recommendations for Machine Safety," Industrial Arts and Vocational Education, XI (March, 1962), 86-91.

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114

SchweisheImen, W., "Don't Life it Along," Industrial Arts and Vocational Education. XLVI (October, 1957)*244-245*

Van Weinan Jr., William H., "Shop Instructor's Safety Quiz," Industrial Arts and Vocational Education. XL (February,

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Pamphlets and Bulletins

California State Department of Education, Indus trial Arts Safety Instruction. Sacramento, State Department of Educat ion, 1966.

Cleveland Public Schools, Secondary School Safety. Cleveland Board of Education, 1968,

Dallas Independent School District, "Vocational-Industrial Education Accident Report, Fall Semester, 1967-1968," March, 1968, p. 2,

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Indiana State Department of Education, Health and Safety in the Industrial Arts Education and Industrial Vocational Education Shop Areas or Laboratory. Indianapolis, State Department of Education, 1956#

Industrial Commission of Colorado, Safety for All. Denver, Safety Education Division, 1968,

Michigan Department of Education, Industrial Arts Programming. Lansing, State Board, 1968.

New York City Board of Education, School Shop Safety Manual. New York, Board of Education, 1965•

Oklahoma State Department of Education, Safety Education in the School Shops of Oklahoma. Oklahoma City, State Department of Education, 195^ •

Texas Education Agency, Safety Education in Secondary Schools. Austin, Texas Education Education Agency, 1952.

U, S, Department of Health, Education and Welfare, School Shop Safety—A Report of National Conference. April 16-18, 1959» Washington, Office of Education, I960.

115

U, S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, State Curriculum Guides for Industrial Arts. 1951-61, Bulletin 1962, No, 16, Washington, Office of Education, 1962,

Utah State Board of Education, Industrial Arts Safety Guide. Salt Lake City, The State Board, 1968.

Virginia State Department of Education, Safety in the Indus-trial Arts Laboratory. Richmond, State Department of Education, 1959.

Unpublished Materials

Davis, C. C., "An Analysis of General Safety Education for Industrial and Vocational Schools with Specific Recom-mendations for Wood Shop and Machine Shop," unpublished master's theses, Department of Industrial Arts, North Texas State University Teachers College, Denton, Texas, 19^3.

Gilliland, Lonnie Sr., "Practices in Safety Education in the Public Schools of Selected Cities of the United States" unpublished doctoral dissertation, School of Education, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 1955*

Hughes, Wayne P., "Safety Procedures in the School Shop," unpublished doctoral dissertation, School of Education, New York University, New York, New York, 19^1.

Miller, Ralph W., "A Study of Safety in the Industrial Arts Programs in the Fort Worth Public Schools, Fort Worth, Texas, Based Upon Recommended Safety Standards," unpublished master's thesis, Department of Industrial Arts, North Texas State College, Denton, Texas, 1952»

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Nichlas, George, "A Safety Education Program for the School Shop," unpublished master's thesis, Department of Indus-trial Arts, Stout State College, Menomenie, Wisconsin, 1951.

Turner, Finis, "A Study of Accidents and Their Causes Occurring in Industrial Arts Shops in the Public Schools of Texas and the Methods Used to Teach Safety Education in Industrial Arts Programs," unpublished master's thesis

116

Department of Industrial Arts, North Texas State College, Denton, Texas, 19^8,

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