A small find of silver bullion from Egypt / John H. Kroll

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CONTENTS

John

H.

Kroll. A small

find f

silverbullion

from

gypt

1

Elena Stolyarik.

Scythians

in

the West

Pontic area:

new

numismatic

vidence

21

Hélène

Guiraud

and James

H. Schwartz.

Engraved

gems

n

the collection fthe AmericanNumismatic

ociety

II : male

deities nd

heroes

35

Sebastian

Heath

and

David

Yoon.

A

sixth-century

remissis

from

salmodi

Gard,

France)

63

Michael

Fedorov.

New data

on

the

monetary

circulation

of

medieval

Uzgend:

coins

from he

Kashka-Terek

hillfort

81

Joel J. Orosz.

Joseph

J.

Mickley s

iary

for1852: an

annotated

transcription

89

Aleksandar

N.

Brzić.

Yugoslav

countermarks

on

Austro-

Hungariangold

coins

109

Warren

W. Esty

and David Spencer

Smith.

A die

study

of

some silver

oins

of

Sinkiang,

China

133

BOOK

REVIEW

Kenneth

Sheedy,

Robert

Carson,

and

Alan

Walmsley,

Pella in Jordan1979-1990: the oins. OliverD. Hoover 147

NEW

ACQUISITIONS

Ute

Wartenberg,

Peter

van

Alfen,

Elena

Stolyarik,

Sebastian

Heath,

Michael

Bates,

and Robert

W. Höge.

Acquisitions

or2000

and 2001

in the

American

Numismatic

Society

collection

151



4/25


5/25

AJN Second Series

13

(2001)

pp.

1-20

©

2002

TheAmerican

umismatic

ociety

A

SMALL

FIND

OF

SILVER

BULLION

FROM EGYPT

(Plate

1)

John

H.

Kroll*

There is no

way

of

knowing

when or

under what

circumstances

his

modestgroupofmiscellaneous ieces ofsilvercame intothe possession

of the

American

Numismatic

Society.

It

has

resided

in

the

Society's

Greek vault

for

probably

more

than a

half

century,

tored,

t

least

in

recent

decades,

in a

tray

with a few

other

minor hoards

or

parts

of

hoards.

The

pieces

had once

been

kept

together

n a

white

envelope

that was annotated

n

a

nondescript

and:

Hoard from

gypt.

. .19 .

There

are indeed

nineteen

pieces:

three

complete

round cake

ingots;

two

fifth-century

thenian

tetradrachms,

f which

one

had

been cut

down and

the other

had been

tested

with a small

gash;

one

flattened

coin-likedump; and thirteen rregularpieces of cut-silver f various

sizes.

Weights,

dimensions,

nd details

are

as follows:

*

Department

f

Classics,

niversity

f

Texas t

Austin,

ustin X

78712-1181,

USA

[email protected]).

1

I thank ebastian

eath nd Oliver

oover or

ringing

hefind o

my

tten-

tion,

nd Peter

an Alfen or

everal rucial

eferences.

his

paper

wes

much lso

to

Andrew eadows

f theBritish

useum

epartment

f Coins

nd

Medals

nd

Henry imof theAshmoleanuseum oinRoomfor iscussionndfacilitating

my

xaminationf

the

ngots

nd

cut-silver

n their ollections

n

the ummer

f

2000.

1



6/25

2 John H. Kroll

Round

cake

ngots

One

side flat and

smooth,

with two or more

rregular

xtrusions;

he

other

side

convex,

with

a

rough

surface

except

towards the center

where the

roughness

has

been abraded

through

wear).

A

nick

in

2,

flat

side,

along

the rim

at

3 o'clock

on Plate

1)

was

probably

cut to

expose

the metal beneath the surface.

Apart

from heir imilar

weights

2 and 3 are related

by

their

perpendicular

ollar-like

dge.

1. 92.96

g,

44 X 11 mm

th.).

2. 68.27

g,

38 X 11 mm.

3.

64.30

g,

33

X 13

mm.

Athenian etradrachms

Obverse:

head of Athena

r.,

with frontal

ye

and three

upright

live

leaves on

the

brow of her helmet. Reverse:

owl

standing

r. with

olive

spray

and AGE.

4Ě

16.99

g,

24

mm,

die axis 5 o'clock. Small test-cutbeneath the

tail of the owl on the reverse.

5. 11.62

g,

24 mm.

Segment

ut

away.

The reverse

ype

s

entirely

obliterated.

Flattened

ump

The disk does not

appear

to be a hammered

oin;

the

suggestion

f a

possibly

obliterated

design

on the middle

of one side is

more

likely

random urfaceunevenness han traces of an almostcompletely ffaced

coin

type.

6. 4.29

g,

11

mm.

Pieces

of

cut-silver

None

appear

to have been

chopped

from oins.

7.

12.02

g. Roughly square

with

a

deep

test

gash

in middle. 22

x

20

X 7 mm.

8. 10.70 g. Triangular, ut on all three ides. 25 x 20 x 7 mm.

9. 10.73

g. Edge fragment

f

cake

ingot;

cut on

two sides. 18

x

20

x 10 mm.



7/25

A Small Find of Silver Bullion from Egypt 3

10. 12.89

g. Amorphous ump composed

of six or more small

pieces

fused

together y

heat.

11. 6.43

g.

Amorphous ump composed

of several small

pieces

fused

together

y

heat.

12-19.

Irregular

ut chunks:8.56

g,

5.52

g,

5.97

g,

3.48

g,

2.86

g,

2.27

g,

2.24

g,

1.11

g.

Despite

the

poor preservation

f the Athenian

tetradrachms,

he

visible details indicate that both coins date

roughly

to the third

quarter

of

the fifth

entury.2

ince

the coins are

damaged,

we should

probably

date the find o the later fifth r the earlierfourth

entury.

COMPARABLE HOARDS FROM

EGYPT

There

can

be no doubt that the find comes from

Egypt,

as

it

repli-

cates the contents f a numberof fifth- nd fourth-enturyEgyptian

hoards,

which

typically

nclude cake

ingots

and

chopped

ingot frag-

ments

along

with Greek

coins,

both whole

(though frequently

ashed)

and in

chopped pieces.

For

purpose

of

comparison,

here ist ten such

hoards which were recorded with some attention to their

uncoined

silver,

along

with

three silver hoards

(cited

and reviewed

by

Dressel

and

Regling

1927:

6)

in

which there

were no

coins.

The three hoards

without coins were most

likely

secreted before Greek coins

began

to

flood nto

Egypt

in

the last

quarter

of the sixth

century.

2

Stylistically

oth

ieces elong

fter

tarr

1970)

Group

.A butbeforehe

full-

blownmechanical

tandardization

f the

ater

ifth-century

wls.

No.

4,

with ts

tidy, nevenly-sized

etters

small micron)

ndowl

with

two-part

ing

rticulated

in

high

elief,

as

parallels

n

Starr

1970:

ls.

XX. 95

Group .B]

and XXII.

' 3'

[early

post-449 ]).

o

judge

from hehelmet

almette,

is

later,

efinitely

fter

Group

.

Nowthat

tarr's

erminus

f

449

has been

djusted pwards

o c.

454

(Kroll

993:

),

4 should

elong

round

hemiddle f hefifth

entury,

somewhere

in

or oon

fterhe hird

uarter

unless

t s

actually

neof he

many

mitations

f

later

ifth-century

wlsmanufacturedn

Egypt

n thefourth

entury

nd

perhaps

n

the atefifthseebelow); iventspoor reservationt s mpossibleo tell.No.4,on

the ther

and,

s almost

ertainly

thenianince

gyptian

mitationsidnot

opy

owls

f

pre-standardized

ype

with

ayered ings

nd mallishmicrons.



8/25

4 John H. Kroll

No Coins

a. Samanoud

(ancient

Sebennytos,

n the

Delta),

1890s

(Dutilh

1899:

287-88;

Dressel

and

Regling

1927: 6 no.

1),

gift

to the

Greco-Roman

Museum,

Alexandria: 470

pieces

of

chopped

silver,

including ieces

of

ewelry.

b.

Mit

Rahineh

(ancient

Memphis),February

1906,

from

xcava-

tions at Kom el-Qala (Brugsch 1906: 163; Dressel and Regling

1927: 6 no.

2):

4

whole cake

ingots

92

g,

142

g,

147

g,

149

g),

of

which two had been

gashed

across

with a

chisel,

nd

the

half of a

fifth

ake

ingot 107 g).

The silvertested at

95%

fine.

c. Tel

el-Athrib,

ear Benha

(Delta),

excavated

on

September

7,

1924

(Engelbach

1924;

Dressel and

Regling

1927: 6 no.

3):

50

kg

of silver in the formof

lumps, ingots,

amulets,

rings

and other

small,

mostly

fragmentary bjects

in two

broken

pottery ars.

Engelbach

lists and

illustrates

many

of the

inscribed nd

figured

objects, and states that [t]hey all seem to date between the

XXVIth

dynasty c.

672-525

BC]

and Ptolemaic

times,

but

none

of them

permit

us to

date them more

precisely.

Cairo Museum

inv. no. 48859.4

With

coins

d. Mit Rahineh

(ancient

Memphis)

1869

(

GCH

1636;

c. 500 BC

[Jenkins]):23+ coins; 73 kilogramsof ingotsand cut-silver. ee

note 3 above.

3

Brugsch

ists secondotofcake

ngots

rom

it

Rahinehhat ame romn

earlier ind nd had been

deposited

n the CairoMuseum. hese

ngots,

owever,

may

have

been

art

fhoard d

below,

MitRahineh 860.

Weights

re

80

g,

98

g,

133

g,

158

g,

and257

g;

the hird

ngot

astest-cut ith chisel.

Regling

mentionshat heBerlin abinet

cquired

lot of 233

g

of small

o

minuscule

ieces

f silver

umps,

ire, heet,

nd foil hatwere

lleged

o

be

part

of he ame ind. e was urelyightorejects moderndditionshreeoins rom

northernreece

fourth

nd

second

enturies

C),

whichwere ncluded

ith he

silver.



9/25


e. Demanhur

(Delta)

1900-01

(

GCH

1637;

c.

500 BC

[Kraay]):

164

coins;

2

cake

ingots

( Silberkuchen

Dressel

and

Regling

1927:

9]).

f. Sakha

(Delta)

1897,

(

GCH

1639;

early

fifth

.

BC

[Jenkins]):

72+

coins;

3

pieces

of silver

ingots

and

an uncertain

number

of

coin

fragments,

ll

of which were melted

down as

worthless

(Dressel

1900:

250).5

g.

Benha el-Asl

Delta)

1929

(

GCH

1640;

c. 485 BC

[Robinson]):

77+

coins,

most

gashed

or

fragments;

13 small cake

ingots

(weighing

rom 8

g [diam.

35

mm]

down

to 9

g [diam.

20

mm]);

2 cut-silver

ragments.

he British

Museum

acquired

all

of the

unminted silver.

Robinson

(1930,

1931)

gives

the

weight

and

dimensionof each

piece

and illustrates

one of the

larger

ingots

(1930:

pl.

IX,

no.

33).

Some

of the

smaller

ngots

may

be fused

or

partially

melted coins.

h. Asyut (Middle Egypt) 1968 or 1969 ( GCH 1644; c. 475 BC

[Price]):

631+

coins,

many gashed

or

fragments;

fragments

f

cake

ingots,

and

one

roughly hemispherical

dump

(Price

and

Waggoner

1975:

115,

with

photos

of two of these

pieces,

pl.

xxxi).

i. Naucratis

(Delta)

1885

( silversmith's

hoard ) (

GCH

1647;

450-425 BC

[Barron]):

15 coins

(of

which

6 are Athens

of mid to

late

fifth-centurytyle),

with 42

oz of

roughly

cast and

cut-up

lumps

of silver.

j. Zagazig (Delta) 1901 ( GCH 1645; c. 470 [Barron],but a much

later

date,

probably

n the fourth

entury

BC,

is called

for):

84

coins,

of

which the latest are

5 Athenian

tetradrachms,

4

5

In

thehoard

ublication,

ressel

1900:

50)

writes

n

addition

hat bout

orty

squarish,tamped

ead

pieces

were ssociated

ith hehoard. e illustrates

wo,

ne

with he

obverse,

heotherwith reverse

tamp

f a

post-480

thenian

rachm,

both

pparently

rial

pieces

or he

production

f mitation thenian

rachms

n

Egypt.

f

these emnantsromn

Egyptian

intwere

ruly

ound

ith he ilver

(one

an

only ay

hat

t s

at least

not

beyond

herealm f

possibility

nd

s remi-

niscentf hebronze everseie thatwasallegedlyound ith he oins f heTel

el-Athriboard

see

note

4

below]),

heburial ateofthe

ssemblage

ould ave

to be owered

onsiderably.



10/25

6 John H. Kroll

of the second half of the fifth

entury

nd

one

apparently

f the

fourth6;

6 cake

ingots,

nd

two

cut halves of

ingots,

ll of which

are

preserved

n Berlin.

Six

of

the

ingots,

of

which one has the

fourth-century-looking

thenian

tetradrachm

corroded onto

it,

are illustrated n Dressel and

Regling

1927:

pl.

IV).

k. Delta 1940

(

GCH

1650;

375-350 BC

[Robinson]):

9

coins,

includingSidon, some gashed; 2 coins (?) withfused,obliterated

types;

1 small cast disk

ingot

Robinson

1960:

pl.

11.12),

now in

the AshmoleanMuseum

8.33

g,

diam. 27

mm,

th. 5

mm

even.

1. Beni Hasan

(Middle

Egypt)

1903

(

GCH

1651;

c. 360 BC

[Jenkins]):

7 coins

(of

which 55 are

Athens,

fifth-centuryype;

with

Sidon,

Tyre,

Gaza);

1

small cake

ingot

22

g;

diam. 28

mm)

and 6

irregularly

ut

ingot fragments.

Robinson

(1937) gives

weights

and dimensions f the uncoined silver

pieces,

which are

in the BritishMuseum.

m.

Naucratis

Delta)

1905

(

GCH

1652;

c. 360 BC

[Jenkins]):

3

coins

(of

which 70 are Athens: 68 of

fifth-centuryype,

2 of

6

Three f thefive aterAthenianetradrachms

Dressel

nd

Regling

927:

nos.

219-221)

were

llustratedor

hefirstime n

Kraay

1975:

plate,

os.

1-3).

They,

together

ith he ourth

no.222)

hat

Kraay

idnot

llustrate,

reof he tandard-

ized

type

f the second alf r last third f the fifth

entury

nd led

Kraay

o

suggest closing

ateof c. 440 BC for hehoard. ut at least neofthese etra-

drachms,hewide-flano.220 Kraay 975:no.3) is surelynEgyptianmitation

ofthefourth

entury,

nd none ftheothersre above

uspicion

f

being

ourth-

centurygyptian

mitationss well

see below).

In

order

o

check

he

ccuracy

fthe

published

rawing

fthe etradrachm

no.

223)

corrodednto

ngot

(Dressel

nd

Regling

927:

l.

V),

Dr. B. Weisserf he

Berlin

abinet

indly

entme a cast nd

photograph,

hich end o confirmhat

the

Athena

f this etradrachmoes ndeed

ppear

o

have

a

profileye,fully

opened

t

the

front,

n

keeping

ith tandard thenian

wl silver f the fourth

century.

ut since here re some

articles

f

redeposited

ilver ver heoutline

f

the

eye,

one cannot

e

sure,

nd

it

may

be that he front f

the

eye

was

only

partiallypen,

s on Athens'

ilver-plated

nd

gold oinages

f the astdecade f

thefifthentury.nfortunately,hetetradrachm'severse,hich therwiseight

decide he

matter,

s

affixed

o the

ngot

nd cannot

e

inspected.

or all onecan

tell,

his oin oo

may

e

Egyptian

n

origin.



11/25


fourth-centuryype);

a few silver

ngots

and

probably

also

coin

fragments Dressel

and

Regling

1927:

4).

Could the ANS

assemblage

be

a

small

parcel

from ne of

these later

hoards?

It is

not

impossible,

but differences

n

the character

of the

unminted ilver make it

unlikely.

For instance the

very

small bits of

cut-silver,

ike our

15-19,

have not been

reported

from

ny

of these

later

finds;

nor are

any

of the better

preserved

hoards known

to

have

produced lumps of silver, ike our 10 and 11, composed of smaller

pieces

that had been

partially

melted

together, lthough

Robinson

(1960: 35)

notes that

[h]alf

melted coins and

lumps

of fused metal

are

regularly

ound n hoards

from

he

Persian

empire

and

especially

Egypt.

Probably

the most

intriguing

iece

in

the ANS

material s

the

flat-

tened

dump

(6)

that has the exact

weight

of an Attic drachm

and a

nearly

exact

counterpart

n

the

great early fifth-century

ixed hoard

of

bullion nd archaic coins from

aranto,

taly

(

GCH

1874).

The

disk

fromTaranto, slightly void and flatter,weighs4.31 g.7 A thirdbut

lighter

lattened ilver

dump (test-cut

with a

chisel)

showed

up

in the

late

sixth-century

ixed

coin/bullion

oard from

elinus,

Sicily

n

1985

(Arnold-Biucchi,

eer-Tobey,Waggoner

1988:

26,

pl.

12

A);

at 2.45

g,

affiliation,

f

any,

with a

standard

weight system

is not obvious.

Together,

hese

flans form class of

anonymous, ypeless,

but still

coin-like

pieces, produced

n some

cases

as

standard-weight

rachms,

that circulated

n

areas where

silver

was transacted

by weight.

There

are no sure

ndications

hat

any

of these flattened isks had

once been

a struck oin.

Any

distinctiveness f the ANS

Egyptian

find s thus to be found

n

its

smaller

pieces.

The two Athenian

tetradrachms,

n the other

hand,

are

entirely ypical

of

Egyptian

silver

assemblages

of the fifth

entury

and most of the

fourth,

s are the three

ngots

of bun or cake

type.

Other kinds of ancient silver

ngots

are known fromfinds outside

of

Egypt

like the

rectangular

lab or brick

ngots

recovered

n Western

7

There s a

photograph

ith

ome f thecut-silverrom heTaranto oard

n

Price

1980:

ig. 0).



12/25

8 John H. Kroll

Greek contexts8

r

the flat

pancake

ingots

that came

to

light

n

the

Antilebanon

1981 hoard

(Hurter

and

Paszthory

1984:

121,

pls.

16-17

nos.

b-i)9

but in

Egypt

the

round,

plano-convex

cake

type

of

ingot

recurs

without

xception

and is the

prevalent

ngot type

in

contempo-

rary

mixed

hoards

from he Levant as

well.10

Such

ingots

owe their

hield-like

hape

to

having

been cast in

open,

saucer-like

rucibles.One

face

(the upper,

open

side at time of

casting)

is regularlyflat and smooth; the other side, shaped by the concave

mould,

s convex

and

normally

has

a

rough,pitted

surface

caused

by

the

gritty

exture of

the mould

(which

was

probably

made of coarse

ceramic).

Often

protruding

rom

he

smooth,

upper

surface re

one or

more

rregular

nobs or extrusions

f

silverformed

y

solidification f

highly

viscous

bubbles

of metal when

highly

purified

molten

silver

cools.

In

a

discussion

of these

extrusions,

C.

Conophagos

(1980:

329-30)

states that

they

form

only

on silver

with a

purity

of

98.5%

or

higher

nd

therefore erved as

a

guarantee

of an

ingot's

fineness.

In shape and size, the ANS specimens are fairly typical, and

compare closely

to the

ingots

fromthe

Zagazig

hoard

illustrated

by

Dressel

and

Regling

1927: pl.

VI).

The

largest

of the

Zagazig speci-

mens is

considerablybigger

than

any

of

the

ANS

ingots,

weighing

156

g

and

having

a diameter

of

57

mm;

the

smallest,

with a 22-mm

diameter

nd

weighing

mere

15.5

g,

is

very

much

smaller.

n some

Egyptian

hoards,

ike

Benha el-Asl

and the

Delta

hoards,

nearly

ll of

the round

ngots

are

small,

not much

or not

any larger

than

a Greek

8 Seethe nd f n brickngotromheTaranto oard icturednBabelon1912:

335)

nd

the

omplete

rick

ngot

725g)

with n nscribed

edication

o

Zeus,

rom

Sicily,

n the

British useum

Hirschfeld

893-1916:

o. 423

=

IG

XIV no.

597).

Lead

sotopie

nalysis

f he

piece

f flat lab

ngot

n the

elinus

oard

Arnold-

Biucchi

t al.

1988,

ngot

B)

has

provisionally

dentified

ts silver s

probably

coming

rom

pain

Beer-Tobey

t al.

1998)

r ran

Stos-Gale

001:

6-67).

t and

theother elinus

ngots,

ow n a

private

ollection,

ave

been n

deposit

t

the

Ashmolean

useum.

Most

f hese

ngots

renow

n theBritish

useum

inv.

988-4-12-1

o

6).

10

See,

for

xample,

hefine

pecimens,

ll

with

xtrusions,

n theRas Shamra

1936hoard GCH

1478;

chaeffer

939:

85-86,

ig.

1).

Theearliest

nown

ngots

of ilvern cakeformrethe hreenscribedithhename f heNeo-Hittiteing

Barrakkab,

33-732

C,

from hoard

now

ee

Gitin nd Golani

001:

38)

exca-

vated t

Zinjirli

n western

yria.



13/25

A Small Find of Silver Bullion fromEgypt 9

silver

tetradrachm;

uch smaller

ngots

tend to be

disk-like,

with rela-

tively

even

thicknesses,

ut since

they

were cast in round moulds with

one side

rough

nd the

other ide smooth

and

may

sometimeshave an

silver

extrusion

on

their flat

side),

it seems reasonable to

associate

them with

the

normally argerplano-convex ngots.

Some cake

ingots

were

very arge

indeed,

although

the evidence for

them comes from outside of

Egypt.

At

420.8

g,

the

complete

cake

ingot (diam. 80 mm) fromthe Selinus hoard (Arnold-Biucchi, eer-

Tobey, Waggoner,

1988:

26,

pl.

12,

ingot E)

weighs very

close

to a

Attic/Aeginetan

mina

(433

g);

and the

very

thick,

cut

quarter

of

another

ake

ingot

n the same hoard

ingot

D,

597.4

g)

comes from n

ingot

that

must

have

originallyweighed

n the

neighborhood

f 2400

g.

The

140-plus

cakes

( phthoides

of

unminted silver stored in the

Parthenon on the

Athenian

Acropolis

in

344/3

BC and

listed

in

an

Athenian

reasury nscription

f that

year

were much

larger

till,

each

weighing

2 minas

5196

g)

or

one-fifthf a talent.11

Apart fromdocumenting he great size of these Athenian ingots,

their temization n

the

inscription

ervesto remindus

that the conven-

tional modern

erm,

ake

or bun

ingot,

mirrors

ood

ancient

practice,12

11

See IG

II2. 443 ines

12-88;

ext nd translationn

Harris

1995:

123-27),

where

as

in

LSJ)

the word

hthois

s

misleadingly

ranslated

bar nstead f

ingot .

he

ngots

ere torednd nventoriedn

groups

f

five,.e.,

by

talents.t

is

interesting

hat

very

ew f

these akes

weighed

n

exact1200

drachms,

ost

being

drachmr more ff

ne

way

or the

other,

n a

deviationromdeal

weight

that s

reminiscentfGreek oins. heheaviestf he

ngots eighed

208

rachms,

the ightest184.12

In

an

inscribedccount

f

ate

fifth-century

thens

IG

I3.376 ines

7, 105,

111,

1170),

he

sameword or ake

phthois)

s used for

maller

ngots

f

gold,

which

ollectivelyeighed

00

drachms,

rom

kaptesyle

n

coastal hrace.

Since

unit

fthe

Spartans' rimitive

ron

urrency

as known

s a

pelanor,

r

sacrificial

ake,

t

would eem

hat

his

partan

money

as

effectively

money

f

iron

ake

ngots.

lutarch

Moralia 26D)

writeshat

pelanor

eighed

mina;

nd

as iron s about

0%

lessdense han

ilver,

Spartan

ron

elanor

ould avebeen

somewhat

arger

han he elinus

ngot

,

i.e.,

bout

arge

nough

o

entirely

ill he

hand.Bronze

was another

etal hatwas

commonly

raded

n

cake or bunform.

Cake

ngots

f bronze

o

back o the econd

millennium;

or

ibliography

nd an

informativeiscussionf he 4 bronze ake ngotsecoveredromheLate Bronze

Age

hipwreck

ff he

W coast f

Turkey

n

the ate

1950s,

ee

Bass

1967: 8-81).

A

very arge

isk

ngot

f bronze

so

Boardman 985:

no.

158)

s

depicted

n the



14/25

10 John H. Kroll

and also how

inaccurate

it

is

to

refer o the cake

ingot

as a

Syro-

Egyptian

type

(cf.

Price

and

Waggoner

1975:

115),

despite

its

common

appearance

in

Egyptian

and Levantine hoard contexts.Lead

isotopie analyses

of

the cake

ingot

and

ingot quarter

from he

Selinus

hoard have in

fact revealed that the silver

of both

came

from

Aegean

sources;

in

the case of the

complete

Selinus

ingot

(E),

the silver is

almost

certainly

from Laurion

(Beer-Tobey,

Gale, Kim,

Stos-Gale

1998; Stos-Gale 2001: 66). It is to be hoped that in time the ANS

and other

ingots

can be likewise sourced

by identifying

heir lead

isotope fingerprints .

eanwhile,

he most

suggestive

vidence

forthe

origin

of most

ingots

in

Egyptian

(and

Levantine)

bullion

hoards is

provided by

the

Greek coins that were

found with

them;

for

f

most

of the coined silver n

Egypt

came as

it

did

from

he

mining

districts

of the northern nd central

Aegean

basin,

these should also be

the

sources that

in

the sixth and

fifth

enturies

were

supplying

most of

the unminted ilverto

Egypt

as well.

It is generallyrecognizedthat authorities n Egypt began to mint

and make

payments

in silver

coin

in the

first half of the fourth

century,

n

large

part

(scholars

have

assumed)

for

compensating

he

foreign

mercenaries

who

were recruited

or

Egypt's struggles

or nde-

pendence

from Persia.

The silver

coinage

of choice

was the

fifth-

century

Athenian

tetradrachm,

he

supply

of

which,

once

Athens

ceased

minting

ilver near the end

of the

Peloponnesian

War,

was

hugely augmented by Egyptian

imitations,

some

occasionally

with

Aramaic

or demotic

nscriptions

Kraay

1976:

294-295;

Lipiński

1982;

Buttrey 1982, 1984; Jones and Jones 1988: 107-110; Price 1993;

further

bibliography

n

Stroud

1974:

169-71 and

Figueira

1998:

530-534).

13

The

great Egyptian

hoards

of such Athenian and

pseudo-

fourth-centuryrave

tele f

the bronze-smelterosinos

n the

Louvre

Clairmont

1970:no.

10);

the till

arger,

moothound

bject

ehind

t s

probably

he

mould

in whicht was cast.

13

To the various

ypes

f

Egyptian

mitationshathave

been dentified

nd

discussedver

ime,

t

has been

ecently

roposed

Nicolet-Pierre

000b)

o add a

well-defined

roup

fAthenianetradrachms

f

hefirst

hird f hefourth

entury;

these etradrachmsere he irstodepicthehead fAthena ith profileye nd

the

firsto

display newly roportioned

wlwith n

enlarged

nd

heavily-fringed

head.

According

o

Nicolet-Pierre,

hese

oins re

o be

recognized

s free nd

highly



15/25


Athenian etradrachms ate

to the fourth

entury.14

s we have

seen,

however,

n the fifth

entury

nd also for much

of

the

fourth,

ilver

was hoarded

n

Egypt

in the form f

bullion,

nd to this

day

scholars

are

not

entirely

n

agreement

s to the

significance

f these earlier

hoards: whether the bullion

in them

was assembled

for

monetary

purposes

r

merely

s a

commodity,

aluable

primarily

s raw material

for

the

manufacture f

ewelry

and

fine metal vessels.

Early

commen-

tators

regularly

dubbed the hoards silversmiths'hoards

(cf.

the

Naucratishoard, g above; Engelbach 1924) or interpretedhemas

remains of a

jewelers workshop

Brugsch 1906)

or of a mint

Dutilh

1899).

But

early

n the last

century

Dressel

1900: 257-58)

and Dressel

and

Regling

(1927: 12)

insisted on the

currency interpretation,

explaining

hat the

frequency

nd characterof such

finds,

which

regu-

larly

included coins

and

ingots

that had been

chopped

into

smaller

pieces, point

to a

monetary

convention,

well

known,

for

example,

frommedieval northern nd eastern

Europe

(cf.

Williams 1997: frontis-

piece [silver

bullion hoard

from

VikingEngland, eighth

.

AD]

and

fig.

117 [Russian cut-silverngotof the twelfth r thirteenth . AD]),15 in

creative

gyptian

mitations

f

fifth-century

wls.

But the

profile

ye

and the

stubby,haggy-headed

wl

happen

lsoto be

characteristic

f he

voluminous

the-

nian

i-style

ilver f he econd alf f hefourth

entury;

nd

since

t s unthink-

able hat heAtheniansould avemodeledhe atter

oinage

n

foreign

mitations,

the etradrachmsn

question ay

e

safely

emovedrom

uspicion

s

pseudo-Athe-

nian.

Although

he

only

uch tetradrachms

ith

recorded

indspots

omefrom

hoards

n

Sicily

ndonehoardn

Egypt

Tel

el-Athrib,

ee note

4),

heir nmistak-

able

style

s to be seen

very learly

n the tribols

nd diobols

n

the

mall

amp

hoard rom g. oannis entisnAttica GCH89;Kroll 993: n.25).

Tel el-Athrib

905

GCH

1663):

00

tetradrachms

together,ccording

o

the

vendor,

ith he

bronze

everse

ie

for

fifth-century

thenianwl

tetradrachm).

Tell

l-Maskhouta

Delta)

1947-48

GCH

1649):

000+ etradrachms.

eports

f he

latter ind

nd theAramaic

nscriptions

n the

relatively

ntact ilver owls ound

with

he coins

learly

ndicate hat

he

find

which

lso included

old-setgate

inlays)

asa treasure

f

temple

edicatedo the

foreignoddess

lat,

nd not

currency

oard. he nscribedowls

ad been

dedicated

round 10

BC

by

chief-

tains f some

Qedarite

rabs,

notherlien

group

ettled

n

Egypt

nder ersian

auspices

Rabinowitz

956,

959;

Brooklyn

useum956:

3-44).

t

is worth

oting

that he

Athenianoins n

these nd other

ourth-century

oards,

ikehoards and

mabove, rerarely ashedndwerepparentlyeverhoppednto ieces.15

The word uble

omes romheRussian erb to

cut

off) .

or an

important

survey

f uch

historical

omparanda,

ee

Regling1926:225-236).



16/25

12 John H. Kroll

which

exchange

was transacted

through

he

cutting

nd

weighing

ut

of silverbullion on the scale. E.S.G.

Robinson

1930:

94)

accepted

this

interpretation

s conclusive. Yet

in

the

new

OxfordEncyclopedia

of

Ancient

gypt

P.

F

O'Rourke

(2001: 288)

comes

dangerously

lose to

reviving

he

old

silversmith

nterpretation y

writing,

with reference o

the

coins

in

the bullion

hoards,

that

[i]t

is

highly

doubtful,however,

that these coins were considered

f

any

intrinsic alue

by

native

Egyp-

tians, other than the artisans who worked n gold and silver. To the

metalworkers,

uch coins were desirable as

a source

of bullion... and

that

beyond

their value as

metal,

coins

appear

to have

played

next

to

no role

in

the

Egyptian

economy

of the

sixth and

fifth

enturies

BCE. 16

However true this last statement

may

be,

O'Rourke's

atten-

tion to metalworkers hows that

he was unaware

that silver bullion

played

a

very significant

ole in the

Egyptian

economy during

those

centuries.

That

it did

has

been understood

for some time from the

great

papyrus rchive of the Jewishmilitary ettlement t Elephantinenear

Aswan

in

upper Egypt.

The

records,

written n

Aramaic,

began

around

500,

after the Persian

king

established

the

military

colony,

and

continued

to the

beginning

f

the fourth

entury.

n the

many

docu-

ments that deal

with

economic

matters

marriage

contracts,

bills of

sale,

loan

agreements,

eceipts

of

payment,

deeds

of

ownership,

nd

the

like

prices

and means of transaction

re

expressed

n

weights

of

silver.17

here

being

no state silver

coinage

at

this

time,

t is clear

that

the

community mployed

currency

f silverthat was

weighed

out

on

16

Möller

2000: 209)

suggests

n alternative

on-currency

se,

declaring

hat

[sļilver

as

a

prestige

bject

n

Egypt,

irculating

nly mong

he

elite,

who

utilized

t

either

or

gift

xchange

r

to demonstrate

heirwealth .

or

explicit

mention

ftheuse of balance n the

payment

f

this

ilver,

ee

the

Elephantine

marriage

ontract

Kraeling

953:

Papyrus

),

c. 420

BC:

If

Yehoyishma

ivorces

herhusband.

.she hall ecome

iable or ivorce

money.

he

shall

it

by

the cales

and

shall

give

o her

husband silver

hekelsnd 2

quarters

lines

4-26).

The

harbor

axes

n silver nd

gold

isted n an

Egyptian

ustoms

ecord

f the

first

half f the

fifth

entury

ust

imilarly

ave

been

weighed

ut

Yardeni

994;

Briant ndDescat 998).17

The

weights,

ost

ommonly

he hekel

nd

thePersian

arsh,

re

non-Egyp-

tian.



17/25


the

balance,

similar to that

which was

employed

throughout

the

Persian

empire

at the time

(Porten

1968:

62-72;

Naster

1970),

and

which

of course had

been

independentlymplied by

the

contemporary

Egyptian

hoards

of

silver

bullion,

s Dressel and

Regling

had deduced.

Thus,

just

as in

Mesopotamia

and the

Levant,

where over two dozen

hoards of silver

bullion,

ome

as

early

as

the

second

millennium,

ave

come

to

light,

nd where the textual evidence

for the use of silver as

an importantmonetarynstruments older and much moreabundant

than in

Egypt,

texts and hoards

readily supplement

each other and

allow us to

identify

uch hoards

confidently

s

monetary

n nature.18

Marriage

contracts on

papyri

from the Persian era attest further

o

the

widespread monetary

use

of

silver

in

Egypt

at this

time;

the

formulaic contracts are written

in

demotic and record

penalty

payments

n

weights

of

silver,

he

weightsbeing

the traditional

Egyp-

tian deben

nd kite.

Porten

1968:

68;

Chauveau 1998:

140-141).

In

Egypt

the

exchange

use of silver can be traced back to the New

Kingdom, when prices were notationally expressed in weight-units

(i

ebens of

copper

unlike

silver,

a metal native to

Egypt

and

payments

ould

be

made in

any

goods,

including

ivestock,

n a fixed-

value

type

of

barter-exchange rrangement

Kemp

1989:

248-250).

Hence silverand

gold might

both be

used,

and

it

is worth

noting

hat

the

great

fourteenth-century

oard fromAmarna

Kemp

1989:

244-45,

fig.

82;

Williams 1997:

fig.

11)

consisted

of

bullion

in

both metals.19

Yet

even within his

context

of

heterogeneous xchange,

written ocu-

ments from

the craftsmen's

illage

of Deir

el-Medina near Thebes

reveal that by the twelfthcenturythe word for silver (hedj) had

acquired

a

broader,

colloquial meaning

as a kind of

generic

term for

money (Janssen

1975:

9;

Kemp

1989:

248-250;

Williams

1997:

20-21).

If

this marks an

early stage

in

the

recognition

of

silver as the

preferred

metal in

economic

exchange, by

the Persian

period

silver

18

On NearEastern

exts,

ee the

overviewn Williams

1997:16-19).

On

Near

Eastern

oards

and

texts),

ee most

ecently

e

Rider

2001: 1-17),

Gitin nd

Golani2001),ndStern2001).

19

As did

he arliernd

arger

od Treasuref

he wentieth

entury

C

Bisson

de a

Roque

1950).



18/25

14 John H. Kroll

had

become

monetarily

o dominant that

copper

was no

longer

used

notationally,

fines

and

payments

were

expressed

in terms of and

routinely

ransacted

n

silver,

and the

hoarding

of silver

bullion,

as

finds

ndicate,

had became

commonplace. Clearly, by

the sixth

and

fifth

enturies,

ilver was far more abundant in

Egypt

than

earlier,

the

result,

one

assumes,

of

large-scale mportation

f the metal from

the

Aegean,

at

first

robablythrough

evantine middlemen nd

then,

after he establishment f Naucratis as a Greekemporiumn the later

seventh

century,

from trade

directly

with Greek

suppliers.

In

the

second half

of the seventh

century

lso,

Egypt

began

to receive an

unprecedented

nflux

of

foreigners

romthe

Aegean

and the

Levant,

who came as merchants

nd

mercenary

oldiers and establishedtheir

own,

separate

ethnic communities

Ray

2001:

11.269-271).

Since

most

of

them,

ike the Jewish oldiers

garrisoned

t

Elephantine,

ame

from

regions

where

weighed

silver bullion had

long

served as

currency,

he

presence

nd

special

economic

mportance

f these communities ould

onlyhave intensified hewide-spread se of thispractice n Egypt.

A

major

modification

within his

currency merged

over the course

of the

fifth

entury

s

Egyptians

came

increasingly

o

prefer

ilver

n

the form of the Athenian tetradrachm.

Fifth-century

oards reveal

that after

c. 480 the Athenian tetradrachmwas

virtually

the

only

specie

of

Greek

coinage

that continued o enter

Egypt20

nd,

as

noted

above,

the demand

for hese

coins

eventually

became

so

heavy

that the

Egyptians

resorted to

mintinggreat quantities

of them

themselves.

Apparently,

n

certain

transactional circumstances

payment

in

any

other kind of silver was no longer acceptable. The earliest written

evidence

specifying ayment

n this

coinage (or

in

its unit of

weight)

dates from he last decade

of the

fifth

entury

nd the first ecade of

the fourth.

n the Aramaic dossierfrom

Elephantine,

documents

f the

years

408,

401, 400,

and

399

specify ayments

f

a stater r a stater

20

The

heavy

nd exclusive

mportation

ftheAthenian

etradrachm,

specially

after .

450,

s a

phenomenon

elldocumented

n the Levant s well s

Egypt.

Now see Nicolet-Pierre

2000a),

who notes

lso the

arge

numbersf

Egyptian

pseudo-Athenianetradrachmshat re foundn theLevantn thefourthentury

and

suggests

hat he

popularity

f

Athenianwl ilver

here

might

e due

argely

to

Egyptian

nfluence.



19/25


of Greek silver

silver

of

Yawan

i.e.,

of

Ionia,

the

place

name Near

Eastern

peoples

used for

Greece

at

large) (Porten

1968:

64, 69;

Naster

1970:

34-35;

Lipiński

1982:

23-24;

with

Grelot 1972: nos.

6, 7,

and

63).

Similarly, mong

the

demotic contractsrecordedon ostraca from

the

oasis site of

Manâwir

in

Egypt's

western

desert,

five,

which date

from 10

to

400,

stipulate penalty

payments

n

staters

or

statersof

Ionia ,

and

a

sixth,

dating

to

393 or

387,

concerns loan

deposit

of

one stater (Chauveau 2000: 138-139). There can be no doubt that

these

staters are

Athenian

tetradrachms,

not

only

because of the

latters

exclusive

ubiquity

t this time in

Egypt,

but also since several

of the

contracts

definethe Greek stater n

traditional

Elephantine

or

Egyptian

silver

weight

units,

nforming

hat

it

was a coin

(and

weight

unit)

of 17+

g.

In

the main

administrative

nd

population

centers

of

Egypt, prefer-

ence for the

transactionaluse of

the Athenian

tetradrachm

ught

to

have

taken hold

earlier than we find at

Elephantine

and

at an oasis

in the WesternDesert. But as the mixed character of some of the

fourth-century

oards

implies,

silver

continued to circulate

and

be

transacted n

bullion formas

earlier,

even as

payments

n Athenian

tetradrachms

might

be

increasingly

preferred

r

required,

with or

without

weighing,

n

particular

economic

contexts.

For

every

one of

the late fifth-

nd

early

fourth-century

straca from

Manâwir that

gives

a

penalty

n

staters,

there

s another

that

specifies

payment

n

traditional

weights

of silver

(deben) (Chauveau

2000:

140-141).

One

assumes

that coin

use,

normally

without

weighing,

must have

steadily

advanced over bullionuse as the fourth enturywore on, but it may

not

have been

until

the advent of the

Ptolemaic

economy

hat the

long

transition

was

finally ompleted.

Among

the several

stages

of the

evolution

of silver

currency

n

Egypt,

the

nineteen-piece

ANS

find

survives

as a modest

witness

to

the

intermediate nd

long-lived

bullion

phase

when

even Athenian

tetradrachms

were still

regarded

as

pieces

of

silver to be

transacted

by

weight.

However

prized

they may

have

been for their

familiarity

and

reputation

for

fineness,

ne of the

two hoard

tetradrachms

5)

had been cut down and couldhave neverpassed at facevalue, without

weighing.

As for

the find

tself,

s

it

had

been assembled

from mall

pieces

of

silver

as well

as

large,

it

implies,

perhaps

more

palpably



20/25

16 John H. Kroll

than

any

of the

otherrecorded

hoards,

that

weighed

silver n Persian-

era

Egypt

was

employed

not

only

for

major

transactions,

ut

also

in

many

that must

have been

quite

humble.

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25/25

Plate 1

k

Silver

Bullion from

Egypt

A small find of silver bullion from Egypt / John H. Kroll

Documents

Transcript of A small find of silver bullion from Egypt / John H. Kroll