A Study Of Drinking Water Quality Of Aminjikarai, J.J. Nagar ...

Article ID: WMC003655 ISSN 2046-1690

A Study Of Drinking Water Quality Of Aminjikarai,J.J. Nagar, Valluvarkottam and Vadapalani Area OfChennai, Tamil NaduCorresponding Author:Dr. Swaminathan Rajan,Associate Professor, Deputy HoD, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Pachaiyappa's College,600030 - India

Submitting Author:Dr. Swaminathan Rajan,Associate Professor, Deputy HoD, Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Pachaiyappa's College,600030 - India

Article ID: WMC003655

Article Type: Research articles

Submitted on:17-Aug-2012, 10:00:24 AM GMT Published on: 18-Aug-2012, 06:29:01 PM GMT

Article URL: http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/3655

Subject Categories:ECOLOGY

Keywords:Drinking Water Quality? Microbiology of Drinking Water? Chlorination of Water & Health

How to cite the article:Rajan S, K . A Study Of Drinking Water Quality Of Aminjikarai, J.J. Nagar,Valluvarkottam and Vadapalani Area Of Chennai, Tamil Nadu . WebmedCentral ECOLOGY2012;3(8):WMC003655

Copyright: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons AttributionLicense(CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided theoriginal author and source are credited.

Source(s) of Funding:

None

Competing Interests:

None

WebmedCentral > Research articles of 27

http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/3655

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

WMC003655 Downloaded from http://www.webmedcentral.com on 23-Aug-2012, 10:36:49 AM

A Study Of Drinking Water Quality Of Aminjikarai,J.J. Nagar, Valluvarkottam and Vadapalani Area OfChennai, Tamil NaduAuthor(s): Rajan S, K

Abstract

Water quality is closely linked to water use and healthof the people. According to WHO, about 80% of thediseases of human beings are related to water qualityonly. In order to assess the drinking water quality ofChennai, the water samples were collected from thesource water (Red Hills Lake), treated water at Kilpaukwater treatment plant and two water Trunk Mainswhich supply Aminj ikarai , J .J.Nagar andValluvarkottam, Vadapalani area of North Westernpart of Chennai including the dead-end of distributionsystems. The present study was undertaken duringthe period of December 2008 to May 2009. A totalnumber of six stations were fixed for drawing the watersamples in which Station I and II remains the same forboth the trunk Mains. The 1st Trunk Main supplieswater to J.J.Nagar through Aminjikarai from Kilpaukwater treatment plant. The 2nd Trunk Main supplieswater to Vadapalani through Valluvarkottam fromKilpauk water treatment plant. Water samples wereanalyzed for physico-chemical and microbiologicalquality. The results indicate that the water supplies ofChennai are suitable for drinking as per the guidelines.However, the TDS level had exceeded the permissiblelimit in one station and the level of Iron was higherthan the desirable limit in most of the stations of watersupply in the study area. The contamination ofmicrobial flora of water was also reported occasionally.

Introduction

The 2001 census reported that 68.2% of house holdsin India have access to safe drinking water. Accordingto latest estimates, 94% of the rural population and91% of the people living in urban areas have access tosafe drinking water. While accessing drinking watercontinues to be a problem, assuming that it is safe inchallenging by itself. It has been estimated thatglobally 1.20 billion people become stick annually dueto poor quality of drinking water (Leslie, 2000). Further,according to WHO, 80% of diseases of human beingsare caused through medium of water and 1800 millionman working days are lost in India due to such water

born diseases (Rural drinking water, 2000). The abovefacts emphasize the importance of water qualitymanagement. Hence the presence study of drinkingwater quality of Two Trunk Mains of Chennai drinkingwater distribution system is investigated.

The city of Madras is located at about 13o N, 80o E onthe South East Coast of Indian Peninsula. Accordingto 2011 census, it has the population of 4.6 million.Because of the geographical location of this city,Madras is subjected to extreme variation in annualrainfall. The North East Monsoon (NE) is responsiblefor the major portion of the annual precipitation total.Failure of this N.E. Monsoon can have a devastingimpact on Madras. Red hills reservoir is the primesource of drinking water for the city since 1860’s. it isfrom the reservoir that Chennai Metro water supply(CMWS) drains 315 mld of water daily for the city’sdrinking water supply. Following treatment at Kilpaukwater works, water is supplied to different parts of thecity by various Trunk Mains which runs severalkilometres to supply water by covering 184 km2 areas.In the present study, the North Western part ofChennai v iz . Aminj ikara i , J .J .Nagar andValluvarkottam, Vadapalani area have been selected.

Water quality deserves special attention because of itsimplication for affecting the public health and thequality of life. Physical and chemical characters ofwater are changed due to the addition of organisms towater. These changes are harmful for the health andthus reduced the usefulness of water. Water suppliesonce considered pure are found to have contaminants.One cannot expect pure water, but everyone requiressafe water. Micro-organisms enter the water supply inseveral different ways. In congested centre, watersupplies get polluted by domestic and industrialwastes.

Sewage containing human excreta, however, is themost dangerous material that pollutes water. In 1986,Rajan investigated the Drinking water quality ofChennai which includes the microbiological and levelof Trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water (Rajan et.al., 1990 & Rajan et. al., 2004 a). The source, RedHills Lake is getting increasingly polluted by taking



bath, washing clothes, bathing cattle and defecates bythe growing population on its periphery. Though thewater is treated before being supplied to households,the pollution at the source remains a matter of concern.During the treatment of water, chlorination has beencarried out to control bacterial population. However, asthe water is supplied to distant parts of Chennai, itresults in revival of bacterial population and sedimentaccumulation (Rajan S, 1986 & Rajan et. al., 1990).Therefore, an attempt has been made in the presentstudy to assess the water quality of the source, treatedwater at Kilpauk water works and two water TrunkMains, one Trunk Main which supplies water toJ.J.Nagar area through Aminjikarai and second TrunkMain which supply water to Vadapalani area throughValluvarkottam pumping station.

Materials and Methods

A total number of 36 water samples were collectedfrom 6 stations from the selected Trunk Mains ofChennai during the study period (Dec. 2008 to May2009). The details of sampling points chosen forcollecting water samples are given in Table 1.Samples were brought to the laboratory immediatelyunder cold conditions and analyzed as per theprocedures described by APHA (1998).

LOCATION OF SAMPLING SITES: See Illustration:2

Results and Discussion

The resul ts of the physico-chemical andmicrobiological water qualities of Chennai are shownin Table 2 to 7. The water samples showed odourless,colourless and clear in the two Trunk Mains except atStation IV in the month of May, the water sample wasslightly turbid.

Turbidity of the water samples ranged from 0.2 to 14.8NTU in the 1st Trunk Main and 0.1 to 5.3 NTU in the2nd Trunk Main. The reported values are within theprescribed limit (BIS, 1991 & WHO, 1999) except atStation I and IV in the month of May. Silts and claysfrom soil erosion and industrial wastes cause water tobe turbid. Turbid water is abrasive to pipes, pumpsand turbine blades (Ramakrishnan, 2006). Oftenprotected public water supplies are found to containexcess turbidity due to impurities in bleaching powderand prevailing of vacuum in main during non-supplyhours.

The TDS values ranged between 220 to 340mg/l in the

1st Trunk Main and 176 to 378mg/l in the 2nd TrunkMain. The TDS of drinking water of Chennai is foundto be within the desirable limit. The TDS of drinkingwater sources of Tiruvannamalai were within thepermissible limit (Ramakrishnan et al, 1991). Theexcess of TDS may cause gastro-intestinal irritation.

The pH of drinking water varied from 6.09 to 8.18 inthe 1st Trunk Main and6.07 to 8.18 in the 2nd TrunkMain. The acidic pH observed in the present studywas below the permissible limit of 6.5 (BIS; 1991).Similar acidic pH was reported by Periasamy (2006) atChembrambakkam Lake, Chennai. The alkaline pH ofpresent study was within the desirable limit of 8.5 (BIS;1991). Alkaline pH was also reported by Vaisya (1991)in Chittora reservoir.

The total alkalinity varied from 80 to 155mg/l in the 1stTrunk Main and 72 to 135mg/l in the 2nd Trunk Mainand was within the desirable limit of 200 (BIS; 1991).Nagarathna (2002) reported 4 to 28mg/l of alkalinity inYelawala Lake (Mysore). Excess alkalinity gives bittertaste to water. High alkalinity is not harmful butdelimits water for domestic use.

Hardness is mainly due to the presence of Calciumand Magnesium compounds. Hardness varied from 81to 140mg/l in the 1st Trunk Main and 78 to 140mg/l inthe 2nd Trunk Main. It was within the desirable limit ofdrinking water standard as recommended by BIS,1991(300). Excessive dumping of garbage, industrialwastes and sewage discharge may also contribute thehigh total hardness. Shivastava (1993) reported thatthe high hardness in water is due to weathering ofrocks. The level of Calcium concentration varied from19 to 42mg/l in the 1st Trunk Main and 19 to 34mg/l inthe 2nd Trunk Main. It was within the desirable limit of75 (BIS; 1991). The amount of Magnesium varied from7 to 19mg/l in the 1st Trunk Main and 7 to 13mg/l inthe 2nd Trunk Main. It was within the desirable limit of30 (BIS; 1991).

The level of Sodium concentration varied from 24 to58mg/l in the 1st Trunk Main and 20 to 74mg/l in the2nd Trunk Main. It was within the desirable limit of200mg/l (WHO; 1999). The primary source of Sodiumin natural water is the weathering of PlagioclaseFelspar. Further, clay minerals may release largequantities of exchangeable Sodium.

The amount of Potassium varied from 2 to 6mg/l in the1st Trunk Main and 2 to 7mg/l in the 2nd Trunk Main.Potassium is derived during the process of weatheringof rocks. Aschengrau et al (1993) reported that the



frequency of central nervous system defect wasincreased when the level of Potassium increased inwater. Hence the level of potassium in drinking wateris of health concern.

The level of Iron was 0.03 to 1.53mg/l in the 1st TrunkMain and 0.11 to 0.79mg/l in the 2nd Trunk Main. Thelevel of Iron had exceeded the desirable limit ofdrinking water standard of 0.3(BIS; 1991 and WHO;1999) in most of the stations. Iron was found toexceed the permissible limit in different source types inBankura district, West Bengal (Singh et al, 1993). Thehigher value of Iron in the water is due to the rusting ofIron pipes laid in the city nearly ten decades ago.Large quantities of Iron cause unpleasant taste andfavour the slimy growth of Iron Bacteria. Therefore, thewater supplied to public will have unpleasant taste andodour. Further, more than about 0.5ppm of Iron stainsclothes and utensils reddish brown.

The level of Ammonia varied from 0.09 to 0.81mg/l inthe 1st Trunk Main and 0.02 to 0.71mg/l in the 2ndTrunk Main. Li (1994) reported that the chemicalindicators for water pollution includes Ammonia, Nitrite,humic acid, suspended substances, COD and BODare related to liver cancer.

The level of Nitrite varied from 0.01 to 0.04mg/l in boththe Trunk Mains. The level of Nitrite was within thedesirable limit of 3 (WHO; 1999).

The level of Nitrate ranged from 2 to 7mg/l in both theTrunk Mains. It was within the desirable limit of 45 mg(BIS, 1991) and 50 mg (WHO, 1999). Nitrates innatural water come from organic sources or industrialand agricultural chemicals like fertilizer. Nitrateencourages growth of organisms like algae that causeundesirable taste and odour and leads toeutrophication of lake (Rajan, 1986; Rajan et al, 1990;Rajan et a l , 2004a; Rajan et a l , 2004b).Concentrations in excess of 45ppm of Nitrate maycause Methaemoglobinemia in infants (blue babies).

In the present study, the level of Chlorideconcentration varied from 32 to 72mg/l in the 1st TrunkMain and 22 to 76mg/l in the 2nd Trunk Main. It waswithin the desirable limit of 250 (BIS; 1991 and WHO;1999). Chlorides cause corrosiveness and hardness.

The level of Fluoride varied from 0.16 to 0.49mg/l inthe 1st Trunk Main and 0.16 to 0.45mg/l in the 2ndTrunk Main. It was within the desirable limit of 1 (BIS;1991) and 1.5 (WHO; 1999). Fluoride in small amountin drinking water reduces the incidence of tooth decay

during the period of enamel calcification. However, itmay cause mottling of teeth depending upon theconcentration of Fluoride, the age of the child and theamount of water consumed. Fluoride in excessiveconcentration may cause dental defects, affect bonestructure and in acute cases cause fluorosis.

In the present study, the level of Sulphate varied from6 to 31mg/l in the 1st Trunk Main and 6 to 20mg/l in2nd Trunk Main. It was within the desirable limit of 200(BIS; 1991) and 250 (WHO; 1999). The level ofPhosphate varied from 0.02 to 0.54mg/l in the 1stTrunk Main and 0.01 to 0.47mg/l in the 2nd TrunkMain. Holas et al (1998) reported that the total input ofPhosphorus into the Zelivka drinking water reservoircame mainly from surface inflows due to rainfall andbottom sediments.

The level of Silica varied from 1.36 to 14.76 in the 1stTrunk Main and 1.34 to 12.68 in the 2nd Trunk Main.Silica forms hard scales in pipes and boilers but doesnot affect water for domestic purposes.

A point of interest is that in the present study, theconcentration of Chloride, TDS, Alkalinity, Hardness,Calcium, Sodium, Sulphate, Fluoride, Phosphate andSilicate are found to be increasing towards thedead-end of the distribution system and there issediment accumulation.

The total Bacteria in the 1st Trunk Main and 2nd TrunkMain varied from 20 to 450/ml and 30 to 450/mlrespectively. Most of the time, the bacterial colony wasabsent in the distribution system. The highest countwas observed at the source, which was due to bathingof human, washing of clothes, disposal of sewage andinflow of rain water. The occurrence of bacterialpopulation in the distribution stations may be due tolocal contamination or low amount of chlorination inwater, cross connection of pipes, seepage of sewage,sediment accumulation in pipes and revival of bacterialpopulation. Anwar et al (1999) reported that maximumbacterial contamination was observed in water fromdomestic pumps followed by tap water in rural areas ofPunjab and tap water in Lahore.

The total Coliform, faecal Coliform and faecalStreptococci were detected only in the source waterand the values were 90 to 280/100ml, 60 to 140/100mland 30 to 90/100ml respectively and their absence inthe distribution system is due to effective treatment of water by chlorination. Abo-Amer et al (2008) reportedthat in Egypt, the untreated water samples (handpumps) were slightly contaminated by faecal Coliforms.



Tambe et al (2008) reported that in Maharashtra, outof 313 samples of different sources, 49.8% werepolluted whereas 45.9% of samples from piped watersupply were polluted. Aziz (2005) reported that inPakistan, most of the drinking water supplies werefaecally contaminated which resulted in high incidenceof water borne diseases. In Bangladesh, faecalColiform was low in water at the supply point butsignificantly higher in water samples stored inhouseholds (Hoque et al, 2006). Jensen et al (2004)reported that faecal contamination levels in householdwater containers were generally high even when thesource water was of good quality in Punjab andPakistan. Hence, in comparison of above reports,Chennai drinking water is found to be bacteriologicallysafe after chlorination.

References

1. Abo-Amer AE, Soltan el-SM, Abu- Gharbia MA.2008. Molecular approach and Bacterial quality ofdrinking water of urban and rural communities in Egypt.Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 2008. Sep.: 55 (3):311-26.2. Anwar MS, Chaudhry NA, Tayyab M. 1999.Bacteriological quality of drinking water in Punjab:evaluation of H2S strip test. J Pak Med Assoc 1999Oct; 49 (10): 237-41.3. APHA 1998. Standard Methods for Examination ofWater and Wastewater. American Public HealthAssociation. Washington DC, USA.4. Aschengrau A, Zierler S, Cohen A. 1993. Quality ofcommunity drinking water and the occurrence oflate adverse pregnancy outcomes. Arch EnvironHealth. 1993 Mar-Apr, 48(2): 105-13.5. Aziz JA. 2005. Management of source and drinkingwater quality in Pakistan. East Mediterr Health J. 2005.Sep-Nov; 11(5-6): 1087-98.6. BIS, 1992. Drinking Water Specification IS: 10500:1991, 1st Revision, Bureau of Indian Standards, India.7. Holas J, Holas M, Chour V. 1998. Pollution byPhosphorus and Nitrogen in water streams feeding theZelivka drinking water reservoir. Diffuse pollution-’98Novotny-V; D’-Arcy,-B-(eds). Elsevier ScienceLtd-Pergamon vol.39, no.12 pp.207-214.8. Hoque BA, Hallman K, Levy J, Bouis H, Ali N, KhanF, Khanam S, Kabir M, Hossain S, Shah Alam M.2006. Rural drinking water at supply and householdlevels: quality and management. Int J Hyg EnvironHealth. 2006 Sept: 209(5); 451 - 60. Epub 2006 Jun 9.9. Jensen PK, Jayasinghe G, Van der Hoek W,Cairncross S, Dalsgaard A. 2004. Is there anassociation between Bacteriological drinking water

quality and childhood diarrhea in developing countries?Trop Med Int Health. 2004 Nov; 9(11): 1210-5.10. Leslie, Jacques, 2000. Running dry, what happenswhen world no longer has enough fresh water?Harpers magazine, July 2000: 37 to 38 p.11. Li DR, Liu ZH, Zhang ZQ. 1994. Studies on qualityof drinking water and causes of liver cancer in a highincidence area. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi1994. Jan; 28(1): 24-6.12. Nagarathna BN. 2002. Comparative phytoplanktonecology of freshwater lakes of Mysore. Ph.D thesis.University of Mysore.13. Periasamy C. 2006. A comparative study onhydrobiological characteristics of Chembrambakkamand Puzhal lakes in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, South India.Ph.D thesis. University of Madras.14. Rajan S. 1986. A study of Biology of drinking watersupply system of Madras and Health. Ph.D thesis.University of Madras.15. Rajan S, J.Azariah and U.Bauer. 1990.Trihalomethane levels in Madras Public DrinkingWater supply system and its impact on Public Health.Zbl. Hyg. 189: 331-332.16. Rajan S, J.Azariah and U.Bauer. 2004a.Microorganisms of Public Health concern in DrinkingWater supply system, Madras, India. Ind. Hydrobiology,7(1): 183-204.17. Rajan S and J.Azariah. 2004b. Seasonal changesof planktons in the three water supply reservoirs ofMadras Drinking water supply, Tamil Nadu – A PublicHealth approach. Ind. Hydrobiology. 7(1): 205-215.18. Ramakrishnan N, Ganesan NC, Karupusamy A.1991. Hydrographical studies on five drinking waterbodies at Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu. J. Ecobiol. vol.3. No. 3-4, pp 289-293.19. Rural drinking water supply programme, 2000.Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking water mission, Dept. ofwater supply,Ministry of Rural Development, Govt. ofIndia. P 520. Shivastava VS. 1993. Physico-chemical studies ofRiver Jharali water at Nandubar JEP. 13: 109-112.21. Singh KP, Gaur A, Chandra H and Ray PK. 1993.Drinking water quality status of Bankura district (WestBengal) as indicator of environmental pollution.Environmental impact on aquatic and terrestrialhabitats. Agrawal VP, Abidi SAH, Verma GP-eds.Muzaffarnagar - India. Society of Bioscience, pp 71-78.22. Tambe PV, Daswani PG, Mistry NF, Ghadge AAand Ant ia NH. 2008. A community-basedBacteriological study of quality of drinking water andits feedback to a rural community in WesternMaharashtra, India. J Health Popul Nutr. 2008 Jun;26(2): 123-4.23. Vaisya AK, 1991. Plankton seasonability in a



central Indian mesotrophic Chittora reservoir. Proc.Indian Sci. Cong. Ass. 78 pt III, Sec XII, 54-55.



Illustrations

Illustration 1

Location of sampling stations and Trunkmines



STATION NO. SAMPLING STATION SOURCE

I

II

1st TRUNK MAIN

III

IV

Red Hills Lake

Kilpauk Water Treatment Plant

Aminjikarai

J.J.Nagar

Lake water

Metro water

Metro water

Metro water

2nd TRUNK MAIN

V

VI

Valluvarkottam

Vadapalani

Metro water

Metro water

Illustration 2

Location Of Sampling Sites



TABLE: 2PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY OF RED HILLS

RESERVOIR (SOURCE) FOR CHENNAI METROPOLITAN DRINKING WATERDISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (DEC. 2008 to MAY 2009)

STATION I - RED HILLS LAKE

PARAMETERS DEC.2008 JAN.2009 FEB.2009 MAR.2009 APR.2009 MAY2009

PHYSICALEXAMINATION

Appearance C&C C&C C&C C&C C&C C&C

Odour None None None None None None

Turbidity NTU 0.8 2.2 0.8 1.2 7 5.3

Total dissolved solids mg/l 272 220 220 248 250 248

Electrical conductivity (micromho/cm) 386 315 326 345 354 344

Illustration 3

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY OF STATION I (DEC. 2008 to MAY 2009)



CHEMICAL EXAMINATION

pH 6.93 7.32 7.34 6.69 7.99 8.18

Alkalinity pH (as CaCO3)mg/l 0 0 0 0 0 0

Alkalinity total (a CaCO3)mg/l 100 88 92 84 96 103

Total hardness(as CaCO3)mg/l 92 96 89 92 104 86

Calcium (as Ca)mg/l 24 25 24 24 27 20Magnesium (as Mg)mg/l 7 8 7 8 9 9Sodium (as Na)mg/l 36 26 28 36 32 32Potassium (as K) 2 4 2 2 4 4Iron (as Fe)mg/l 0.74 0.39 0.21 0.11 0.24 0.11Manganese (as Mn)mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil NilFree Ammonia (as NH3)mg/l 0. 0.62 0.21 0.66 0.45 0.61

Nitrite (as NO2)mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

Nitrate (as NO3)mg/l 7 2 2 2 3 4

Chloride (as Cl)mg/l 40 34 32 53 42 32Fluoride (as F)mg/l 0.16 0.32 0.32 0.21 0.29 0.24Sulphate (as SO4)mg/l 9 15 6 11 14 9

Phosphate (as PO4)mg/l 0.02 0.09 0.04 Nil 0.13 0.13

Tidy's test (as O)mg/l 1 1 1.1 1 1.5 1.5Silica (as SiO2) 2.98 9.21 9.24 1.74 3.56 2.9



BACTERIOLOGICALEXAMINATION

Standard Plate Counts/ml 450 - 340 - 420 -

Total ColiformCounts/100ml

280 - 90 - 160 -

Fecal ColiformCounts/100ml

140 - 60 - 72 -

Fecal StreptococciCounts/100ml

90 - 30 -_ 60 -



TABLE: 3PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY OF

STATION II - KILPAUK

PARAMETERS DEC.2008

JAN.2009 FEB.2009

MAR.2009

APR.2009

MAY2009

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION



Turbidity NTU 4.9 1 1.2 0.7 1.5 2.4


Electrical conductivity (micro mho/cm) 336 338 336 342 358 382

Illustration 4

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY OF STATION II (DEC. 2008 to MAY 2009)



CHEMICALEXAMINATION

pH 7.31 7.58 7.51 6.09 6.92 6.84




Calcium (as Ca)mg/l 20 25 27 24 26 21Magnesium (as Mg)mg/l 7 9 10 7 7 8Sodium (as Na)mg/l 36 29 28 36 32 45Potassium (as K) 3 3 3 4 5 6Iron (as Fe)mg/l 0.79 0.37 0.28 0.22 0.27 0.25Manganese (as Mn)mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil NilFree Ammonia (as NH3)mg/l 0.15 0.13 0.16 0.52 0.26 0.29

Nitrite (as NO2)mg/l 0.04 Nil Nil Nil 0.01 Nil


Chloride (as Cl)mg/l 37 42 40 40 50 46Fluoride (as F)mg/l 0.25 0.4 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.24Sulphate (as SO4)mg/l 16 15 7 11 13 15


Tidy's test (as O)mg/l 1 0.9 1 1 0.9 0.9Silica (as SiO2) 2.86 5.3 7.29 2.57 3.28 1.58




Standard Plate Counts/ml 30 - Nil - Nil -


Nil - Nil - Nil -


Nil - Nil - Nil -


Nil - Nil - Nil -



TABLE: 4PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY OF

AMINJIKARAI - CHENNAI METROPOLITAN DRINKING WATERDISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (DEC. 2008 to MAY 2009)

STATION III – AMINJIKARAI

PARAMETERS DEC.2008

JAN.2009 FEB.2009

MAR.2009

APR.2009

MAY2009

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION



Turbidity NTU 2.2 1.5 4.3 0.5 2.7 1.5


Electrical conductivity (micro mho/cm) 438 460 467 482 452 374

Illustration 5

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY OF STATION III (DEC. 2008 to MAY 2009)




pH 7.6 7.21 7.14 6.39 7.10 6.77




Calcium (as Ca)mg/l 42 23 35 25 32 24

Magnesium (as Mg)mg/l 18 19 12 11 15 7

Sodium (as Na)mg/l 29 35 34 58 36 45

Potassium (as K) 2 3 4 6 4 5

Iron (as Fe)mg/l 0.74 0.37 0.37 0.79 0.76 0.39

Manganese (as Mn)mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

Free Ammonia (as NH3)mg/l 0.09 0.1 0.17 0.34 0.26 0.29

Nitrite (as NO2)mg/l 0.03 Nil Nil Nil 0.03 Nil


Chloride (as Cl)mg/l 42 53 62 72 63 48

Fluoride (as F)mg/l 0.49 0.28 0.21 0.36 0.33 0.25

Sulphate (as SO4)mg/l 18 21 12 16 31 17


Tidy's test (as O)mg/l 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0

Silica (as SiO2) 8.69 14.76 8.56 2.09 3.46 2.08




Standard PlateCounts/ml

20 - Nil - Nil -


Nil - Nil - Nil -


Nil - Nil - Nil -


Nil - Nil - Nil -



TABLE: 5PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY OF J.J.NAGAR -

CHENNAI METROPOLITAN DRINKING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (DEC. 2008 toMAY 2009)

STATION IV - J.J.NAGAR


PHYSICALEXAMINATION

Appearance C&C C&C C&C C&C C&C Slightlyturbid


Turbidity NTU 2.9 1.1 1.4 0.2 3.6 14.8



Illustration 6

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY OF STATION IV (DEC. 2008 to MAY 2009)




pH 7.31 7.01 7.14 6.13 7.33 7.15


Alkalinity total (as CaCO3)mg/l 76 92 103 92 92 96


Calcium (as Ca)mg/l 25 19 26 25 26 21


Sodium (as Na)mg/l 24 31 28 36 36 45


Iron (as Fe)mg/l 0.55 0.27 0.16 0.72 0.03 1.53



Nitrite (as NO2)mg/l Nil 0.02 Nil 0.01 0.01 Nil



Fluoride (as F)mg/l 0.26 0.36 0.28 0.24 0.29 0.21


Phosphate (as PO4)mg/l 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.1 0.54

Tidy's test (as O)mg/l 0.9 1 0.9 1 0.9 0.9

Silica (as SiO2) 2.76 5.62 9.21 1.36 2.18 1.46




Standard Plate Counts/ml Nil - 20 - Nil -


Nil - Nil - Nil -


Nil - Nil - Nil -


Nil - Nil - Nil -



CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY OF VALLUVARKOTTAM -CHENNAI METROPOLITAN DRINKING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (DEC. 2008 to

MAY 2009)

STATION V - VALLUVARKOTTAM


PHYSICALEXAMINATION



Turbidity NTU 2.3 0.7 1.3 0.4 1 2.4



Illustration 7

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY OF STATION V (DEC. 2008 to MAY 2009)




pH 7.38 6.89 7.02 6.07 6.95 7.25


0Alkalinity total (as CaCO3)mg/l 92 103 86 88 80 103


Calcium (as Ca)mg/l 20 20 22 24 22 24


Sodium (as Na)mg/l 22 26 24 39 32 41


Iron (as Fe)mg/l 0.27 0.32 0.21 0.51 0.42 0.27



Nitrite (as NO2)mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil 0.02 Nil



Fluoride (as F)mg/l 0.16 0.37 0.29 0.26 0.24 0.22


Phosphate (as PO4)mg/l 0.11 0.04 0.01 0.08 0.36 0.47

Tidy's test (as O)mg/l 0.9 1 1 0.9 1 1

Silica (as SiO2) 1.98 5.26 7.14 1.54 2.95 1.34




Standard Plate Counts/ml Nil - Nil - 30 -


Nil - Nil - Nil -


Nil - Nil - Nil -


Nil - Nil - Nil -



PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY OF VADAPALANI -CHENNAI METROPOLITAN DRINKING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (DEC. 2008 to

MAY 2009)

STATION VI - VADAPALANI


PHYSICALEXAMINATION



Turbidity NTU 3.2 0.4 0.8 0.1 1.4 1.5



Illustration 8

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER QUALITY OF STATION VI (DEC. 2008 to MAY 2009)




pH 7.36 7.52 7.24 6.6 6.88 7.2


Alkalinity total (as CaCO3)mg/l 72 39 135 115 88 100


Calcium (as Ca)mg/l 19 34 34 24 32 21


Sodium (as Na)mg/l 20 36 48 74 36 47


Iron (as Fe)mg/l 0.19 0.21 0.12 0.17 0.13 0.18



Nitrite (as NO2)mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil 0.01 Nil



Fluoride (as F)mg/l 0.18 0.45 0.24 0.38 0.36 0.33



Tidy's test (as O)mg/l 0.9 1 0.9 0.9 1 1.1

Silica (as SiO2) 1.81 7.81 12.68 1.76 3.44 1.64




Standard Plate Counts/ml 30 - Nil - Nil -


Nil - Nil - Nil -


Nil - Nil - Nil -


Nil - Nil - Nil -



DisclaimerThis article has been downloaded from WebmedCentral. With our unique author driven post publication peerreview, contents posted on this web portal do not undergo any prepublication peer or editorial review. It iscompletely the responsibility of the authors to ensure not only scientific and ethical standards of the manuscriptbut also its grammatical accuracy. Authors must ensure that they obtain all the necessary permissions beforesubmitting any information that requires obtaining a consent or approval from a third party. Authors should alsoensure not to submit any information which they do not have the copyright of or of which they have transferredthe copyrights to a third party.

Contents on WebmedCentral are purely for biomedical researchers and scientists. They are not meant to cater tothe needs of an individual patient. The web portal or any content(s) therein is neither designed to support, norreplace, the relationship that exists between a patient/site visitor and his/her physician. Your use of theWebmedCentral site and its contents is entirely at your own risk. We do not take any responsibility for any harmthat you may suffer or inflict on a third person by following the contents of this website.


A Study Of Drinking Water Quality Of Aminjikarai, J.J. Nagar ...

Documents

Transcript of A Study Of Drinking Water Quality Of Aminjikarai, J.J. Nagar ...