A Statistical Study of Increasing Crime Rate against Women in … · broadly grouped under the...
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A Statistical Study of Increasing Crime Rate against
Women in India, Gujarat and Major Cities of Gujarat
D. R. Radadiya1 , A. J. Rajyaguru
2
1ICDS Department, Women & Child Development, Navsari.
2 Professor, Department of Statistics, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat
Abstract- Crime against women is increasing day by day. It is one
of the main increasing problems in developing country like India.
We want to find that is its rate really increasing? Over the years,
total rate of crime increase in India, Gujarat and major cities of
Gujarat. Rate of crime against women by different types is also
increasing in different states and also in mega cities. In this paper
we tried to study the behavior of the said crime rates and tried to
suggest regression models.
Keywords- Rate of Crime against women, Rape, Molestation,
Cruelty, Kidnapping
I. INTRODUCTION
he history of crime is as old as the history of human
civilization. In the context of present day situation, the
incidence of crime can take numerous forms and the forms it
takes are also related to the overall process of growth and
socio-economic complexities existing in the present day
society. Crime affects everybody irrespective of economic
conditions, social positions or age of the affected persons.
Crime is a major threat to the stability of society and it
seriously hampers the economic development of the society
and social harmony.
Crime degrades quality of life in many ways. It limits
movement, thereby impeding access to possible employment
and educational opportunities; it also discourages the
accumulation of assets. As crime makes people risk averse, it
retards entrepreneurial and other economic activity.
In India the Criminal Procedure Code (Cr. P.C)
divides all the crimes into two categories:
A. Cognizable - Sec.2(c) Cr PC
B. Non-cognizable – Sec.2 (l) Cr PC
A. Cognizable Crimes
A cognizable offence or case is defined as the one
which an officer in-charge of a police station may investigate
without the order of a magistrate and affect arrest without
warrant. The police have a direct responsibility to take
immediate action on the receipt of a complaint or of credible
information in such crimes, visit the scene of the crime,
investigate the facts, apprehend (take into custody) the
offender (criminal) and arraign him before a court of law
having jurisdiction over the matter. Cognizable crimes are
broadly categorized as those falling either under the Indian
Penal Code (IPC) or under the Special and Local Laws (SLL).
B. Non- Cognizable Crimes
Non- Cognizable crimes are defined as those which
can not be investigated by police without the order of
acompetent magistrate. Police does not initiate investigation
in non-cognizable crimes except with magisterial permission.
First schedule of the Cr. P.C. gives the classification of the
offences of the IPC into cognizable & non-cognizable
categories.
The various crimes that are being registered and
investigated by different law enforcement agencies are
broadly grouped under the following categories for Statistical
Information System.
C. Juvenile
Male below the age of 16 years and female below the
age of 18 years are considered as juveniles under Juvenile
Justice Act 2000.
D. Broad classification of crimes under the Indian Penal
Code (ICP):
1) Crimes Against Body: Murder, Its attempt, Culpable
Homicide not amounting to Murder, Kidnapping &
Abduction, Hurt, Causing Death by Negligence;
2) Crimes Against Property: Dacoity, its preparation &
assembly, Robbery, Burglary, Theft;
3) Crimes Against Public order: Riots, Arson;
4) Economic Crimes: Criminal Breach of Trust, Cheating,
Counterfeiting;
5) Crimes Against Women: Rape, Dowry Death, Cruelty by
Husband and Relatives, Molestation, Sexual harassment
and Importation of Girls;
6) Crimes Against Children: Child Rape, Kidnapping &
Abduction of Children, Procreation of minor girls,
Selling/Buying of girls for Prostitution, Abetment to
Suicide, Exposure and Abandonment, Infanticide,
Feticide
7) Other IPC crimes
E. Crimes under the Special and Local Laws (SLL)
I. Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956;
II. Railways Act, 1989;
III. Registration of Foreigners Act, 1930;
IV. Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955;
V. Indian Passport Act, 1967;
VI. Essential Commodities Act, 1955;
VII. Terrorist & Disruptive Activities Act;
VIII. Antiquities & Art Treasures Act, 1972
T
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IX. Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961;
X. Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929;
XI. Indecent Representation of women (Prohibition Act,
1986;
XII. Copyright Act, 1957;
XIII. Sati Prevention Act,1987;
XIV. SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act,1989;
XV. Forest Act, 1927;
XVI. Other crimes (not specified above) under Special
and Local Laws including Cyber Laws under
Information Technology Act (IT), 2000.
The rate of total crimes (IPC + SLL) was 555.3 in
2004 which rise 581.1 in 2014. Percentage change in 2014
over 2004 is 4.6 that shows compound growth rate of 1.2.
This study considers only IPC crimes. The reason is
that the motivations and enforcement mechanism for SLL
crimes are different from that of IPC crimes. In India,
statistics on crime are published annually by the National
Crime Records Bureau, under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
State-wise data is available on number of different crimes
committed, enforcement mechanism and judicial institutions
in a standardized format.
In this paper we tried to study the behavior of the said crime
rates and tried to suggest regression models.
II. STATISTICS of CRIME AGAINST WOMEN in
INDIA
A total of 72, 29,193 cognizable crimes comprising 28,
51,563 Indian Penal Code (IPC) crimes and 43, 77,630
Special & Local Laws (SLL) crimes were reported in
2014, showing an increase of 4.6% over 2004 (60,
28,781).
The proportion of IPC crimes committed against women
towards total IPC crimes has increased during last 10
years from 14.2% in the year 2004 to 56.3% during the
year 2014.
Uttar Pradesh has reported the highest number of Crime
against women (38467) in 2014 which is 11.4%
contribution in all India.
Madhya Pradesh has reported Rape cases (5076) and
Molestation (9609) accounting for 14.0% and 26.5%
respectively of total such cases reported in the country.
Highest cases of Kidnapping & Abduction 10.6%
(10,626), Dowry Deaths 2.5% (2469) and cases of Sexual
Harassment 4.4% (4,435) were reported in Uttar Pradesh.
A total of 6, 16,639 cases of Cognizable crime were
reported from 53 mega cities out of total cases reported in
the country during 2014.
Amongst 53 cities, Delhi (City) accounted for 22.7% (1,
39,707) of total crimes followed by Mumbai 6.5%
(40,361) and Bengaluru 5.2% (31,892) in 2014.
III. STATISTICS of CRIME AGAINST WOMEN in
GUJARAT
Total incidences of crime against women and rate of total
cognizable crime in Gujarat was 6,211 (11.6) in 2004
which shows increase 10837 (17.6) in 2014 increased by
6%.
Among 53 mega cities of India, 4 mega cities of Gujarat
have increase in rate of Crime against Women during last
10 years.
Rate of Crime against Women in four major cities of
Gujarat shows increase in Rate of crime in Ahmedabad
(1.3%), Rajkot (7.7%), Surat (11.4%) and Vadodara
(18.0%).
IV. RATE of CRIME AGAINST WOMEN in INDIA &
GUJARAT & MAJOR FOUR CITIES of
GUJARAT
Model fitting on Rate of Crime against Women in India,
Gujarat (1992-2014) and major cities of Gujarat (2001-2014).
We can fit Growth Model
Equation of Growth Model: Y=e^ (b0+b1*t)
Here, Y= Rate of Crime against Women t= Time period
(Year)
b0= Constant, b1= Coefficient of Time
According to Table 1 given in APPENDIX, we can
fit the Growth Model for rate of crime against women in India
and Gujarat as below
Y=e^ (2.247+0.037*t)
Where Y= Rate of Crime against Women in India; t= Time
(1992-2014)
ß1 = 2.247 (intercept) and ß2 = 0.037 (Coefficient of
Time) are parameters.
Y=e^ (2.213+0.027*t)
Where Y= Rate of Crime against Women in Gujarat; t=
Time (1992-2014)
ß1 = 2.213 (intercept) and ß2 = 0.027 (Coefficient of
Time) are parameters.
We can say that per year Rate of Crime against
women in India will be increased by 0.037% while in Gujarat
it will be increased by 0.027%.
Figure: 1 Graph of Rate of crime against women in India & Gujarat
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The above graph gives you a quick visual assessment of the
fit of model to the observed values. From this plot, it appears
that the Growth model follows the upward shape with year by
year in India and also in Gujarat.
We can say that per year Rate of Crime against
women in Ahmedabad and Vadodara will be increased by
0.058% & 0.059% while for Rajkot city this model is not
appropriate.
Figure: 2 Graph of Rate of crime against women in Major cities of Gujarat
V. RATE of CRIME AGAINST WOMEN BY
DIFFERENT TYPES in INDIA & GUJARAT &
MAJOR CITIES of GUJARAT
As we can see that among the all different type of
crimes against women incidence of Cruelty by Husband and
relatives is the highest crime against women in India, Gujarat
and major four cities of Gujarat state as compare to other
types of crime also it shows increasing trend. The second most
occurring crime is Kidnapping & Abduction, third is
Molestation while fourth is Rape. So now we need to see that
within the Gujarat among four major cities which type of
crime is high in which city.
Here also for Different types of Rate of Crime
against women model fitting is Growth model.
A. Cruelty by Husband and Relatives:
As we can see in Table 2 per year Rate of Crime
against women for type “Cruelty by Husband and Relatives”
in India will be increased by 0.037% while in Gujarat it will
be increased by 0.027%.
Figure: 3 Graph of Type “Cruelty by Husband & relatives” of Rate of crime
against women in India & Gujarat
We can say that per year Rate of Crime against
women for type “Cruelty by Husband and Relatives” in
Vadodara and Surat will be increased by 0.087% & 0.064%.
Figure: 4 Graph of Type “Cruelty by Husband & relatives” of Rate of crime
against women in major cities of Gujarat
B. Kidnapping and Abduction
As we can see in Table 3 per year Rate of Crime
against women for type “Kidnapping and Abduction” in India
will be increased by 0.044% while in Gujarat it will be
increased by 0.026%.
Figure: 5 Graph of Type “Kidnapping and Abduction” of Rate of crime
against women in India & Gujarat
We can say that per year Rate of Crime against
women for type “Kidnapping and Abduction” in Surat and
Ahmedabad will be increased by 0.068% & 0.057%.
Figure: 6 Graph of Type “Kidnapping and Abduction” of Rate of crime against women in major cities of Gujarat
C. Molestation:
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As we can see in Table 4 per year Rate of Crime
against women for type “Molestation” in India will be
increased by 0.025% while in Gujarat also it will be increased
by 0.025%.
Figure: 7 Graph of Type “Molestation” of Rate of crime against women in
India & Gujarat
We can say that per year Rate of Crime against
women for type “Molestation” in Surat and Ahmedabad will
be increased by 0.058% & 0.055%.
Figure: 8 Graph of Type “Molestation” of Rate of crime against women in
major cities of Gujarat
D. Rape:
As we can see in Table 5, per year Rate of Crime
against women for type “Rape” in India will be increased by
0.026% while in Gujarat it will be increased by 0.014%.
Figure: 9 Graph of Type “Rape” of Rate of crime against women in India & Gujarat
We can say that per year Rate of Crime against
women for type “Rape” in Vadodara and Ahmedabad will be
increased by 0.095% & 0.084%.
Figure: 10 Graph of Type “Rape” of Rate of crime against women in major
cities of Gujarat
VI. CLOCKING VIOLENCE OF CRIME AGAINST
WOMEN
As we can see from the above clocking violence
that incidence of “Cruelty by Husband and relatives”
occurred at every 9 minutes in 2005 while in 2014 it
occurs at every 4 minutes. “Molestation” was occurred at
every 15 minutes in 2005 while in 2014 it occurs at every
6 minutes. Incidence of “Rape” was occurred at every 29
minutes in 2005 while in 2014 it occurs at every 14
minutes.
REFERENCES
[1] R.N. Mangoli and Ganapati M. Tarase. Crime against Women in
India: A Statistical Review. International Journal of Criminology
and Sociological Theory, Vol. 2, No. 2, December 2009, 292-302.
[2] Mousumi Dutta and Zakir Husain (2007), Determinants of Crime Rates: Crime, Deterrence and Growth in Post Liberalized India,
Journal of Cultural of Cultural Heritage, Tourism Management
and Indian Economic Review. [3] Sheela Patel and Sundar Burra(October 1998), Making Cities Safe
for Women and Children, Society for Promotion of Area Resource Centers (SPARC)
[4] Mary Elisberg and Lori Heise, Researching Violence against
Women (A Prectical Guide fir Researcher and Activist) Washington DC, United States: World Health Organization,
PATH; 2005
[5] Meera Kosambi, Violence against Women: Reports from India and the Republic of Korea, UNESCO Principal Regional Office for
Asia and Pacific, Bangkok,1993
[6] www.ncrb.gov.in [7] www.nationmaster.com.
[8] www.criminologyresearchcouncil.gov.au
[9] www.gujarat-riots.com
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[10] www.nipccd.nic.in [11] www.ncdoj.gov
[12] www.mospi.nic.in
[13] www.censusindia.gov.in
APPENDIX Table 1: Model Summary for Rate of Crime against Women
Country/ State/ Cities R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
India 0.942 0.887 0.882 0.092
Gujarat 0.822 0.676 0.660 0.129
Ahmedabad 0.787 0.620 0.593 0.226
Rajkot 0.269 0.072 -0.005 0.223
Surat 0.517 0.267 0.215 0.309
Vadodara 0.763 0.582 0.552 0.246
Table 1.1: ANOVA for Rate of Crime against Women
Country/
State/ Cities
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig.
India
Regression 1.397 1 1.397 165.581 0.000
Residual 0.177 21 0.008
Total 1.574 22
Gujarat
Regression 0.725 1 0.725 43.762 0.000
Residual 0.348 21 0.017
Total 1.073 22
Ahmedabad
Regression 1.161 1 1.161 22.822 0.000
Residual 0.712 14 0.051
Total 1.873 15
Rajkot
Regression 0.046 1 0.046 0.937 0.352
Residual 0.595 12 0.050
Total 0.641 13
Surat
Regression 0.488 1 0.488 5.102 0.040
Residual 1.340 14 0.096
Total 1.828 15
Vadodara
Regression 1.182 1 1.182 19.467 0.001
Residual 0.850 14 0.061
Total 2.032 15
Table 1.2: Coefficients for Rate of Crime against Women
Country/
State/ Cities
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig. B Std. Error Beta
India Year 0.037 0.003 0.942 12.868 0.000
(Constant) 2.247 0.040 56.769 0.000
Gujarat Year 0.027 0.004 0.822 6.615 0.000
(Constant) 2.213 0.055 39.884 0.000
Ahmedabad Year 0.058 0.012 0.787 4.777 0.000
(Constant) 2.266 0.198 11.460 0.000
Rajkot Year 0.014 0.015 0.269 0.968 0.352
(Constant) 3.076 0.251 12.267 0.000
Surat Year 0.038 0.017 0.517 2.259 0.040
(Constant) 1.974 0.271 7.274 0.000
Vadodara Year 0.059 0.013 0.763 4.412 0.001
(Constant) 1.922 0.216 8.893 0.000
Table 2: Model Summary for Type of Rate of Crime against Women:
“Cruelty by Husband & Relatives”
Country/State/Mega cities of
Gujarat R R Square
Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of
the Estimate
India 0.984 0.969 0.968 0.075
Gujarat 0.885 0.782 0.772 0.190
Ahmedabad 0.570 0.325 0.269 0.309
Rajkot 0.325 0.106 0.031 0.226
Surat 0.568 0.323 0.266 0.401
Vadodara 0.854 0.729 0.706 0.230
Table 2.1: ANOVA for Type of Rate of Crime against Women: “Cruelty by
Husband & Relatives”
Country/Stat
e/Mega
cities of
Gujarat
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig.
India
Regression 3.692 1 3.692 659.524 0.000
Residual 0.118 21 0.006
Total 3.809 22
Gujarat Regression 2.730 1 2.730 75.507 0.000
Residual 0.759 21 0.036
Total 3.489 22
Ahmedabad
Regression 0.550 1 0.550 5.779 0.033
Residual 1.143 12 0.095
Total 1.694 13
Rajkot
Regression 0.072 1 0.072 1.417 0.257
Residual 0.613 12 0.051
Total 0.686 13
Surat
Regression 0.918 1 0.918 5.716 0.034
Residual 1.928 12 0.161
Total 2.846 13
Vadodara
Regression 1.710 1 1.710 32.210 0.000
Residual 0.637 12 0.053
Total 2.348 13
Table 2.2: Coefficients for Type of Rate of Crime against Women: “Cruelty
by Husband & Relatives”
Country/Sta
te/Mega
cities of
Gujarat
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig. B
Std.
Error Beta
India Year in which
crime
committed
0.060 0.002 0.984 25.681 0.000
(Constant) 0.916 0.032 28.392 0.000
Gujarat Year in which
crime
committed
0.052 0.006 0.885 8.689 0.000
(Constant) 1.361 0.082 16.603 0.000
Ahmedabad Year in which
crime
committed
0.049 0.020 0.570 2.404 0.033
(Constant) 2.130 0.348 6.128 0.000
Rajkot Year in which
crime
committed
0.018 0.015 0.325 1.190 0.257
(Constant) 2.715 0.255 10.666 0.000
Surat Year in which
crime
committed
0.064 0.027 0.568 2.391 0.034
(Constant) 0.959 0.451 2.124 0.055
Vadodara Year in which
crime
committed
0.087 0.015 0.854 5.675 0.000
(Constant) 1.063 0.259 4.097 0.001
Table 3: Model Summary for Type of Rate of Crime against Women: “Kidnapping & Abduction”
Country/State/Mega
cities of Gujarat R R Square
Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of
the Estimate
India 0.788 0.621 0.603 0.236
Gujarat 0.655 0.428 0.401 0.210
Ahmedabad 0.787 0.619 0.587 0.196
Rajkot 0.358 0.128 0.056 0.292
Surat 0.631 0.399 0.349 0.366
Vadodara 0.675 0.456 0.411 0.231
Table 3.1: ANOVA for Type of Rate of Crime against Women: “Kidnapping & Abduction”
Country/Stat
e/Mega cities
of Gujarat
Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
India Regression 1.916 1 1.916 34.424 0.000
Residual 1.169 21 0.056
Total 3.085 22
Gujarat Regression 0.693 1 0.693 15.742 0.001
Residual 0.925 21 0.044
Total 1.618 22
Ahmedabad Regression 0.748 1 0.748 19.495 0.001
Residual 0.460 12 0.038
Total 1.208 13
Rajkot Regression 0.150 1 0.150 1.765 0.209
Residual 1.022 12 0.085
Total 1.172 13
Surat Regression 1.066 1 1.066 7.958 0.015
Residual 1.608 12 0.134
Total 2.675 13
Vadodara Regression 0.536 1 0.536 10.053 0.008
Residual 0.640 12 0.053
Total 1.177 13
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Table 3.2: Coefficients for Type of Rate of Crime against Women: “Kidnapping & Abduction”
Country/State/
Mega cities of
Gujarat
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig. B Std. Error Beta
India Year in
which crime
committed
0.044 0.007 0.788 5.867 0.000
(Constant) 0.080 0.102 0.791 0.438
Gujarat Year in
which crime
committed
0.026 0.007 0.655 3.968 0.001
(Constant) 0.363 0.090 4.018 0.001
Ahmedabad Year in
which crime
committed
0.057 0.013 0.787 4.415 0.001
(Constant) 0.195 0.221 0.885 0.394
Rajkot Year in
which crime
committed
0.026 0.019 0.358 1.329 0.209
(Constant) 0.786 0.329 2.393 0.034
Surat Year in
which crime
committed
0.068 0.024 0.631 2.821 0.015
(Constant) -0.317 0.412 -0.768 0.457
Vadodara Year in
which crime
committed
0.049 0.015 0.675 3.171 0.008
(Constant) 0.085 0.260 0.327 0.749
Table 4: Model Summary for Type of Rate of Crime against Women:
“Molestation”
Country/State/Meg
a cities of Gujarat R R Square
Adjusted
R Square
Std. Error of
the Estimate
India 0.767 0.588 0.569 0.148
Gujarat 0.618 0.382 0.352 0.220
Ahmedabad 0.668 0.446 0.400 0.269
Rajkot 0.026 0.001 -0.083 0.571
Surat 0.449 0.202 0.135 0.500
Vadodara 0.677 0.458 0.413 0.582
Table 4.1: ANOVA for Type of Rate of Crime against Women: “Molestation”
Country/State/
Mega cities of
Gujarat
Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
India
Regression 0.654 1 0.654 30.029 0.000
Residual 0.457 21 0.022
Total 1.111 22
Gujarat
Regression 0.627 1 0.627 12.961 0.002
Residual 1.016 21 0.048
Total 1.643 22
Ahmedabad
Regression 0.700 1 0.700 9.666 0.009
Residual 0.869 12 0.072
Total 1.568 13
Rajkot
Regression 0.003 1 0.003 0.008 0.928
Residual 3.915 12 0.326
Total 3.917 13
Surat
Regression 0.758 1 0.758 3.029 0.107
Residual 3.005 12 0.250
Total 3.763 13
Vadodara
Regression 3.443 1 3.443 10.154 0.008
Residual 4.068 12 0.339
Total 7.511 13
Table 4.2: Coefficients for Type of Rate of Crime against Women: “Molestation”
Country/State/
Mega cities of
Gujarat
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig. B Std. Error Beta
India Year in
which crime
committed
0.025 0.005 0.767 5.480 0.000
(Constant) 0.903 0.064 14.196 0.000
Gujarat Year in
which crime
committed
-0.025 0.007 -0.618 -3.600 0.002
(Constant) 0.829 0.095 8.746 0.000
Ahmedabad Year in
which crime
committed
0.055 0.018 0.668 3.109 0.009
(Constant) -0.502 0.303 -1.658 0.123
Rajkot Year in
which crime
committed
0.003 0.038 0.026 0.092 0.928
(Constant) 0.220 0.643 0.342 0.738
Surat Year in
which crime
committed 0.058 0.033 0.449 1.740 0.107
(Constant) -0.940 0.563 -1.667 0.121
Vadodara Year in
which crime
committed
0.123 0.039 0.677 3.187 0.008
(Constant) -1.929 0.656 -2.942 0.012
Table 5: Model Summary for Type of Rate of Crime against Women: “Rape”
Country/State/Mega
cities of Gujarat R R Square
Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
India 0.881 0.776 0.765 0.097
Gujarat 0.376 0.141 0.100 0.240
Ahmedabad 0.736 0.541 0.503 0.337
Rajkot 0.601 0.361 0.308 0.322
Surat 0.742 0.551 0.514 0.271
Vadodara 0.844 0.713 0.689 0.263
Table 5.1: ANOVA for Type of Rate of Crime against Women: “Rape”
Country/State/Mega
cities of Gujarat
Sum of
Squares df
Mean
Square F Sig.
India
Regression 0.688 1 0.688 72.758 0.000
Residual 0.199 21 0.009
Total 0.886 22
Gujarat
Regression 0.199 1 0.199 3.449 0.077
Residual 1.212 21 0.058
Total 1.411 22
Ahmedabad
Regression 1.609 1 1.609 14.158 0.003
Residual 1.363 12 0.114
Total 2.972 13
Rajkot
Regression 0.706 1 0.706 6.792 0.023
Residual 1.247 12 0.104
Total 1.953 13
Surat
Regression 1.082 1 1.082 14.732 0.002
Residual 0.881 12 0.073
Total 1.963 13
Vadodara
Regression 2.064 1 2.064 29.802 0.000
Residual 0.831 12 0.069
Total 2.894 13
Table 5.2: Coefficients for Type of Rate of Crime against Women: “Rape”
Country/State/Mega
cities of Gujarat
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig. B
Std.
Error Beta
India Year in which
crime
committed
0.026 0.003 0.881 8.530 0.000
(Constant) 0.230 0.042 5.478 0.000
Gujarat Year in which
crime
committed
0.014 0.008 0.376 1.857 0.077
(Constant) -0.527 0.104 -5.093 0.000
Ahmedabad Year in which
crime
committed
0.084 0.022 0.736 3.763 0.003
(Constant) -1.487 0.380 -3.917 0.002
Rajkot Year in which
crime
committed
0.056 0.021 0.601 2.606 0.023
(Constant) -1.237 0.363 -3.407 0.005
Surat Year in which
crime
committed
0.069 0.018 0.742 3.838 0.002
(Constant) -1.223 0.305 -4.009 0.002
Vadodara Year in which
crime
committed
0.095 0.017 0.844 5.459 0.000
(Constant) -2.320 0.296 -7.829 0.000