Sofie GogicLIS 550Winter 2012A SOCIAL HISTORY

OF DATA AGGREGATION

Ancient Greece, China, Rome, BabylonRome: military focus, counted males onlyBabylonia: agricultural focusUsed for land allocation, taxation If you weren’t counted as a slave, you were doing

pretty well.

ANCIENT CENSUSES

FIRST US CENSUS SCHEDULE - 1790

1790- first decennial US Census: Political representation

1902- US Census Bureau1954- Title 13, Section 9

US code against identification of an individual’s census data

Privacy Act of 1974- establishment of the Federal Privacy Board and “standards and management systems for handling information relating to individuals”

CENSUS HISTORY

WWII: CENSUS WARFARE

Vs. Japanese American Internment

The Holocaust

Title 13 of the United States Code, Section 9, part a:N e i t h e r t h e S e c re t a r y , n o r a n y o t h e r o ffi c e r o r e m p l o y e e o f t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f C o m m e rc e o r b u re a u o r a g e n c y t h e re o f , o r l o c a l g o v e rn m e n t c e n s u s l i a i s o n m a y , exce p t a s p ro v i d e d i n s e c t i o n 8 o r 16 o r ch a p t e r 10 o f t h i s t i t l e o r s e c t i o n 21 0 o f t h e D e p a r t m e n t s o f C o m m e rc e , J u s t i c e , a n d S t a t e , t h e J u d i c i a r y , a n d Re l a t e d A g e n c i e s A p p ro p r i a t i o n s Ac t , 1 998

Us e t h e i n f o rm a t i o n f u rn i s h e d u n d e r t h e p ro v i s i o n s o f t h i s t i t l e f o r a n y p u r p o s e o t h e r t h a n t h e s t a t i s t i c a l p u r p o s e s f o r w h i ch i t i s s u p p l i e d ; o r

Make any publication whereby the data furnished by any particular establishment or individual under this title can be identified ; o r

Pe rm i t a n yo n e o t h e r t h a n t h e s w o rn o ffi c e r s a n d e m p l o y e e s o f t h e D e p a r t m e n t o r b u re a u o r a g e n c y t h e re o f t o ex a m i n e t h e i n d i v i d u a l re p o r t s . N o d e p a r t m e n t , b u re a u , a g e n c y , o ffi c e r , o r em p l o y e e o f t h e G o v e rn m e n t , exc e p t t h e S ec re t a r y i n c a r r y i n g o u t t h e p u r p o s e s o f t h i s t i t l e , s h a l l re q u i re , f o r a n y re a s o n , c o p i e s o f c e n s u s re p o r t s w h i c h h a v e b ee n re t a i n e d b y a n y s u c h e s t a b l i s h m e n t o r i n d i v i d u a l . C o p i e s o f ce n s u s rep o r t s , w h i c h h a ve b e e n s o re t a i n e d , s h a l l b e i m m u n e f ro m l e g a l p ro c e s s , a n d s h a l l n o t , w i t h o u t t h e c o n s e n t o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l o r e s t a b l i s h m e n t c o n c e rn e d , b e a d m i t t e d a s e v i d e n c e o r u s e d f o r a n y p u r p o s e i n a n y a c t i o n , s u i t , o r o t h e r j u d i c i a l o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p ro c e e d i n g .

SO…CONFIDENTIALITY MAKES EVERYTHING OK?

CENSUS-BASED MARKET SEGMENTATION: PRIZM

Tracking: A small tracking “pixel” or javascript code embedded in the viewed page triggers the tracking server which collects and records attributes of the page, IP address, location of device, search query (if applicable), etc. User profiles are created from the aggregation of this data and reflect a high level of personal identification.

Targeting: Data aggregated through tracking can then be used to create individual user profiles as well as behavioral profiles for user sets in order to provide relevant advertising.

Behavioral Credit Scoring by banks that may give or deny credit/loans based on the correlation of customer’s online behavior vs tendencies of their related behavior profile.

DATA AGGREGATION 101

23 rd of February, 2012: Consumer Privacy Bill of Rights

Facebook made $3.2 billion from advertising in 2011 Google made $36.5 billion from advertising in 2011Facebook and Google have tracking terms in their TOSThese services are offered free of charge to users

because of the advertising revenue collected from them.

Data slaves?

DATA AGGREGATION TODAY

Andrews, Lor i . Facebook i s Us ing You . New York Times, 4 February 2012. h t tp: / /www.nyt imes.com/2012/02/05/op in ion /sunday/ facebook- is -us ing-you.html?pagewanted=al lBi lenko, M ikhae l , Mat thew Richardson, Jan ice Y. Tsa i . Targeted, Not Tracked: C l ient -S ide So lut ions For Pr ivacy Fr iend ly Behav iora l Advert is ing . Mic rosoft , 2011. h t tp: / /petsympos ium.org /2011/papers/hotpets11-fina l3Bi lenko.pdfHarper , J im. I t ’ s Modern Trade: Web Users Get as Much as They G ive . Wa l l S t reet Journa l , 6 August 2010. h t tp: / /on l ine.ws j .com/ar t ic le /SB10001424052748703748904575411530096840958.htmlMamo, Andrew. Data Aggregat ion , Cred i t Scor ing , and Pr ivacy . Harvard CRCL, 13 February 2012. h t tp: / /harvardcrc l .org /2012/02/13/data -aggregat ion-cred i t -scor ing-and-pr ivacy /Miss iakou l is , Spyros , Cecrops, K ing o f Athens: the F i rst Recorded Popu lat ion Census in H is to ry . In ternat iona l S ta t ist ica l Rev iew , Vo lume 78, I ssue 3 , pps 413–418, December 2010Rober tson, Michael . Pr ivacy Overreact ion Wi l l S low Progress . U -T San Diego , 13 November 2011. h t tp: / /www.utsand iego.com/news/2011/nov/13/pr ivacy-overreact ion-w i l l - s low-progress /Schwartz , Mat thew J . . Obama’s Consumer Pr ivacy B i l l o f R ights : 9 Facts . In fo rmat ionWeek,

23 February 2012. h t tp: / /www. in format ionweek.com/news/secur i ty /pr ivacy/232601343US Census Bureau, Leg is la t ion , 25 January 2012. http: / /www.census .gov /h is tory /www/re ference/ leg is la t ion/

PRINT SOURCES

Roman Census Frieze: Courtesy of Marie-Lan Nguyen, Wikimedia Commonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Altar_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_Louvre_n1.jpgCamp Harmony: Museum of History and Industry http://content.l ib.washington.edu/cdm-ayp/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/imlsmohai&CISOPTR=1425&CISOBOX=1&REC=131790 Census Schedule: US Census Bureau: http://www.census.gov/history/pdf/1790_Census_Act.pdfUS Census Tabulators: US Census Bureau: http://www.census.gov/history/www/sights_sounds/photos/Buchenwald: US Holocaust Memorial Museum http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/detail .aspx?id=1051021&search=prisoners&index=51American Dreams: http://www.claritas.com/MyBestSegments/Default. jsp?ID=0&SubID=&pageName=HomeGeo-Marketing: I4Innovations @ Blogger:http://i4innovations.blogspot.com/2011/11/location-location-location-geo.html

IMAGE SOURCES