A Statistical Portrait of the Life of Women and Men 2007 and 2008

8/9/2019 A Statistical Portrait of the Life of Women and Men 2007 and 2008

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EuropEan Commsson

S t a t s t c a b o o k s

The e o women and men n Europe

A statstca portrat

2008 edton


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Europe Drect s a servce to help you ind answersto your questons about the European Unon

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Theme: Popuaton and soca condtons

Coecton: Statstca books

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Women and men in Europe 2007

The e o women and men n Europe: A statstca portrat

hs pubcaon as been managed by Un F2 o Eurosa, responsbe or Labour MarkeSascs, Head o Un, Mr. Joacm Reckenwad. he opnon expressed are ose o endvdua auors aone and do no necessary reec e poson o e European Com-msson.

Co-ordnaor:

Lus de Barro (Eurosa Un F2)Sasca Oce o e European CommunesJosep Bec budng5 Rue Aponse WeckerL-2721 [email protected]

Producon:

Daa processng, sasca anayss, economc anayss, desgn and desk-op pubsng:

Appca spr ([email protected])

Terry Ward, Loredana Semenn, Mayya Hrsova, Nrna Rabemaara, Fada Sanous-s, Hne Caers, Ines Aves, Favo Bancon, Aan Esoc

Mos o e daa on wc s repor s based come rom Eurosa. Some daa, owever,come rom e oowng nsuons and organsaons:

European Commsson, DG Empoymen, Soca Afars and Equa Opporunes

European Commsson, DG ResearcEMCDDA European Monorng Cenre or Drugs and Drug Addcon

ICPS Inernaona Cenre or Prson Sudes

OECD Organsaon or Economc Co-operaon and Deveopmen

UN Uned Naons

WODC Duc Mnsry o Jusce Researc and Documenaon Cenre

Pubsed by: Oce or Oca Pubcaons o e European Communes, Luxemburg

A grea dea o addona normaon on sascs reang o e European Unon s ava-

abe on e nerne. I can be accessed roug e Eurosa web-se a:p://epp.eurosa.ec.europa.eu

More normaon concernng equay beween women and men s avaabe on e Drec-orae Genera or Empoymen, Soca Afars and Equa Opporunes web-se a:

p://ec.europa.eu/empoymen_soca/gender_equay

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Fewd

Gender equay s a undamena rg and a common vaue o e European Unon. I saso a necessary condon or acevng e EU's objecves o grow, empoymen and so-ca-coeson. Over e as ew years, sgnican progress as been made n s ied, as canbe seen rom e ncreasng numbers o emae unversy graduaes, empoyees and pocadecson-makers. However, many more caenges mus ye be overcome gender equays o be aceved.

In response o ese caenges, e European Commsson adoped "A Roadmap or Equa-y beween Women and Men" n 2006, wc ounes sx prory areas or EU acon overe perod 2006-2010. hs sraegy or promong equay, pursued n parnersp wMember Saes and oer acors, requres cear normaon regardng e suaon o wom-

en and men n our socees.I s essena a sascs are avaabe on e gender nequaes a perss n economce, decson-makng, and soca, cuura and cv e, or e purposes o normng dec-son-makers and ncreasng pubc awareness. he second edon o s sasca porrao women and men n Europe as been produced o ui s need, by provdng up-o-daesascs a ave been exended o cover e Member Saes a receny joned e EU.

he irs par ofers a porra o young peope oday, ncudng demograpc rends, eypes o ouseods n wc e boys and grs ve, and er eves o educaon.

he second par provdes an overvew o e suaon o women and men wn e mosacve age-group. he igures revea perssen gender nequaes wen comes o carngor dependans, empoymen and saares, parcpaon n areas o poca and economcdecson-makng, as we as persona ea.

he as par presens igures concernng women and men o reremen age. he Europeanpopuaon s ageng and e dferences beween e suaons o women and men a sme o e are srkng. he igures revea gender gaps n erms o e expecancy, empoy-men, ncome, persona ea and soca reaons.

hs repor provdes a genera revew o sascs on gender-reaed ssues by way o com-parsons, sowng e suaon o eac sex n erms o ncome and nuence, as we as errespecve roes n socey. Neary a o e igures ced ave been prevousy pubsed,especay n Eurosa pubcaons. hey are presened and anaysed ere n order o g-g e conrasng posons o women and men n e varous aces o er soca andproessona ves, as we as e oten sgnican dferences a exs wn e EuropeanUnon.

Vadmr pda,Member o e European Commsson,responsbe or empoymen, soca afarsand equa opporunes

Joaqun Amuna,Member o e European Commsson,responsbe or economc and moneary

afars, Eurosa commssoner

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Tble f ctet

Part 1 he formative years 13

Demograpc aspecs 15

Houseod crcumsances o young peope 22

Educaon and e normaon socey 29

Hea o young women and men and oer soca aspecs 42

Part 2 he working and family years 51

Empoymen paerns and reconcaon o work and amy e 53

Rsk o povery and earnngs 91

Educaona aanmen eves and parcpaon n e normaon socey 99

Hea and oer soca aspecs 107

Part 3 he retirement years 117

Demograpc aspecs 119

Povery and reave ncome eves 126

Empoymen n e run-up o reremen 129

Hea 141

Tme use and parcpaon n e normaon socey 146

Statistical Annex 151

Tabes 153

Sources and meodoogy 219

Ls o igures and abes 237

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hs repor s a sasca porra o e smares and dferences beween women andmen n Europe a varous sages o er ves, n er ormave years wen ey are growngup and gong o scoo, n e years wen ey are workng and brngng up ames and ner aer years wen ey ave rered. hese ree sages orm e ree man pars o erepor, wc are dvded by eme raer an srcy by age.

he irs par covers cdren and young peope rom br o er eary 20s or so, examnngdferences n e number o boy and gr babes born and n e moray raes o cdrenand young peope as we as oer demograpc aspecs, e age a wc ey eave e am-y ome, er parcpaon n educaon and e normaon socey, er esyes andea saus.

he second par ocuses on women and men o workng age, consderng er dferen po-sons n e abour marke as we as n governmen and oer key areas o decson-mak-ng, e dferences n er earnngs and ncome, er ea and ow ey end o spender me.

he rd par s concerned w women and men bo n e run-up o reremen andbeyond, consderng dferences beween em n e age a wc ey sop workng, ere expecancy, er ea and cause o dea and e dferng ways n wc ey spender me.

he repor s n no way nended o be compreensve, n e sense o aempng o cover aaspecs o peopes ves. Insead, aspecs are seeced wc are bo mporan and, equayreevan, or wc reasonaby reabe and up-o-dae daa exs or a or mos EU MemberSaes as we as oer European counres, wc are, o course, broken down by sex, wcs s no e case n a areas. Were possbe, comparsons are made beween e aes

year or wc daa were avaabe a e me o preparng e repor and an earer year norder o see e canges wc ave occurred n e reave poson o women and men overe recen pas n dferen counres. In graps and abes an aggregae igure or e EUas been ncuded were possbe. he oas or e EU-25 excude Bugara and Romanasnce e daa reae o e perod beore ey joned e European Unon. In genera, e EUigure s based on weged averages o e daa or e Member Saes, were e wegsused reec e reave sze o e dferen counres. In cases were daa are mssng orone or more Member Saes, e EU igure as been cacuaed excudng ese. In mos casese counres are ordered n e graps and abes accordng o oca prooco (.e. apa-becay by e names o counres n e naona anguage). In some cases, counres areranked n erms o e varabe beng presened n order o gve a cearer ndcaon o vara-ons n s across e Unon. Were women and men are bo ncuded, rankng s usuayaccordng o e vaue or women and men aken ogeer.

Graps and abes ncude reerences o e source o e daa and bre noes on e daa.Fuer deas are gven n e meodoogy and sources a e back o e repor. Mos oe daa presened come rom Eurosa and, n amos a cases, are avaabe n Eurosasonne reerence daabase, wc covers a wde range o emes n addon o ose ncudedn s repor.

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0 Women and men in Europe 2007

Introducton

Fthe ft

he e o women and men n Europe: a sasca porra s avaabe as a paper pubcaonas we as n PDF orma n Engs, Frenc and German. he pubcaon may be purcasedroug e usua saes agens or Commsson pubcaons (see e nsde back cover ormore deas) or aernavey va e EU Booksop p://booksop.europa.eu). More n-ormaon concernng equay beween women and men s avaabe on e Drecorae-Genera o e European Commsson or Empoymen, Soca Afars and Equa Opporu-nes webse a p://ec.europa.eu/empoymen_soca/gender_equay/ndex_en.m.

Eurosa and e Drecorae-Genera o e European Commsson or Empoymen, SocaAfars and Equa Opporunes woud graeuy receve any commens rom readersa may ep mprove uure edons o s pubcaon (conac deas may be ound onpage 4).

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Introducton

abbevt, ybl d cty cde

Abbrevatons

BMI Body mass ndex

CEO Ce execuve ocer

CoJ Cour o Jusce

DG Drecorae-Genera

EC European Commsson

ECB European Cenra Bank

EIB European Invesmen Bank

EMCDDA European Monorng Cenre or Drugs and Drug Addcon

ESS European sasca sysem

EU-SILC Sascs on ncome and vng condons

HBS Houseod budge survey

HICE Houseod ncome, consumpon and expendure survey

HIS Hea nervew surveys

ICT Inormaon and communcaon ecnooges

ILO Inernaona Labour Organsaon

ISC Inernaona sandard sasca cassicaons

ISCED Inernaona sandard cassicaon o educaon

ISCO Inernaona sandard cassicaon o occupaonsLFS Labour orce survey

NACE Rev. 1 Genera ndusra cassicaon o economc acves wn e Euro-pean Communes, Revson 1

Mssoc Muua normaon sysem on soca proecon

OECD Organsaon or Economc Cooperaon and Deveopmen

PD Docor o Posopy (Posopae Docor)

PISA Programme or nernaona suden assessmen

R & D Researc and deveopmen

SES Srucure o earnngs survey

UN Uned NaonsUOE Unesco/OECD/Eurosa

WS Women n scence daabase

WPB Word prson bre

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Introducton

Symbos

: no avaabe- no appcabe or rea zerou unreabe or unceran daa() daa pubsed w warnng concernng reaby . exremey unreabe daap provsona vaue see normaon concernng e source

Country codes

EU-25 25 Member Saes o e European UnonEU European UnonEFTA European Free Trade Assocaon

BE BegumBG BugaraCZ Czec RepubcDK DenmarkDE GermanyEE EsonaIE IreandEL GreeceES SpanFR FranceIT IayCY CyprusLV Lava

LT LuanaLU LuxembourgHU HungaryMT MaaNL NeerandsAT AusraPL PoandPT PorugaRO RomanaSI SovenaSK SovakaFI FnandSE Sweden

UK Uned KngdomHR CroaaTR TurkeyIS IceandLI LecensenNO NorwayCH Swzerand

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The ormatve years

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Deghc ect

age yd

More men than women n the EU n younger age groups,more women then men n oder age groups

he mae popuaon o e European Unon ounumbers e emae up un e age o 45 orso, bu rom a age on, ere are ncreasng numbers o women reave o men n eac suc-cessve age group. Among ose aged 6569, ere were some 15 % more women an menand among ose o 80 and over, wce as many women as men. We e age pyramd s, nconsequence, skewed sgy owards men n e younger age groups, s skewed owardswomen subsanay n e oder age groups.

he paern descrbed above as no canged greay snce 1990 and, ndeed, snce manyyears beore en. he man rend as no been n e reave numbers o women and menbu n e decnng numbers o cdren and young peope reave o e ncreasng num-bers o oder women and men. Wereas e sare o e popuaon under 15 n e EU-25counres amouned o 19 % n 1990 and e proporon aged 65 and over o 14 %, n 2005,e sare o ose under 15 ad aen o 16 % and a o ose aged 65 and over ad n-creased o 17 % (Fgure 1).

Accordngy, e proporon o e popuaon n beween ese wo age groups, namey, epopuaon o workng-age, 1564, was muc e same n 2005 as n 1990, w very smarnumbers o women and men n bo years.

5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5

85+

80-84

75-79

70-74

65-69

60-64

55-59

50-54

45-49

40-44

35-3930-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

5-9

0-4

5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5

1990 (1)

2005% of total population

Fig. 1 Age pyramid in the EU-25, 1990 and 2005

Men Women

Source: Eurostat, DEMO database(1) EU-25: estimate

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Part The ormatve years

Popuaton o workng age s set to decne n reatve terms

hs reave consancy o e sare o peope o workng age n e oa popuaon o eEU, owever, s abou o cange. Accordng o e aes popuaon projecons, n 2025,ere w s be muc e same number o women and men o workng age, bu ogeerey w accoun or a smaer proporon o popuaon n e EU or around 63 % o eoa as agans 67 % n 2005 (Annex Tabe A.1). A e same me, e sare o ose under 15w ave aen o 14.4 % we e sare o ose o 65 and over w ave rsen o 22.5 %. Ine aer age group, e mbaance beween women and men w ave dmnsed, ougere are s projeced o be some 29 % more women an men o 65 and over (as comparedw 43 % more n 2005).

In anoer 25 years beyond a, n 2050 oug o course e esmaes nvove consd-erabe uncerany e sare o workng-age popuaon n e oa s projeced o avedecned urer o jus under 57 % and e sare o ose under 15 o ony jus over 13 %

(Fgure 2). hose o 65 and over w, ereore, ave come o accoun or 30 % o overapopuaon. Aoug ere s key o be a sgy more even dvson beween e sexes,women w s ounumber men by 24 %.

BthMore boys born than grs

I s a eaure o uman boogy a more boys are born an grs. he EU s no dfereno e res o e word n s respec. Aoug e dference n numbers s no very bg, s s sgnican and s perssen over me. In 2005, some 51.3 % o babes born n eEU-25 counres were mae and 48.7 % emae, precsey e same dvson as 15 years earern 1990 and vruay e same as n 1980 (Fgure 3 and Annex Tabe A.2).

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

80+

75-79

70-74

65-69

60-64

55-59

50-54

45-49

40-44

35-39

30-34

25-29

20-24

15-19

10-14

5-9

0-4

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2005

2050% of total population

Fig. 2 Age pyramid in the EU-25, 2005 and 2050

Men Women

Source: Eurostat, DEMO database

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hs paern, moreover, s a common eaure o a 25 EU Member Saes. he dvson be-ween grs and boys was e same, or vruay, e same, n neary a e Member Saes,

varyng n mos cases by ess an 0.3 o a percenage pon eer way. he proporon ogrs, ereore, rses o above 48.9 % n ony ree Member Saes, Denmark, Ausra andFnand, and en ony sgy, as we as n Iceand. A e same me, as beow 48.3 %ony n Esona, Luxembourg and Poruga, as we as n Turkey.

Boys contnue to outnumber grs throughout the chdhood years

he arger number o boys born an grs means a boys ounumber grs among cdren.Despe e ac a, as sown beow, moray raes among boys end o be ger anamong grs, especay n e irs year, up o e age o 15, e reave proporons o boysand grs n e EU are ony sgy dferen rom a br. Beyond 15, owever, e propor-on o grs begns o ncrease, even very sowy, so a among young peope aged 1524,some 49 % were women n 2005 and 51 % men. hese proporons were e same 15 yearsbeore n 1990 (Annex Tabe A.3).

he proporon o women and men among 15- o 24-year ods are aso very smar acrossEU Member Saes and oer European counres. Ony n Begum, Ireand, France, eNeerands, Ausra and Poruga was e proporon o young women more an 0.10.3o a percenage pon above e EU-25 average. Moreover, apar rom Greece (47.9 %), n nocounry was e proporon ess an 48.5 %.

ft tlty

More boys than grs de durng ther rst year

he arger number o boys born reave o grs s ofse o a sma exen by ger morayamong boys durng er irs year o e. In 2004, e nan moray rae e proporono deas n e EU-25 among babes n er irs year was 4.8 per 1 000 ve brs orboys as opposed o 3.9 per 1 000 ve brs or grs (Fgure 4 and Annex Tabe A.4).

he nan moray rae s ger or boys n a EU counres apar rom Ireand, Cyprusand Luxembourg. houg ger, was, nevereess, ess an 6 per 1 000 ve brs n a

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

EU-25

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE IE E

LES

FR IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO S

ISK F

ISE

UK

HR

TR IS

NO

CH

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

% of total

Fig. 3 Difference in male and female births, 1990 and 2005

Girls

Boys

Left bar: 1990, right bar: 2005

Source: Eurostat, DEMO databaseTR: no data for 1990; LI: 1990 and 2005: 50% for boys and girls; FR: France metropolitaine

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Member Saes, excep Lava, Lua-

na, Hungary, Maa, Poand and So-vaka. I s, owever, reavey g nBugara and Romana (12 per 1 000ve brs among boys n e irsand over 16 per 1 000 n e secondn 2005, n bo cases some 34 per1 000 ger an or grs).

In a counres, e rae as ended oa over me, mos especay n osen wc was ges. Beween 1990and 2005, nan moray, ereore,e by 78 per 1 000 ve brs ormore n e Czec Repubc, Hungary

and Poruga, and by 12 per 1 000 vebrs n Romana.

mtlty te gchlde d yg ele

Mortaty rates hgher or boysthan grs throughout EU

Moray raes a sgnicany atere irs week or wo o e and con-nue o a as cdren pass er irsbrday. Deas among boys aged be-

ween one and our years od amoun-ed o ony around 25 per 100 000 n2005 n e EU as woe, oug swas s more an or grs or wome igures was jus 20 per 100 000.

Deas among boys are sgy more requen an among grs n a EU Member Saesand assocae counres, apar rom Esona, Cyprus and Maa. he moray rae or boyso s age, owever, s s ow rougou e Unon, a beow 35 per 100 000 n 2005 na counres apar rom e ree Bac Saes, Hungary and Sovaka. In bo Bugara andRomana, on e oer and, was, respecvey, 66 and 72 per 100 000.

Deas among cdren decne urer as ey grow oder. he moray rae or grs aged5 o 14 was, ereore, ony 11 per 100 000 n e EU n 2005, beow e rae or boys, wcwas 14 per 100 000. he rae or grs was aso beow a or boys n a EU Member Saes

w e soe excepon o Cyprus, Maa and Sovena; deas among grs were sgy morerequen an among boys n Iceand as we.

Apar rom n Bugara, Cyprus, Lava, Luana and Romana, e moray rae or boyswas under 30 per 100 000 n a EU Member Saes, w e rae or grs ower s (excepn Cyprus).

30 20 10 0 10 20 30

30 20 10 0 10 20 30

EU-25BEBGCZDKDEEEIE

ELESFRIT

CYLVLT

LUHUMTNLATPLPT

ROSI

SKFI

SEUKHR

ISLI

NOCH

1990 (1)

2005 (2)Per 1 000 live born boys/girls

Fig. 4 Infant mortality rates among boys and girls,

1990 and 2005

Boys Girls


(1) CY: 1993; LI: 1994; PL: no data; FR: France metropolitaine;(2) BE, UK: 2002; IT: 2003; FR: 2004;

EU-25: estimateTR: no data; LI: no data for girls;

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Mortaty rates among boys ncrease ater 15 much more than among grs

he requency o dea begns o ncrease as cdren pass 15, ony sowy or grs bu morequcky or boys wo, as descrbed beow, are more prone o accdens. Deas among youngmen aged 15 o 19 across e EU, ereore, averaged 54 per 100 000 n 2005, we or youngwomen, ey were ony 22 per 100 000. In a counres wou excepon, moray raes omen were sgnicany ger an or women, n mos cases, wce as g or more (AnnexTabe A.5).

Deas among young men connue o ncrease as ey ener er 20s. For men aged 20 o24, e average moray rae n e EU was 84 per 100 000 n 2005, amos a as g aganas or ose aged 15 o 19. hs s n sark conras o e moray rae or women o s agegroup wc was ony sgy ger an or women n e younger age group. Accordngy,e moray rae or men n er eary 20s was over ree mes ger an or women. Adference o around s sze beween e wo raes s evden n a European counres. he

moray rae o men n s age group was a eas 2.5 mes ger an e rae or womenn a counres excep e Neerands and Sweden, and was more an our mes gern Poand and Maa (n e irs because o a g rae or men and n e second because oa ower rae or women an anywere ese) and ive mes ger n Luana (because o ag rae or men).

age t rst marrage

Women and men aregettng marred aterthroughout the EU

he age a wc women and men irsmarry as ended o ncrease marked-

y across e EU n recen years. hereare wo man acors underyng s.Frs, ere s an ncreasng endencyor bo young women and men o re-man n educaon onger beore sar-ng o work and earn ncome. Second-y, once ey do sar workng, bowomen and men end o gve proryo esabsng a proessona career,pary so as o ncrease er onger-erm earnngs poena. I remanse case, owever, despe womenavng a onger e expecancy an

men, a men are oder an womenwen ey marry.

he average age o men wen irs mar-ryng was 29.8 n e EU as a woe n2003, wereas or women, was 27.4,some 2.5 years younger. he age d-erence was smar n mos counres,oug was as muc as ree years

20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34

EU-25BEBGCZDKDEEE

IEELESFRIT

CYLVLTLUHUMTNLATPLPT

ROSI

SKFI

SEUKHR

ISLI

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20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34

Age

Fig. 5 Difference in average age at first marriage of men

and women, 1990 and 2003

Women Men


IT, UK: 1990 and 2000; HR: 1990 and 2001;

EE, EL, ES, FR, AT, FI: 1990 and 2002;

IE: only 1990; CY: only 2000; MT, PL, RO, LI: only 2003;

FR: France metropolitaine;

EU-25: estimate

19902003

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n Iay and 3.8 years n Greece, we n Span, Poruga, Ireand and, mos noaby n Cy-

prus and Fnand, was under wo years. he mean age a irs marrage was aso reaveysmar across EU Member Saes or bo women and men. In bo cases, owever, w eexcepon o Cyprus, Maa and Sovena, was sgnicany ower an average n e newMember Saes. In ese counres, e average age or women was under 26 and or men,under 29. By conras, n Denmark and Sweden, e average o women was over 30 and ormen, over 32 (Fgure 5 and Annex Tabe A.6).

Beween 1990 and 2003, e average age a irs marrage or bo women and men ncreasedby around 2.5 years n e EU, e dference beween e wo remanng muc e same. Anncrease n age was common o a Member Saes. I was parcuary arge or women andmen (around 4.5 years) n e Czec Repubc and Hungary, were e mean age o marragewas especay ow n 1990 (under 22 or women and ony around 24 or men) and we aboveaverage n Sovena and Fnand.

Age o women at brth o rst chld

Women are aso oder whenthey have ther rst chd

No unexpecedy, e endency ore average age a irs marrage oncrease as been accompaned by asmar rse n e age a wc womengve br o er irs cd, ougere s no a unorm reaonsp be-ween e wo across Europe. In 2003,women avng er irs cd were

on average 28 years od n e EU, woyears oder an n 1990. In Denmarkand Sweden, was around e EUaverage and some wo years ess ane average age o women a irs mar-rage.

Indeed, e average age o womenwen gvng br o er irs cds sgy more smar across e EUan er average age wen marryngor e irs me. I remans e case,owever, a e mean age n e newMember Saes, excep or Cyprus and

Sovena (ere are no daa or Maa)s ower an n oer pars o e EU(Fgure 6 and Annex Tabe A.7).

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

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Age

Fig. 6 Difference in average age of mother at birth of

first child, 1990 and 2003

Age in 1990 Age in 2003

BE: no data after: 1997; IT: no data after 1996; MT, TR, LI: no data;

EU-25: estimate; DK, FR: 2001; EE, EL, ES, UK: 2002

Source: Eurostata, DEMO database

AgeAge in 2003

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2Women and men in Europe 2007


Fertlty rates

Fertty rates are we beow that requred to prevent popuaton ang

he ncrease n e age o women a e br o er irs cd over e pas 1015 years asbeen accompaned by a a n ery raes over e same perod n mos Member Saes,oug no a.

In 2005, e ery rae (1) averaged 1.5 n e EU, muc ess an e rae o 2.1 wc srequred o manan e popuaon consan (n e absence o mmgraon), or more pre-csey, o repace a woman and er parner (gven some moray among ose beng born).Ony n Ireand was e ery rae cose o 2 (ousde e EU, was jus over 2 n Iceandand Turkey) and ony n e ree Nordc Member Saes, France, e Neerands and eUK, was above 1.6. By conras, n a e new Member Saes, excep Esona, Cyprusand Maa, ogeer w Greece, Span, Iay, e rae was under 1.4 (Fgure 7 and Annex

Tabe A.8).he average ery rae n e EU decned rom jus under 1.6 o jus under 1.5 beween1990 and 2005, e a beng especay marked n mos o e new Member Saes, wereapar rom Sovena, e rae was over 1.8 n 1990. he decne, owever, was no commono a counres. In ive Member Saes Begum, Denmark, Luxembourg, e Neerandsand Fnand e ery rae ncreased beween 1990 and 2005, even o a sma exenn a cases.

0.0

0.5

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EU-25BEBGCZDKDEEEELESFR IE IT

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I

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1990 2005Per woman of child-bearing age

Fig. 7 Total fertility rate, 1990 and 2005

Source: Eurostat, DEMO databaseTR; LI: no data for 1990; BE, EE, IE, HR: 2004; FR: France metropolitaine

The mean number ochdren that woudbe born ave to awoman durng heretme she wereto pass through herchdbearng yearsconormng to theertty rates by

age o a gven year.It s thereore thecompeted erttyo a hypothetcageneraton, computedby addng the erttyrates by age or womenn a gven year (thenumber o women ateach age s assumedto be the same). Thetota ertty rate saso used to ndcatethe repacement eveertty.

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Household crcumstances o young peopleYoung people aged 1824

Women eave the parenta home earer than men

he age a wc young peope eave e amy ome and sar vng ndependeny nmany cases o pursue er educaon or ranng vares markedy across Europe. In acounres, owever, young women end o eave ome a an earer age an young men.

In 2005, 66 % o young women and 78 % o men aged 1824 n e EU were s vng wer parens (2). he proporon o young women vared rom ony 33 % n Denmark and39 % n Fnand o 90 % n Iay and over 95 % n Maa, w e igure beng over 80 % nSpan, Luxembourg and Poruga and over 75 % n a e new Member Saes, excep Bu-

gara, Esona and Romana, were was ony sgy beow. In Germany, France, e Ne-erands and e UK, e proporon o women n s age group vng w er parens wasbeween 50 % and 56 % and n e oer counres or wc daa are avaabe, beween 63 %and 71 %.

he proporon o young men n e same age group vng n e amy ome was geran a o women n a counres, rangng rom jus over 48 % n Denmark and 56 %n Fnand o 9497 % n Iay, Maa, Sovaka and Croaa and over 85 % n Bugara, eCzec Repubc, Span, Hungary, Luana, Luxembourg, Poruga, Romana and Sovena(Fgure 8 and Annex Tabe A.9).

In mos counres, e majory o ose aged 1824 wo ad moved away rom ome werevng w oer peope, eer as a coupe or a arger ouseod. hs was parcuary rueo women, ony 23 % n e EU vng aone as agans 36 % o young men o e same age(Fgures 9 and 10 and Annex Tabes A.10 and A.11).

2 These gures arebased on the EULabour Force Survey,whch dstngushesthe househodcrcumstances o thepeope covered. Itshoud be noted that

the data reate toyoung peope vng nthe same househodas ther parents orparent so that nsome cases t mght bethat parents are vngwth ther chdrenrather than vce versa.For the age groupscovered, however,such cases shoudbe reatvey ew andought not to afect theresuts sgncanty.

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Women Men% of women/men aged 18-24

Fig. 8 Women and men aged 18-24 living in parental home, 2005

IE: unreliable data; PL, SE: no data; EU-25: estimate Source: Eurostat, LFS

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he proporon o young women n s age group vng aone, w or wou cdren,

was beow 40 % n a counres apar rom Denmark, Germany, Greece and Fnand. By con-ras, e proporon o men vng aone was over 40 % n 11 o e 25 counres or wcdaa are avaabe.

O e young women n s age group wo ad et e parena ome, over 35 % ad c-dren n Iay, Cyprus, Poruga and e UK. In e UK, n sark conras o oer counres,amos a e women w cdren ved aone.

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Couple with children

CoupleAlone with children

Alone% of women, 18-24, not living in parental home

Fig. 9 Household characteristics of women aged 18-24 not living in parental home, 2005

Source: Eurostat, LFSEE, IE, LT, LU, MT, SI, HR: unreliable data; PL, SE: no data; EU-25: estimate;

See annex table 'Household status of young people' for details

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CoupleAlone with children

Alone% of men, 18-24, not living in parental home

Fig. 10 Household characteristics of men aged 18-24 not living in parental home, 2005

Source: Eurostat, LFSBG, EE, IE, CY, LT, LU, MT, SI, SK, HR: unreliable data; PL, SE: no data; EU-25: estimate;


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Young people aged 2529

Fewer women than men ve wth ther parentsbut number vares greaty across EU

Less an a o young peope aged 2529 ved w er parens n mos European coun-res n 2005. Even more an or e younger age group, owever, e proporon vng wer parens was ger or men an or women n a counres (some 14 percenage ponsmore on average Fgure 11).

In e EU as a woe, ony 28 % o women aged 2529 were s vng w er parens, buover 50 % n Iay, Maa and Sovaka. In Begum, Denmark, Germany, France, e Neer-ands, Fnand and e UK, e proporon was under 20 %.

In e our souern Member Saes and n 9 o e 11 new Member Saes or wc daa areavaabe, as we as n Croaa, e majory o men aged 2529 were vng n e parenaouseod (over 70 % n Bugara, Iay, Maa and Croaa). he proporon was under 20 %ony n Denmark and Fnand.

As n e case o e younger age group, mos o ose aged 2529 no vng w er par-ens ve w someone ese raer an aone, eer as par o a coupe or n a arger ouse-od. In 2005, on average n e EU 17 % o women and 22 % o men n s age group vedaone. Amos one rd (32 %) o women vng aone ad a cd. In e UK, e proporonwas we over a.

he proporon vng aone w or wou er cdren, owever, vares markedy be-ween counres. For women was around 25 % or more n Denmark, Germany, Ausra,Fnand and e UK, bu under 15 % n e new Member Saes and e our souern Mem-ber Saes. For men, e proporon ranged rom 35 % or more n Germany, Ausra andFnand o under 10 % n Ireand, Cyprus, Poruga and Sovaka (Fgures 12 and 13).

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Fig. 11 Women and men aged 25-29 living in parental home, 2005

IE: unreliable data; LU, PL, SE: no data; EU-25: estimate;

See annex table "Household status of young people" for details

Source: Eurostat, LFS

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Medan age o young people leavng home

Women are on average two years younger than men when they eave home

he daa ncuded n e Labour Force Survey can be used o esmae e medan age awc young women and men eave e parena ome. he medan age (3) a wc youngmen eave e parena ome vares rom around 21 n Denmark and Fnand o 3031 nBugara, Greece and Iay and 32 n Croaa accordng o daa or 2005. For women,e average age s ower n a counres, varyng rom 20 n Denmark and Fnand o 2728n Greece, Span, Iay, Maa and Sovena (Fgures 14 and 15 and Annex Tabe A.12).

0

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OtherCouple with childrenCoupleAlone with childrenAlone% of women, 25-29, not living in parental home

Fig. 12 Household characteristics of women aged 25-29 not living in parental home, 2005

EE, IE, LT, MT, SI, HR: unreliable data; LU, PL, SE: no data; EU-25: estimate;



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Alone with children

Alone% of men, 25-29, not living in parental home

Fig. 13 Household characteristics of men aged 25-29 not living in parental home, 2005

EE, IE, LT, MT, SI, HR: unreliable data; LU, PL, SE: no data; EU-25: estimate;

See annex table "Household status of young people" for details


Age at whch 0 %o the popuatonno onger ve n ahousehod wth therparent[s). For moredetas see sources andmethodoogy.

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Young women, n genera, end o eave ome around ree years younger an men (e

range vares rom one year or ess n Denmark, Esona, Cyprus, Maa, Ausra and Fn-and o more an our years younger n Bugara, Lava, Luana and Romana as we asCroaa). hs n par reecs e younger age a wc women ge marred. As noed above,owever, a sgnican proporon o women eave ome eer o ve aone or o sare aouse w oer peope.

Women and men are remanng n the parenta home onger

he average age a wc young peope eave ome as ended o rse over me or bo menand women. here are sgns o a sowdown n e rae o ncrease, owever, over e pas 10years. In Germany and Ausra, e medan age or men e over e 10 years 1995 o 2005.he medan age o men eavng ome ncreased by wo years ony n Hungary and Maa.

16

18

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32

DK FI DE FR UK NL EE AT CY BE LU CZ PT HU MT RO ES LT SI LV SK EL IT BG HR

16

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32

1995 2005Age

Fig. 15 Median age at which young men leave the parental home, 1995 and 2005

CZ, EE, RO, SK: 1998; CY, HU, MT, SI: 2000; LU: 2004; BG, DK, LV, LT, HR: no data before 2002;

FI: no data before 2004; PL, SE: no data; IE: unreliable data

Source: Eurostat, LFS;

median age estimated

16

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DK FI UK DE NL FR AT BE EE LV RO CY LT CZ LU HU BG HR PT ES EL SK SI IT MT

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321995 2005Age

Fig. 14 Median age at which young women leave the parental home, 1995 and 2005

CZ, EE, RO, SK: 1998; CY, HU, MT, SI: 2000; LU: 2004; BG, DK, LV, LT, HR: no data before 2002;

FI: no data before 2004; PL, SE: no data; IE: unreliable data


median age estimated

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For women, e medan age o eavng ome rose everywere excep n Germany and Ro-

mana, were e. he ncrease n e medan age o women and men eavng ome wasparcuary arge n Maa over ese 10 years (rsng by wo years or more). I was smaryarge n severa o e new Member Saes over e sorer perod or wc daa are ava-abe (e Czec Repubc, Hungary and Sovaka) as we as n Luxembourg, Greece and Iay(Fgures 14 and 15).

The age range over whch women and men eavehome vares markedy across countres

he age range over wc mos young peope eave ome ere deined as e range be-ween wc 20 % ave et ome and 80 % ave done so vares beween counres broadyn ne w e medan age. I ends o be wder n counres were e medan age o eavngs reavey g an n ose were s ow.

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BE BG CZ DK DE EE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PT RO SI SK FI UK HR

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34Bottom of bar indicates age at which 20% have left home; top of the bar when 80% have done so

Fig. 16 Age range at which women leave the parental home, 2005

Top of the range > 34 for SK;

LU: 2004; IE, PL, SE: no data


age range estimated

16

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2426

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34

BE BG CZ DK DE EE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PT RO SI SK FI UK HR

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34Bottom of bar indicates age at which 20% have left home; top of the bar when 80% have done so

Fig. 17 Age range at which men leave the parental home, 2005

Top of the range >34 for BG, EL, ES, IT, LV, LT, HU, MT, RO, SI, SK and HR;

LU: 2004; IE, PL, SE: no data


age range estimated

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Wereas or young women s exodus occurs over e space o ree o our years n Den-

mark and Fnand (beween e ages o 18 or so and 22), akes pace over nne years n Iayand Sovena (beween 2223 and 32) and n Greece, over 13 years (beween 18 and 32). Formen, occurs over a perod o ive o seven years n Denmark and Fnand (beween 19 and2426), we n Iay and Sovena, appens over 10 o 11 years (beween 26 and 3637)and n Greece, 17 years (beween 19 and 36) (Fgures 16 and 17 and Annex Tabe A.13).

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Educaton and the normaton socetyEducatonal perormance o grls and boys

Boys perorm better at maths than grs, grs better at readng

Accordng o PISA e OECDs programme or nernaona suden assessmen (PISA) we grs generay ouperorm boys n readng eracy a e age o 15, boys perormbeer an grs n maemaca aby. hs endency s evden n a counres, oug eexen o e dference beween grs and boys vares. On e oer and, n e case o scen-ic eracy, ere s no sysemac endency or grs or boys o do beer an e oer anddferences beween em are generay reavey sma. here s, owever, some endency ore rankng o counres n erms o e scores recorded by grs and boys o be smar n edferen dscpnes, w Fnand and e Neerands comng op n a ree and Greececomng boom or cose o boom n eac case.

In a 19 o e EU Member Saes covered by e PISA daa, wc reae o 2003, boys ouper-orm grs n maemaca eracy, aoug e margn s sma n a number o counres,noaby Lava, e Neerands and Poand (under 2 %) (Fgure 18 and Annex Tabe A.14).he gap, owever, reaces around 4 % n Greece, Iay and Sovaka. By conras, no ony dogrs perorm beer an boys n readng eracy n a counres, bu ey do so by a sub-sanay arger margn. Indeed, e smaes gap n average scores or readng eracy ne Neerands s abou e same sze as e wdes gap or maemaca eracy. hearges gap s over wce s sze, a 10 % n Ausra and jus under 9 % n Germany, we s around 8 % or more n anoer sx counres (Fgure 19).

In scence, the perormance o grs and boys s more even

he perormance o boys and grs n scenic eracy s ar more even. he dference ne average score s around 1 % or ess n a bu our o e 19 counres, oug boys ave asgy ger score an grs n mos o e 15 Member Saes concerned. In e oer our

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EL IT PT ES LV LU HU PL SK NO IE DE AT SE DK FR CZ CH LI IS BE NL FI

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Fig. 18 Mean score of student performance in mathematical ability, 2003

Source: OECD, PISA 2003BG, EE, LT, CY, MT, RO, SI: no data; UK: response rate too low

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Denmark, Greece, Luxembourg and Sovaka boys n eac case aceve a 34 % ger

score on average an grs (Fgure 20).

The proporton o grs and boys wth the owest

score vares markedy across countres

hese dferences n average scores are reeced o some degree n e proporon o grs andboys wo oban e owes score n e ree dscpnes. Grs, ereore, are n mos coun-res more key an boys o ave e owes eve scores n maemaca eracy, ougno n Fnand, Begum, Poand and Lava, were ere are more boys n e boom rank-ng. Dferences beween counres, owever, are muc arger n s respec an beweengrs and boys, w over 35 % o cdren avng e owes scores n Greece as opposed ounder 8 % n Fnand (Annex Tabe A.15).

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Fig. 19 Mean score of student performance in reading literacy, 2003

BG, EE, LT, CY, MT, RO, SI: no data; UK: response rate too low Source: OECD, PISA 2003

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Fig. 20 Mean score of student performance in scientific literacy, 2003

Source: OECD, PISA 2003BG, EE, LT, CY, MT, RO, SI: no data; UK: response rate too low

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For readng eracy, boys are sysemacay more key an grs o appear a e boom

end o e markng, e dference n e proporons w e owes scores rangng rom15 percenage pons n Ausra o 6 percenage pons n e Neerands. We e argesproporon o grs w e owes scores s jus over 18 % n Greece, n 15 o e 19 counrese proporon exceeds s or boys.

In e case o scenic eracy, ere s more varaby n e reave number o grs andboys w e owes scores (beow 400 pons), oug n mos cases e proporons are

very smar. In 12 o e 19 counres, e proporon o boys w a score beow 400 wassgy arger an a o grs, despe e average score or boys beng a e ger anor grs.

he PISA daa aso compare grs and boys aendng e same scoo o aow or any en-dency or eer grs or boys o go o beer perormng scoos. In e case o maema-ca eracy, owever, s wdens e gender gap, mos markedy n Begum, Hungary and

Germany. Ony n Denmark, does s comparson narrow e dference. he mpcaons a e perormance o boys n maemacs exceeds a o grs by more an e bascigures sugges.

Women and men completng upper andpost-secondary educaton

More women than men successuy competeupper and post-secondary educaton

Aoug ere are margnay ewer women an men n e 1722 age group across Europe,women made up over a o a ose o s age successuy compeng upper secondaryand pos-secondary non erary educaon (.e. ISCED eves 3 and 4) n 2004 n 13 o e 17counres or wc daa are avaabe. he ony excepons are Ireand and Bugara, were

men margnay ounumber women, and Sovaka and Romana, were e numbers areabou e same. In Germany and Poruga, women accoun or amos 57 % o a ose com-peng educaon or ranng a s eve (oug n Germany, e daa excude vocaonacourses, wc are parcuary mporan n s counry), and n Denmark, Luana andPoand, or over 53 %.

Examnng ese igures n more dea, e sare o women s parcuary arge among osecompeng genera educaon as opposed o vocaona courses. hs s especay so amongose aged 17 o 19, were women accouned or 55 % or more o ose acevng uppersecondary quaicaons (ere and n wa oows deined o ncude pos-secondary non-erary quaicaons) n 2004 n a EU Member Saes excep Ireand, were er sarewas sgy over 50 %. In seven counres, women made up over 60 % o ose concerned(n Iay, over 65 %). By conras, men made up e majory o ose compeng vocaonacourses n e 1719 age group n mos Member Saes, e excepons beng Begum, Den-

mark and Ireand, were women accouned or a o ose concerned, and Poand, werewomen were n e majory (Fgure 21 and Annex Tabe A.16).

he number o women compeng upper secondary programmes s ower reave o men ne 2022 age group an among ose younger. Nevereess, women made up e majoryo ose compeng genera educaon courses n nne o e 17 EU Member Saes or wcdaa are avaabe and n anoer wo, ey accouned or around a a. Ony n Begum andLuxembourg, was e sare o women n 2004 muc beow a (Fgure 22).

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As n e younger group, men made up e majory o ose compeng vocaona coursesn 2004 n mos Member Saes. he excepons were Greece, Luana, Luxembourg andRomana, were women ounumbered men, and Cyprus, were e numbers were muc esame. In Denmark, Ireand and Iay, e sare o women was under 40 % and n Bugara,under 30 %.

Early school leavers

More men than women eave schoo wthout adequate quacatons

Aoug e proporon o young peope aanng upper secondary or erary quaica-ons s generay ncreasng across Europe, sgnican numbers o young women and mens eave e educaon sysem w ony basc scoong. Many o ese, moreover, do noreceve any urer educaon or ranng once ey ener e abour marke.

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Fig. 21 Women as a share of those aged 17-19 completing upper and post-secondary education, 2004

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Fig. 22 Women as a share of those aged 20-22 completing upper and post-secondary education, 2004

Source: Eurostat, UOECZ, EE, ES, FR, LV, MT, NL, AT, FI, UK, HR, CH: no data;

(2) DE: no data(1) EL, LI: no data;

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he vas majory o young women and men aged 16 o 17 connue o receve educaon orranng ater ey eave compusory educaon. Once ey ge beyond 17, owever, e num-bers begn o dec ne. Among ose aged 18 o 21, over 12 % o women and 16 % o men wony basc educaon .e. no quaicaons beyond compusory scoong receved noeducaon or ranng n e our weeks beore e 2005 survey. Accordngy, ere s a g

probaby a ey ad et e educaon sysem wou adequae quaicaons o pursuea rewardng workng career.

he proporon vares markedy across counres, especay or men, rangng rom over 35 %n Span, Maa and Poruga (n e as wo, was over 40 %) as we as n Croaa o ony56 % n Poand and Sovaka. Among women, e proporon was smaer an a o menn a counres, n many cases subsanay so. Excep n Maa, was beow 27 % every-were and was especay sma n mos o e new Member Saes (Fgure 23 and AnnexTabe A.17).

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Fig. 23 Young people aged 18-21 with less than upper secondary education and not in education ortraining, 2005

Source: Eurostat, LFSTR; LI: no data; EU-25: estimate;

EE: too small sample size;

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Fig. 24 Young people aged 22-24 with less than upper secondary education and not in education or

training, 2005

Source: Eurostat, LFSTR; LI: no data; EU-25: estimate;

EE, CH: too small sample size;

LV, IS: too small sample size for women;

(1) DK, LT, LU, SI, HR: unreliable data;

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Among ose aged 22 o 24, eary scoo eavers, deined n e same way, amouned o

amos 19 % o men and over 14 % o women n 2005 (Fgure 24). As or e younger agegroup, e proporon was especay g n Maa over 45 % or bo men and women and was even ger (52 %) or men n Poruga and as we as Croaa. In bo counres,e proporon or women was muc ower, oug s over 34 n Poruga. As n ese wocounres, e reave number o women n s age group wo ad et e educaon sysemw nadequae quaicaons was smaer an or men n mos counres, consderaby son many.

Women and men n tertary educaton

More women than men obtan unversty degrees or the equvaent

Many more women an men are educaed o erary or unversy eve n mos Eu-ropean counres. he gap beween women and men n s respec as, moreover, ended owden n recen years n mos counres as parcpaon n erary educaon as ncreased.Fewer women an men, owever, go on o underake advanced researc. here are, n add-on, subsana dferences beween women and men n e subjecs suded.

More women than men are enroed n undergraduateprogrammes across most o the EU

In e EU-25 as a woe, women accouned or amos 55 % o a sudens enroed n er-ary eve educaon (.e. SCED eves 5 or 6) n 2003/2004 (4).

hs gap s evden o varyng exens rougou e EU. here are more women an menenroed n ISCED 5 eve programmes n a EU Member Saes apar rom Germany andCyprus, were e proporon was ony jus under a n bo cases. Men sgnicany ou-number women n Turkey (represenng 58 % o a sudens). Women accouned or more

an 60 % o sudens enroed n Sweden and e ree Bac Saes as we as n Iceand andNorway (Fgure 25 and Annex Tabe A.18).

he sare o women among sudens ncreased beween 1997/98 and 2003/04 n vruay acounres or wc daa are avaabe or bo years. he ony excepons are Fnand andLuana, margnay, and, Cyprus and Bugara more markedy.

More men than women contnue on to do postgraduate studes

Men represen e majory o sudens enroed n ISCED 6, or advanced researc, pro-grammes n mos European counres. In e EU-25 as a woe, women made up amos47 % o sudens n 200304. In Begum, e Czec Repubc and Turkey, e igure wasunder 40 %. Women ounumbered men, owever, n e ree souern counres o Span,Iay and Poruga, e ree Bac Saes, Luxembourg, Fnand, Bugara and Romana aswe as Iceand (Fgure 26 and Annex Tabe A.19).

Beween 1997/98 and 2003/04, e number o women enroed n ISCED eve 6 programmesreave o men ncreased n neary a counres, by an average o amos 3 percenage ponsn e EU. he ony excepon s Iay, n wc women s ounumber men. Snce there aremargnay ewer

women than menn the 828 agegroup rom whchmost tertary-evestudents come, theseproportons sghtyunderstate the gapbetween women andmen n ths regard.

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Women are more successu than men ncompetng tertary eve programmes

Women seem o be more successu an men n compeng er erary-eve sudes. In2004, women made up around 59 % o sudens graduang w ISCED eve 5 quaicaonsn e EU-25, 4 percenage pons more an e sare o women n enromens. (he dfer-

ence beween e wo igures mg be expaned by women compeng er sudes eareror peraps akng sorer courses an men as we as by a arger proporon o women com-peng er programmes successuy.)

hs gap s evden rg across Europe. More women an men graduaed n 2004 n acounres excep Turkey, were women make up a reavey sma proporon o sudens en-roed. In Poruga, Poand and e ree Bac Saes, as we as Iceand, around wo rdsor more o e sudens graduang were women.

BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK HR TR IS NO CH

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Fig. 25 Enrolments of women and men in the first stage of tertiary education, 1997/98 and 2003/04

Women in majority

Men in majority

(1) BE, CY, MT, TR: 1998/1999; IE: 1999/2000; HR, LI, CH: no data;

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Fig. 26 Enrolments of women and men in the second stage of tertiary education, 1997/98 and 2003/04

Women in majority

Men in majority

(1) BE, MT, TR: 1998/1999; IE: 1999/2000; CY, LU, RO, SI, HR, LI, CH: no data;

(2) LU: 2002/2003; MT: data too small; LI: no data;

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wce as arge or more. In oer broad areas, n agrcuure and veernary and servces, e

number o men and women was more smar (Fgure 27 and Annex Tabe A.20).hese dferences are aso evden n ndvdua Member Saes and oer European coun-res. Men, ereore, accouned or over 65 % o sudens graduang n engneerng, manu-acurng and consrucon programmes n a e counres n 2004, excep Bugara andGreece (were e igure was 6263 %). In Germany, Ireand, Cyprus, e Neerands, Aus-ra and e UK, ey accouned or over 80 % (Fgure 28).

he suaon s smar, oug ess exreme, n scence, maemacs and compung pro-grammes. In our o e 26 EU Member Saes or wc ere are daa, men accouned oraround wo rds or more o sudens n 2004 (.e. ounumberng women by around wo oone), we n anoer eg, ey made up 60 % or more. On e oer and, women madeup more an a o oa graduaes n Bugara, Iay, Poruga and Romana and jus undera n Esona, Fnand and Sweden as we as Croaa (Fgure 29).

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Fig. 28 Graduations of women in the first stage of tertiary education in engineering, manufacturing and

construction, 1998 and 2004

(1) FR, CY: 1999; BE: 2000; EL: no data;

(2) FR, MT, FI: 2003; LU: no data


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Fig. 29 Graduations of women in the first stage of tertiary education in science, mathematics and computing,

1998 and 2004

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In eacer ranng and educaon, by conras, women ounumber men subsanay n ae counres as we as n ea and weare programmes. hs s aso e case n a ecounres n umanes and ars and n soca and beavoura scence and journasm pro-grammes.

In oer broad areas o sudy, e numbers o men and women are more baanced n moscounres, oug ere are a number o excepons. In parcuar, n busness and admns-raon programmes, women accouned or over 60 % o sudens n Greece, Span, France,Poruga, Fnand and n a e new Member Saes excep Maa (Fgure 30). Men, owever,were n e majory n Denmark, Germany, Iay, e Neerands and Ausra and made up

amos a o sudens n Begum, Maa and e UK. Equay, men made up over 65 % ograduaes n agrcuure and veernary programmes n Denmark, Germany, Cyprus (weremen accouned or 100 % oug e igures are sma) and Maa, we women accounedor around 60 % or more n Esona, Poand, Poruga, Sweden and e UK.

The share o women graduatng has rsen n asubject areas except scence and maths

hese reave concenraons o women and men n parcuar subjec areas ave dmnseda e n recen years, bu ony n some cases. In mos ieds o educaon, e sare o womenncreased over e sx years 1998 o 2004 as er overa sare o sudens graduang a er-ary eve ncreased.

he man excepon s scence, maemacs and compung, were women were n a mnor-y n 1998 and were er sare decned even urer n e EU as a woe and n e ma-

jory o Member Saes. Nevereess, e sare o women ncreased n eg EU counres e ree Nordc Member Saes, e Czec Repubc, Germany, Esona, Luana andSovaka and remaned vruay e same n Begum and Ausra.

he sare o women ncreased by mos over s perod n engneerng, manuacurng andconsrucon, were women ave radonay been n a sma mnory, bo n e EU onaverage and n mos Member Saes. he sare o women n agrcuure and veernary pro-grammes, were women ave aso been n a mnory, rose n mos counres, e average gapw men narrowng o under 3 percenage pons.

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Fig. 30 Graduations of women in the first stage of tertiary education in business and administration,1998 and 2004

(1) FR, CY: 1999; BE: 2000; EL, UK: no data;

(2) FR, MT, FI: 2003; LU, PL: no data


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he proporon o women graduang n eacer ranng and educaon programmes, n

wc women were n a arge majory, expanded ony margnay. In ea and weareprogrammes, owever, e gap beween women and men graduang wdened even urer by around 6 percenage pons n e EU as a woe.

he sare o women ncreased equay markedy n busness and admnsrave sudes and,o a sgy esser exen, n aw.

Teachers

Most teachers beow tertary eve are women, at tertary eve, men

Teacng remans predomnany a emae occupaon a eas up o secondary scoo eve.In prmary and secondary scoos, ereore, over 68 % o eacers are women, accordngo daa or 2004. he proporon o women s parcuary g n mos o e new Member

Saes Cyprus and Maa beng e excepons exceedng 80 % n Lava and Luanaas we as Bugara and exceedng 75 % n Hungary, Poand, Sovaka and Sovena (no daaare avaabe or e Czec Repubc and Esona). he proporon o women s aso over75 % n Iay. We s smaer n oer pars o e EU, s, nevereess, over 60 % na Member Saes apar rom Greece, were s ony sgy beow (Fgure 31 and AnnexTabe A.21).

By conras, n unverses and oer erary-eve coeges, e proporon o women amongeacers s muc smaer and ess an a o men n a Member Saes, excep Lava,Luana and Poand (n e as, women makng up around 63 % o e oa). In e EUas a woe, women accouned or under 40 % o eacers a s eve; n Iay, Ausra andSovena, ony around 30 % or jus over and n Maa or ony 23 %.

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Fig. 31 Proportion of female teachers, 2004

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Young women and men n the normaton socety

Ony sma dferences n the reguar use o computersand the Internet by young men and women

Accordng o e 2006 Communy survey on ICT usage n ouseods and by ndvduas,a arger proporon o young men an women used compuers on a reguar bass. However,e dference n use was sma n e EU and mos counres (Fgure 32). Some 62 % o wom-en n e EU used a compuer on average once a day as opposed o 67 % o men and e gap snarrowed o ony 2 percenage pons ose usng one once a week on average are ncudedas we (.e. an addona 19 % o women and 16 % o men, see Annex Tabe A.22).

here are, owever, marked varaons n e overa scae o day use o compuers by bowomen and men across e EU, w e proporon rangng rom around 75 % or more n

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90Women Men% of women/men aged 16-24

Fig. 32 Women and men having used a computer on average once a day or almost every day in the last

three months, 2006

FR, MT, RO: no dat a S ource: Eurostat , Communi ty survey on ICT usage in households and by individuals

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months, 2006

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Denmark, e Neerands, Fnand and Sweden as we as n Iceand and Norway, o ony

around 38 % n Bugara and under 44 % n Ireand and Greece.he dference beween men and women n e use o e Inerne s smary sma. In 2006,some 48 % o young women aged 1624 n e EU used e Inerne da y, or amos day, ascompared w 53 % o men. he igure or women ranged rom over wo rds n Denmark,Esona, e Neerands, Fnand and Sweden (as we as Iceand and Norway) o ony 27 %n Bugara and 22 % n Greece (Fgure 33).

Women and men use the Internet or dferent purposes

In 2006, 74 % o women and 72 % o men aged 1624 n e EU-25 used e Inerne n eree mons precedng e survey or communcaon purposes, n many cases or sendngand recevng e-mas. Twce as many men n s age group n e EU an women used eInerne or downoadng sotware (38 % as agans 19 %). Smary sgnicany more youngmen an women (56 % as opposed o 39 %) used or payng or downoadng games andmusc.

On e oer and, more young women an men used e Inerne or orma educaonpurposes, or arrangng rave and accommodaon (3132 % or bo acves comparedw 27 % o men), as we as or seekng ea normaon (25 % o women compared oony 10 % o men Annex Tabe A.23)

Level o computer sklls among women and men

Men are more sked at usng computers than women

he gap beween men and women s wder n respec o basc compuer sks an n erequency o use. In 2006, amos a (48 %) o young men aged 1624 n e EU were con-sdered o ave g sks as opposed o ony 30 % o women. Moreover, e proporon o

men w g sks was arger an or women n amos a Member Saes. We erewere seven Member Saes n wc a eas 60 % o men n s age group ad g basccompuer sks and anoer sx were e igure was over 50 %, e arges proporon owomen w suc sks was n Sovena a 56 % and ony n one oer counry, Ausra, wase igure over 50 %.

A e same me, ony a sgy smaer proporon o women an men n s age groupn e EU were assessed as avng a eas medum-eve basc sks and n sx counres, eproporon o women was arger an or men (Annex Tabe A.24).

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Health o young women and men and othersocal aspects

Weght ndcators o health

Smar numbers o women and men are cassed as obese

Obesy s peraps e mos serous ea probem alcng young peope n many pars oe EU a e presen me. A sgnican proporon o bo young women and young menaged 1524 n a number o Member Saes are eer cassed as obese or as overweg andso on e way o becomng obese, reecng bo er bad deary abs and esyes. Ae same me, n many counres, a smar proporon o young women are cassed as bengunderweg, wc aso as poenay serous ea mpcaons.

he cassicaon no ese groups s based on e body mass ndex (BMI) (6) rom norma-on coeced by ea nerv ew surveys carred ou beween 1996 and 2003 n EU MemberSaes. Snce ey reae o dferen years, e indngs are no srcy comparabe beweencounres. Nevereess, ey provde a broad ndcaon o e suaon across e EU.

but more men than women are overweght

We ere are muc e same number o young women and young men wo are cassiedas beng obese n mos EU Member Saes, ere are many more men an women wo arecassied as beng overweg. By conras, around wce as many women aged 1524 as menare cassed as beng underweg by e same measure.

he scae o e probem, owever, vares across Member Saes (7) (Fgures 34 and 35 andAnnex Tabe A.25). he young women and men cassied as obese are concenraed very

muc n a ew counres, n parcuar, e UK (were e igures reae o Engand raeran e UK as a woe and were over 11 % o women and amos 10 % o men were so cas-sied), Maa (were e igures are amos 10 % or women and jus under 14 % or men),Germany (6 % o women and amos 8 % o men) and Ireand (around 6 % o bo men andwomen). In e oer Member Saes, apar rom Denmark and Poruga, were 56 % omen n s age group were cassed as beng obese, e proporons were under 5 % (eywere aso 56 % n Iceand or bo women and men). In Esona, Iay, Lava, e Ne-erands, Poand, Romana and Sovaka, ey were under 2 % or bo young women andyoung men.

Beng overweg s a more wdespread probem. he proporon o young men aged 1524wo were cassed as beng overweg n 2004 and on e way o beng obese was over 10 %n a e European counres covered excep France (were was 8 %). In a e counres nwc e reave number o men cassed as obese was reavey arge, e proporon cas-

sied as overweg was aso reavey arge. In Luana and Maa, e proporon o menconsdered overweg was over 30 %, n Ireand and Greece, over 25 % and n Germany ande UK, as we as n Hungary, Ausra, Bugara and Iceand, over 20 %.

By conras, n a e 26 Member Saes or wc daa are avaabe, e sare o womenaged 1524 cassed as overweg was under 10 %. here are ony ree Member Saes Germany, Ireand and e UK as we as Iceand n wc e proporon was over 15 %.hese are a counres n wc e number cassed as obese was aso reavey arge. In e

6 The body mass ndex(BMI) s a measureo a persons weghtreatve to hs/herheght that correatesary we wth body atcontent n aduts. It scacuated as the ratobetween a personsweght measuredn kograms, andthe square o therheght measured nmetres. Someone wtha BMI between 2and 0 s consderedoverweght and aperson wth a BMI o0 or more as obese.Those wth a BMIbeow 8 are cassed asunderweght.

Data rom Germanyand UK are based onmeasured heght andweght, whe n othercountres these werese-reported.

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UK, ereore, e proporon o young women cassied as eer obese or overweg was

over 30 % and n Germany and Ireand as we as n Maa, over 20 %.

More women than men are cassed as beng underweght

A e same me as ere are arge numbers o young women and men overweg n Eu-rope, ere are sgnican numbers wo are underweg, oug n s case many morewomen an men.

here s agan wde varaon n e numbers nvoved across e EU, oug apar rom eUK, were e proporons are muc e same, and Ausra, e sare o women cassed asunderweg exceeded a o men n a Member Saes, n mos cases, markedy so. Excepor e UK (8), were e reave number o bo women and men concerned was around

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Fig. 35 Distribution of young men aged 15-24 according to the body mass index, 2004

Source: Eurostat, Health Interview Surveys, 1996-2003LU: no data; UK: data refer to England;

(1) LT: no data; (2) LT, SK: no data

8 The hgh percentageo underweghtpersons n UK,compared to otherEU countres s partyexpaned by the useo a dferent dentono the categoryunderweght, sothat more personsare ncuded n thscategory.

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Fig. 34 Distribution of young women aged 15-24 according to the body mass index, 2004

Source: Eurostat, Health Interview Surveys, 1996-2003LU: no data; UK: data refer to England

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17 %, e counres n wc e number o young peope cassed as overweg was reavey

g (Germany, Ireand and, o a esser exen, Maa) ave comparavey ew cassed as un-derweg. In Bugara, France, Iay, Cyprus, Lava and Sovaka, e proporon cassiedas beng underweg was around 1819 %, and n Norway, amos 33 %.

For men, by conras, e proporon cassied as underweg was under 10 % n a coun-res excep France (12 %), Ausra (16 %) and e UK (17 %) n e EU, and n Swzerand(10 %) and, above a, Norway (27 %) ousde e EU.

Gven e number o young women and men wo are consdered eer over- or under-weg, more an a o e young women and men were cassied as beng o normaweg accordng o e body mass ndex. he proporons vared rom around 80 % or jusunder n Esona, Poand, Romana, Sovena and Sovaka a new Member Saes oony jus over a n e UK and Norway.

Causes o death

Many more young men than women de rom accdents

he muc ger rae o moray among young men an among young women s prma-ry a resu o many more men an women dyng rom accdens or non-ness reaedcauses. Bu s aso e case a men are more prone an women o conrac a aa nessor dsease.

In 2005, ereore, ree mes as many men n e EU aged 1519 ded rom accdens andoer exerna causes an women around 38 per 100 000 as opposed o jus under 12 per100 000 n e case o women. O ese, over a 21 n every 100 000 were e vcmso road and oer ranspor accdens. hs was aso rue o women, oug e igure wasmuc ower (jus beow seven n every 100 000 Fgure 36).

hese igures vary subsanay across e EU, bu n a counres, men were muc moreprone o aa accdens an women. For men n s age group, deas rom exerna causesranged rom 93 per 100 000 n Luana and 73 n Esona o 18 n e Neerands, wno oer counry, excep Bugara and Germany, and en ony margnay, avng a igure

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Other accidents

Transport accidentsCrude death rate per 100 000 inhabitants

Fig. 36 Crude death rates of young women and men aged 15-24, by cause, 2005

Women 15-19 Men 15-19 Women 20-24 Men 20-24

Source: Eurostat, Health statistics

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beow 30 per 100 000. For women, ey ranged rom 31 per 100 000 n Esona and 28 n

Luana igures wc were ger an or men n e Neerands o under 10 per100 000 n Greece, France and e Neerands.

More men than women aso de rom nesses and dseases

he dference beween men and women n e number o deas rom nesses and dseasess smaer bu e igure or men n er eens was s over 50 % ger an or women n2005. Deas among men aged 1519, rom ese causes ereore, averaged amos 14 per100 000 n e EU as opposed o jus under nne per 100 000 among women. Neopasms or umours were e mos common snge cause, accounng or 34 % o a deas romnesses and dseases o women and men n s age group, we dseases o e nervous andcrcuaory sysems accouned or a urer 30 % or so (Annex Tabe A.26).

Agan, deas rom ese causes vary markedy across counres, n s case beng parcu-ary g among bo women and men n Bugara and Romana. In a counres, owever,apar rom Bugara and Sweden were e igures were muc e same, deas among menrom nesses and dseases were sgnicany ger an among women.

Deaths o men rom externa causes ncrease as they get oder

A smar paern s evden or women and men aged 2024. Deas rom bo exernacauses and nesses and dseases among women n e EU were sgy ger an amonge younger age group n 2005 bu among men, ey were over 60 % ger. Some 65 menper 100 000 n e EU, ereore, ded rom exerna causes and around 20 per 100 000 romnesses and dseases, e irs igure over 4.5 mes ger an a or women and esecond 65 % ger.

Dferences beween men and women o a smar scae exs n mos Member Saes. In acounres, deas rom exerna causes among men were over 3.5 mes greaer an among

women and over sx mes greaer n Esona, Luana, Poand and Sovaka. In Esona andLuana, ey were over 150 per 100 000 , more an wce e EU average and around ivemes more an n e Neerands, wc agan ad e smaes number o deas romsuc causes among bo men and women (30 per 100 000 or men, jus over 10 or women).

A e same me, e number o men dyng rom nesses and dseases was over 40 % geran or women n a EU Member Saes apar rom Esona, Poruga and Sovaka, were was jus under 35 % ger, and Denmark and e Neerands, were e numbers wereamos e same. In Luana and Ausra, e number o men dyng rom ese causes, aaround 30 per 100 000 or more, was over wce e number o women. he dea rae amongmen n s age group rom nesses and dseases, owever, was even ger n Bugara andLava (3738 per 100 000).

As or e younger age group, e mos common cause o dea n s caegory were neo-pasms aong w dseases o e nervous and crcuaory sysems, wc ogeer accoun-

ed or 6769 % o deas among bo women and men n e EU as a woe and a smarproporon n mos counres.

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Smokng

More young men than young women n the EU smoke reguary

We smokng s on e decne n Europe, accordng o e 2004 round o ea ner-vew surveys ere are s arge numbers o young women and men wo smoke cgareesreguary (Fgure 37 and Annex Tabe A.27).

he numbers concerned vary markedy across e EU, oug ony n wo Member Saes Sweden and e UK as we as n Norway ousde e EU, were more young women anmen day smokers. In around a e counres, owever, more women an men n s agegroup smoked occasonay.

he reave number o smokers aso vares greay across counres. For women, e proporono day smokers ranged rom 3637 % n Ausra and e UK and 31 % n Span and Hungaryo under 15 % n Luana and Sovaka, 1011 % n Cyprus and Poruga and ony 9 % n Ro-

mana. By conras, e proporon o men aged 15 o 24 wo smoked day was over 23 % n acounres apar rom Sweden (ony jus over 10 %) and Romana (19 %), we was some 45 %or more n Esona, Hungary and Ausra and over 40 % n Germany and Lava.

Men are aso more key than women to smoke heavy

Among smokers, a comparavey sma proporon o young women and men smoked morean 20 cgarees a day n mos counres, oug agan men were more key an womeno do so. Indeed, e aer was e case n a counres apar rom Begum and Iceand. InCyprus, over 80 % o mae smokers ad a day consumpon s g and n Greece and eNeerands, over 70 %. On e oer and, e igure was ony jus over 11 % n e CzecRepubc and under 10 % n Bugara and Ausra as we as n Iceand.

Among women smokers, e proporon smokng over 20 cgarees a day was aso muc

arger an esewere n Cyprus, Greece and e Neerands, oug n e irs wo, swe beow e igure or men (18 percenage pons ower n Greece and 44 percenagepons ower n Cyprus). In e Neerands, some 83 % o women smokers consumed smany cgarees a day, more an e proporon o men. By conras, n Bugara, e CzecRepubc, Esona, Lava, Maa and Ausra, e igure was under 10 %.

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Fig. 37 Proportion of young women and men aged 15-24 who smoke, 2004

Left bar: women; right bar: men; Source: Eurostat, Health Interview Surveys, 1996-2003

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Use o cannabs

A arger number o young men than women have used cannabs

Young men are aso more key an young women o use oer drugs apar rom obac-co, accordng o surveys carred ou n scoos. Aoug ese surveys ony coeced daaon cannabs use, e indngs mg be ndcave o e use o more asonabe anddangerous drugs.

In 2003, e proporon o young men aged 15 and 16 wo ad used cannabs on more an40 occasons was arger an a o women n a EU Member Saes apar rom Ireand.hs proporon, owever, vared wdey across counres, rangng n e case o men rom1214 % n e Czec Repubc, France and e UK o ony 1 % n Greece, Cyprus, Fnandand Sweden and under 1 % n Romana. Among women, ranged rom 67 % n Ireand,e Czec Repubc and e UK, o under 1 % n e ree Bac Saes, Cyprus, Hungary,

Fnand, Sweden and Romana (Fgure 38 and Annex Tabe A.28).

How young women and men spend ther tme

Women and men spend ther tme n dferent ways

Inormaon coeced rom me use surveys (conduced by peope keepng a dary o owong ey spend on dferen acves durng a ypca day) ndcaes a ere are sgnicandferences n ow young women and men spend er me. In e 14 EU Member Saes orwc me use surveys were carred ou on a reasonaby comparabe bass a varous mesdurng e perod 1998 o 2004,

A Statistical Portrait of the Life of Women and Men 2007 and 2008

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Transcript of A Statistical Portrait of the Life of Women and Men 2007 and 2008