A Simplified Grammar 'Beading Book of the Panjabi Language

237

Transcript of A Simplified Grammar 'Beading Book of the Panjabi Language

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2 4 6 7QJ

HERTFORD

PRINTED BY STEPHEN A USTIN A ND SONS.

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INTRODUCTION .

Ta ts little treatise is'

intended to facilitate the study of a language

hitherto hardly sumcientlyva lued ,— the verna cular tongue of the

great ma jority of the inhabitants of the Panjab . A lthough long

groaning under the rule ofMuhammadan conquerors, the peopleof the PanJa b even then clung to their own language in preference

to adopting the Urdu of their ma sters : and at the present time

Urdu, although studied and taught in nearly every school to the

almost utter neglect of the Panjabi', is nevertheless rega rded by

the mass of the people as be ing quite as much a foreign tongue a s

Norman-French was in England in days gone by. While Urdu is

genera lly spok en in public by the educa ted classes, yet in their

own homes a ll— Muhammadans, Sik hs and Hindus alik e (though

with considerable difference of vocabulary)— spea k PanjRBI and

Panjabi only. A ny one who wishes to ga in the confidence and win

the affections of the villagers especia lly— and the PanJa b is a

.country of villages— must be able to address them in their dear

mother-tongue . If we ex cept the Granth,— written in poetry, and

in a dia lect more nearly resembling Braj Bh'

asha'

than modern

Panj abI,— and thevariousJanamSak his ormythical Lives of GuruNana k , the language has produced few book s of any great literary

value . This to a‘

great e x tent a ccounts for the light esteemin

which it has generally been held by Eumpeans. Still, as we havetried to show, it is of no little importance , and it ha s by nomeans

been utterly neglebted by those engaged in th e great. wnxk Q\

ex tending we k ingdom of Christ in the Yman ‘h e menses.“

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PANI ZE'

I'

GRAMMAR.

of the American Mission in LfidIana and Lahore have especially

interested themselves in the language , and it is to them’that we

owe the only really useful grammar (that of Dr. Carey wa s a

merely tenta tive effort) and the only dictionary of the language

y hich have yet appeared . To these — the “Panjabi Grammar ”

of that venera ble Missionary, the Rev. John Newton of Lahore ,and the Panjab'

i Dictionary edited bythe Rev. L . Janvier of

the same Society, I amvery deeply indebted .

“Both thesevaluable

work s, however, are perhaps

utterly unk nown in England, and

they are almost out of print in the Panj‘

ab itself. It seemed tome therefore that it would be by no means a work of superero

gatica to endeavour in a humble way to a id students in atta ining

a k nowledge of Panjab'

i by compiling a Simplified Grammar and

Reading Book , which might serve to remove some of the difficultiesand supply the student with a stock of useful words .

Besides the book s above mentioned and the always useful

Hindustani Dictionary of Platts, I had when in the Panj'

ab the

advantage of residing formore than a year in Amritsar itself,— the

sacred city of the Sik hs— and of reading the language under the

instruction of one of the Granthis of the Golden Temple . This

ha s enabled me to ex pla in a few points of Grammar which havenot, I believe , been previously treated of, and also to give themeanings of certa in words not found in the Panjab

i Dictiona ry

above referred to. Otherwise I lay no claim to originality, which

would be out of place in a work lik e the present.

In the Gramma r use ha s been made of Roman letters for the '

purpose of simplifica tion, but a t the same time an ex act systemof

transliteration has been adopted , so that there is no loss in ao

curacy to counterbalance the ga in in time which results fromdividing the dimculties of our task in order the better to overcome Lthemin succession. A few useful hints have been borrowed from1

,

mm w rlrs were ublished. the Grammar at Lam“‘

m‘

lSSl , and thec tmnary a t be same p ace in 1854 .

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INTRODUCTTON .

the systemof generalization employed by the late Professor Palmer

in his Simplified Grammar of the Hindustani Language .

The Reading Ex tracts— the first and the last ex cepted— are

ta k en fromthe Sik hk hd de Raj di Withi i ,”the book appointed

for Government E x aminations in Panjabt. It will be found that

they gradually increase in difficulty, the second story from the

Janem-si k hl being in0

a much more colloquial style and in a

different dialect frommost of the others. The advantage of a care

fullyvaried selection of this k ind id at once apparent.

It is unnecessary to say much about the pronunciation of the

language , but itmay be noticed that (1 ) It isvery lightly sounded

and is often entirely inaudible (my. be , k iha, rih'

a, are pronounced

e , k 1a , ria) . A t other times iii-serves to lengthen the sound of the

pmeeding vowel (my. bible or wihla, pronounced bela orvela) .So also inverbs, especially when the present tense of hona, to be ,

is used as an aux iliary (my. while ak hde han is so written and

road , in spea k ing the two words are amalgama ted and become

i k hdin) . (2 ) B and Wvery often interchange both in speak ing

and writing ; and the as, though here transliterated W in accord

ance with almost universal custom(in Urdu and Hindi“

at least) ,is in realitymuch more nearly 7 .

In words of Sansk rit ongin the following are some of the more

important changes that occur in their introduction into Panjabt.

oW is ofte n changed to B, andvice ven d : rt’

becomes ir (k ripa P.

k irpa) : sh and s alik e become s (desa = P. des) k sh becomes k h

(k shatriya P. k hattri ) : r and y united to another consonant

become assimila ted with it (my. S . punya =P. punn : S. dhanya

=P. dhann : S. P. sati, Mod . P. satt : S . k ari1a = P.

k ann and H. U. k i n : S. k arma = P. k arm, k ammand H . U. h im) .0 Words which in Urdu and Hindi have r, in P. genera lly ta k e (1instead (my. bare=

.

P. wada : U. H . chhorna P. chhadna), though

rh yomrafly rema ins unaltered . Those words w‘

nlxen h ave. \emg,vowels in E .

and U. and are of Sansk rit stock h ave Emu nuns“

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PANJZBI omn ua .

P., and generally double the consonant following (but this is

frequently ex pla ined a s in the case of h im and k i n above). The

s sounds ofUrdfi (Persian and Arabic) words becomes j (a y. baz‘

ar

P. bajar : Wazir=P. Waj ir) — this applies to j .5us Is : thea.sounds and sh (up , U“

, Us, u

p ) become a f becomes pk :

becomes 9 : C‘ becomes Ida Jbecomes final -ah (8 becomes

-d :(becomes h : is omitted . Besides this, the Panj a bt is dis

tinguished for its preference for the letter nk which is used in it

inmany ca ses when II . has n.

i

Other peculiarities are less worth

deta iled notice .

I have spared no pains to include in the Vocabulary every wordused in the Reading Lessons, and hope I have omitted none . If,

however, any have through oversight been left out, they will

probably be found to be very common U. and H . terms, the

meaning of which is generally k nown to all who are lik ely to use

this little book .

Should thiswork assist any one in acquiring such a k nowledge of

Panjab‘

i a s will enable him to preach the Gospel to the people of

that country, the compiler’s chief object in preparing it will have

been atta ined .

W. Sr. C. T.

Bon n .

October, 1887.

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ELEMENTS or PANJAB'

I'

GRAMMAR.

The Panj abt Language, lik e the Hindi with which it is closelyalli ed , is derived from the h ab it, once the vernacular of the

Panjab and of a large part of Hindustan proper. A s the Prak rit

itself was only a popularised corruption or simplification of the

Sansk rit, nearly every genuine Panj”

abi word of the present day

can be traced without much difficulty to thatvenerable tongue ,which conta ins many of the oldest forms of that Aryan speech

which is common tomost of the inhabitants of Europe , Persia , andIndia . A lthough but little cultivated, owing to the presence of

Muhammadan conquerors who used in preference the Persian, and

more recently the Urdu, language for literary purposes, the

Panjabi tongue is well worthy of attention, even from a philo

logica l or li terary point ofview. Moreover, in the central Punjab

at least, it is the mother-tongue of the people, and the only

language thoroughly understood by the greatma jority of them.

A s those who study this tongue have generally ga ined a fa ir

k nowledge of Urdu first, it will not be necessary to domore than

show in what the Panjabrdiffers from that dialect, a s far a s its

grammatical relations are concerned . We sha ll therefore frequentlyava il ourselves of the Urdu language in ord er as far a s possible to

render thp comparatively easy ta sk of mastering the grammen ei

the Panj i bt tgngue still more easy by showing th e remak e“‘bfP and amilan

ty which ex ists between them, owing toth e ta ck .

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PANJABI A LPHABET.

The letters, as in l

are written from I

The Numerical 1

are :

‘I Q38 ll 6‘l

C !

l 2 3 4 6 6 7 8

A dlai}: writter

the line between two

doubles the latter of t

Initialvowels

Nola — Thisalphabcsists of the DevanagSansk rit letters in a s]

modified form. The e

lents given in thisTa ]the letters used in I

Urdu(as far as possil

represent the same s

The aspirates, bl

are not pronounced e

asUrdu, butwith a pr

sound, while r_1g is a

which does not we

Urdu, but is similarfirst fly in singing} i

nounced si-nging.

prevent confusion, I

used 11 to represent tbr

talnwhich doesnot or

Urdu, and above a

to denote the final nan

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PANJA BI GRAMMAR.

of the American Mission in Li'rdraua and Lahore have especially

interested themselves in the language , and it is to them'that we

owe the only rea lly useful 1 grammar (tha t of Dr. Carey was a

merely tentative effort) and the only dictionary of the language

y hich have yet appeared . To these — the “Panj'

abi Gramma r

of tha t venerable Missionary, the Rev. John Newton of Lahore ,and the Panjabi Dictionary

”edited b} the Rev. L . Janvier of

the same Society, I amvery deeply indebted .

lBoth thesevaluable

work s,however, are perhaps

utterly unk nown in England, and

they are almost out of print in the Punjab itself. It seemed to

me therefore that it would be by no means a work of superero

gation to endeavour in a humble way to a id students in atta ining

a k nowledge of Panjabi by compiling a Simplified Grammar and

Reading Book , which might serve to remove some of the difiiculties

and supply the student with a stock of useful words.

Besides the book s above mentioned and the always useful

Hindustani Dictionary of Platte, I had when in the Panjab the

advantage of residing formore than a year in Amritsar itself,— the

sacred city of the Sik hs— and of reading the language under the

instruction of one of the Granthi s of the Golden Temple . This

has enabled me to ex pla in a few points of Grammar which havenot, I believe , been previously tre ated of, and also to give themeanings of certa in words not found in the Panjabi Dictiona rya bove referred to. Otherwise I lay no cla im to originality, which

would be out of place in a work lik e the present.

In the Grammar use ha s been made of Roman letters for the '

purpose of simplification, but a t the same time an ex act systemof

transliteration has been adopted, so tha t there is no loss in ac

curacy to counterbalance the ga in in time which results fromdividing the difficulties of our task in order the better to overcomethemin succession. A few useful hints have been borrowed from1 fi lm W rk s were ublished. the Grammar at Lhdi’ana in and the

8 5 bem e p ace in 1854 .

i

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INTRODUCTION .

the systemof generalizati on employed by the late Professor Palmer

in his Simplified Grammar of the Hindiistaui Language .

The Be ading Ex tracts— the first and the last ex cepted— are

ta k en fromthe Sik hk hade Raj di Withia ,”the book appointed

for Government E x aminations in Panjabi . It will be found that

they gradually increa se in difi culty, the second story from the

Janumsak hi being in a much more colloquial style and in a

difierent dialect frommost of the others. The advantage of a care

fullyvaried selection of this k ind is‘at once apparent.

It is unnecessary to say much about the pronunciation of the

language, but itmay be noticed that (l ) h isvery lightly sounded

and is often entirely inaudible (a y. he , k iha, riha, are pronounced

0, h a, ria) . A t other times ite serves to lengthen the sound of the

preceding vowel (my. hibla or wihla, pronounced bola orvela) .So also inverbs, especially when the present tense of hona, to be ,

is used as an aux iliary (my. while ak hde ban is so written and

read , in speci fy the two words are amalgamated and become

ak hdin) . (2 ) B and Wvery often interchange both in spea k ing

and writing ; and the 3, though here transliterated W in accord

ance with almost universal custom(in Urd ii and Hindi at least) ,is in rea lity much more nearly 7 .

In words of Sansk rit ongin the following are some of the more

important changes that occur in their introduction into Panjabi .

oW is often changed to B, andvicevsrsd : rz'

becomes ir (k ripa= P.

k it-pa) : sh and s alik e become s (desa ==P. des) k sh becomes k h

(k shatriya P. k hattri ) : r and y united to another consonant

become assimilated with it (my. S. puirya= P. punn : S. dhanya

==P. dhann : S. satya= Old P. sati, Mod . P. sa tt : S . k ariIa = P.

k ann and H. U. k an : S. k a rma = P. k arm, k ammand H. U. k am) .

Words which in Urda and Hindi have r, in P. genera lly ta k e (1

instead beta wada : U. H. chhorna P. chhadna), though

1h genera lly rema ins unaltered . Those words which h ave \en%vowels inH.

and U. and a re of Sansk rit stock h ave heart enee'

xn

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PANJZE'

I'

GRAMMAR.

P., and generally double the consonant following (but this is

frequently ex pla ined a s in the case of k amand k an above). The

s sounds ofUrda (Persian and Arabic) words becomes j (sy. bazar

P. bajar : Wazir= P. Waj ir) — this applies to ) «5U5ls : thea.sounds and sh (up , U“

: Us, u

p ) become a f becomes gh z

becomes 9 : C becomes Ida : Jbecomes final -ah (8 becomes-ci :

(becomes 11 :

tie omitted . Besides this, the Panj abi is dis

tinguished for its preference for the letter nnwhich is used in it

inmany cases when H . has n. Other peculiarities are less worth

deta iled notice .

I have spared no pains to include in the Vocabulary every wordused in the Reading Lessons, and hope I have omitted none . If,

however, any have through oversight been left out, they will

probably be found to be very common U. and H . terms, the

meaning of which is generally k nown to all who are lik ely to use

this little book .

Should thiswork assist any one in acquiring such a k nowledge of

Panjabi a s will enable himto preach the Gospel to the people of

that country, the compiler’s chief object in preparing it will have

been atta ined .

W. Sr. C. T.

Bonn" ,

October, 1887.

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ELEMENTS or PANJAB'

I'

GRAMMAR.

The Pan] abi Language , lik e the Hindi with which it is closelyallied , is derived from the Prak rt

'

t, once the vernacular of the

Punjab and of a large part of Hindustan proper. A s the Prak rz'

t

itself was only a popularised corruption or simplification of the

Sansk rit, nearly every genuine Panjabi word of the present day

can be traced without much difiiculty to thatvenerable tongue ,which conta ins many of the oldest forms of that Aryan speech

which is common tomost of the inhabitants of Europe , Persia , andIndia . A lthough but little cultivated, owing to the presence of

Muhammadan conquerors who used in preference the Persian, and

more recently the Urdii , language for literary purposes, the

Panj i bl tongue is well worthy of attention, even from a philo

logica l or li terary point ofview. Moreover, in the central Panj‘

ab

at lea st, it is the mother-tongue of the people, and the only

language thoroughly understood by the greatmajori ty of them.

A s those who study this tongue have generally ga ined a fair

k nowledge of Urdu first. it will not be necessary to domore than

show in what the Panjabi differs from that dialect, a s far a s its

grammatical rela tions are concerned . We sha ll therefore frequentlyava il ourselves of the Urdu language in order as far a s possible to

render thp comparatively easy task of mastering the grammar at

the Panj i bt tgngue still more easy by showing th e chose wh im“

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PANJZB'

I'

GRAMMAR.

that the Pan] ab‘

i and the Hindi (the grammar of which language

is preserved intact in Urdu) are sister-dialects rather thandistinctlanguages.

The Parts of Speech may be conveniently regarded as eight, as

in English . Of these , Nouns, A djecti\es, Pronouns and Verbs

posse ss Gender, Number and Case .

There are two genders ,Masculine and Feminine ; and only two

Numbers, Singular and Plural. In each number there are atmost

only two forms of the word, which are often identical, the in

flected and the uninflected form,which may also be called the

A bsolute and the Constructive or Oblique respectively.

The termination set is generally masculine , and is the mostcommonmasculine ending in the nom. sing. Its feminine equivalent is J.

52 . Nouns.l . Ga rden— No rule can be la id down which will fix the gender

of every word with certa inty. But it may be sta ted that the

termination -a is generally masculine , and 4 generally feminine

(ex cept in gentile nouns) . Most words derived fromUrdu preserve the gender they have in that tongue , ex cept any. rah, a way,

which is m. in Panjabi , though f. in Urdu. Words of Sansk rit

origin, if originally masculine or neuter, are 111 . in Pan] abi (ex cept

wastu, a thing, which is f. , though neuter in Sansk rit) ; if

originally f. they genera lly rema in so. A s in almost a ll tongues,

words necessarily implying females a re feminine . Words ending

in -t and -hat are ordinarily f. , unless these endings are part of

the root.

2 . Infl ation — Most nouns undergo no change in the singula r.

In the plural the oblique ending is universa lly 55.

B ut wages. in -5 change this into -e in the ohlique

n ow . p lan , and prefix -i before -a in the oblique phfr

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NOUNS.

Femipines undergo no inflection in the sing. Their plural ends

in both absolute and oblique cases in

The ca ses are strictly two, Nom. and Obj . To these the Nom.

of A ddress or Voca tive may be added for convenience . To ma scs.

-i may be added to the stem -ii in case the nom. ends in -'

a) iii

the sing. and -e to fems. sing. to form the voc.

‘ In the plural

both may add -0 (for euphony-io) . We have therefore the

following scheme 2— 40

1 2

Abs.

or (-(i)d

0h]. d i d

Voc. i)o

For convenience we append the declension of the following

words with theirUrduequivalents.

(L ) ”new line. Feminine.

Singular. Plural. Singular. Plural.

(Panj . ) (Urdu) (Panj .) (Urdu. ) (Panj . ) (Urdtl.) (Panj .) (Urdu)A bs. mund-i lurk -i mund-e lurk -e dhi beti dhi-d bet

i -i

Obl. mund-e lark -e mufid-id lurk -6 dhi beti dhi-d bt-ti -o

Voc. mund-ii lurk -e mund-io [ark -o dhi -e beti dhi-o betj -o

A few mascs. in -a do not change this into -e in the oblique ,my. i tm'

a’

, sp irit, which may, however, ma k e atme .

Mascs. in -a have -o or -w‘

a invoc. sing., and -o or -wo invoc.

p.1. Their pl. oblique ends in -w

'

a.

Nouns ending in -a or -ii are treated a s if they ended in the

vowels without the nasal, a s far as declension is concerned .

Femininesmay contract the nom. plur. termination -i'

ft into -'

i .

Feminines in -u and a change this into-w before adding any

termination. Voc. pl. may be in -6 or -w6 ; voc. sing. in -wé, or

itmay he the same as the nom.

8 . Nouns with Postpoaitiom.— Instead of a variety of ca ses a s in

e a s scial iorm is N i,

66 ,

11; is the same i s!“Qgeuhet a u h.

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rAmZni oa AmrAn.

Sansk rit, Panj abi , in common with Urduand mostmodern tongues.uses aux iliary words to ex press varieties of meaning. These maybe called postpositions as inUrdu, as they follow the noun instead

of preceding it. They all require the oblique form of the word .

The following are the most usual simple postpositions with the ir

UrduequivalentsP. U. P. U.

na i =ne (by) 16 ta k (up to) tOf those some are a lso

da . di =k § , id (of) nail =si th (with) used in composition wi th

pd k o t

fio) pur =par (on) the (

abliqug)

form of

Si;to so om as as g ar (e pus=gwichch m‘

e (in) fifth} p“(near) (k c) pas.

The postposition as di’

f. ) ta k es the same terminations

both sing. and pl. which mascs. in st and fems. in -i respectivelydo

, and agrees with the governing noun in gender, number and

sass. In Urdu and k i agree in gender and number but not in

case, and this construction is sometimes followed in Panj ab‘

i s.9

Usmanuk hk h did dhid=Usmard k i betid.Usmufide didmittrd wichch or

Usmunde de mittrd wichch- Us lurk s k e doctome .

4 . Other termina tions — In place of the postpositions wichch, to,

etc. , certain terminations, originally separate postpositions, are

sometimes added to the stem. Of these -e added to the sing.

denotes in, s.9. us di dargahe=us di darg'

ah wichch (Urduusk t

da rgah mé) — 6 denotes from s .9 . gha r6=ghar te . In the Plur.

oblique , (i)§ is turned into -'

i to denote in, as ghar'

i,

’ in the houses.

(The termination -6 is doubtless the same as theMarathi hun or

-nufrom, and occurs in the forman in Urduand Panjabi numera ls,unis for ok unie, (amfromtwenty) 1 9 .

l The postposition to is more commonly used in written com itions andin the Mslwa or Cis-Satlaj Panjab In the Trans-Satlaj distri ct or Panj i bproperms is almost universa lly used mthevil

Sometimes this termination is used in t e plural to denote the agent

with the past te nse of a transitive verb. s.9 . Musalmani' chahii , for Musalmfinlna i aba

'

bié'

. the Musa lmans desired .

’This is probably to be accounted for by

tb a fa ct tb a s in oldMarathi, the agential termination in the plural was -hf I

1 :22t a ss/mi n! would stand for Musalmlhl . (Ci . 3.3mm. P\. has“.

d e 'ehf, OldMar. devfihf

, now

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rANJAni sauna s .

g 4 . Paonouss.

l . P0rsonals.— These are

1 st Pers. S. ma i , PI. asi ; 2nd Pers. S. tu, Pl. tusi ard Pers.

S . uh,Pl. uh, oh. They are declined as follows

1st 8 . nomma'

i, obl ma i (butme tefromm0) , Agent, ma’

i (forma i no) .2nd 8 . ta i (but te ts fromthee) , ta x (for ta i no) .3rd 8 . uh, oh, us, uh (sometimes ut) , un. on (foruh us) .letPl. as salt, as, asl .

2nd Pl. tusi , tust‘

t. tuha,3rd Pl. uh, oh, unhi , ,s unhl , unhl nai.

The third personal pronoun uh is also used for the demonstrativethat.

” Local dialects have several different forms for these

pronouns.

2 . Poss0ssir0s.— These are

1 st Pers. S. merit, 2nd ter‘

a , 3rd us da : lst Pers. Pl. asi d‘

a, si di ;2nd tus

'

ad‘

a, tuh

ada 3rd unh'

ii d‘

a. These are declined lik e adjec

tives. (Tuba, tuhada etc. , are generally pronounced as if written

twfi, twadd'

a, etc. )

3. D 0monstrativ0s.— Ih (Urdii yih) this, is declined as uh, tha t,

above . A h, this (Hindi yah for yih), is indeclinable in the

singular ; in the oblique plural itma k es shit.

4 . Other pronouns— The relatives, interrogatives, etc.

, differ

very slightly fromthe Urd ii .

Sabb or sa rbatt, all Urdfi ash : in the obl. plur. it ha s sahhnfi.

Hor, other Urduaur ; in the oblique plur. it is sometimes regular,sometimes follows the analogy of sabh .

K oi , any one,ma k es k ise , k isi , or k ite in the obl. sing. and some

times k inha in the obl. plural. The A gent may be denoted byk ine or k ini sing. and k ini pl.

Jo, who, which, ma k es jis or j lll (or j it) in obl. sing . and jin'

d

1 An idiomatic construction. in which the Agential is used without the pa sttense of a transitiveverb should be noticed . We ofte n find sentences such asma i

'

di deh mi phfik ini ha i ; ta i sudagari k arni si , I must burn his body z'

lhil‘

:ha d to tra de. In these the pronoun is in the A ential to denote duly.

coa ch -00 11 00 h not used in UrdD ro er, though h ave hm it.M Kn th e

H industani of the uneduca ted u ammadans of Bomha‘

i

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PRONOUNS.

or j inh'

i in obl. pl. : the A gent is denoted by 3mand j ini (or j xnhi )respectively.

Jihrii or jehra , who, which, whosoever ; j ihfi,‘jehi (Urduja is‘

i ),of wha t sort, are declined regularly. Jeta,’ as la r90 as, as lony a s,

is regular, but in the formjetor jail; is not declined .

So is declined on the analogy of jo, having tih and tit as well a s

tis— t tak ing the place of the initial letter in the oblique ca ses, as

inUrdu.

A jihi , ajehi =Urdii a isi,of such

a k ind ; iha or eha = of this

sort ; tih'

a or tobli, of tha t sort ; site (or sit indeclinable ) , so la r90,

are regular.

K auii , who?ma k es his, k ih, etc. K i , wha t? also has k is, k ih, etc.

K ehr'

fi, k ihri , which on0 ? ; K ihfi, k eh‘

a of wha t sort .

9;

k m, k ed'

a'

, k ait'

i (indeclinable k ait) , of wha t size ? are regular.

Ap, self, ma k es fipn‘

a, 1 , etc.,for the possessive , reta ininy ths lon9

cows! in thsfirst sylla ble. When used honorifically (in imita tion of

the Urduusage) for tusl, it ta k es the verb in the 2nd pers. pl. , not

the 3rd, as in Urdu.

5. 17430 of Pronouns — Til is used in Punj a bi to denote affection

between friends or relatives. Towards an inferior it is not in

sulting as in Urdu, but rather k indly. Tusi is used to equa ls andeven to superiors instead of 5p, used in both ca ses in Urdu.

6 . rifl es — The afii x es -i,-e ,

-0 , are sometimes added to a pro

noun, as-i is in Urdu, toma k e it more emphatic : uhi

,uho

Urdu wubi . Hi is also used , as in Urdu, for the same purpose ,with both pronouns and other words.

Si re Urdu-sii ) and jihi’

t Urdfi ja isii ) are added, especially

to adjectives of size and qua lity as well a s to adjective pronouns,to ex press ra ther ; as wadii sari ,

“rather large

(Urdu barii si ) ,chhota j ihfi,

“rather small,

”smallish (Urduchhotfi ja isz

'

i ) .

case to he used before it : as pak hird jiha hi l, sta t0

beingmore correct thanwit h

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PANJZBI GRAUMAB .

7. Contractions — We often meet with j lchchir for j itn'

a chir

(Urdu jitni muddat), a s lon9 a tims as : jiddin= j is din,~ on wha t

day : k oik k k oi ik k, any one : ik k as ik si ik k , mmwas.

5. Va n s.

In Panj‘

abi the tenses are formed much in the same way, or at

least on the same system, as in Urdfi, and the use of the tenses is

similar. A s in most other infiectional languages, any part of

the verb may be analysed into Verbal root orverb proper,(2 ) participial afilx or part of the substantiveverb to be,

(3) pronominal ending.

The 2nd Sing. of the Imperative is the stem or simplest partof the verb . From this the other simple tenses, moods, etc.

, are

formed as follows

1 . Stemghall, 00nd.

Infinitive , or Noun of Action gha ll-Hui , to sand.

A orist, Indefinite ghall d, etc. , I may send .

Present Participle gha ll a , -i , send ing.

Past Participle Passive gha ll-Ha , -i,mat.

Future Participle Passive or ghall-H“,

-i, to 60 sent or sent

Gerundive i — mittendus ormissus.

The ao-called A orist is really the old Present Indicative , a s isseen froma comparison with the Bengali and the Sansk rit. It is

used with this meaning in the Granth. This tense is formed bya dding the remains of the original Aryan pronominal terminations

to the stem. These terminations in Panj i bi are

Sing. lst Pers.-d ; 2nd, -

é 3rd, -e or a (as houfor hows), etc.

Plur. 1st Pars.-d, iye ; 2nd,

-o ;' 3rd, «mi ll or -an.

In the masc. a nasa l n is often added to the past Part. Pass.. as K iss danai mannid, he did not y a ttention to anyone

’s words.

’ The nasa l hereis doubtless a survival of the nnsk rtt neut. termmation -em, and not merely a

blunder.

3 Verbs in which -i is inserted before the infin. te rmas (0.9 . rahir'

ui ) ta k e -ifi

here instead of -ah or -eu ; and in thoseverbs in which the stemends in it, thisletter is changed in the 3rd pl. aor. into n, and then -mi is the termination added,

a s a ] . j én'

né, to k now, stemj ail , but 3rd pl. aor. janah.

I n the d a lnndha r dia lect in the 2nd pl. we often find 56 instead of -0 , but theG ran th is m A mri tsa r say this is wrong.

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VERBS .

The Fjiture adds -g

'

a ma sc. and -gi fem. for the sing. , and sage

and gi a respectively for the plural, to the various persons of the

A orist.

There are two forms of the Imperative — (a ) Direct, as ghall,’

pl. ghall-o : (b) indire ct, a s ghalli , ghall-io.

When the stem ends in.a vowel, as in auxin, to come ,’the full

ending -ndi is added to form the present participle , a s au-nda .

[Cf. Pers. i n,-anda : |Sansk .

-ant : Gk .-ont : Lat.

-ent : Anglo

Sa x .-and : German -end, etc.] In consonantal stems only

-di

(Urdii -tii ) is added , as in ghall-din.

The Infinitive afii x is generally and according to rule d i d (or

more probably not -na as inU. and H . (A shortened form,

in which the la stvowel is omitted , is in frequent use in both thenom. and the oblique . ) When, however, the stemends in -ii , r, r,

or 1, the termina tion is -na instead . In the Lfidiina dia lect verbswhich in H . and U. and in 1 ta k e 1 in its stead, and have -na in

the infinitive . In the Amritsar dia lect, however, the sound 1meter

occurs, its place in all words being ta k en by 1 ; such a verb a s

E .U. bi l-ui becomes therefore in Lndisaa bal-n:'

1 and in Amritsar

bi l-fia . (In the Vocabulary only one of such forms is genera lly

given. )The Infinitive changes its termination to agree with the noun it

governs in such phra ses as ga llfi k arnifi, Urdubats k arna .

The noun of A gency is properly formed from the shortened

infinitive which is often used in conne x ion with otherverbsThus ghall-ii i : shortened gha llafi : N. of A gency, gha ll

-ahwfili

or -afiw§ la, a sender.

Other tenses both A ctive and Passive are formed , a s in Urdu, byadding the Panj

dbi equivalent forms of the aux iliaryverbs hon'

a

In some places the common people mak e the future masculine and in -gu

instead of in -gi ..

A short 4 is o ften added, as rahu,only s help to pronuncia tion, andmay be

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su sh i amusin g.

and jars. We proceed to give the chief parts of these which

present any peculiarity.

2 . Hofiii , to 60, bscoms.

Indie Pres. Si lst huge) , 2nd hai(ga) , 3rd hai(ga) . The termination -ga ,Pi

n

ug. lst hd(ge), 2nd ho’

ge ), 3rd han(ge). if added, agrees in

Past Sing. let si (gi 2nd sa(ga), 3rd si (ga) . genderwith the sub

Plur. let se or 2nd se , ard at or can. jcet.Si feminine has si . etc. , and 1. aid. etc.

Indefinite , how etc Fut. howdga, etc mperat. ho, bowo.

Pres. Part. hunda ; Past. part. hora ; Fut. Part. Path. boidi .

There are very many dia lectic forms, too numerous to deta il

here . The fem. sin9 . si is a lmost nnicorsa lly a ssd for thsma sc. as

wsll. The future in Rawal Pindi , Multan, etc. , is hosii, hosi ,

hosi ; hos’fa,hoso, hosaii , instead of howdgi , etc. (0. Appendix

3. H im, to 90, to become.Imperat. j ah, j ao or j awo indirect jai and jfiio.

Present Part j i nda (distinguish fromj i fidi ,Past Part. gia m. , ga i f.

Gerund (as in Urdfi) jayi , as mai j ayii k ardi hii, I am in the

habit of going.

’ This, however, in Panj '

abi , is more commonlye x pressed by jfinda hunda h

a'

. So, for another e x ample , where wewould say in Urdu, wuh roz baroz masj id me’ j ‘

i k a du‘a mi ngi

k arta ha i, in Panjabi we would have , uh bar dinmasitwichch j i ik ebenti k ardi hunda hai, he is in the habit of going to the mosqueevery day and saying his prayers.

4 . Causativs Vsrls.

These are formed by adding -w‘

au-i1a to the stem,— compare the

Urdu-w§ as k arna, to do k ar-wiin-na , cause to do.

5. Transition fromIntransitiva andfromoth0r I l'ansitices.

These are formed much as in Urd i .

E xamples sik hth-alfii or sik hk hlinhi ; k arni , k aranina ; dck hna ,dzk hi lni or Jaufii ; ballia , hi lna

'

, tun a , turner.“him‘

e‘

neeni xbahu

zi , means ; bhi'gni , hhigofi i '

, k hi bia,“Vanni . erlfimYanh‘

a .

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VERBS.

6 . Compound Vsrbs.

These require no notice, be ing formed in ex actly the same wayas inUrdu.

7. Irrsyular Verbs.

These are very few;in number. The principal are hoha and

j innalready given, together with

Infin. Past Part. Infin. Past Part.

h mi , to do, ti (k aria only. k hiina , to eat, k hadhu, k abdi .

stil

l: di hh Pat te rn”

it?“l i 3 ha if“ i t 8 .dek hna , tosee, Mm to an, mm“dehi , to give, lahna , to ali

ght, la thi .

pa hunchni , to a, pain-,a to fal pii .

rive, pauna (causat) , tob

ra-arm, to ra in,

nha .

cause to fall

ihii , to stay,

mhhmni , w re pachlla ti ,bmnhha

,wbmd,

cognise , pachha ix‘

u‘

i . la ihs‘

i , to ta k e ,Phasfii . to be en siuhi , to sew.

tangled,-phi ti . k ahina, to say,

The irregular forms of these a re the older, the regular a re in

most cases ofmore usua l occurrence when they ex ist.

s6 . A nvsnns, Pos'rrosrrroxvs, Cosm o-mos s, Lvrsmscrrox s.

.These require no notice here , as the rules of Syntax which

concern themagree so closely with those of the Urdu'

.

1 Fem. la i cf. gii , fem. ga i k iha, fem. k ahi ; riha,fem. rabi .

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A PPE ND I X ~

A .

Tnn Nm nALs.

These very similar to the Urdfi. The -t00ns denoted by

ar'

i,the -tys up to 40 by -ih or -i , 40 in composition by -tali ,

50 in composition by -wanj § , 60 in composition by -hat, 70 ditto

by-hatta r, 80 ditto by

-'

asi , 90 ditto by-iinawé. 19

, 29, 39, etc.

are ex pressed by 20- 1 , 30-1 , 4 0-1 , etc. Singulars are often used

as inUrdu, inste ad of plura ls with the cardinal numbers.

Ordina ls.

pahilé,-i .

jdaja, s. daa, i .

tij ii , s , tit , s .

chauth

é,

lw -w

ghlilawd, -f.

7. satt The rest are form8 . athth ed (as inUrdu) b

y9 . na ii adding wh, whio

10. das may dialectically dons, twofold,1 1 .

gii rd, yard becomemfi. When tiuna , threefold,arii inflected , this -w§ chaur

'

ai, fourfold,

1 7 . becomes w'

c'

. pachauni , fivefold,19. m i chhiaufui , six fold, etc.

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A PPENDIX C.

Norss on rm: LAnna BIALEGI‘.

This is the dialect in,which are written the E x tracts from the

Janem Si k hi which are given in ourReading Lessons. A lthough

Punjabi , lik e most other languages, especially those which a re

comparatively little cultivated, conta ins many dialectic varieties,yet these may be broadly divided into two ma in divisions, theWestern and the Eastern. The Granthis of Amritsa r say tha t

the ma in characteristics of the Western division are noticeable

more pa rticularly west of Lahore and north of the Ravi . The

speech of this part of the Panj i b may be regarded a s preservingsome words and grammatica l forms which a re older than the

equiva lent ones used in Hindi , and even in the Ea stern Punjabi .

In those and other respects it serves to some e x tent a s a con

necting link between the Ea stern Panj iibi and the Sindhi and

Gujarati languages, especia lly perhaps in the forma tion of the

future tense , in which it shares with Guj arati the honour of

preserving the Sansk rit future in a less corrupted sta te than any

othermodern language of India . The use of s a s the distinguish

ing sign of the future , lost by Latin in pro-cla ssica l times,

feta ined in Classical but lost inModern Greek , is still character

istic of Weste rn Punjabi . It shows, moreover, a preference , in

most instances, for the use of old and irregular pa st tenses of

verbs, when regular forms of the same words are more common

in the more cultivated dialect. On the other hand , however,some forms, as k ahii

, rahia (from k ahihfi, rahiin'

i) are regular

in the dia lects of the Western division, while they are irregular

(k ihii , riha) in the Ea stern. But this too is due to the preference

for archa ismg which we have mentioned , int nnh {Ma ere

m ff d d d forms of the older k ah i'

a and robin ,on

'

\e “fl ew

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PANJKs'

i om x An.

from their feminines k ahi and rahi . In certain instances we find

Bra j Bhi sh‘

t‘

i (01a Hindi ) forms still used in tho Lahiiida and

other dia lects of the Western division. The Western dialects

show a preference for b where the Ea stern have w, as Lahinda

Obada for wads,‘largo bich for wichch,

‘in also for long

vowels (in this resembling the Marathi language), manuk hk h

for manuk hk h, ni ngi for nang‘

t'

t, nfihi and nhhi for nahi , dfik h

for duk h, etc. it also inserts a nasa l, as bhiiué for bhfiwé'

, pa indi

for pa idi ma i nu for ma i nii, etc. The following notes

will, it is hoped, enable the student to understand the ex tracts

fromthe I snamSi k hi which we have given, and will a lso serve a sa foundation for a more perfect acquaintance with the peculiaritiesof Western Punj abi genera lly.

1 . Nouns AND Amscrrvss.

In nouns and adjectives the Lahindii dialect is nearly in agree

ment with Eastern Panj i bi . The Nom. is often used for the Voc.,

as Bali for Bi le ; and fit is added in place of -'

ii to the longer

form, a sMandime forMardi nii . In this dialect the nai of the

instrumental or agential case is almost universally omitted (a s in

Da k k hani ) , but the nom. is put in the oblique case , Mord-tinek ahii for Hardi ne na i k ihi ; unhii chadi

d for unhii nai (or unhi )obadia . But this is not the only postposition commonly omitted ,for da, di , do, are nea rly as frequently understood , a s a re other

similar words also : Parmesur j i nam= Parmesur j i da nfiu ;

sudhdh atme simare = sudhdh atme ni l sima re ulim simaraii i ia‘

ha i nan simarafi la i i ii ha i : tan bhasam lagiii tan pur bha sam

l'

di z j i fiwo= ] 1 wichch iiwe , etc. etc.

Feminine nouns in -s or : a i formtheir plurals in as ba l‘

o‘

. or

balai , misfortun0, pl. balai .B e side s

‘tb e usua l forms

,some peculiar and old numerals occur

4“d llb i a s W011 a s do,

‘two ;’trao a s well as tinn ,

th e

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sorts on ma LAnnrnI ru nner.

bik h as y ell as ik k , one (the la tter being of course , a more

vulgarism,a s is hachhchhii for achhchh

a,

52 . Pronouns.

Ma i is used in obl. instead of mai , as well as in the nom. and

agentia l : ma i ni'i k ahiii for ma i nii k ihii . So also ta i for ta i

in 2nd pore. sing. : afi , lst pl. for asi, and also for asii na i (a si )

tusfi for tuhi , tuhi na i, tusi , etc. In place of the usua l forms of

the 3md sing. , a shortened form-su, or

-os is used (=no na i and us

ni'

i ) , which is attached as an enclitic termination to other words,

especially toverbs (vide suchforms as nA x nx nros under Verbs) ,ni hisu nfihi us nai . Unhi is used for nuhi or unhi na i.

X0! is used, with an alternative form k ai , which is also used for

the plura l k a i . Its obl. is k iss or k ite . K aufi has generally hit

in the oblique , as 8 0 has tit. A s well as k uchh we find the forms

k ujh, k ichh, k ichhu, and oven the Braj Bhasha'

k achhu.

3. Van s.

1 . A orist. — The aorist has a considerable variety of forms :

for awe,3rd sing. , we find

ziwa i and awi as well as the regular

form and in mostverbs which end in ii in the stem, instead of w

being inserted'

before the aorist terminations, h is put in, a s in,

as in Bra j Bhi sh‘

ti , dehe , deho, laho for dewe , dewo, lao (loo) .

This occurs in tho Imperative also. In the 3rd sing. aor. when

w (or h) is not inserted, the termination is often -i (hoi, cf.

the Hindi -y (hoy pronounced hoe ) . The form-io of the lot pl.

often becomes -iai as in Braj , k ari ai= k aric.

2 . Infinitivs.— The infinitive in verbs which in the Ea stern

dialect end in -iiuhi ta k e‘

t’

twafi‘

i inste ad in Lahindi . In the

infinitivos tho‘final -ii is often omitted .

8 . fi rm ! f or”.— Inverbs in which the Lah . t n

'

xt'

me enha‘

xa

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PANJABI su m s .

-awi1 a (Eastern -auna ) , the pros. partmLah. is -awada or -awide

0 gawauna (Lah . gawawana ), pres. part. gawa ida ; k hawa ida for

k hawaunda ; awada (fr. awana = auf1 a , to come)= aunda .

4 . Conj unctivs Particip ls, or Psrfsct Part. A ct — Tho optiona l°longer formin -i k ahi k o for k ah k o) is much used in Lah .

a s older than the shorter form. It may’ be used without -k e or

-k ar as in Hindi . In the preference for the longer formin -i

pachhiifii , hoi j i wegfi, jai k ar, Lah . restambles Braj

5. Impera tios.— In the 2nd Sing. the termina tion -u is very

common, dehu (deh) , rahu (rah) , k aru (k ar), but may be

omitted . In other instances -i is added , as k hahi as well a s k h‘

a

for the usual Panj . k hiih or k habu. (See also under A orist. )6 . Past Tenes and p ast part. p ass

— Such old forms as liti for

li'

d are much used : also k ahifi for k iha, rahia for rih‘

a, para for pm

(from pa ini ) , etc. ; k hadi is used for k h‘

adh‘

i , from k hawa ii'

a, to

eat (Eastern Panj . k h'

afiii ) . The fem. , besides changing-a into -i ,

sometimes adds another as to that, a s k iti'

é for k iti (from k aruti ) .

But the most noticeable peculiarity about the past tense is that,

when the pronoun of the 3rd pers. sing. is used with it, either a s

agent or object (direct or indirect), the verb and pronoun are

united in a remark able way, a s will be seen from the ex amples

that follow, k ahiii us nfi or k ahié us na i becomes k ahios ; so

also k itos- us na i k iti or us nix k iti ; ditos=us na i dittii or us nu

ditti ; ak hios=us nai or us nu fik hi'

s'

t, etc. In these forms the'

o

arises fromthe fusion of the fina l -d of theverb with the initialu of the pronoun. So also in the pros. perf. we find k hattis ha isu

for us na i k hattii ha i, etc.

7 . Future — Tho regular Punj abi (Eastern) future may be used ;

but there a re other forms a lso which must be noticed . One is

produced by the insertion of -i before the future termina tions

without any apparent change ofmeaning, k attiegi for k a ttegii ,

Pb e f fa ng ey waflango, for pherange , warange But the most re

ma rk a bIo is the retention of the use of s in th e inte re , as‘

m

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nou s on m u nusui DIALECT.

Sansk rit,This is used with all k inds of verbs. The following

comparative table may be of interest

West. Pan'

. Sansk rit

8 . let Poss . inf .-s K arishyimr

2nd mJ'

. K ar-s-l'

K arishyasi

3rd raj . K ar-s-i K arishyati

Pl. 1st m.f . Xar-s-d K arishyiimas2nd m.f. K at-s-o K arishya tha

3rd raj . K ar-s-an K arishyanti

In this formof theWVcstern Panjfibi future no gender distinctionappea rs.

8 . Other irr09ulariti0s.— Theverb hofi'

a has the in the past for

55, f. sing. 3rd pors. ahi ; masc. pl. the , f. pl. ahi ii . When ss is

used , it becomes inmasc. pl. sé for so : a s she is contracted into

na'

hfi. In the present tense also the 3rd sing . is often ha i a s well

a s ha i , the 3rd plur. generally ba ini for han, sometimes ha in (cf.

Sindhi term -ani in 3rd pl. of A si ha is contracted into asii,

a s k arde ass for asi k arde ha .

Daegii occurs for dowogfi, jano for jano, hoigi for howeg'

a [hosi

for howegii , awasi for awega or fiwcgi , etc. ,v. and jai e is used

in our ex tracts for ho jaie . Other peculiarities of the Western

Punj abi dialects the student will easily master as he progresses in

his k nowledge of the spok en language .

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IND EX.

I . Tn Sm elt on m: Monur.

II . Luvs or Gum? Ni x“:

III . Exm o're n on m: Jnu x Sa‘

i

(1 ) Discourse with the Gubind Lok

(2) Story of the Bak shm Kaudi .

IV. Tn: Im onum nr Vn n or m: Jami

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n m crs mu rm; u su r-si x a i .

l u mhfi ofi m fi l

A ecom or AN Irrrmwmw 3m m Gum? NANA I m a BI :

smss, su n to mva n u n PLACE m an Ismuw cam e

"R 17“12 23331 I wm vfi a m fi mh urrah

fimfi l fl n m mfimn, m fi<m, nfi mfaé amfl fifis; i nmm fis lm afi x lfi | 31

qq sfi fi zsnnfim, 37a m , i nnu, nmfi nrfi

m a fi l wflm fi a mfl nfl , flmfimfl, wm m w , i m 1m fi 8 %m $m

mi femvfis’t lmmmmufire afi sfifi sm .

W m .m m ? 31 fi u m vfi z§mfimmfi fi m m m—

Q im lmq m mmfe

’s

mafimmmesm umefzm mmmm vfi hfi ,mm,m fi 8 m w famfi,

fi wfi fi hm fi lma u fi énnfl nnfi fimfi ; m fi l fim3flfi éfimfi m3fi fi fi ?

m m hfi ufi m fi ?m%m fi f t fl

fivmé’tfimi srm fiwhm l smqm vh

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m a onncron; vnasn or ms: Jm i .

IV. Ta x Ix '

rnonncronr a sr. or ra n Jami .

This ex tra ct will show (1 ) the style in which Panj abi is evennow written and lithographed in the Panj ab, and (2 ) the languageused in the Adi Granth, the great religious book of the Sik hs.

The “Japji is one of the poems conta ined in the Adi Granth,and was written by Guru Nana l: himself. It will be noticed

tha t the language he uses (a mix ture of Braj Bhash'

a and old

Panjabi ) is very different from that conta ined in the preceding

ex tracts, which represent the prose Panjabi of the present da yand of recent times. We transliterate the lines be fore ex pla ining

them, as the words a re not separated from one another in the

original. It should be noticed that, when a word (a s sati, namu)ends in a short vowel, the Granthis of the present day do not

pronounce that vowel a t all, in fact they say that the vowel isused in these instances not a s denoting any sound wha tever, butonly to show where one word ends and another begins. Of course

such a view needs no serious refutation.

Th ins!iteration

I lsa/car. Sa ti nimu, K arts, Pura k hu,Nirbhau, Nirwa iru,

A k'

almiirti, A juni , Sa ibham, Gfirprasi di.

The sign qé’is read Ik bk

'

ar,i .a . ik k , one

? -‘r on m ah

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ru ni ni sum s.

and mystic sound which the Hindus use in worship and consider

to be significant of the Trimurti , Brahma, Vishnu,and S

'

iva )+ Ica

r (a syllable used in Sansk rit and Hindi to denote sound

a k i r,the sound of a

’— i k ar, the sound of Granthis

say that fish or ii: is prefix ed to show the unity of God . The

long flourish is only an ex aggerated tippi , though the Granthis

ex pla in it as denoting the shy, and being full of other recondite

meanings.

Sati is for Satya Mod . Panj . Sa tt, Hindi Sash, true ,’

‘real,

’Vas, ‘to be ,

’ ‘ex ist.’

Nimu, U. Per. H . nam,term. of old Panj . ,

-u.

God is ca lled the real name .

’ The meaning of each word will

be clea r if we tranelate the verse as follows

The True Name , Creator, Mighty (or PrimevalMale) , Fearless, Devoid oi Enmity, of Timeless Form, not liable to Trans

migration, Self-E x istent, Beneficent Guide .

It would be beyond the scope of the present work to e x pla in

the full meaning of each term, as our object is not to write a

commenta ry on the Granth, but to show what Panj'

abi is and

what it once was.

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VOCA BULARY.

Abhimana ,u n. (for abhiman, lengthened for sa k e of rhyme) , pride, ambition. S .

A chchal, c.m. name of a village near Batulli .

A cbhchha, -i,adj . m.f . good (H. U. achchha, -i ) .

A chwa ila,v.tr. (Lahindli dial. chahilfi, g to wish, lik e .— P.

Asa , c.m. protection, serene, shelter (cf. P. ai d and H. addli ) . — P.

Adar, c.m. politeness, respect ; dignity, reverence, honour.

— H.

A di la t, s.f . judgment, justice : adli lat k arni , to judge , do justice (corr. fr. A .U.

w hey— A .

Adharmi, a dj. m.f. and s.m. impious, ine ligious ; one unjust (a not dhann,— H.

A dhdhfi, a dj . m.f . half (U. H . i dhfi, -i) adhdhi rat, midnight.— P.

Admi, s.m. man, person.

— A . Per. U.

Agan,

}s.f . fire (S . agui, U. H . JT) .— P. A gan tap k armi , to perform

A S8 » austerities by fire, torture oneself by fire .

Agge , a dv. and postp . (with do) , before ; formerly (U. JT) . P.

A ggo, a dv. and postp . (with do) , frombefore ; beforehand — P.

Agha l (also aghai ), adj . m.f . satiated, sa tisfied.— H.

Age, sf . (H. ajua, agya) , a command, order.— H . P.

Agla,-i , a dj.m.f . (fr. former, prior, of ancient times : us to agli pik ambar,a prophet before him.

’— H. U. P.

Aha -r, a . intr. (Lahinda dial. P. si , si ), was : p l. aha , were .

A iai , a . :‘

ntr. 3rd sing. aor. of Awni (old H. and poet. for awe) .

A ib. e .m (corr. fr. U. A . ml ), fault, blame ; aib pa k arni , to find fault ; aib

15mm, to blame .

A in,adj . and ado. rea l ; ex act ; ex actly, quite (corr. fr. U. A . we ) .

A isi , -i, adj . m.f . (=Panj . aj ibi , ajehli , such.

— U. H.

a re, a dv. thus, in this way (=U. “ZL— P.

A j i rdiir, ssn. farmer of the revenue, contractor, monopolist (cor-r. fr. U. for,to;

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Pu ni si su ntan.

A jga ibi , a dj .vn.f . invisible ; ajga ibi hona , to become invisible, to disappear (corr.

fr. Pers. as (j l)-s Ar. 9 4 i) ado. from the invisible world, by divine

interposition.

A jiba, -i , (e . ajehi ) adj . and ado. such, lik e this : so, thus.— P.

A jj , ado. to-day ; ajj k alh, in these days -.U(in— P.

A jma t, s.f . (corr. fr. A .U. w ho) , greatness, honour ; great deed, wonder, a

marvel.A judhii , mm. (B. Ayodhyi , U. P. sol,l) , the country Oude. — P.

A k arath, a dj . m.f . a nd ado. vain, useless ; uselessly, without design (H. also

a k zi rat : fr. 8 . a + k rita + artha ) . — H.

A k i s, am. the sk y, the visible heaven (S. (sk i ds, other) ; — H. i k i s, a k as,

ak k iis) .— H. P.

Ak hida.-i, ymmda

'

ocpa rt. ns.f . of ak haa, to call tobe called,— appella ndus

ca lled, named.

Ak hios, La h. d ia l. forno (us na i) ak hla or us nil ak hla , he sa id or he sa id tohim,

p.p.p. of ak hna, to say, (V. appendix on Lah. dia l.)— P.

A k hk h, s.f . the eye (U. H.— P.

A k hk har, a ns. a letter of the alphabet (another formis achhchhar), a written

character (8 . a k shara ). — P.

Ak hiui , 0 . tr. to say, to spea k , to te ll ; to call, name (=U.MI) . Intens. ak h

denli ; us nil Angad k ark e ak hde han, they ca ll himAngad.-P.

A k in, s.m. belief, certa inty, conviction (corr. fr. A . U. wig) mai nil a k in ha i , Iamsure .

— P.

A k k ila, e . :‘

ntr. to bevex ed, put out, annoyed .— P.

A la k a , s.m. (corr. fr. U. A . a ll and d h ) , anan ‘Ilaqa , a small district, portion of

a Tabail (uha s”lA lek b , a dj . m.f . and s.m. unwritten ; that which cannot be or is not written ;

wha t is not one’s fate .

— H.

Alsi , adj . "i f . la zy, inactive, feeble, weak — P.

Ami , intesj . Amen (A . U.

Andar, poslp . with do and ado. inside , within.— Per. U.

A ndar'

d, postp . with do and ado. fromwithin.— P.

A nek , adj . m.f . some , several, a good number (an 4» ek ). — H.

A ng, s.ns. limb,member ; body.— H.

Angad , s.m. name of Guru Angad, GuruNana k’s successor in the Guruship of

the Sik hs, the second of their twelve gun’ls.

A ng amk b k bé, a long tunic, long coat (ang.J‘rak hk hni , to protect

“f a 17.— H . P. U.

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VOCABULARY.

a

Anheri , -i , adj . m.f . dark (U. H. andhera'

,-i) .— P.

Anheri , s.ns. dark ness, gloom(U. H . andhera) .- P.

Anberi , s.f. a storm, gale, strong wind (U.us

fiTL— P.

Anj li l'

l , a dj . m.f . unk nown, strange, unrecognised ; ignorant, stupid (H.

and anj li n) . — P.

Ann, e.m. food (8 . annam).— H.

Anna ,

Anni ,

Antar,adv. a nd postp . within, inside (8 . antara ) .— H.

Ap, pars. pron. m.f . oneself: honorifle , you (in this sense U. )— U. H. P.

Apui , -i , pron. one’

s own, suns. (U. H. apna,Mar. i pli ) .— P.

Ar, oonj . and (U. and H. aur, Pus'

htuaw). — P.

Ari dbr’

ui , 9 . tr. to adore , worship, supplica te : ari dhii k arna, to continually

worship— H.

A rdas, of . (con . ofU. Per. d bhb e) , entreaty, supplication, petition ; humble

representa tion.— P.

A re, intesj . addressed toma les, 0 ! hello, are tusf, youthere ! used contemptuously.

— U. P. H.

A rj , s.j . (corr. fr. A . U. x ) , request, petition ; representation : arj k iti (usna i) , he represented that.— P.

A rpr’

lai (H. arpnii), 0 . tr. to present as an ofiering, to sacrifice, dedicate ; intens.

arp deiui .

A rth, sen. object, meaning, ex pla nation ; purpose , reason, causeA rthli t (S . abl. sing. of artha , purpose) , tha t is to say, i .s., er

'

z.

A rthiri , -i,a dj . m.f . needy, in need of (di , de, etc. )— {H. arthiyi , -i .]- P.

A ru, oonj . (Lah. and old formof a r, and .

As, ff . (8 . hope , confidence, reliance .— H. P.

A si , obl. pl. 1stp ars. prom, us (v. Gram. )— P. (Another and shortened formis

0 . tr. to bring : pres. part. i ndli ,-i (Mar. i fiirii) .— P.

Ash (obl. a nd instr. of letpen . pron. La hr'

ndd dia l ) , us, by us.

595, s.m. a musicalmode , name of a song : li ssi di wi r, a . sub. wan — P.

A sadi , -i , m.f . p ass. pron. 1st pl. , our, ours (another formis slide, -i) .— P.

A sani , a dj . m.f . (asi n corr. fr. A .U. ”al l term.-r) , grateful, thank ful ;

benefited ; beneficent.

A si , p ron. 13! p l. we ; also instr. pl. by us.

Asis,s.f. prayer, benediction, salutation (froma superior especially), asis deal

,

to bless, sa lute (S.Missy— P.

Aeea‘

, am. (another formof585, a . saprah

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rsmi ni seru m.

0

A ta k , s.f. obstacle, bar, hindrance, prevention, prohibition.— H. P.

A te, mv’. and (S. a tha , La t. et, This word now a lmost anieersa lly occurs

in the form te, but a te is sa id to be ex tensively used still fromthe Ri o? to

Peshawar.— P.

A tit, sen. a nd a dj . emf. past ; wanderer, devotee ; destitute .— H.

A ththopahir (U. H. aura pahr) , a dv. during all the eight watches, i .e . both day

and night, continually, incessantly.— P.

A thwli , eonj . , or (often in book language , rare in common speech in Panj .)— H. P.

Atmti , e .m. (S . li tman) , spirit (=U. A .- H. P.

Aur‘

ui , o. intr. to come : intens. i j inn: perf. part. act. often lluk ar (H.

also i ik ar. — P.

Aur, adj . m.f . other ; another ; eonj . and (not — U. H.

A ntari , e.m. one in whom a deity is incarna ted, an incarnation (autar less. to

descend, to be incarna ted) ,— (S. avatfira ) . — P. H.

Awri j , s.f . (corr. fr. Per. U. j lil) , a voice , sound, speech, words ; awi j k ami , tospea k , say.

Awana, o. intr. to come (Lahindli dial. =i ufii ) . — P.

Babs, s.m. old man, title of respect(T. Babs, father) .

Bi bar, e.m. (=babr, R; proper name of a famousMughul, a descendant of Ta imr

lr Shah, who overthrew the Lodi dynasty and founded the

Mughul Empire in India (a . sub. BahiramK ll i ).

Bfibat, postp . with d i , about, concerning— U.

Bachan, s.m. (H. wachan), word, saying, speech.

Bachaul'

la , 0 . tr. (cans. of bachna ), to deliver, save ,P. (U. My ).

Bad , pas/p . with de (corr. fr . A . U. M) . after.

Bods, -i , a dj . m.f . (Lahinda dish), big, grea t, large ; of age, old (of comp a ra tiveage only) the usual P. formis wadli , -i , forU. lib — P.

Badi , s.f . evil, wick edness.— Per.

Badli , s.m. recompense , ex change , retaliation : k isi wastu de badle (wichch) , in

place of something .— H. U. P.

Baghilir(another formis Bagihi r) , e.m. a wolf (U. they— P.

Bahar, postp . wi th do, and a do. outside, without — H. U.

Banana s, a . tr. (ca ns. of babies) , to cause to float ; cause to plough ; cause to

sit (in le tter sense highw ay— r.

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VQCABULABY.

Babiila , v. .‘m. to flow, float U. to sit, sit down (for ba ithnfi — ia

this sense P. only) bahi jails, to sit down ; bahi rahir'

ni, to continue to sit,

rema in seated — P.

BahiramK hfi, s.m. (corr. fr. IbrahimK hi , Ute. name of the last sovereignof the Lodi dynasty, k ing of the country around Delhi and Agra , overthrown and slain at the battle of Panipat in 1526 Ad ) . by Babar.

Bahut, a dj . m.f . (in p l. bahute , m. and bahutid,f . are often used in P. much,many ; ado. much,very ; bahutsara U. law ) , a s. -i , f. a good many,much (often pronounced bohut) . — H. U. P.

Bahutera, -i , adj . m.f . much p l. many (U. H . ; proper P. is batherli , -i ,

Bahuti (a lso Wahuti ), s.f . a bride — P.

Ba isk li,s 1» (also Baisa k ) , sea t ; grazing ground (fr. baisna=baithnli , cf. Mar.

basne , to sit) .

Baithil li , a . intr. to sit down ; uh ba ithia hai, he has sat down, he sits ; ba ith

jails,intens.

=ba ithfl i .— H. U P.

Ba jar, e .m. a street, mark et place (corr. fr. U. Per.Jlj lg, )— P.

Bajaul’

la , v. tr. to cause to sound, to sound (an instrument) , play (a musica linstrument) , ring (a bell) , cans. of Bajna .

— P.

Ba k hasr'

l a , o. tr (eorr. fr. U. um ,Per. M in) to give, bestow, present ;

ba k has dena , mlens. : Parmesur da naw ba k nasna , to give God’s name ,

’a.e.

to bring to a k nowledge of God .

Bal, s.m. force , power, strength

— H . P.

Bali, i nf . misfortune , ca lamity, ill-luck ; Pl. in the La hindt

'

i dia l. , Bali i .

Balai , l U. Per. P.

Bela, s.m. name of Bhli i Bali , a servant of Kala who became a follower of GuruN i na k .

Bala k , eonj . nay rather, yea more , but U. Pers. A ; fr. which it is corr.,the

proper Panj . being sagwi or sagb'

,

I

Bala k , e .m. a little child ; dim. of Bill, 9. child — P.

Bdlgudli i , e.m. name of a Hinduascetic (j ogi ) with whomGuru N i na k is sa id tohave had an argument in Afghanistan ; he is said to have given his name toa hill there .

Balihar, e .m. a sacrifice, offering (a lmost U. P. A . la i ), (fr. H . Bali, offering) .

— H. P.

Bail , s.f . temper, manner, custom(S. varha ) .— H. P.

Baas, s or colour, form; habit, dress, costume (S.var-na , H. baui\.— Q

Bar'

ui una , 0 . tr. (cans. of henna), to build ,mak e ; i eigu to b e ,mak e ensu e“was.

to be (17. - P.

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rANJZni sa d isma .

O

Banat. s.f . structure, work , creation, form; appearance , show, forgery ; combination, friendship, peace , intercourse .

— P.

Band, s.m. band, fastening, joint ; adj . m.f . shut, bound, fastened ; band k a rmi ,to

,shut fasten (Per. um ) .— Per. U. P.

Bandagi , s.f. service , worship ; salutation.— Per. U. P.

Bandben, a m. bond ; captivity ; obstacle ; rule , daily practice or observance.H . P.

Bli ndha i (U. H. not P. , which is bannhr'

lli , 0 . tr. to bind, fasten,

imprison.

Bangalil , s.m. Bengal.

Bani , s.f . speech, word , language ; a k ind of religiousverse ; worship (amongthe Sik hs), (H. bani , S.vi r'li) .- P.

Ba irnli , c. intr. to be made , to become , to be built — H . U. P.

Bannhr’

ni, 0. tr. to bind , fasten, tie, bind up U. an) ; k harch bunnhnu, to

fastenmoney for ex penses on a journey in a k not in one'

s garments.— P.

Ba iloi, s.m. (p rop erly H . , the true P. is bailwayyli ) , a sister’s husband, brother

ia -law.— H . P.

Banti , s.m. a share , portion, part, division. H. P.

Bar, s.f . (also war, turn, time, occasion ; song of praise ; dirge ; barren

and uninhabited country— H . U. P.

Bari g (H . ba irh‘

lg, also H . hiring) , s.m. asceticism, disregard of all sensua l

enjoyment, the not being a ffected by pleasure or pa in.— P.

Barns, e.m. a yearn— H. U. P.

Barns (corr. fr. U. A . an heir, inheritor.— P.

Barasili , a . intr. to rain (U. H. harasnii ) ; p .p . baththd and humid , 0 . G ames ,

I rreg. l'

erbs.— H. P. U.

Bara t, s.m. a custom, practice ; fasting ; barat ra k hk hr‘

la, to fast — H. P.

Bark hli , s.f . ra in, 9. shower.

— P

Barsaunil , 0 . tr. (cans. of Barasna ), to cause to ra in, to pour down ra in, lit. a nd

fig. (=U.- P.

Barti , s.m. one who fasts (v. barat) , a faster.— H. P.

BaSfifi, o. intr. to dwell, abide , remain.— H. P.

Bastr, sen. clothing .— H. P.

But, sf (U. ; the proper P. is gall, a word (as to its meaning, A li-yes,opposed to tail, a word as to itsformand pronuncia tion, pupa ) .— U.

Ba ta la , s.m. (alsoWatli lli in Panj . , g.c. U. slug) , Bata la , name of a town about

2 4 miles by ra il north-east of Amfim .

B‘fb i lfl i

(or bathélni , a . Gram. t6 , 1 , Observa tion on Infinitive m t ,

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su sh i Gu nman.

0

Bhar, adj .m.,i . (follows its noun) , full, whole ; on] . din bhar, all day ; umar bhar,all one

s life - 11 . U. P.

Bhari , -i ,w:m.f. full ; bhari honi , ho jans, to be full, to be fulfilled .— H. U. P.

Bhi ra (more usually Bhi r) , s.m. a load , burden ; chuk i k armk fi bhi ri (Olda . sub Karim— H.

Bharak , s.f . splendour, brightness.— H . P.

Bharam, s.m. wandering, confusion whirling error, doubt, confusion (8 .

Bhrama ) .— H. P.

Bharamni , o. intr. to wander, go astray.— H. P.

Bharni ,v. tr. to fill ; to draw (water), to pour into (avessel) until it is full.H . U. P.

Pharola, s.ns. a k ind of bin for holding grain, somewhat in the formof a hay

stack , butmade of earth.— P.

Bhasam, s.f . (S. bhasman, ashes ; bhasamk arui (k isswast nu) , to calcine ,

reduce to ashes ; bhasamhoni , to be reduced to ashes ; to be in a rage ;

bhasma i, old Panj . (Braj ) oblique form; bhasma i dheri , a small heap of

ashes.— H. U. P.

Bhaththi (also Bhatti , in H. bhatthi), s.f . a forge , still, k iln, furnace .— H. P.

Bhau (S . bhiva , H. bhfiv, bhau), s.m. ex istence , nature , temper, disposition ;design ; heart, mind ; afiection, sentiment, love ; respect, reverence ; substance ; the world ; superhumanpower ; profit, price .

— H P.

Bhi nni, o. intr. to please, be pleasing to (k ise nu) , be acceptable to (M be

agreeable.— P.

Bhawaiai, 3rd sing. aor. (old E . and Poet. for howe) , fr. V bhi'

r.

Dhaw'

e(also Dhaw‘

e), (strictly 2nd singnor. of bhi uni )my“

. although ; bhawe

bhi w‘

é, whether or (cf. H. chahe chi he ; Per. tl,‘ at» , Latin

vel vel) .— P.

Bhay (H. for bhua ), 3rd sing. aor of Vbhu, =howe .— OldH.

Bhed, s.f . (U. H.Ms bher), a shoop.— P.

Bhejna, 0 . tr. to send, forward — H. U. P.

Bhek h, e.m. ga rb, attire, guise , disguise , appearance (8 .vesa ,vasha ). Bhsk ls isBhes, P. , as a lso Bhes,— the la tter a lso E .

Bhet, s.f . an offering, sacrifice.— P.

Bhi , oonj . also, as well (proper P. is bi ) .— H. U.

Bhiri , -i , a dj . m.f . narrow, straitened.— H. P.

Bbog, s. es. enj oyment, pleasure ; profit, use ; food : k iss wast di bhog k arni , to

Bhogn‘

i, s

'. tr. to enj oy.

— H. P.

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VOCABULARY.

0

Bhojan, sm. food.— H.

Bhramna ,v. intr. to wander (P.— H.

Bhuk hk h, s.f . hunger, starvation (U. H. bhuk h) .— P.

Bhuk hk ha, J, a dj . m.f. hungry (U. H. bhuk hi , -i) . — P.

Bhut, a m. (pr0p. p.p. of S . Vbhu, bhuta , having been a ghost, evil spirit,demon.

— H. U. P.

Bhutna, s.m. ghost, evil spirit.— P. H.

Bi, eonj . (=U. H. bhi ), also, too (often pronouncedvi) . — P.

Biak aran,s.m. (H. wiak aran) , gramma r, ex position (there are nisss recognised

system of grammar) .— P.

Bich, postp . with to (U. H. not Panj . , which is wichch, in the middle of,

in the midst of ; s.ns. the middle .

Bichdi'

6, postp . with do (Lah. dial. for wichd

'

6) , from the midst of,by way of,

through, bymeans of.— P.

Biddia, s.f . k nowledge , science , art(H. bidya , S .vidya).— P.

Bidh, s.f . manner, k ind method, contrirancs.— P.

Bigari , s.f .m. a man forced to work (for Government, etc.) aga inst his will

Bigarna, c. intr. to be corrupted , to be spoilt, to be entirely changed ; bigsr

jdr’

u‘

r, intens.

Bigarna, o. tr. to compel to labour (for Government, etc.) ex actly the Greek

dn apedew (v. bigari ) .— P.

Bigarna , 0 . tr. to spoil, corrupt, alter (tr. of bigarua). — P.

Bih, num. adj . twenty (U. H . bis, 8 .vins’ati) . — P.

Bihauns (H. bihana) , o. intr. a nd tr. to elapse , to pass (of time) .— P.

Bihla, -i , adj . m.f . at leisure, not busy, outof work (alsowibli , -i ; in pronuncia

tionvela) .— P.

Bijas, 0. tr. to sow (seed) , to plant.— P.

Bik al, s.m. afternoon, twilight, dusk ; evening (8 . H. wik al) .— P.

Bik h, s.m. (=H. wish) , poison.— P.

Bik ini , 0 . intr. to be for sa le , to be sold : (k iss pur), to be dependent on(some one) .

H. P.

Bilas, s.m. (often used in delight, enjoyment ; bili s k arna (k iss wast da ordc) , to enjoy(something) ; bilas chalda ha i , pleasure results from(da) .— H. P.

Bilawal, s.f . name of a musicalmods a morning song (also called Bhairavi).H . P.

p al /p .vitti or without do, without (sins) —'

B . Y

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mmxni ou trun .

Bindi , s.f . the name of the dot above letters (A ) in the Panj alphabet.— P.

Biphta , s.f. (also biptii and bipat) , ca lamity, misfortune .— H. P.

Birla, -i, adj . ns.f . scarce , rare , few ; separate (also writtenwirla , -i ) .— H . P.

Birth ,-1 , adj .m.j 2 and ado. useless, worthless ; invain, needlessly, worthlessly

(Bi vi +arth) . — H . P.

Bisarni , a . intr. (also wisarna, to be forgotten.— H P.

Bisi rna, 0 . tr. (tr. of preceding), to forget — H . P.

Bit (also bitt) , s. as. size , stature power, wealth.- P.

Bites, 0 . intr. to elapse, pass by (of time) .— H. P.

Biuhar, s.f . business of a merchant, trade ; ordinary life and business (H .

byohi r) . — P.

Bolt, s.f . conversa tion, language , speech, talk — H. U. P.

Bolna,v. intr. to spea k , talk , converse — H. U. P.

Brahmachari , e.m. a Brahmanstudent(residingwith his teacher,notyetmarried) ;a particular k ind of ascetic.

— H.P.

Budhdhman, adj . m.f . wise (H . buddhimfin) . — P.

'

Bujhna, o. intr. to go out, be ex tinguished (fire ) , be quenched (thirst) , be sa tisfied

(hunger) ; bujh jabs, intens.— H. P. U.

Bulanna, 0 . tr. to ca ll (caus. of bolas) bulii bhejr‘

xa, to send for,send to

call (U. H . bulana) .— P.

Burt} , -i , adj. m.f . evil, bad, ill, wick ed .— H . U. P.

Bars Badhawa , e .m. name of a Jat; who became one of Guru'

ana k’s disciples.

Buriai , s.f . (U. H. burai) wick edness, evil — P.

Buri ar, s.ns. an evil doer, a wick edmam— P.

Beta , e.m. shrub, flower, little plant shrub orflowerwork ed on cloth, etc.— H. P.

Chachi , e.m. uncle (father'

s brother) , (U. Gé) .— P.

Chahe (stri ctly3rd sing. nor. of chahna) , (if) one will, i .s. whether, although ;

chahe chahs, whether or.— U. H. P.

Chabis (U. is le fr. chahna) , it is fit, right, necessary, prOpsr ; one must.Chahni , 0. tr. to lik e, wish, desire , love .

— H. U. P.

Chahii,

Chahfl,

Cba k ln‘

, of . a mill, a bandmill ; cha k k i pihauna, to cause (one) to grind at a mill.

nuns. adj . all four, the whole four w a y— P.

0551; ":f : going , conduct, way (i .s. in religion) .— E U Y

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VOCABULABY.

0

Chalachali , s.f . continued motion, preparation for a journey ; adj . f . tremnlous,moving continually.

— P.

Chains,v. intr. to go, go away, walk ; chalia jitni , to go away.

— H. U. P.

Chalochali , s.f . and adj . f .=chalacha li , a .o.

— P. H.

Chama k nii ,v. intr. to shine, gleam, glitter.— H. U. P.

Chanan,s.m. light.

— P.

Chanda], s.m chandala, s.f . a person of a low caste (sa id to be descended froma

Brahman: mother and S udra fa ther) an outcast,vile wretch.— P.

Changa, -i , a dj . am] . good (=U. H. Q t). (InU. changi means well in health) ;changa jsans. to approve of. -H. U. P.

Changiai , s .f . goodness, k indness, good deed, ex cellence , k indness merit.— P.

Chsnna,-i , a dj . m.f . bright, enlightened

— P.

Char,nuns. a dj . four.

— H . U. P.

Chars, num. adj . all four, the whole four — P.

Charan, e .m. a foot. (Used in Panj . only in order to show deep respect inste ad of

pa ir, the usual word. )— H.

Charauna,v. tr. to cause (beasts) to feed, to pasture (cans. of chariia) .— P.

Char-hire,v. intr. to go up, ascend ; char

-h jans, intens.— H. U. P.

Cha rni, s.f . the foot (diminutive of charan, H. charar

'

r) , charni lai lawo,‘touch

(us) with your feet’

(as a sign that we are subject to you and are your

disciples) .— P.

Chaunp, s.f. incentive , desire , wish.— H. P.

Chaura, -i , adj . ns.f . wide , broad — H. U. P.

Chela, s.m. cheli , s.f . a disciple , servant, pupil — H. P.

Chhadna , 0 . tr. to leave , abandon, desert ; release , forgive (sins) . =U. laugh — P.

Ohhaia , s.f . shadow,shade ; chhaia k arni , to shadow (=H. S. obbaya) . — H . P.

Chhapna ,v. intr. to be hidden, be concealed , hide oneself ; chhap rahir'

ia, id .

(U. he} , better ail ) — P.

Chhipr'

rb'

t,v. intr.

=chhapna , q .v.Chhodna, o. tr. chhadna), to leave , desert (U. H. chhornt

t) .

Chhota , -i , a dj . m.f . small,little ; young (of compa ra tive age) . — ll .U. P.

Chhudauiia , 0 . tr (caus. of chhadna) , to deliver, save, rescue (U. intens.

chhuda dena .— P.

Chhfiti . s.f . release,discharge, dismissa l (Old H . for H. U. P. chhutti) .— H.

Chhutna,v. intr. to escape ; chhut jails, intens.— H. U. P.

Chij , s.f. (corr. of Per. U. chiz) , a thing — P.

Chikna, -‘

i (also chik na, -i), adj. m.f. fat, greasy cfi k h’

a h mk mg m é‘ SmV

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PANJABI GRAH AR.

s

Chinti , s.f . thought, anx iety, care ; k iss di chinti k arni , to be anx ious about

(some one) .— H. P.

Chintawan, adj . mf . thoughtful, anx ious, troubled — H. P.

Chir, e.m. a long time, delay ; chir to, long since .— H. P.

Chitamni , 0 . tr. (aor. in Jalandhar dia l. chitwi for chitmid), to remember,consider, determine .

— P.

Chitbthi , s.f . a note, a letter.— H. U. P.

Choirs, e.m. name of a particular clan (got) of the Khatri (Kshatriya) caste .

H. P.

Chor, e .m. a thief. — H. U. P.

Chori , s.f . theft ; chori k arni , to steal.— H. U. P.

Chugatta ,s.m. (for T. name of theMn hul tribe to which Babar and his

ancestor Taimnr belonged.

Chugli , sf (fr. Per. U. complaint, back biting, slander ; chugl‘

i k ha i‘

n, to

slander.

Chuk kna ,v. intr. to cease , desist, finish (often used as in U. in composition with

anotherverb, as uh galld k ar chuk k ia , he finished spea k ing) (U. H . t — P.

Chnkna , a . intr. old and Poet. for ehuk k sid or LC;Churam‘

ia, 0 . tr. to steal (fr. chor ; U. H. churana) .— P.

D i, m. di , f. (obl. m. de, pl.m. nom. de, obl. did ; p . did), paarp . of U. H .

k s, k i ) . — I t agrees in the ma nner of a n adj . with the governing noun, j ust

as led in H . U. (4 25) inMa r. a nd -no in Guj . do.— P.

Dabbus, 0 . tr. to reptem, press down ; to bury ; intens. dabb dens (H. dabna) .. . P,

Dak h, sf . grape (S. drak sha) .— H. P.

Dam, s.m. breath,moment, instant. — Per. U. P.

Dan,e .m. a gift, tribute .

— H . P.

Dand, e .m. a tooth (U. sl a y— P.

Dand, e .m. (H. also send) , a staff, pole, stick ; armabove the elbow ; punish

ment ; a particular gymnastic ex ercise H. P.

Dand, s.f . a noise , an outcry ; dand pa im, an outcry to be made, to arise (a

shout) .— P.

p enda nt, sj . (H. dandawat, 8 . prostration ; salutation (by prostra tion, to a

deity or holyman) dandaut k ami , to salute — H . P.

D a ng , ing/ I astonished, stupefied.

— H. P.

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YOCABULABY.

o

Dar, s.m. (properly Per. ; the Panj . is babe, door ; sachcha dar, the

true door,’i . e. the door (or court) of God.

— Per.

Dar, e .m. fear, dread .— H . U. P.

Darga h,

Dargah,

Dsrk hat, s.f .m. a tree (corr. fr. Per. U. dara k ht 55 1303(properPanj . is perorruk h) .

Darsan,s.on. (H. dars

'

an, Vdris) , sight,view (of God , bea tificvision,’ also of a

sa int or grea t personage , Per. U.

,bu ) .— P.

Darwajj a , s.m. (corr. fr. Per. U. door, ga te (properly in P. used onlyof e g .

a city ga te, buha being the door of a house) .— P.

Dassr‘

ia , 0 . tr. to relate, narrate , tell ; show (H. disna) .— P.

Daulat, s.f . wea lth, money.— A . Per. U.

Daula t K hd, name of one of the Lodi family (a . sub BahiramRhd) .Daurnfi,v. intr. to rum— H. U. P.

Daya , s.f . mercy, pity, gentleness — H . P.

Dayaman, a dj . m.f . merciful, tender, full of pity.— H. P.

Deh, s.f . the body (whether living or dead ; the dead body is generally loth,

Dehi , (S. deha , s.m. H. deh is m. aboutBanri ras, but elsewhere f . )— H.P.

D ehra, e .m. an idol temple (deva griham, a sepulchral monument (of a

guru, a guru’s shrins.

— H. P.

Dek hiu’

t , 0 . tr. to see , to look at.— H. U. P.

Dena, 0 . tr. to give (irreg. see Gram.) 2nd sing. impera t. dih, pl. dio de jam ,

to k now how to give .— H . U. P.

Der, s.f . a short period , delay ; der k arni , to delay— Psr. U. P.

Dora , s.m. tent, camp, temporary dwelling dera k arna, to encamp, halt.°

-H . P.

Des, s.m. (8 . (less , H . des) , country, land.— H. P.

Devata , e .m. (H . U. a lso deota), a deity, demigod — H . P.

Dhahina, a . intr. to fall down, go to ruin (a . irreg . , see Gram.) p . p a rt.

dhaththa) . (In Eastern Panjabi diggna ismore usual) .- P.

Dha k k a , e.m. pushing , shoving ; a push ; dha k k a li unii (=H. dha k k i lagani ,

also=dha k k na , to apply force , to push.— H. P.

Dhan, e .m. wealth, treasure — H. P.

Dhanu, adj . m.f . (for S . and H . dhanya , from dhan), wea lthy ; wea l-bringing ;

fortunate , luck y, happy.

Dharauna , 9 . tr. (cans. of to cause to place , ca use to set down.— P.

Dharm, e .m. religious practice , rite , outward obsemmus ;righteousness (S. dharmma) .— H. P .

s.f. a court (of a sovereign or of God) .— Per. U.

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rmsx si Ga sm an.

0

Dharma, adj . and s.m. for dharmi (in poetry) .— P.

Bharmi, adj . m.f . and s.m. pious, religious a piousmam— H. P.

DharmmUrat, e.m. (lit.‘image of a title which Brahmansmay use

in addressing a Raj-1 or a Vais'

ya .- H. P.

Dharti , s.f . the earth.— H. P.

Dheri , s.f2 (dim. of dher) , a little pile or heap — H. P.

Dhi , s.f . (S. duhita) , a daughte r. — P.

Dhiraj , e .m.f. (m. in ste adiness, coolness ; endurance , patience ; courage ,

self-possession (fromS . dhirya ).— H. P.

Dhor’

u‘

r, 0. tr. to wash, cleanse .- H. U. P.

Dhoti , s.f. a small strip of cloth fastened round the wa ist and passing between

the legs, tuck ed in behind.— H. U. P.

D iban, s.f . (U. m., eorr. fr. A . U. P. wigs) , court, tribunal ; suchchi diba

'

n, God'

s

tribunal.— P.

Diggna, o. inlr. to fall (=U. H. gima) ; digg pa ins, to fall down and lie there

(=U. H . ninth— P.

D ik hai , s.f . appearance : dik hai debt , 0 . intr. to appear, show oneself.

H. U. P.

D ik halna (Jalandhar dik halna) , o. tr. (ca us. of dek hna) , to show.— P.

D ik hauna , 0. tr. (caus. of dek hna) (=dik bala a andU. H . dik hana and dik hlané) ,to show. P.

D ik hiyri , appearance : dik hiya dens, to appea r, a . intr.— P.

Di], e .m. heart (in all senses of the word, literal and metaphysical) the interior

(so stomach, -Per. U. P.

Din, e.m. a day (meaning both a natural day, as apposed to night, and also the

period of 24 hours) .— H. U. P.

Din, e .m. religion, faith (especially the outward as contrasted with iman mu d.)— Per. A . U.

Dinda , -i , pres. pa rt. of debt , to give,’ giving (a .— P.

D io, 2nd p l. impera t. of debt , give ye (o.— P.

D itta, -i , p astp a rt. p a ss. of dens (=S . da tta ) , given.— P.

Diwa, e .m. a lamp(especia lly avery small clay lamp lik e a little saucer with a

spout quite open at the top, with a wick lying in it and projecting at the

spout ; mustard oil is usually bumed in it) .— P.

Diwak hi , s.f . a lamp-stand.— P.

D o, nuns. a dj . inf . two 061. can dob! and don§ .-H. U. P.

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Pucci ni 0m m.

0

Gal, s.m. the neck , throat (U. elf) ; k iss de gal da hi r hotai , to cling to one, to

importune, tease ; persist in quarrelling with any one ; overpower any one

with k indness galmala, s.f . neck lace , garland for the neck .— P.

Galh, s.f . the cheek‘

(U.JUL— P.

Gall, s.f. word (=both a t and tail in thing.—P.

Ga lmala , a . sub Gal.

Garanj , adj . m.f . displeased, angry (H. garajni , to growl, roar, thunder) .— P.

Gardhab, e.m. (H. gardabh) , an ass (=U. b sS) .— P.

Garib, adj . m.f . (A .W ealso Per. poor, humble, tame, meek , lowly. — P.

Garm, a dj . m.f . warm, hot — Per. U. P.

Garmi , s.f . warmth, heat.— Psr. U. P.

Gat, s.f . (S. ga ti) , course , conduct ; end ; destiny, fate ; state, condition ;

transmigra tion, absorption into the deity (=muk ti in this sense) .— H. P.

G i una, 0 . tr. (H . U. gla d ), to sing.— P.

Gawi dhi , e.m. a neighbour.— P.

Gawan (Bra j for gaman) , e .m. going, approach gait ; tirath gawan, act of

going to a holy bathing-

place .

Ghabriiunfi, e . intr. to be disturbed in mind, astonished, dismyed (U. H . gha

bri na) .— P.

Ghallna, 0 . tr. to send (=U. leg gy— P.

Ghar, s.m. (S. griham, n.) house, dwelling — H. U. P.

Ghar da, one of one’s house or family, a relative .

— P.

Gharabh, e .m. womb, foetus, conception, pregnancy : gharabh wichchms,to be

conceived — H . P.

Gharri r’

ni , s.m. a household, family (U. H. ghari nii) .— P.

Gharbar, e .m. family, household, house and all that dwell in it.— P.

Ghari , s.f . a period of 24 minutes ; a watch, clock : gharik u, about 24 minutes

(12. Gram. 2, note, p.

Gharwar, e .m. a notherformof gharbar, gnu— P.

(l) Ghat, e.m. murder, slaughter ghat k arna (k iss nfl), 0 . tr. tomurder.— P.

(2) Ghat, s.f . lying inwait, ambush : ghi t li ufii , to set snares, to lie in ambush.

— H . P.

Ghattna, 0. tr. to throw, cast, put, drop into.— P.

Gborsi , e .m. a howo.— H . U. P.

G isi,a t. g a s

, f .

p . p a rt. q dsid, togo (o. Irv. Vsrbs} .— P.

0m“? ca t counting, number (also gifiat) .— H .U.v.

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VOCABULARY.

Girast, girist, e.m. position and privileges of a householder or married man (8 .

grihasta ) .— P.

Giristi, e .m. a householder, secular person (as distinct froma faqir) . - P.

Gora k hnath, e.m. name of a celebrated Hinduascetic with whomGuruNauak is

sa id to have had a controversy. Gora k hni th founded the sect of K annpatas

(gm) .

Gost, s.f . conversation, talk , interview (8 . goshti , H .Mar. gosht) .— P.

Got, e .m. a clan or division of a caste — H . P.

Granth, s.m. a book ; especia lly the sacred book of the Sik hs, the A—

di Granth ;

the Sik hs in spea k ing of it a lways append the title Sahib .— H. P.

Granthi , e .m. a scribe (N . a granthi or Sik h minister, whose duty it is to

read (and when possible to ex plain) the Granth.— P.

Gui ana, 0 . tr. to waste , squander.— P.

Gubind, e.m. (H. Govind) , a name of K rishna : Gubind lok , a Hindu ascetic

sect.I “ ,

Gujar, s.f . livelihood , means of living (Per. root of the verb Un a!) (corr. for

guzar) . P.

b

Gujarna , o. intr. to pass by, to elapse (U. tipsy— P.

Gun(8 . guira ) , e .m. quality, virtue ; sk ill ; cause , method ; merit.— H . P.

Guni , s.m. a nd adj . a sa int,virtuousman ; virtuous.— H. P.

Gupt, adj . m.f. (orig. p astp a rt. 8 . gupta ) , hidden.— H. P

Gur, e m. (a . sub. gun'

r) .— P.

Gun a r,s.f . guru-ship, office of a gun?

— P.

Gurmuk h,s.m. a disciple of a gun

'

s, a piousman, one who learns fromthemouth

of a guru; Gurmuk hi , belonging to the mouth of the Guru— the Punjabia lphabet is so ca lled because (wrongly) supposed to have been invented byGuruNana k .

— P.

Gurparsad, e .m. a title of the deity (in the Granth it is gurprasadi =gurprasadya ,

Gurprasad, i .s. k ind Teacher,’

beneficent Gurir,’

fr. gur prasad, k indness,

etc. )— P.

Gur, s.m. a religious te acher, spiritual guide. (This word in the Granth is

Guru, often a title of the Deity as the one only true Guide , but often the

human guru, e.g . Ni uak,is supposed to be identica l with Him, hence the

termis applied to the human teacher.) Guruk arna , to act the gunk — H. P.

Gurumat, s.f . method or conduct or religion of a guru(guru ma ti) .- H. P.

Gussa, a dj . m. and e .m. angry ; anger, wrath (A . U. gussii these, to be

angry, feel anger.— P.

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rw si ni GRAMMAR.

k

Ht, adv. yea , yes.— U. H. P.

115, 1st sing. a nd 1st p l. pres. ind ie . of Hons, to be’

(=U. up , up ) , I am, we

are ; e . Gram.

Habuk a , e .m. a sigh ; hahuk a la ir’

ra, to sigh.— P.

Hairan, adj . m.f . astonished, thunderstruck , perplex ed (oorr.fr. A . U.

U. Per. P.

Hairanagi , s.f . confusion, wonder, astonishment, bewilderment (for Per. U.

Hajar, num. adj . m.f. a nd s.m. one thousand (eorr. fr. Per. l , U.All

ah— P.

Hal, e.m. (A . U. Per. JG ) , sta te , condition ; na rra tive.

I

Hanjir, s.f . a fig (oorr. fr. U.- P.

Hank ar. e.m. pride , egotism(inH. hank armeans — H. P.

Har, a dj . m.f . every, each harek , every one .— Per. U. P.

Har, e.m. a mounta in-torrent — P.

Har, e.m. a garland (for neck or head) .— H. U. P.

Harb , e .m.=har, q .o.

— P.

Hari, s.m. a name of the god Vishri ii [generally used by the Sik hs (of . Ram) asan appellation of the Deity]. — H . P.

Hassr’

ra, e . intr. to laugh (=U. H. hasna) .— P.

B arns, mintr. to return, come back ; get out of the way.— H. P.

Hathth, e.m. (U. H. hath), the hand ; a cubit ; hathth runs, to come to hand ,be found.

— P.

Hayat K ha, s.m. name of aMusalmanwhose daughter was GuruNanak ’a second

He, interj . 0 (used with subs. invoc.)=U. Per. in H . e, and so now pro

nounced in the Panj ah) . — P.

Heth, postp . with or wi thout do, under.- P.

Heth’

d, postp . a nd ads . fromunder ; undernea th.

— P.

Hi , a dv. pa rt. (a dds empha sis) , even, just ; (withpres. p a rt. ofverbs, e .g . dek hde

hi ,‘immediately on seeing

— H . U. P.

Hik k , num. adj . (vulg. a nd p rovincia lfor ik k , one .— P.

Hin, p ostp . (with or without te) , devoid of, without (also used as an amx =less,as balhin, without strength) .

— H. P.

H indu,e .m. a Hindu. (In India this word has only one sense, and that a

re ligious one ; it doesnotmean an inhabitantofHindustan; but a believerin — H . P.

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PAIUABI GRAHMAB.

0

Ima , -i,adj . m.f . so much, as much ; p l. as many : itne wichch, meanwhile (U,

H. itne — H. U. P.

I ii, ado. thus, in this way (=U. H . yd, another and betterformis ai

ti,

9v— P

I iik ar, a dv. in, thus. — P

Iw‘

é, a dv. (another formof in, thus.— P.

Ja, adv. when (correl. of th, cf. H. jo used in this sense) . —P.

Jab, a dv. when (properly H. U. , not P. , which is jad) jab ts, since the timethat.

J’

ad , adv. when (correl. to tad) , H. P. J’

ad lag , until the time when, as long as

(followed by nit if the mea ning is"unti l —

.U J or a“? b ury— P.

Jag (a lsomP. jagg) , s.m. the world , the present world — H. P.

Jaga (a lso jaga) , sf a place, spot (Old Per. slfib and ,(lla in Sha hnama

U s!»

Jagat, e .m. j ag, the world— H. P.

(I ) Jagg, e .m. jag, q .v. the world — P.

(2) Jagg, s.m. (S. yajna , H. jagya , also j ag) , oblation, sacrifice — P.

Jagr'

ra,v. intr. to awak e jag nthna, to awa k e and get up.— H. P.

Jagwedi , s.f . (S. yajna+wedi , a ltar) , a sacrificial a ltar.— P.

Jai, conj unct. p a rt. of jana (also ja, jak ar, jaik ar, jaik s) , having goue .— H. P.

Jaiai, 3rd sing . a or. (Old H. for jaws) of jana.

Jaie, 1stp l. op ta t. of jana (for ho jaie) , let us become .— P.

Ja in, em. a Jain,one of a Hindusect so called. (The Jsins are by some thought

to be a remnant of Buddhism, by others to be due to an older movement of

the same k ind — H. P.

Jm m, s.m. name of the brother-ia -law of Guru Nanak ; his wife was Nansk i

GurirNanak’s sister.

Ja isa ,-i , pron. a dj . inf . (properlyH. U. , not genuine P. , which is ajrha or j iha ,such, as, lik e (sorrel. waisa or ta isa).

Jal, e .m. water ; cold ; jal tap k arna, to performpenance (auste rities) by wa ter.

— H. P.

Jalna (also jalna) , 0 .tr. to k indle, burn (=U. sai ) . — P.

Jama t, sf . (corr. fromA . U. b eg ) , an assembly, crowd, multitude .— P.

W3), the earth , laud, ground— P.

Jam' s”.

”Gay— E P .

Page 104: A Simplified Grammar 'Beading Book of the Panjabi Language

Jan, s.f. life, soul (not spirit) ; janb' mama, to k ill. - Per. U. P.

Jana, e . intr. to go ; a . aux . with post pa rt pa ss. qf othsr esrbs to become, to

be, as in U. and H. ; e.g . uh maria gia, he was struck ; a lsoforms intensi

tives, e.g . uh jan apna ann k ha gift, tha t man ate up his food ; pa st tense

gia, en. ga i , f . (see Grammar) .— H. U. P.

Janam, e.m. (S . janma , H. janmand janum) , birth — H. U. P.

Janamsak hi , s.f . (j anam+ sak hi , an account of the birth,’

biography ;

name of severa l book s in Panjabi which give legendary accounts of the life

of Gura Nana k .

Jammna,v. intr. to be born.— H. P.

I aneti , e .m. a friend of the bridegroom, one of the many tha t tak e part in the

bridal procession (called janst) . — P.

Jangal, sm. (orig. forest, wilderness ; uninhabited tract of country ; jangalbar jangal. -Per. U. H. P.

Jung-til, s.m. rust (corr. fr. Per. Jfij also j lft'

) and cfi j )verdigris.— P.

Jangli, adj . m. f . of the wilderness, wild, uncultiva ted savage .— Per. U. P.

Janida, -i, gerundive of jeans, to k now (0 . k nown, thought, esteemed,

believed — P.

Janna ,v.tr. (dialectic for janna) , to k now.— P. Old H.

Janna , v. tr. to k now, esteem, consider, fancy, think ; ak in j anna, to believe(=ir-ilq w all — H. U. P.

Jant, jantu, ..in. living thing, creature , insect. worm.— H . P.

Jap, e .m. muttering prayers, te lling one'

s heads ; a muttered prayer or spell.- P.

Jipe , 3rd sing . a or. of jupua for japna : used in the phrases k i jape ? and

jape nahl', ‘ere one can repea t it,

’i .s. instantly ; also a Parmesur jane,

God k nows,’

i .e. I cannot te ll how,

’in some way or other.

’— P.

Japji , e .m. name of a poem in the Adi Granth, written by GuruNanak as an

introduction to the whole ; so called fromthe fact that, after the intro

ductory ascription of pra ise to the Deity, comes the word jap, i .s. Repeat

(to jap is added ji as a termof respect) .— P.

Japna, v. tr. to mutter (prayers) to repeat (mentally) the name of the Deityover and over aga in.

— H. P.

Jun,s.f . adultery ; jari k arni , to commit adultery (fr. j ar, of. Per.

) b) .— H. P .

Ji t, s.f . caste .— H. P. (inU. the A . a l.; is used) .

Jata, s.f . long, unk empt, tangled ha ir (worn by ascetics) .— H. P.

Jatar, e.m. cultivated land H. jutar) . — H. P.

Jatt, e.m. name of a (Hindu andMuhammadafl can“at fi rms“, un is u\

Page 105: A Simplified Grammar 'Beading Book of the Panjabi Language

Pu ni si sau na s .

0

Jehi , -i (v. phi , -i ) .— P.

Jets, J, pron. my. asmuch H. U. j 1tna , J) p l. asmany : a lso, as long as,

as large as.— P.

J'

hagra, s.m. quarrel, dispute , contest — H. U. P.

Jhandi , s.m. flag, banner.— B . U. P.

Jhari unfi, 0 . tr. (for char-henna , cou nt. of charhni ) , to cause to go up, cause to

ascend — P.

Ihokni , 0. tr. to throw, to supply (fuel to a furnace) .— H. U. P.

Jhol, s.m. f. brood, litter ; gravy, broth ; goldwash.— H. P.

Jhuth, s.m.

~ a lie , a falsehood — H. U. P.

Jhfithi , -i , adjnn. f . fa lse , lying, deceitful : s.m. lien— H. U. P

I i , s.m. life, heart, soul ; as a termof respect, Sir (ji h! or ji a lone, Yes,— H. U. P.

Jia , c.m. living thing, animate creature ; animalcule .— P.

Jii , s.m. life, soul — H. P.

Jidhar, ado. whither ; m ommly where (U. and H. not P ) .

J1ha , -i , pron. adj . m.f . (other forms are jeha , -i , aj iba , J, ajehii , -i , q .s . such as

(U. H. raj a j iha manuk hk h, :=ua d-

l.

sla sh,‘a k ing

-lik e man ;pak h

'

ira j iha ha l, ‘11 sta te lik e that ofmendicants.

— P.

J11a , s.m. (corr. fr. A . U. division of a province, district. — P.

Jind, s.f . (mm of Per. U. l1fe — P.

J1ththe a dv. where (=H. U. ul-r’ ) — P.

J1tts Randhawa , or simp ly J1tts , name of a Jatt who became one of Guru

Nfina k’s converts.

Ji‘

1'

1 , a dv. as, when, lik e, j ifi ti‘

u, as— ao (U. “H y— P.

Jinn, sm. life (H. j iwan) .— P.

Jiuna ,v. intr. to live , be alive (8 . j 1n1‘

1) .— P.

J‘

1'

w, s.m. life , soul (8 . j iwan) living thing ; man’

s sentient individual spirit asdistinct fromthe Jiwatmi or the A nima Ma ndi — P.

Jo, pron. rel. m.f. who, which, that (its corral. is so) , (a . conj . that

(=sf when( na ry— H. U. P.

Jogi , s.m’

. a Hinduasceticwho practises austerities with a view to union (yoga ,

jog) with the Deity — H. U. P.

Jor, s.m. strength, violence (oorr. fr. Per. M) . [The sentence Mere pa k hirpur j or tel k uchh nahl

'

, etc 1s thus rendered , I have no power overa thqz

r, but I shall be doing no harm in bringing himwith his own

Page 107: A Simplified Grammar 'Beading Book of the Panjabi Language

Pu ni si au t ism.

Ka k k ar, e.m. snow, ice , frost — P.

K al, s.m. time ; fate, death.— H . P.

K al, ado. (Braj forJ), toomorrow.

Kala, -i , adj . mf . black (U. H. k ala, -i ) .— P.

Kalat, s.f . (perhapsmisprint for k ara t or k irt, use, service,merit — P.

K alb, ado. to-morrow, yesterday (H . U. J?) ditto.

Kali k al (k ali, a d ie, + k al, time) , s.m. the fourth and last age of mank ind,the present age (supposed to be the last andworst. Hindas say that it began

8 102 and is to la st years ; at the end of it thevisible universeis to be destroyed . )— H. P.

Kall, ado. to-morrow, yesterday (=k alh and k allh) .— P.

K allh,a dv. — P.

K alliaa (also Kalian) . s.f. welfare, prosperity, happiness (H . Ralyaa , — P.

Kala, e.m. name of Gun‘

1 Nanak’s father.

K am, adj . m.f . scanty, too little,very little — Per. U.

Kama, s.m. a labourer in the fields, of low caste — P.

Kamai , s.f . ea rning ; gain, profit ; work : k amai k arni , to work , to earn.— H. P.

K amauaa , 0 . tr. to earn, ga in, get ; work , perform, commit (U. H. k amana) .— P.

K amandal, e.m. a wa ter-pot (earthen orwooden) , especially thatused by ascetics.

Dand k amandal, the staff and water-pot of a hermit (supposed to be his all) .H. P.

Kemdila, -i , a dj. ns. f . timid, cowardly (k am+dil).— P.

Kamla , -i , a dj . m. f . mad, foolish, insane .— P.

Kamm, e.m. (S. k arma , Vk ri : H. U. work , deed : k ammda hoaa , to beuseful : k ammauna, to come into use, be useful ; k ammk ar, business.

— P.

Kamma,s.m. a labourer (c k ama, — P.

K an, s.m. a little bit of anything, atom, gra in.— H. P.

Kand, e.m. section, part ; joint (of a reed) chapter of a book .— H. P.

Kandhar, e.m. the town k nown in English as Kandahar, in A fghanistan.

Kandhi , s.f . (S. k andhi, a cloud — H. P.

Kandiala, e.m. a prick ly bush, thorn bush.— P.

K enn, s.m. the ea r (U. H. k an) .— P.

K annia, s.f . (for S . H. k anya) , a ma iden, unmarried girl.— P.

K annpata, s. 111. a member of the sect of ascetics (jogis) founded by Gorak hnath ;they are so called fromhaving their ears slit to admit a glass ring (mandra,often in Panjabi ca lled mundar), the name means slit-cared ; in Hindi

their name is k anphara or k anpatta .— P.

K ‘PGB t om. hypocrisy, guile, pretence, deceit.— H . P .

Page 108: A Simplified Grammar 'Beading Book of the Panjabi Language

Kapat, s.m. forehead, sk ull, fate, destiny (H. also a door) k isi da (or de) k apatk hulna, to have a favourable change of fortune — H. P.

K apati , s.m. a deceiver, hypocrite — H. P.

K appa (also k appara) , sm. clothing, clothes, a garment.— H. U. P.

K ar, s.m. work , business.— Per. U.

Karaha , s.m. a shallow boiler for boiling sugar, etc., a cauldron.— H. P.

Karahi , s.f. a sma ll boiler ; 11 frying-pan.— H. P.

Karaia , s.m. (strictly past p a rt. pass. of k aranai , q .o. , used substantively), thatwhich one is caused to do.

— P.

Katsk h i , o. intr. to roar, thunder, burst into a raga— H. P.

Karamat, s.f. (plur. used a s sing. , ef . U. u lSlI

, etc. ) (pl. of A . U. u fi), awonderwork , miracle .

— P.

K aren, s.m. cause , reason : postp . with de , on account of, by reason of, because

of (H. k aran).— P.

K arauna , 0 . tr. (ca ns . of k arna ), to cause to do, cause to commit (H. U. aft— .P.

K arbatt, s.m. (H . K arwat) , self-sacrifice in order to obtainmuk ti a k ind of saw.

— P.

Ka tj , s.m. a debt (corr. fromA . U.éy— P.

Karj i , s.m. (also k arjai ) (fromk arj , a debtor.— P.

Karm, e.m. (Sk . k arma ) , deed,virtuous action,merit ; the sumtotal of one’

s good

and bad deeds .— H . P.

Karna, 0 . tr. to do, mak e — the conj unct. pa rt. is used very idiomatica lly in Pe .g. (l ) bahut bolan k a rk e ,

‘on account of, because of, much spea k ing

(2 ) joMata Choii i k a rk e masahar ha i, who is celebrated by the appellation

Mata Choni (3) us nil Bala k ark e ak hde han, they call himBala past

tense k i ta, etc . (a . Gram. irreg. verbs) in the Jalandhar dialect k ara

k aro, 2nd p l. aor. (v. Gram., p. 1 1 , note) : k ar chuk kna, to finish doing.

H . P. U.

K arodh, s.m. (also k rodh, as in H ., S. k rodha ), anger, wrath : k isi pur k arodh

k arna , to be angry with any one .

K a rtar, s.m. (S. k artrs'

, Vk r1) Ma k er, Creator (applied only to God) . — H . P.

Kartarpur, s.m. name of a town in the Punjab, now ca lled Dehra Nanak .

K arwat, sm. self-sacrifice to obta inmuk ti (also P. k arbatt) .— H. P.

Kasba, e .m. a sma ll town (corr. fr. a U. Z i a— P.

K astani , s.f . (S . k asht) , difficulty, trouble pain, distress ; poverty k astani

dek hni , to see e. ex perience) trouble — P .

K asai ; s.m. (earr. fr. A . U.fl ), fault, guilt.— P .

Page 109: A Simplified Grammar 'Beading Book of the Panjabi Language

K aththa, -i , adj. assembled , collected ; k aththa k arna , 9 . tr. to collect, assemble

(a . U.

Katr, s.f . =(l) k attar, s.f . a narrow slip (of cloth, k atra , s.m.

parings, clippings ; (3) A . U.;-E, 213, a drop (ofwater, — P.

K attak , e.m. the 7th Hindiimonth, Sept.— Oct.— H. P.

K attna, 0. tr. (H. Katna) , to spin.— P.

K attiia, o. intr. to be cut, diminished, spent (as life) , to be cut short, to cease,

and ; be obliterated, forgiven, k att‘

ida, i , gerundive (11. Gram. underghallna) .— H. P.

Kaii , s. 11e. a crow (H . U. {XL— P.

Kanda, e.m. name of a Rak shasa or giantwith whomNanak had an adventure ,which is related in our 2nd ex tract fromthe JanamSa k hi .

Kaum, s.f . (corr. fr. A . U.é) , a people, na tion.

Kaun, 1'

nterr. pron. (e . who ? (U. H . Kaun,Mar. k oi1) .— P.

Kauri , s.f . a emery-shell (used asmoney, 60 to a pics or paisa) .— H . U. P.

Koda, -i , a dj . of what size or amount ? k edi dar, how far? =H. U.

Kedi k u, n1 . k edik u (see about what size, etc. (another formisk eta , i ) .— P.

Kera , -i , postp . (Old H. and poet. K) , of.

Khabba, -i , adj . naf . left (of the hand) . — H. P.

Khabar, s.f. (eorr. fr. A . U. news, tidings, information, warning — P .

K habardar, acb'

. 111 .f. (eorr.fr. Per. U. figs ), careful, on one’sguard ; k habardarboaa, to bewa re — P.

K habarsar, s.f. (see k habar) , news, tidings — P.

Khada, -i, pa st tense and pastpa rt.pa ss. of k hai1a, to ea t(Lahinda dial.=k hadha,c. Gram. I rreg . Verbs), ea ten.

- P.

K hsdhs, -i , pa st tense a nd pastpa rt. p ass. of these, eaten — P.

Khak , s.f . (eorr. fr. Per. U. JR) , earth, dust ; anything worthless or scanty ;

k hak il k hak , a formused in the Granth (of . such forms of bich'

6 b ich, in H .

and dust of dust,very dust.Khalas, s.m. deliverance , release (eorr. fr. A . U. us lit ) ; adj . m.f . relea sed , freed ,

delivered ; completed, finished ; k halas hona, to be free , released ; to be

finished , done ; k halas k arna , to free — P

Kha1'1a, c.tr. to eat (H . U. k ha lama , o.tr. intens. to ta k e and eat ; k ha

j obs, to go and eat ; sugand k hani , to swear an oath ; da k hk h k hana , to

sa f er pa in . (Jasp er. k hah, etc. , pa st pa rt. pass. k hadha, 11. Gram. Irreg .

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1 1111 1 1 111 9 111111 1 1 11 11 .

0

Khurma, e.m. name of a town nearKabul in Afghanistan, nearwhichMardana,GuruNana k

’a first disciple , died.

Khus,adj . 111. f . (1101 r. fr. Per. U. pleased, satisfied, happy.

— P.

Khusi , s.f . (eorr. fr. Per. U. fi gs ) , pleasure , happiness ; tusadi k husi , whateveryou wish, as you please ; in Panj . a lso adj . 1nf . happy, pleased

— P.

K i, conj . tha t ; for, since — H. Per. U. P.

K i, interr. pron. what ? (8 . k im, U. H. k ya). — P.

K ia. inter. pron. (=U. H. k ya, for P. k i ), wha t — a lso used in ask ing a question.

Kich, s.m. mud ; dirt k ichar) .— H . (Panj . is chik ar) .

Kichai (obl. sing . of Old Panj . k ichu, now. for k ich, used in the A di Granth

thisformis used without a postp . ) k ich da or k ich wichch.

Kicheh, pron. anything, something ; na-k ichh, nothing (Lah. dia l. for k uchh) ._ p ,

K idhara, ado. whence ? fromwhere (U. H. k idhar, whither?+P. 6 , from) .

Kiha, -i , adj . m. f . of what sort ? to what degree ? (=U. H. k a isa) .— P.

Kiha, pa st tense andp astpa rt. pa ss. of k ahina, to say, to tell(11 . lrreg. Verbs) . P

K ik k ur, adv. how, inwhatmanner.— P.

Kime , K im‘

é'

, and K iml , in some way, somehow.— P.

Kina , -i , pastpa rt. pass. and past tense (Braj ) of k arna, to do, ma k e : beri bandk ini , (he) fastened the fetter.

K inha, obl. p l. of p ron. k oi (v. Gram.) — P.

Kira, e.m. a worm, any creeping thing— H. U. P.

Kirpa, sf . (8 . k ripa) , k indness, mercy, favour, compassion : k ise de utte k irpa

k ami, to show favour ormercy towards one . H. P.

Kirt, s.f . (S. k rcta, done, Vk ri H. k rit) , work ; result, consequence merit=k arm) — P.

K irtarth, e .m. (H. K ritarth) , accomplishment of one’spurpose , discharge of duty

success : a dj . 111 .f . successful.— P.

K is, obl. sing . of k aui1 , who ? a . Gram— H. U. P.

Kise , obl. sing . of k oi (H. U. k isi ) .— P.

Kisi , obl. sing. of k oi , 11 . Gram. (H. U. k isi di (gall) sunni, to listen to,attend to one .

K it, Western P. formof k is,Kita , -i , p ast pa rt. pass. and past tense of k arna (c. Irr. Verbe) . - P.

Kitab, s.f . a book (Panj . pothi or granth) .— A . Per. U.

K ite, ad o. somewhere H. U.— P.

K itmi, -i , a aj; . 1n. f howmuch ? howmany?— H .U.

K 1 01 4 4 ? Why ? for wha t reason (U.

Page 112: A Simplified Grammar 'Beading Book of the Panjabi Language

Kinnk i, conj . since , because (H. k yonk i, U.— P.

K iunk ar, ado. how (H. k yonk ar, U.M) . — P.

Xc, postp . 1na rh1ng obj . d 1 1 eet or ind irect =P. nil.— U. H.

K oh, s.m. H. U. a hoe, ordistance of fromone and a half to two English

miles.— P.

K oi , pron. and a cy'

. 111 . f . anyone , some one ; any, some ; k oi nahl'

,no one , no,

none. (See Gram.)— H. P. U.

K ol, postp . w1th do, with, near ; bymeans of.— P.

K om, s.f . (corr. fr. A .U.

ff ) » people, nation a nother P. formis k aum,

Kothri , s.f . a small room, store room— H . U. P.

K rodh, s.m. anger. (See the more common P. formk arodh) .

Kripa, s.f. mercy, pity (S . k ripa usua l P. k irpa,— H .

Kuchh, pron. a nd indef . a dj . of qua ntity ,m.f . some , any ; something, anythingk uchh nahl , nothing, none .

— H. U. P.

K uchhchhar, s.m. f . the hip, haunch ; k uchhchhar(pur) la ina, to seat(a child)K uchhchhur, on one

’s hip,

’=to ta k e it into one’s arms, to name it : k uchhchhar

hona k uchhchharpurhofia, to be on the hip,’i .e . to be a baby in arms.

- P.

K ujh, pron. etc. (Lahinda for k uchh, something, etc.— P.

K ul, s.f . family ; k ul-parchat, e .m. family priest (11 . sub. parchat) . — H . P.

K nlchhetra,e .m. name of a town a little north of Agra .

K fima l, a dj . 1n. f . ; soft, mild, gentle (H. K oma l) .— P.

Kuna, s.m. corner (H. N .— P.

Kuran, s.m. (eorr. fr. A . U. the Quran, the sacred book of the Mnbammadans.

K urahi , e .m. a heretic (K n, H. 8 .

‘bad’

rah, way) ; k urahi suima, to be

ca lled a heretic (cf. the use of audire in La tin) — P.

Kurmai , s.f . betrothal (f 1 . k uram, marriage relationship) . — P.

Kurta , s.m. a shirtworn outside the trousers, a jack et, wa istcoa t(Per. U. 1 1; — P.

K utamb,K utumb,Kutta , e.m. a dog.

— H. U. P.

K utwar, a do. (H. P. K ot, 11 crore ,verymany, ware -bar,time

,turn),very many

times,very often.— P.

e.m. household, family, rela tives, progeny.— H. P.

Labh. e.m. ga in, advantage , profit.— H.

Labhbh, s. 111 . ga in, etc. H. labh) — P.

s bbhni, 0. tr. togain, acquire, 11 . intr.tobe gained ,tocomsta hmbvr

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PANJABI OM AR.

0

Lagauna, 0 . tr. (ca ns. of laggna), to apply, cause to touch (more usual form

Lagna (O. H.=lagg1’

1a P. ,— H.

Laggna, 11. tr. to touch, affect, concern, begin : intr. to be attached to,belong

Lahaur, e.m. the city of Lahore, capital of the Panjab also name of the districtin which it is situated.

Lahina, s.1n. name of a subdivision of the K hatri (Kshatriya ) caste .

Lahina, 0 . tr. to ta k e , receive (payment of a debt) , (another formof la ina)

(H. U.— P.

Lei , postp . with or without (10, on account of, for the sak e of, because of

(H. U. liye) . — P.

Lei (past pa rt. p a ss. a nd p a st tense of laii1a , f . of lia) , tak en, took (a . Irreg.

Verbs) . — P.

Laik , adj . m.f . (eorr. fr. A . U. a”: properPanj . jogfr. yogya ) , worthy ; uh k isi

wastu de laik ha i, he is worthy of a certain thing.

La ina, 11. tr. (=U. H. lena) , to ta k e , receive , grasp : p a st tense, etc. lia, lai , 1n.f .

aor. lawa, etc. (verb irreg . a . lai la ina, intens. (=le lena, H. U.)lai auna

, to bring (intr. a s H. U. 1174 ) la i jana,to tak e away, carry off

(intr. a s H . U. Big— P.

Lajafia, (eorr. fr. la i jana fr. laina, to tak e away, carry off ; (considered

intr. as in H. U. , beca use the jana is intr. a lthough the laina is tra ns hence

the agent in the p a st tenses is notput in the agentia l, but in the nom. )— P.

Lak hmi Das, e .m. (for H. La k shmi Das) , name of OurirNana k’s second son.

— P.

Li la, e.m. a Hinda title of respect Mr. or Esq .— H. U. P.

Lalo, name of a carpenterwho was a friend of Gun’

r Nana k and at whose

house the latter for some time resided .

Lalii , e.m. name ofKala’s brother ; he was therefore Gura Nana k

s paternal

uncle.

Latarna, 9 . tr. (from lat, a k ick ) , to trample on, tread under foot ; despise .

— H. U. P.

Lanna, 0. tr. (ca ns. of laggha and=H . U. to apply, cause to touch.— P.

Laws, 3rd sing . car. of laix‘

ia, g.v. — P.

Lehu, 2nd sing . impera i . a nd 3rd sing . aor. (Old H . ,Western P. and Bra j for H .

lewe , P. lawe ) of laina,L ek blrba

, s. fn. account, bill (=A . U. g aw k — H. P.

L ianne (con/f a d ed f or lai 511111 , 0. sub 151111 1, used as intrans.verb for reason

w 11 1 1 1 1 , 11 11 111 ) 11 1 11 13(a n. U. s.m.— r .

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Pu ni si sauna s .

Q

Maia, s.f . S. H. maya), illusion. (The Hindi1s say that the wholevisibleworld is an illusion, as is also the idea of personality.)— P.

Ma il, 1 .f. dirt, filth, pollution ; sadness, displeasure— H. U. P.

Majad, a dj . m. f . (corr. of A . U. ex istent, present.— P.

Ha k k a, e.m. the city ofMecca whereMuhammad was born.

Mala k , e.m. (corr. fr. A . U. 1.5L), owner, master.— P.

1 . 11 . to rub, polish, ano’

int ; tread on.— H . U. P.

Ma lechh, (S . mlechha ), any one not of Hindubirth, a foreigner, barbarian,outcast.— H. P.

Malo, e .m. name of aMusalman carpenter, who became a disciple of Gurii Nanak .

Mamata, s.f . egotism, pride ; covetousness, arrogance ; selfishness : individuality,belief in one

s individual ex istence — S . H. P.

Man, s.m. the mind, hea rt (in all senses) .— H . P.

Manasa, sf mind, desire , inclina tion, purpose .— 8 . H.

Mahda li , ef (H . mandali ) , circle , disc ; congregation. assembly.— P.

Mangha , 0 . tr. to ask , beg (H. U. latte ), dua mangni , to pray (U.

hAh. lie ) .k isi te (to any one ).

Manjh, e.m. name of a casts ofRajpiits an individual of that caste — H. P.

Manjhara , s.f . perh. f. of manjar, a cat ; S. marjar,Mar. manjar), a female cat.

Manjhot, s.f . name of a daughter ofHayat K ha, who was given in marriage toGuruNana k , his first wife, Choni , being still alive . For the sa k e of honour

she is calledMataManjhot. (The Sik hs entirely deny the story ofNana k’s

ta k ing her, as narrated in our Second E x tract.)Manj i , s.f. (dimin. of H . P. manja) , a little bed, pa llet, couch ; a ra ised chair ;

a k ind of throne .— P.

Manj ar, adj . m.f. acceptable , accepted (corr. fr. A . U. j is. ) manjirr k arna,0 . tr. to accept, approve of, agree to.

— P.

Manna , 0 . tr. to respect, obey honour, ack nowledge (a command, duty,H . U.

Manna , 0 . tr. (P. farm of above) , to respect, honour, revere , k eep (a command) .— P.

Manorath, wish, desired object, aim(8 .fr. manas, mind, +ra tha , chariot) .— H . P.

Manta, s.m. the heart, will ; desire — H .

Mannk hk h, e.m. (S. manushya, H . manna) , man, mank ind ; a human being

Mi pb, 01 . j : (eorr. fr. A . U. forgiven ; mi ph k arni , 0 . tr. to for

g ive — P.

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VOCABULARY.

0

liar, s.f . a beating, blow, strok e ; mar k hani , to be beaten.- H U. P.

Mara , -i,adj . m. f . (corr . fr. mata , fr.verbmama , gu n), lean, wea k , worthless,

low, bad — P.

Maren, e .m. dying, death janammaran k attna, birth and death to cease,’i e.

to be absorbed into the Deity.— H . P.

Mardana,s.m. name of a Mirasi , a servant of Kala ; he became one of Gura

Nana k’smost devoted followers.

Mardana rag, e .m. name of a certa in tune (rag) .

Marefpostp . with de , on account of, because of, by reason of.— H . U. P.

Marg, e.m. road ; method ; search ; sect, religion.— H . P.

Margi , a sectarian ; one following any particular religion.— H . P.

Marhi , s.f . monument of a Hindu, shrine of a deceased Hinda ; jo°’s hut, small

temple near a grave — H . P.

Marj i , .f . p . U. will, good pleasure ; jo marj i , jo marjihowe , as youwill, whatever you please — P.

Mama , 0 . intr . to die ; mar jana, intens. : p . part. and pa st tense moia , 1n. moi,

f . (11 . Gram. Irreg. Verbs) . — H. U. P.

Mama, to strik e , hit, beat ; embezzle ; marmama, to give a beating ; marsittna , to slay, k ill (=U. H . mar dalna) .— H. U. P.

More , sm. name of a certa in tune or song (rag) . — P.

Masahar, adj . (corr. fr. A . U.Li ) , well k nown, renowned, celebrated — P.

Masit, sf . (corr. fr. A . U. na i a mosque ; used in the N .T. for a synagogue— P.

Mat, ..f (s. mati) , belief, Peligion ; sect — H. P.

Mata, s.f . mother ; mata pita father, and mother, parents =U. Ga ls“.

Mata is given as a title of respect to Nana k’s wives,Mata Choii i andMata

Manjhot.— H . P.

Mata , -i , adj . m.f. drunk , intox icated ; maia mad k a mata, intox icated with theliquor of illusion

,

’engrossed in worldly cares.

— H . P.

Matt, s .f . (S . mati) , advice , instruction, wisdom; the mind, purpose ; opinion,belief.— P.

Maya, s .f . (S. and H. ofMaia, — H.

Me , oneformof the obl. sing. of ma'

i, used only with to, instea d of ma i, asme te ,

fromme .

’— P.

Mela, s.m. a meeting ; a fa ir, gathering.— H. P. U.

Melgel, s.m. interview, meeting, conversation.— P.

Mep, e .m. a measure , avessel formeasuring — P.

Mara, -i , pose. p ron. m.f . my.— H. U. P.

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PANJA BI GBAHHAB.

o

Ml’h, sum (U. H. rain — P.

Miharwan,a dj . m. f . k ind, beneficent ; k ind one (For. and U.

— P.

Mihnat, sf (coir . fr. A . U. a

l

e -sf ), toil, ex ertion, effort ; mihnat k arni , to toil,strive

,labour.

Milap, sm. (as inH. , but inU. it is an interview, meeting ; ha rmony, concord , agreement ; an a lliance — H . U. P.

Milna,v. intr. tomeet,mix with (nil) , associate with ; to come to one, be ga ined ,

be obta ined : mil jana, intone milia rabina (k ise mi l), to cling to one,

associa te with one continually.— H . U. P.

Minna, 0 . tr. tomeasure, mete out. — P.

Hinnat, sf. (in Per. itmeans k indness), favour, entreaty minna t k arni , to en

trea t — Per. U.

Mirasi (otherformsmirasi and marasi fr. A . U. cog” , inheritance) , a caste of

low origin (a dam, q .v. , but a more resp ectful tee-oi), of which some members

are Hindi1s and someMuhammadans ; a memberof thatcaste . (A tweddings

the familymirasi recites the genealogy of the family.)— P.

Mitt , e.m. a friend — H. P.

Modik hana, e.m. (H . modi , merchant, gra in-seller, Per. 61a , house), store

house , steward’

s room [a sort of gra in magazine belonging to a prince or

great man, who would give his favourites or the poor orders upon the

steward for so much gra in] modik hana k arna, to do a steward’s work , to

act as steward , ta k e charge of a modik hana. — P

Molwi , e .m. (corr. fr. A . U. aMuhammadan teacher.— P.

Morna, 0 . tr. (w a s. of muma), to turn away, avert ; esp . withmilh, to turn awaythe face .

— H . P.

Moti , e.m. a pearl.— H . U. P.

Mudda i , s.m. (corr. fr. A . U.

gas .) cla imant, plaintifi, opponentma lawsuit.

Milh, s.m. face , countenance, mouth (H. U.— P.

Mujab, e. .m cause, reason (aorr. fr. A . Per. U. 5 postp . (with or without

do) , according to, because of. — P.

Mujaur, sm. (corr. fr. A . Per. U. fl ip ), a guardian of a mosque orMuhammadansa int

s grave or shrine , who receives the oflerings of devotees.— P.

Muk at, e .m. crown, crest, pea k , point, tuft.— H . P.

Muk h, s.on. face , countenance , mouth.— H. P.

Muk ht, a dv. (corr. fr. U. gratis, for nothing, freely, without payment. P.

Mnk t, a ] : (fr. H . S . muk ti) , deliverance from consciousness of personality,

a bsorption in the deity, salvation ; adj . m.f. QB. mum past part. paw ) ,sna red, delivered ; mnk t k a rna, 0 . if . to save (mth eH . sa ssy — E X .

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mmi si GRAMMAR.

s

Nal (or postp . (with or without do), and ads. with, along with, together

with.— P.

Nam, e.m. (the usua l P. formis naii , a name (often in the Granth used as

Parmesur da riam, the name of God ,’

and hence=the Deity) — H. U. P.

Nama, J, a dj . m.f (Ja la ndhar D ia l. for nawa) , new.- P.

Name , ads . by name.-H . P.

Namitt, e.m. etc. nimitt, P.

Namitt, s.f . (fr. H. namati) , bowing, obeissa nee.— P.

Nana k , s.m. Gari'i Nana k , the founder of the Sik h religion, born 1 4 69 A .D . ,died

1 639’

ana k ana , s.m. avillage (also calledTalwandi ) not far fromLahore ; Guril Nana kwas born here.

Nanuk i , s.f . Nanak i , sister of GuruNanak .

Nang, e .m. na k edness, shame ; nang bhuk hk h (H. nang-bha k h) , na k edness and

hunger, poverty — H. P.

Nanga, -i . adj . m. f . na k ed — H. U. P.

Nanga,-i , a dj . m. f . (d ia l. for nanga, -i , — P.

Nara k , e.m. Hell (the place of torment ; the lower world or Hades generally is

called Patal, H ., or Pa tal, P. Hindi1s say that there are twenty

-four

divisions of Na ra k ) — H/ P.

Nas, s.m. (H. destruction us da nas howega, he shall perish.— P.

Nas1hat s.f . (oorr. fr. A .V: advice, counsel, direction(given by a sup erior

to an inferior, 1n this differing fromCb ) .

Nat, s.m. a dancer, rope-tumbler

,actor ; name of a gipsy caste ; name of a mode

inmusic.— H. P.

Natbiddia, sf . (H. natwidya) , art of a gipsy, jugglery.— P.

Natsala, sf . (H. nat+i ala) , a dance-house , place for acting — P.

Nataa, sm. (H. natwa) , an actor, rope-dancer.

— P.

Nau, nuns. a dj . m. f . nine ; nawa (naua) , obl.— H. U. P.

Naii , e.m. a name (H. U. nam) . — P.

Naua, obl. of nan, nine — P.

Nauk ar, s.m. a servant, attendant — Per. U. H.

Naw,e .m. a name (a . namand naii) .— P.

Nawa, -i , a dj . m.f . new (=H. U. naya ; Mar. nawa) .— P.

Nawa , e .m. (Braj ) , a name (=nam, gm) .A

'

ek r'

, goodness (fr. U. Per. good) .— Per. U. P.

N ero, p a st. a nd a ds. near, close to (to) . — H. P.

A 39”; mm. (8 . netra) , the eye .— H. P.

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vocssuu nr. 1 18

Niai, e.m. justice , right (H. a yay) .- P.

N iai ,

N1a i ,

Niai , postp . with di , lik e , resembling, similar to .— P.

Nlamat, ..f . (corr. of A . U. g a lls) , favour, gift. — P.

N iau,I

Niai'

i,

N ich, a dj.m. f. low, base , mean, worthless.— H. P.

N1hal, a dj .m. f. prosperous, fortunate, happy : nihal k arna ,v. tr. to mak e happy.

— H. P.

Nihoba, e .m. belief ; inquiry ; resolve : nihcha k arna, to ascerta in, to believe(H. nihcha, niecha, niiichai , fr. Sk . nis+vchi) . — H. P.

Nihk arma, -i , a dj .m. f. devoid of k arma ormerit (0 . sub k arm) .— P.

Nihphal, a dj nn. f . fruitless, devoid of fruit ; profitless, useless — P.

Nik alna , v(r. , to drive out, cast out (caus. of nik k alna) . — H. U. P.

Nik k a lna ,v. intr. to come out, go out (U. H. nik alua) on comp . nik k al auna, to

come out ; nik k a l jaiia , to go out. P.

Nimitt, e .m. ma rk , sign, omen, cause, fortune, share ; postp . with do, for the sa k e

of, for the purpose oi .— H . P.

Nimoli , sf . name of a k ind of plant, a k ind of creeper orvine bearing a yellow

berry.— P.

Nindia,s.f . (H. ninda), blame, reproach, abuse (k isi di nindia k ami , to abuse

any oue) . — P.

Ningar, e .m. a l1ttle child (cf .Mar. 1‘

ék arfl) . — P.

N ira, a dv. only, merely, simply.— P.

Nirank ar, a cti on. f . devoid of form, incorporeal (fr. Sk . nirak ara fr. nir+ ak ar,

form) e .m. (esp. common in Granth), the Formless One, God — H. P.

N irank ari, a dj .m. f . rela ted to Nirank ar or the Formless One , divine .

— P.

N iras, a djmi . f . (Sk . nir without h0pe , despa iring— H. P.

Nirshat , acti on. f . (other forms H . and P. are nirahar and nirihar, fr. Sk . nir

ahar), devoid of food , fasting, hungry.— H. P.

N irmal, « dim. f . free fromdirt or defilement, pure , clean ; clear, transparent,

limpid .- H . P.

Nitt, a djm . f . a nd a do. continual always(Sk . nitya , H . nit). — P.

K ii'

i,s.f . foundation, foundation-stone (U.

— P.

so, postp . U H. k o) , to(also indicates thedirectobject oftransitiveverbs) .— P.

Nuk hsan, e .m. (oorr. fr. A'

. U. ”Gin, defeat,mum ;m x wvmama-mk arna

, 0. tr. to injure , to domischief tc.— P .

ia dj .m. f . just, righteous : e.m. a judge .— P.

.m. justice , right, equity ; judgment.— P

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PANJ'

ABI GRAMMAR.

Q

-o, demonst. term. U. H.-i (o. Gram. ) e.g. iho, P. H . yahi = U. “(s — P.

Oddarna, e . intr. to feel depressed , moumful, to grieve (esp. for loss of a relativeor at leaving one

’s native land) , to sufier fromhome-sick ness (heimweh) .— P.

Oh, pron. , p l. nom. of uh, m.f . they, those (0 .— P.

Opra, -i, a dj m. f . strange , foreign ; e .m. f . a foreigner, stranger.— P.

Or, e .m. f . the end, termination.- P.

grit

f , 0b the end ; ora k nil, oruk nil, at last, fina lly.— P.

Pachhar‘ma, 0 . tr. (more usually pachhaunna, to recognise .

— P.

Pachham’ma, 0 . tr. (H . U. to recognise ; p astpa rt. irreg. (v. — P.

Padarth, e .m. (Sk . pads artha ) , meaning ; thing, substance ; good ; rarity.

— H. P.

Padsah, e .m. (U.£36; Per. sting) , a k ing, emperor ; in Panj . applied (1) tothe Emperors of Delhi ; (2) to Gura Nanak and his successors (though often

Padsahi is used in this sense instead of Padsah) and (3) as a title of respect

applied to religiousmendicants, etc.— P.

Padsahi , s.f. (oorr. fr. Per. sovereignty, empire , imperial power (used

of each Sik h guril=padsah, q .o. ; e.g . Gurh A ngad ji daj i padsahi ea ,

Gura A ngad was the second Sik h teacher— P.

Pae , Urdii for pawe , 3rd sing . aor. of pam’

i a (U. W),Peg, sm. the foot (Old

Paghi'

i, obl. p l. (for paga) of pag, the foot. — Old H.

Pah, postp . (with do) , to, towards pas,— P.

Pahar, e .m. a mountain.— H. U. P.

Pahila , -i, num. adj . m. f . htat — H. U. P.

Pahila, a dv. in the first place H. U.

Pahile pahil, a dv. first of all.— H. U. P.

Pahiiina,v. intr. to put on (clothes) . — H. U. P.

Pa hir, e .m. a watch (of the day or night, vigilia ) ; the day of 24 hours is divided

into e ight wa tches, hence athth‘

apahir, q .o. day and night ; duhipahir

the second wa tch, a bout noon (Rial— H. P .

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mml si GRAMMAR.

o

Panipat, e.m. name of a town a little NW. ofMirath (Meerut), where IbrahimLodi was defeated and sla in by Babar.

Panj . nuns. adj . m. f . five (U. H. panch) .— P.

Panja, e.m. (Per. U. i ii) , grasp, Openhand : panja launa , to applythe hand— P.

Panja Sahib, s.m. honorific name of a place where they say tha t Nana k (when

travelling in Afghanistan from the Panjab on the way to Kandahar) leftthe impressionof his open hand on a mounta in(others say a huge rock ) which

an enemy had rolled down, hoping to crush him, but which Nana k stopped

with his openhand -P.

Panja, obl. pt. q auj , gn u— P.

Pank herfi, e.m. a bird (0. puk harn) . -P.

Panth, e .m. (H. path), road, way ; religion, sect.

Pap, e .m. sin, wick edness.- H. P.

Papi , s.m. and adj . m. a sinner, sinful.— H. P.

Par, postp . (H. U. not P. which is pur, on, upon.

Par, eonj . but, however, yet. — H. U. P.

Par, ads. and postp . with do, on the other side of (a river, ete.) par k arna, to

cross ; a lso par parna (rare) , to cross (over the ocean of ex istence) , be

absorbed in the deity.— H . U. P.

Paraia, -i , a dj. m.f. (H. paraya,-i ), belonging to another, alien ; strange,

Paramarth, e.m. the summumbonum, the highestgood,most sublime truth, spiritualk nowledge,virtue .

— H. P.

Parbat, s.m. a mounta in.— H. P.

Parda k hna, sf . (Sk . prada k shinm. pradak shina the ceremonyof going round

any object reverentially, k eeping the right side always turned towards it,— a

method of showing reverence (of . the Muhammadan customof a ll.) k isi

nil parda k hna deni or k isi di'

pardak hna k arni , to salute anyone (in themanner

described above .— P.

Pardes, e .m. (S. parades'

a , H. also a foreign land, any land outside the

boundaries of India (hence Gk . and Ar.— H. P.

Pardesi , e.m. and adj . a stranger, foreigner ; strange, foreignt— H. P.

Pare, postp . (with to) , beyond, farther.— H. P.

Pargas, e.m. and adj . m. f . light, brightness, lustre ; clear, evident, bright, (H.

P8 13“, 4 411 1 m. 1 : (fr. H. pragat) , evident,visible — P.

Pam“;fi f e/ 71nd old P . for perhe , 8rd sing. ear. ofparhni , qs .

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VOCABULARY.

0

Parhr’

ia , 0 . tr. to read, recite : ik k par-hmhoia manuk hk h (P. part. pa ss. used

intrans. a s in ssh) , . .Ql, a man who can read, a well-educated

mam— H. U. P.

Par-k ar,e.m. sort, manner, k ind — H. P.

Parmesur, s.m. (Sk . pa rames'

wara , fr. parama+idwar : H. parameswar) , God,the supreme God (continually used by Sik hs, Christians and even Hindi1sforthe true God .)— P.

Parna,v. tr. (of . pharna) , to tear, rend : pardons,parmarna , to tear, brea k through

(a wall) ; pa; sittna =bll5j ig intens. of parna ; pa; k hans, to tearwith the

teeth and ea t, to devour.— P.

Parcha t, e .m. (corr. fr. Sk . purohita ) , a familyBrahmahorpriest, onewhoperformsall birth

,marriage , funera l, and other religious rites for the family.— P.

Parsad, s .m. (Sk . prasada ) , purity, cleanliness ; tranquillity, graciousness ; boon ;prop1tia tory offering, food offered to a god or gura , remnants of food left bysuch.

— H . P.

Parsinn, a dj . m.f . (Sk . H . prasanua ) , plea sed, glad. happy.

Partap, s.m. heat, brilliancy ; ma jesty ; courage (H. pra tap) . — P.

Partawa, s.m. ex amination, trial, temptation.— P. H.

Partit, s.f . (Sk . pra titi) , fa ith, belief : pa rtit k arni, to believe — P.

Parwah, s.f . (Per. U. lz) , care, anx iety : k uchh parwah nahl , itdoesnotma tter.

— P.

Parwanagi , s.f . (fr. Per. U. permission, permit — P.

Pas, postp . (with or wi thout de) , (1 ) near, close to (of rest in a p la ce, in reference

to both persons a nd things) ; (2 ) up to, to, to the presence of(only with persons ;denoting motion to) . — H . U. P.

Pass, a do. and postp . (fr . pasa , a side , direction) , bye ; e.g . k isi de bachan pass

jana, to pass bye , transgress, set atnought any one’

s command. ’

Pass, postp . (see pas) , fromwith, fromnear fromthe presence of (Mar. pasnn) .

— P.

Pasn, e .m. an animal, beast (Sk . padu) . — H. P.

Path, e .m. recita l,reading a loud (of sacred book s especially) , lesson : path parhiia ,

path k a rna, to recite (cap. a passage fromthe Vedas, to read aloud,

revise a lesson.— H . P.

Pathan, s.m. a Pathah, A fghan.

Puththa r, e .m. (H. U. patthar) , a stone — P.

Patijna, o. intr. to believe in (par) .— P.

Patsah, s.m. a k ing, emperor(anotherformofPM , N— Y

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PANJABI GRAMMAR.

O

Patwari , e.m. avillage ofi cial,village registrar (his duty is to k eep the accounts

connected with the land of thevillage) .— H . U. P.

Paula , -i , adj . en. f . white, gray.— P.

(l) Pauii a, 0 . tr. to find, gain, obta in ; devise (U. H. pana) .— P.

(2) Pauna, 0 . tr. (caus. of paina, to fall, to cause to fall and lie , put, place ,

deposit ; cast ; past pa rt. p ass. paia, o. Gram. Irreg. Verbs (this form is

quite regular, but is inserted among the irreg. verbs to correct a common

mista k e) . — P.

Paune , mun. adj. quarter less than ; e.g. paunia panja barsa da , four and three

quarter a quarter less than five years of age (U. H. paune) .— P.

Pauri , s.f . stanza . couplet,verse .— P.

Pawada , La h. formfor paunda , p res. p a rt. of pauna q .v. ; parsad mfihpawadia nai, while (we were) putting the food into ourmouths.

’— P.

Pawe, 3rd sing . car. of pa ina, g.v.— P.

Pawe , 3rd sing . aor. of paui ia , g.v.— P.

Pewitt , a dj . m. f . pure , clean, holy.— H. P.

Pha il, s.m. (corr. fr. A . U. work , deed) ; acting, feigning, sham, pretence ;

adultery— P.

Phak ir, e.m. (corr. fr. A . U. a beggar, religious mendicant (in P. also

pak hir) . — P.

fruit ; advantage, benefit ; reward — H. U. P.

Phan e.m. the hood of a cobra di capello (more correctly spelt de capelo) .— H. P.

Phari ad, s.f. (com fr. Per. U. a lga), compla int ; phariad k arni , to complain — P.

Pharna , 0 . tr. to tear, rend (v. parna) .- H. P.

Pharna, 0 . tr. to seize , grasp, catch (=U. lazy— P.

Pharebi , adjnn. f. (corr . fr. Per. U.

(fi g ) ,deceptive, false, feigned : s.m. im

postor.— P.

Phart‘

i si (Syr. and s.m. a Pharisee .— P.

Phate , s.f . (corr. fr. A . U. victory, conquest : phate la i jana, to carry ORthepalm, gain thevictory.

— P.

Pher, conj . and ads . aga in, in the nex t place ; aga in, back (=H. U.

) Q)“— P°

Pherna, 0 . tr. (ca us. of phirna, to turn, cause to turn : pher dena, intens.

H . U. P.

Penna, a . intr. to turn chalna phirna, to walk to and fro.— H . U. P.

Ph ak fi a’

, a . tr . (H . phank na) , to blow (with bellows, eta .) mmdke , set on fire ;bum Pbfik dens, intens.

— P.

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ru si si GRAMMAR.

o

Prani , ski. and e.m. (fr. prah, breath) , breathing, living ; a living creature

(applied only to human beings) , aman, a ghost — H . P.

Prapt, adj. m. f . (origina lly pa st pa rt. p a ss. prapta, fr. 8k . ap) ,

Prapti , obta ined, attained to, acquired, ga ined : prapt k arna, o. tr. to obta in,

acquire, prapt hor’

n‘

r, to be obtained. — H . P.

Prasan, e .m. (Sk . H . pras'

n) , enquiry, question.— P.

Prem, e.m. love , a ffection.— H. P.

Prit, s,f. (H. pri ti) , love, afiection ; priti rak hk hni (k iss nai) , to love any

Priti , one .— H . P.

Pach, s.f. enquiry, ex amination. H.

Pushch, sf .=H. pirch, g.o.— P.

Puchauira , 0 . tr. (a lso pujaur'

ra , gm.) to cause to arrive, to conduct, bring.-P.

Puohhchhna , 0 . tr. to ask , enquire (U. H . pachhna), to ask a question (in P.

followed by nil usua lly, also by to ; inU. by se) . — P.

Paja, s.f. worship, adoration ; k isi di paja k arni , to worship any one — H . P.

Pujara, e.m. (H. pujari , a worshipper, devotee ; a priest who sits at a

shrine and lives on the ofierings of the worshippers.— P.

Pnj aufra, c. tr. (cau'

s. of pujjna egg) , to cause to arrive, bring - P.

Panji , s.f. capital, stock -in-trade ; store, wea lth, property.— H . U. P.

Punn, a dj . m. f . and s.m. right, good, pure ; virtue, merit ; happiness (Sk . H .

punya) .— P.

Pur, postp . U. H. par), upon, on tap of. — P.

Para, -i, a dj . m. f . full, perfect ; para k arna, 0 . tr. to fill, fulfil. — H . U. P.

Pnrab, e.m. the East, the districtEast of the Ganges.— H. U. P.

Pure k h, s.m. puruk h, q .v. —P.

Puran, e.m. a Pa rana , one of the semi-sacred book s of the Hindi1s, of which

there are eighteen, sa id to have been composed by Vyasa .— H . P.

Par-i , s.f . fulness, end ; completion.— H. P.

Purnmasi , s.f . the full-moon, day or night of the full-moon.— H. P.

Paruk h, e.m. (Sk . purusha , H. purush) , a male, a man (vir), mank ind ; theanima mundi , the Supreme Soul (paramatma) of the Universe, the Deity(in this conception) .— P.

Pustak , e .m. a volume , a book .- H. P.

Putauna, 0 . tr. (caus. of puttna, Sk . put) , to cause to be dug, cause to be pluck ed

(ha ir) puta dena intens.— P.

P a ir, e.m. (Sk . putts) , a son.— H. P.

P 0“; s.m. (H . patj ar putt) , a son — P.

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VOCABULARY.

0

Q does not occur, the Arabic g; becoming K in Panjabi .

Rehab, s.m. (Ar. a rebeck , a k ind ofviol.— A . U. P.

Bachira , o. intr. to be made , crea ted, invented ; to be used to, accustomed to ; toassociate with, be intima te with : v. tr. to ma k e , create , compose , adorn,arrange

— H. P.

Bachna, 0 . tr. and intr. (Old H . for ra chria, — H.

Bag, s.m. tune, song ; a musica lmode (of which there are six‘

— H. P.

Rah, sm (fem. in a way, road (Per. shy— Per. U. P.

Rahau, e .m. stop, pause (in read ing, chorus (i .s. the burden or part of the

song repea ted with ea chverse . In H. and P. songs, the chorusvery often

comes at the beginning) . — P.

Rahiira , v. intr. (U. thj) , to rema in, continue , dwell (often compounded with stem

of a notherverb, e.g . ho rahiria, to continue to be : p ast p a rt. riha m. , rahi

f . (v. Irreg. Verbs in — H . P.

Rahio (for Ra hyo) , Braj m. sing . p a st pa rt. ofRahina=Pa nj . riha.— H.

Rahit, adjnnj . (orig . p a stp a rt. left, deprived of(ts) , freed from, abandoned

by.— H.

Ra 1 , s.m. (H. also ray and rae) , a Hindu title ofmen.— H . U.

Rar Bular,s.m. name of an early patron of Gura Nana k .

Raibhoidi , s.m. name of an ‘llaqa in the Lahore district.

Raj , s.m. k ingdom; sovere ignty, rule ; raj k arna, to reign— H. P.

Raja,s.f . (corr. fr. A . U. the will of God, or of a prophet, fate ; ra ja hona ,

ra ja ho jam, tomeet one’s fate , to die.

Raja, e.m. a k ing, a Raja — Sk . H. P.

Rajai, s .f . another formof ra ja , q .e . raj a 1 auna , to perish, die — P.

Ra jal' (fromra ja, o. in or by or in accordance with the will of God — P.

Rajauna, 0 . tr. (ca ns. of rajjria) , to sa tisfy (with food, drink , to sate — P.

Baj i , a dj . m.f . (corr.fr. A .U. contented , satisfiedwith (de utte) , pleased — P.

Rajj , sm. (H . raj , Sk . ra jas) , impuri ty, dirt ; passion ; (one of the three ga in s

or qualities of matte r recognised by the sank hya Philosophy ; the other

two are sattva , truth or rea lity ; and tamas, dark ness) .— P.

Ra jna , o. intr. to be satisfied, satiated ; intens. raj jana .— H.

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PANJA BI GRAMMAR.

Ba jjna , o. intr. to be sated, satisfied H. ra jna) .— P.

Rak has, e .m. (Sk . Rak shasa ), an evil being, demon, giant (one class are supposed

to devour human flesh, they differ from the micro in being still in the

body) . — P.

Rak hk hna, 9 tr. (U.v.65) , to place , put ; to k eep, preserve ; to have ; intens.

ra k h lama ; k isi da riam(naii) ra k hk hiia, to call any one by a certa in name,to name — H . P.

Rak hk hios (0 . Appendix 0. pa ra . he k ept, he k ept him, etc — P.

Rak hna, 0 . tr. Old H. for ra k hk hna H . ,

Ram, e .m. Rama , one of the Riudii Deities, often called Ramchandra . (One of

the most frequent of their prayers consists of mere repetitions of his name .

Ouri’

rNana k and the other writersof the Granth use Ramand Hari (Vishnu)as Permeant , God. Some ascetics use Ram as a salutation, repea ting the

name twice . )— H. P.

Rang, s. fn colour, style ; method ; amusement, pleasure — Per. H. U. P.

Rae, e.m. juice, liquid ; essence, best part of anything ; taste (six flavours are

recognised) enjoyment — H. U. P.

Basm, s.f . (A . U.

rs) , habit, ceremony.— U. P.

Basta , e .m. a way, road, path.— H . U. P.

Rat, s.f . night (Sk . ratri).— H. U. P.

Batan, e.m. (H. ratu) , a gem,a jewel. — H. P.

Ra ttiia, 0 . tr. (H. ratna), to dye , dye red, imbue ; c. intr. to be imbued with,a tta ched to.

— P.

Bet, s.f . sand — H. U. P.

Rijh, sf . fondness, choice ; desire , inclina tion — H . P.

Bit, sf . (Sk . rita ) , a rite , ceremony, custom.— H . P.

Rok , e .m. ready money, cash.— H . P.

Rokna ,vtr. to stop, hinder, prevent.— H . U. P.

Roti , s.f. a loaf, bread — H . U. P.

Ruk hk h, e.m. a tree (H . rak h, Sk . vrik sha ) .— P.

Ruk hsat, s.f. (corr. fr. A . U. leave, conge'

ruk hsat la ini , to ta k e leave ,say farewell.

— P.

Ruliia , v. intr. to be pounded , pulverised ; rolled, made smooth.— H . P.

(Rula i, Old P. and H . for rule, 3rd . sing . aor. of rulna .)Rup a zyd , e.m. a rupee (U.

— P.

B utt, sf season, time of yea; (Sk . ritu) : mite , in the season\c. Gram. Nouns,

I — P .

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PANJABI GRAMMAR.

Sagar, s.m. ocean, seasea . .— H P.

Saga t, a dj .m. f . a nd ads. (eorr. of Per. U.M ) , harsh, hard ; stern ; ex tremely.

Sagla,-i , adj . m. f. (other forms are sagal sagra ,

-i , S. all, the whole .— P.

Sago, conj . (another formof sagwa, g.o . but. — P.

Sagwa, conj . but, but on the contrary, nay rather Per. U. 2L) .— P.

Sah, e .m. (corrfr Per. i ts) , a k ing (in P. generally) a sa int — P.

sabab, s.m. (corr. fr. Ar. U.me al) , Sir, Lord ; in P. often a title of God ;

a gentleman, a European. (This word is applied by the Sik hs to inanima te

objects as a sign of reverence , e.g . Granth 8ahab, Panja Sahab, — P.

Saheli , s.f. a woman’s female friend, a woman

'

s female attendant or companion.

— H. U. P.

Bahib, e.m. (see under sahab)Sahir, s.m. (corr. fr. Per. U.

flat) , a city.

— P.

Sahiia, 0 . tr. to sufier, endure, tolerate — H. U. P.

Sahura , s.m. fa ther-ia -law ; (a term of abuse) wretch, (U. H . sasur, susar,

susra) .— P.

Sahurs, s.m. pl. members of the fa ther-in-law’s family (Jfi ). — P.

Sai , nuns. a dj m. f . a hundred .—

.H P.

Sa il, e .m. walk , journey, sa il k arna, to walk : k isi des da sa il

k arna , to travel over a country.— P.

Sa ja , s .f . (corr. fr. Per. U. punishment : k iss nfi sa ja deh‘

i, to punish

any one .— P.

I

Saj a da, e .m. name of aMirasi , son ofMardana.

Sajja, -i , adj . m.f right (dex ter) : sa jja hathth, the right hand .— P.

Sa k arth, adj m. f . efficacious, useful, beneficial, profitable .-H . P.

Sa k has, s .m. (corr. fr. U. A . uni a person.— P.

Sak hi , s.f. (Sk . sak shya ) , evidence , testimony, story, treatise ; a discourse ; e .m.

(Sk . sak shya ) , a witness. — H . P.

Sak ha,v. a ux . to be able (used, as in H . and U. , with the stemof otherverbs,e g . bol sa kna, to be able to spea k

— H . U. P.

Salah, sf . (corr. fr. A . U. advice , counsel, plan : salah defii , to advise .

Salam,e .m. a sa lutation : salamk arna , to sa lute — A . U. P.

Sa lok , s m. (Sk . s'

lok a ), renown ; a hymn of pra ise , distich,verse ; epic stanza

(conta ining twoverses, each of 1 6 syllables) . — P.

Salirr'

i a , -i , a dj . m. f . salted, salty, saline (H. salona, -i . )— P.

S ami db, e profound contemplation, abstraction ; self-immolation(of a sannyasi .

g enera”! by drowning or burying himself alive) tomh (of a m yasi buried

8 1) re) , gm78 . — H . P .

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1 2 6 G RH HH II .

O

(1 ) Sent, mg. m.f . (for H . shant, rt. Sk . s'

am) , quieted , appea sed, sa tisfied : e .m.

an ascetic, one indifferent to objects of pleasure or pain.— P.

(2) Sai nt, s .f . (Sk . H . di nti), peace , comfort, calm indifference to pleasure

Santi , and pa in.— P.

Santok h, e .m. (H . Sk . santosh) , contentment, sa tisfaction, patience ; delight,

happiness.— P.

Sapp, e.m (U.H . samp, Sk . sarpa) , a snak e — P.

Sar, e .m. a sacred tank , pond, small la k e — P.

Sar, e.m. end, top. Per. sar suns, to be comprehended, reached (of a secret) ; to

discover (spok en of the agent) to be accomplished .— P.

Si re, -i , a ct/2m. f . whole , all. — H . U. P.

Bara k pur, s.m. name of a tahsil in the Lahore division.

Saran, sf . (Sk . s'

arnam, H. s'

aran) , shelter, protection, place of refuge .— P.

Sarap, e .m. a curse scrap data, to curse — H. P.

Sarb, ad i eu. f . all, whole (Sk . sarva ) . — H . P.

Sarbandhi , e .m. relation, relative, k insman.— P.

Sarir, s.m. the body.— H . P.

Sarm,s.f. (Per. U.

rJig) , shame, modesty : ni l lite di sa rm, shame for one ta k en

with — P.

Sarminda, -i , whim. f . (Per. U. ashamed .— P.

Sarp, s.m. (Sk . sarpa , P. usua l fem sapp, U. H . simp) , a sna k e , serpent.

— H . P.

Sarfip, e .m one’s own natural shape ; figure, form, shape : hor sarfip

hoJana , to assume another shape — H . P.

Sas sm. (U. H . si s) , breath ; a moment. — P.

Sostauna , e . intr. to rest, delay, stop.— H. P.

Sastr, s.m. weapons, arms.— H. P.

Sastr, e.m. a S'

astra (Sk . éastra ) , one of the sacred book s of the Hindus ; sastr rit,s .f . customor rite appointed in the S

'

astras.— P.

Satauna, 9 . tr. to persecute , harass, worry (U. H. satana) . — P.

Sate , a dv. along with. together with (cf . sixth and sang) .— P.

Betgar, e .m. (fr. satt, the true Gun‘

x, an orthodox religious

teacher ; esp . God . (The Sik hs apply the word primarily to God, and thento certa in religious teachers (gurus) in whom the Deity is supposed to

b fbfb, a wn . a d) : six ty (H. U. si th) .— P.

fit; s .m. a beam

, rafter (Sk . athira ) .— P.

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VOCABULARY .

Shah,

Sa i hu,

Sui n, e .m. (Sk . s'

wan) , a dog— (Old H . written in the P. manner for swan) .

Suzi u, s.m. (corr. fr. A . right, rectitude , right way, just act ; the future

reward ofvirtue — P.

Sabh, adj . m. f . (Sk . s'

ubha ) , shining, auspicious ; handsome ; virtuous ; subh

k arm,avirtuous deed, a work ofmerit — H . P.

Subhau, e.m. (Sk . eu, good

’ bhava ) , good disposition, character.— H . P.

Sudagari , s.f . (eorr. fr. Per. w a g) ,v. saudi gari . — P.

Sudai , a dj . m. f. mad ,melancholic (eorr. fr. Per.3‘s; fr. A .— P.

Sudh, a dj . m. f . stra ight, right ; clean, pure Sudh A tmii , the pure Spirit,God — H. P.

Sudhdhman, a dj . m. f. (sudh+man, pure-hearted , pm in heart.- P.

Sudi , s.f. the light half of the month, fromnew to full moon — H. P.

Sugand, s.f. (corr. fr. Per. U. fig , an oath ; sugand k ha ni , to tak e an oath, to

swea r.— P.

Suk ar, s.m. (corr. fr. A . U. thank s ; k isi dis suk ar k arna , to thank anyone .- P.

Suk h, s.m. and adj . m. f . ease , happiness ; happy, contented, satisfied— H. P.

Suk hk hsa nd,s.f . welfare , ease and comfort — H. P.

Suleiman, s.m. Solomon.— A . Per. U. H . P.

Sultanpur, e .m. (U.fisii ) name of a small town in the K apurthalii ‘ili qa .

Sufina, 0 . tr. to hear, to listen to, to obey k isi di (gall) or k isi did (gallh) sufini

(suha id) , toheark en to any one’s words, to attend to his wishes.

— H. U. P.

Stir, e.m. a hog, pig (a termof insult and grea t contempt) H. U. shar). — P.

Sura j , e.m. (Sk . H. sa tya ) , the sum— H. U. P.

Surajgrahan, s.m. an eclipse of the sum— H. P.

Surg, s.m. (Sk . Swarga, H . also swarg) , the sk y, Heaven (among Hind i1s thedwelling

-place of Indra and good people) .— H. P.

Surgri j , s.m. for Swarga ri jya ) , Heaven-k ingdom, the k ingdomof Heaven.

— P.

Surgwalzi , -i , adj . m. f . heavenly.— P.

Sat, s.m. cotton, thread, wire ; the sacred thread worn by the highest castes

H . U. P.

Sutta, -i , a dj . "s. f . (p a rt. of soiia ‘ to asleep : sutti paiiia, to fall

asleep— P.

s.f . (perh. fr. Sk . a'

wasa , brea th ashes.-P.

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mmi a i am a ss .

Ta, p article (=U. H . to) , then (=French done) . [Granthis says that ts=td, but

the following sentence shows that it is a differentword : J5us sahirwichchaie, t§ Sajada nd ta bathti l dittii . In rea lity, while tri =to in U. H .

— P.

Ta, ado. in order that (Per. U. U) .

Ts, ado. then(sorrel. of js, =H . U.L; at that time : ta bi (H. U.

taubhi ) , even then, yet, nevertheless.— P.

Tad , ado. then, at tha t time (sorrel. of jad, and=U. H .— H . P.

Tad6 , ado. (tad+6 , e . fromthen, thenceforward , after that time — P.

Tag-id, s.f. (eorr. of A . U. age), urgency, stress : tag

-id k arni , to lay stremupon,

to urge , importance -Pf

Tahil, s.f. (H. tahafl) , attendance, waiting upon, service .— P.

Tahilna, e.m. servant, attendant, menial.— P.

Tai , p . p ron. 2nd sing. obl. of til, 0 . Gram. (=U. H . tujh), thee .— P.

Ta i , p . pron. 2nd sing . instraw. of td, a . Gram. by thee .— P.

Ti l“, postp . with dc, to, up to ; a lsofor a d

,used to denote direct obj ect (H . U.

Spy— P.

Taisti , -i , adj . m. f . so, such (sorrel. of jaisit, -i) . (The P. is teha , -i , or tihii , -i ,

q .v.) -H .

Ta k , postp . up to jad ta k , until whom— H. U. P.

Tak hitr'

i, e.m. a carpenter.

— I’.[ w

Ta k tar,e .m. a promise , dispute ; ack nowledgment (A .

,lfi ) . — U. P.

Ta k hsir, s.f . (corr. fr. A . U.fla ir) , fault, offence, trespass, shortcoming — P.

Talni ,v. intr. to be fried 0 . tr. to fry.— H . P.

Talni , a . intr. to pass away : intens. ta!j ii hi .— H . U. P.

Talni , 0 . tr. to put aside (caus. of talna) , to cause to pass ; to prevent ; to prevaricate ; to choose , select.

— H. P.

Ta lumbha, s.m. name of a town between Batala andMultan.

Talwa iidi , s.m. name of avillage not far fromBatali , inwhich Gun“

; Nana k was

born.

Tamacha, e .m. (corr. fr. Per a box on the ear, blow on the cheek .— U. P.

Tami si , e .m. (eorr. fr. A . U. Ltw) , show, display, ex hibition, pleasure.— P.

Tan, s.m. the body.— H . U. Per. P.

Ta ng , adj . m. f . na rrow,strait, difficult — Per. U. P.

Tap , a m. religious penance, self-torture (byfire) ; heat, fever tap k arna, toper

form a usterities : j sl tap k arna, to performa water penance— E X .

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PANJZBi sau na s .

C

Thok ar, s.m. a stumble, stumbling : k ise nil thok ar k hulti uria , to cause any one to

stumble — H . U. P.

Thfifidhfiti , 0 . tr. (=U. H . dhiu‘

idhna) , to seek,to search fort — P.

Thuhra, -i , =U. H . thora, -i), scanty, little (in quantity), p l.

Thuhurti , -i,

Thuhuri-partit-witlti , a dj . on. and sm. one of little faith — P.

Tiaghs,v. tr. (H. tyi gmi ) , to desert, put away, leave, forsa k e ; divorce .— P.

Tiagpatri , s.f. a writing of divorce .— H. P.

Tier. adj . m.f . (U. It; and ready, prepared— P.

Tiari , s.f . (corr. fr. U. w ig) , preparation, readiness.— P.

Tiha , -i , adj . m. f . another formof tehi , -i , q .v.— P.

Tihais, m. tihai , f . adj . thirsty (fr. tiha , tihai, thirst, Sk . trishii) .— P.

Tija, -i , adj . num. m. f . third — P.

'

I i k ,

Ti k u,

Ti k ur, postp . as far as .— P

Tila k , e .m. the sectarian pa int-mark on the forehead ofHindOs.

— H . P.

Tilla , e.m. a hill, mound — P.

Tima t, s.f . a woman, a wife .— P.

postp . up to, unto.— P.

Tim'

i,

a woman, wife.— P.

Tinhfi, obl. p l. m. f . of so,v. Gram. them.— P.

Tinn, num. adj . m. f . three (U. H . tin) ; tinne , all three (U. H .— P.

Tirath, s.m. a sacred ba thing-place , a place of pilgrimage forHindi1s (as Banti ras

or llt‘

ihiibad , etc. ) tira th k arnii (k ise jagti di ) , to go on a pilgrimage (to anyplace) . (Sk . tirtha , H . tirth.) — P.

Til-pat, s.f . (Sk . tripti ) , contentment, satisfaction, pleasure .— H . P.

Tia , obl. sing. m. f . of so (q .v. in that, him.— H . P.

Tise =tis+ term.-e , q .v. thatvery=U. H . usi .

— P.

Tiththe , adv. there (sorrel. of Jiththe ) . - P.

Tiii , adv. so, then, accordingly (sorrel. of j i‘

ii H . tyli, ty6) .— P.

Toba, s.f. (oorr. fr. A . U. repentance ; meri toba hoi , I have repented — P.

Tobhti , e.m. (another formis tuhuba), an unwalled tank or pond.— P.

Topa , e.m. a measure (generally containing two sirs or about 4 — P.

Toma, e . i f . to cause to walk (cans. of turns) ; to cause to become prevalent, tobring (a custom) intovogue, to establish (a sect) , start (a. doctrine ) .— H . P.

Toma“

, l’. tr . (mm. of (Utah) , to break , break off, pluck— H .“Y

Page 140: A Simplified Grammar 'Beading Book of the Panjabi Language

VOCABULARY .

Q

Trae, nuns. adj . en. f . (Lah. three=tinn, g.o. thrice,very ; trao k husi ,verymuch pleased,very happy.

— P.

Tra ik ti l, e .m. (H. a lso trik al fr. tri+k al) , the three times, i .e. past, present,future , ormorning, noon, and evening.

— H . P.

Til, p . pron. 2nd sing. m. f . (=U. H . tl’

i ) , thou.— P.

Thichhchh, a dj .m.f .mean, base, despicable tuchhchb jsans, to despise — H . P.

Tuba, p . pron. 2nd p l. obl. (=tusti , you.— P.

Tuhii da, i , p ass. p ron. 2nd p l. (=tusti dzi , i your.— P.

Tubé'

, p . pron. 2nd sing. (for tfihe fr. tfi e or he) , you, yourself (U. H . ti: bi ) .

— P.

Tub-s, e .m. piece, portion, share, fragment, bit of bread — H. U. P.

Turahi , s.f . a clarion(Sk . turya , H . turi , tura i ) .— P.

Tumzi,v. intr. to walk , go ; k ise de pichhche turmi , to follow any one .

— P.

Turt adv. (H . also turant) , quick ly, at once .— H . P.

Tuait, p . p ron. 2nd p l. m. f . obl. fr. tfl(see you.

— P.

Tuséda , -i , pose . pron. 2nd pl. m. f . your, yours.— P.

Tusi, p . pron. 2nd pl. mf . (see you.

— P.

Tyagns, 0 . tr. =Titi gna , q .v. to abandon.— H . P.

U.

Ubitre K hfi, e.m. name of a Pathan(A fghan) who became a disciple of Guruvitnak .

Uchcharnti , 0 . tr. (H. uchcharna) , to utter, recite ; compose .— P.

Udas, adj . m. f . lonely ; sorrowful, sad : udasmdh hofni , to be sad-faced .— H.U.P.

Udasi , s.f . sadness, depression ; k ise nai udasi pakri , some one became sad (lit.

seized — H. U. P.

Udhar, s.m. a debt, a loan (of money) udhar leiia , to borrow ; udhar deiui , to

lend ; udhti r mangini , to ask for a loan ; udhti r boin'

i , to be lent, to be in

debt — H. U. P.

Udhdhar, ado. for U. H. udhar, p roper P. uththe nfi) , thither, to that place ;udhdhar tofor uththb

'

,fromthat place , thence .

— P.

Udik iui, 0 . tr. to look out for, ex pect, wa it for, await.— P.

Uh, dem. a dj . and ard p . pron. m. f . (see Gram. that, he, she, it.— (H . wah,

U.— P.

Ujj al, a dj . m. f . bright, radiant, clear, pure , white .— H . P.

U,

mar s.f . (corn fr. A .-P.

U”, a im. ad}. a nd p r. inst. si .ng and obl. pl. of uh kc . Gnmk e

— Y

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Page 143: A Simplified Grammar 'Beading Book of the Panjabi Language

mmi si GRAMMAR.

s

Wed , (H . U. bed, Sk .veda ) , the Veda , the fourVedas of the Binni e — H. P.

Wadi , e.m. name of a got (clan) of the k sha’

triya (k hatri) caste .

‘Vefi ,e.m. time (=both SJ

]

, and In.» with this word and others denoting tines

and subdivisions of time the p ostpp . a re generally omitted, as us wale, a t

tha t time.

'— P.

Wi ah, s.m. (U.H . byith) ,marriage ; k iss nit!wrah k arna, tomarry any one.— P.

Wibhnt, s.f . (Sk . vibhirti) , grea t power, superhumanmight ; ashes of cowdung

(rubbed on the body by S'

iva ’s devotees) . - H . P.

Wichiir, s.m. judgment, Opinion, thought ; wichitrk arna, to judge , think — H. P.

Wichitrnti ,v. tr. to judge , think .— H . P.

Wichch, postp . (U. H. bich, used a s=U. H . m‘

é) , in, among, into.— P.

Wichch‘

ci, postp . fromin, fromamong.

— P.

Wide, adj . m. f. (H. hntaf. A . U. dismissed : wide k arna , 0. tr. to dismiss,bid farewell .— H. P.

Widdizi,s.f . learning, k nowledge (H . widyii) .— P.

Widia , s.f . dismissa l(Sk .vidaya,H. bids) , ta k ing leave widiti leii i, to ta k e leave ;k isi nd widizi k arni , to say adieu to any one — P.

Wigarni ,v. intr. to be spoilt, entirely altered , corrupted (U. H . bigarnti ) .— P.

Wigi rni ,v. tr. (acres. of wigarnti ) , to spoil, corrupt, cause to be altered for the

worse (U. H . bigiirnti ) .— P.

Wik he , postp . (used, in Amritsa r esp ecia lly, forWichch) , in, into ; aga inst. — P.

Wirodh, s.m. dispute , contention, contrariety, enmity.

— P.

Wissarna, v. intr. to be forgotten (for biserna, intr. of bisiirnti to forget. )— P.

Wita rna, v. intr. to fail (an attempt) , be damaged disagree ; be enraged ;

Wittamfi, to be rebellious, to be sulk y : wirur ba ithr'

ui , to be in a sulk y

Wima! tampon— P.

Ya, conj . or— Per. U. P. (the properP. word athwi is used in book s, but is hardly

understood by the uneduca ted) .

Yi d, sf . remembrance, memory ; yad ra k hk hnr, to remember ; yi d k arni, to

mention, learn by heart, repeat. — Per. U. P.

Yarnsa lam,s.m. Jerusalem.

Yisfi, e .m. (U. U‘ i) ’Jesus.

GTRPHRN A USTIN A ll !) 3030, PR\I T! I S ,

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TRUBN E R

CO LLECTION OF SIMPL IFIED GRAMMARSOF THE

PRI NCI PAL ASIATIO AND EURO PEAN lANGUAGES.

ED ITED BY REINHOLD ROST, LL D ., FILD .

The obj ect of this Series is to provide the learner with a concise but

pra ctica l Introduction to the various Langua g es, and a t the same time tofur nish Students of Compara tive Philology with a clear and comprehensiveview of their structure . The a ttempt to adapt the somewha t cumbrous

gramma tica l systemof the G reek and La tin to every othertongue ha s introduced a grea t de a l of unnecessary difficulty into the study of La nguages.

Instead of ana lysing e x isting locutions and endeavouring to d iscover theprincipleswhich regula te them,

writers of grammars have for the most partconstructed a framework of rules on the old lines

, a nd tried to ma k e thelanguage Of u hich they were trea ting fit into it. Where this proves impossible , the d ifficulty ismet by lists of e x ceptions and irregula r forms, thusburdening the pupil

smind with a mass of deta ils of which he can ma k eno.practica l use .

In these G rammars the subject isviewed from a different standpoint

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and so-ca lled irregula rities are shown to be only na tura l euphonic and

other Changes. A ll technica l terms are ex cluded unless the ir meaningand a pplica tion is self-evident ; no arbi tra ry rules a re admitted the old

classifica tion into declensions, conjuga tions, &c.

,and even the‘nsua l p a ra.

digms and ta bles, a re omi tted . Thds reduced to the simplest principles,the A ccidence and Synta x ca n be thbroughly comprehended by the studenton one perusa l. and a few hours

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For Li st of Volume s a lrea dy pub lished , see pa ge 69.

LONDON : TRURNER a LUDGA TE HILL.

l

PRINT ED DY BA LL A IV I VA R, HA N SON A ND CO.

E D INBURGH A N D LONDON .

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S a nsk rit Book s . 23. 6d .

S cientific W ork s . 2d .

Tamil a n d Tel egu, Book s on. ld .

Page 233: A Simplified Grammar 'Beading Book of the Panjabi Language

TRUBNER’

S

CO LLECTIO N OF SIMPL IFI ED GRAMMARSOF THE

PRI NCI PAL ASIATIC AND EURO PEAN LANGUAGES.

EDITED BY REINHOLD ROST, LL.D . ,PH D .

The obj ect of this Series is to provide the learner with a concise but

practica l Introduction to the various Languages, and a t the same time tofurnish Students ofCompara tive Philolog with a clear and comprehensiveview of their structure . The a ttempt to adapt the somewha t cq brouS

gramma tica l systemof the G ree k and La tin to every other tongue ha s introduced a grea t de a l of unnecessary d ifficulty into the study of La nguages.

Instead of a na lysing e x isting locutions and endeavouring to d iscover theprinciplea which regula te them,

wn'

ters of grammars have for the most pa rtconstructed a framework of rules on the old lines

,a nd tried to ma k e the

language of which they were trea ting fit into it. Where this proves impossible, the difliculty isme t by lists of e x ceptions and irregula r forms, thusburdening the pupil

'

smind with a mass of deta ils of which he can ma k eno.pra ctica l use .

In these G rammars the subj ect isviewed from a (lifl'

erent sta ndpoint ;

the structure of ea ch la nguage is ca refully e x amined,and the principles

which und erlie it a re ca refully e x pla ined ; while apparent d iscrepa ncies

and so-ca lled irregula rities a re shown to be only na tural euphonic and

other cha nges. A ll technica l terms are e x cluded unless the ir meaningand applica tion is self-evident ; no a rbi tra ry rules a re admitted the old

classifica tion into declensions, conjuga tions, &c.

,and even the.u.

~uul pa ra,

d igms a nd ta bles, a re omitted . Thfis reduced to the simplest principles,the A ccidence and Synta x can be thbroughly comprehended by the stud enton one perusa l, and a few hours

’diligent study Wi ll enable him to a na lyse

any sentence in the language .

For List of Volume s a lrea dy pub lish ed , see pa ge 69.

LONDON : TRUBNER Ct LUDGA TE HILL.

G

PRIN TED nvBA LL A h '

l fl-n RA N S G N AND cc.

[ D INBURCH A N D LON DON .

6

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