GIFT8EP

4 1924

ANI E R ICA N GA S A SSOCIAT ION

1 30 E as t 1 5 th Street , N ew Y o rk , N . Y .

1 92 1 Convefltz'

on

*

A Se lec ted and A nno ta ted Bibl io graphy

o n Gas P urif ic at io n .

By

A. R. POW ELL and K . C . WA LKE R

Sub-Committee I

o f the P urific a tio n Committee

OUTLIN E OF CLA SS IF ICATION

Su lphur Compounds in Gas ; Their Reactions , I dent ifi

cation and Analysis .

I . Su lphur Compounds Present in Gas .

2 . Genera l Propert ies,Reaction and Ana lysis .

a . Hydrogen su lphide .b . Carbon b isulphide .c . Other possibl e su lphur compounds .

Gas Purification (Remova l o f Su lphur from Gas ) .

I . Remova l of Hydrogen Sulph ide .a . Genera l revi ews .b . I ron oxide purification .

i Composition and properti es of iron oxide .

i i Methods of manufacture and description

of oxide fo r purificat ion .

i i i Reactions and products .iv Reviv ificat ion .

v Spent oxide .a . Extraction of sulphur .b . Ut i l izat ion other than sulphur ex

traction .

vi Construction of purifiers .

vi i Operat ion of purifiers

c . Lime and other sol id purification .

(1 . Liquid purification .

i Feld process .

i i 1. Burkheiser process .

'

i i i M iscel laneous processes .e . Gaseous purification .

2 . Remova l of Carbon Bisu lphide .

a . Hot purification .

b . Alka l i ce l lulose .

c . Miscel laneous processes .

3 . Removal o f Other Organic Su lphur Compounds .

A . R . POWELL2 and K . C . WA LK ER3

Th i s bib l iography was prepared as a portion of the workof the Purification Committee for the year 1 92 1 . A s the

tit l e indicates,i t i s not intended to be a comp lete . com

pend ium of th e l iterature on gas purification , but i s design ed

to cover the more importan t pub l ished work wh ich has beendone on the theory and practice of gas purification . In o rder

to reduce errors and omissions of important work as muchas poss ibl e in the l imited time availab le

,th i s b ib l iography

was sent to each member of the purificat ion committee forcritici sms and suggestions 'i t i s requested that other readerssend the ir crit ici sms to th e author for inclus 1 on i n the fina lcorrected copy of the proceed ings in which th i s repo rt wi l lbe publ i shed .

Some older references have not been given s ince th eyhave been covered fa irly we l l in the h i stor i cal review of gaspurification by Wo l ff ram (Jour . Gasbel . , Jah rg . 54, 1 9 1 1 , pp .

2 99-

30 5, 3 2 3 Much additional in formation on gas purificat ion may a lso be found in the various reports of theBriti sh A lka l i Inspector . Very few of the numerous patentson gas purification have been included in th i s bibl iography

and then only because they bring out som e special pro cessor idea not described in the l iterature .

1P ubl ished by permi s s ion o f the D irecto r , U. S . Bureau o f M ines .

2Cha irman

, Subcomm i ttee I . P ur ificat ion Comm i ttee, American GasA s so ci at i on.

P hysical Organic Chem i s t, Bureau o f Mines , P i ttsburgh , P a .

Research Reference Librar ian , Bu reau o f Mines , P i ttsburgh , P a .

3 5 1 1 6 3

Acknow l edgment for va luabl e assistance and sugges

t ions in th e comp i l at ion of th is b ib l iography i s gratefu l lygiven to Mr . A . C . Fieldner , Chairman of the PurificationCommittee

,Mr . C . H .

Stone,Rochester Gas E lectric Cor

po rat ion , Dr . J . F . Wing , Boston Conso l idated Gas Com

pany,Mr . F . W . Sperr

, Jr .,Koppers Company , Mr . W . A .

Dunk ley,Bureau of M ines

,and to a l l the other members of

the Purificat ion Committee .

Su lphur compounds in gas ; thei r reactions , i d entifica

tions and analysis .

1 . Su lphur compounds present in gas .

I . McBr id e,R . S .

,Weaver

,E . R . Determination of

su lphur in i l luminating gas . Jour . Gas Lighting ,vol . 1 2 2 ,

1 9 1 3 , pp . 598-60 0 . Gasch

’

s exper iments .

Seven or eight gra ins per 1 0 0 cu . i t . are present .

2 . Schwef elko h lenstofl’

gehalt im Leuchtgas bei Ver

t ika lo fenbetr ieb . (Amoun t of carbon bisu lphide ini l l uminat ing gas from vertical retorts . ) Jour .

Gasbel ., Jahrg . 5 1 , 1 90 8, pp . 83

-84. Carbon bisu l

ph ide in vert ical retorts lower than in horizonta ldue to less overheating in vert ical retorts . E xper i

ments carried on in laboratories of th e Imperia lContinental Gas Associat ion and German Continenta l Gas Assoc iat ion

2 . Genera l propert ies , reactions and ana lys is .

a . Hydrogen sulphide .

3 . Bean,H . J . Determination of hydrogen sulph ide

in gas . Amer . Gas Assoc . Mon . ,vo l . 2

,1 92 0 ,

pp .

2 65-2 68. Ind irect iodometric method .

4. Bo sshard,E . ,

Horst,C . Untersu chung uber d i e

S chwefelbest immung im Leuchtgas nach Metho d e

von D ickerts . (Invest igation of D ickert’

s method

for sulphur in gas .) Jou'

r . Gasbel . , Jahrg . 55, 1 9 1 3 ,

pp . 1 0 93- 1 0 94. Claims that method ment ioned in

6 gives very low results .

5 . Dewey , M. J . Testing sulphur in gas . Gas Age ,vol . 35, 1 9 1 5, p . 336. Iodometr ic method .

6. D ickerts,M . Determ in ing su lphur in coal gas .

Gas World,vo l . p . C laim s that al l

sulphur in the gas is oxid i zed to sulphate . by pass

ing through alka l ine perhydrol . (Concentrated

hydrogen peroxide . )

Perhydro l zur Bestimmung des , Gesamt

schwefe l s im Leuchtgas . (Perhydrol for determ i

nation o i tota l su lphur in i l luminat ing gas . ) Jour .

Gasbel ., Jah rg. 54, 1 9 1 1 , pp . 1 82 -

3 .

8. Fischer,F . (Apparatus for est imating sulphur in

co al . ) Zeit . angew . Chem . , Bd . 1 0,1 897, p . 30 2 .

Gas burned and oxid iz ed with hydrogen peroxide .

Precip itated as BaSO4 .

9 . Grevi l l e,H. . Determination of sulphuretted hydro

gen in coal gas . Jour. Gas Lighting, vol . 76, 1 90 0 ,

p . 1 2 64. A bstract Jour . Soc . Chem . Ind .,vo l . 2 0 ,

1 90 1 , p . 73 . Uses standard solut ion of ammoniacalcopper su lphate .

1 0 . Harding,E . P . Descript ion of improved apparatus

and of a modificat ion of Dreh schm idt’

s method fo r

the determinat ion of tota l su lphur in coa l gas .Amer . Chem . Soc . Jour . , vol . 2 8, 1 90 6,

pp . 537-

54 1 .

Burned in space conta in ing bromine vapors andaspirated through potassium carbonate solution .

Johnson , E . Determ ifi ation of hydrogensulphide in i l luminat ing gas . Eighth Int ernational

Cong . of App l ied Chem .,vol . 2 5 , 1 9 1 3 , pp . 673

-675.

Hail stone , H . J .E stimation oi su lphur in coal gas

and benzol . Gas World ,vo l . 58,

1 9 1 3 , p . 37. Prod

ucts of combust ion led through solution of hydrogen peroxide and ammo ma .

Hirsch,M . (Determ ination of tota l su lphur in coa l

gas by means of N / I o iodine so lution . ) Chem . Ze itBd . 43 , 1 9 1 9 , p . 482 ,

Abstract,Jour . Soc . Chem .

Ind . , vo l . 38, 1 9 1 9 ,p . 7o7a . Iodometri c method used

w i th Dreh schm id t apparatus .

Jenkins , C . D . Determ inat ion”

of tota l su lphur in

i l luminating gas . Amer . Chem . Soc . Jour .,vo l . 2 8,

1 90 6,pp . 542

-

544. Burned in N H condensed andoxidized with B r . water . Portab le apparatus de

scribed .

McBr ide , R . S . , Edwards, J . D . Bureau of

Standards Test for HzS . Gas Age , vol . 34, 1 9 1 4,

pp . 5 1 9-

52 3 . Uses l ead acetate .

Weaver,E . R . Determ i nation of sulphur

in i l luminating gas . Gas Age , vo l . 3 1 , 1 9 1 3 , pp . 445

449 . Comparison of methods .

Meyb lo om ,W . F . Direct estimation of hydrogen

sulph ide in i l luminating gas . Gas Wor ld , vol . 56,1 9 1 2 ,

p . 40 1 .

Mu l ler , A . (Determinat ion of hydrogen sulph idein coa l gas . ) Jou r . Gasbel .

, Jah rg . 43 , 1 90 1 , pp , 792

793 . Abstract , Jour . Soc , Chem . Ind .,vo l . 2 0

,1 90 1 ,

p . 73 . Cadm ium acetate to absorb the hydro-gensulph ide .

Myl iu s , F . , Huttner , C . Schne l lmethode zur Bestimmung des Schwefel s im Leuchtgas . (Rap idmethod for determinat ion o f su lphur in i l luminating gas . ) B er . Deut . Chem . Gese l l .

, Jah rg . 49 ,

1 9 1 6, pp . 1 42 8- 1 443 . Oxidation by porous p latinum

cata lyst .

2 0 . Roscoe , H . E ., S cho r lemm er , C . Treat i se on

Chemi stry , vo l . 1 , London ,1 9 1 1 , pp . 387

-

393 . Gooddes cript ion of p roperti es and reaction of hydrogensu lphide .

Somervi l le , C . W . Determ inat ion of su lphur ingas . Jour. Gas L ighting

,vo l . 1 1 6, 1 9 1 2 ,

p . 676.

Rapid est imation of su lphur and hydrogensu lphide in i l lum inat ing gas . Jour . Gas Lighting ,vol . 1 1 2

, 1 9 1 1 , p . 2 8.

Tutwil er , C . C . Estimation of hydrogen su lphidein i l lum inat ing gas . American Chem . Soc . Jour

vo l . 2 3 ,1 90 1 , p . 1 73 . Describes Tutwi ler apparatus

for iodometri c t itration of hydrogen su lphide .

b . Carbon bisu lphide (Methods for total su lphur

in gas given in “a”

)

Harding,E . P .

,Doran

, J . Technical determina

t ion of carbon bisu lphid e in i l lumi nating gas .

Amer . Chem . vol . 2 9 ,1 90 7 , pp . 1 480

1 488. CS 2 absorbed in a lcoho l i c KOH,acid ified

and prec ip i tated with standard copper acetate . KI

added and iodine ti trated .

Roscoe,H . E . ,

Scho r lemmer,C . Treati s e on

Chem i stry , vol . 1 , London , 1 9 1 I , pp . 82 5-832 . De

scription of prop erti es and reaction s of carbon bi

su lph ide .

c . Other poss ib le su lphur compounds . (Methodfor total sulphur in gas given in “

a”

)

Properti es and react ions of mercaptans , th io eth ers ,th iophene

,carbon oxysu lphide

,etc .

,given in most

text-books on organic chem i stry ,

I I . Gas P urifi cation (Remova l of Su lphur from Gas ) .

1 . Removal o f hydrogen su lphide .

a . Genera l reviews .0

Bel l, J . F . Briti sh pract ice i n purificat ion of coa l

gas . International Gas Cong. Trans . , vo l . 1 9 1 5 ,

Abstract Jour . Gas L ighting,vo l . 1 3 1 , 1 9 1 5 , pp . 699

70 0 .

Bertelsmann,W . (Simu l taneous recovery of am

monia and su lphur from th e carbon ization of coa l . )Jour . Gasbel . , Jahrg . 62 ,

1 9 1 9 ,pp . 3

-

4,2 1 -2 2 . Re

view o i the fo l low ing spec ial processes ' Fabry ,Bergfe ld

,Cobb

,Burkhei ser

,Fr itz ch es , and Fe ld

Dunkley , W . A . Some cond i t ions aff ecting the usefu lness of iron oxide for city gas purificat ion . Ur

bana , 1 92 1 . (Engineering Expe rim ent S tation ,

Bul letin N o . Th is report was prepared undera co -operative agreement between the EngineeringExperiment Stat ion of the Un ivers ity of I l l inois ,The I l l ino is State Geo logica l Survey

,and the U. S .

Bureau of Mines .

Farmer,C . F . Preparat ion of puri fying material

and the purificat ion of gas . Prog . Age,vol . 2 7 ,

p . 50 1 .

Liese , K . (Oxide purificat ion in Germany ) . Jour .

Gasbel ., Jah rg . 62 ,

1 9 1 9 , p . 1 1 3 .

Little, A . B . Purification of gas . Amer . Gas Light .Jour . , vo l . 95 , 1 9 1 1 , pp . 5

—

7 , 1 7- 1 9 .

Odel l,W . W .

, Dunk l ey,W . A . Removal of su l

phur from i l lum inat ing gas . Am er . In st . Min .

Met . E ngrs . Bu l l . , 1 9 1 9 ,p . 2 30 1 .

Schumann,P

'

. (Oxide purificat ion in Germany . )Jour. Gasbel . , Jahrg . 62 ,

1 9 1 9 ,p . 77 .

Stone , H . E . Coal gas purification . Jour. Gas

L ighting, vol . 1 1 6,1 9 1 1 , pp . 76 1

-

765 . Same, GasWorld

,vol . 55, 1 9 1 1 , pp . 748

-

750 .

Wo lfi’

ram , H . (Evolut ion of gas purification . )Jour. Gasbel . , Jah rg . 54, 1 9 1 1 , pp . 2 99

-

30 5, 3 2 3-32 9 .

Histo ri cal review.

b . Iron oxide puri fication .

1 . Compo s ition and p'

roperties o f iron oxide.

36.

37

38.

39

40 .

41 .

Bancroft, WED . Hydrous ferric oxide . Jour . P hys .

Chem ., vol . 1 9 , 1 9 1 5 , pp . 2 3 2

-2 40 . Preparation of

diff erent forms of ferri c oxide .

Fulwei ler , W . H.,

Kunberger , A . F . Some of th ephysical characterist ics of ferr ic oxide . Amer. Gas

Light . Jo ur . , vol . 99 , 1 9 1 3 ,pp . 369

-

373 . A bsorpt io n

fo r H2S i s better the sma l ler the particl es .

P o snjak ,E .

,Merw in

,H . E . Hydrated ferr i c

oxides . Amer. Jour . Sci . , vol . 47 , 1 9 1 9 , pp . 3 1 1-348.

P roof that only one chemical hydrate o f iron ox ide

ex ists,namely

,Fe

zO3.H

20 .

So sman,R . B . , Merwin

,H . W . Pre l iminary

repo rt on th e system l ime-ferr ic oxide . Jour . Wash .

Acad . Sci . , vol . 6, 1 9 1 6, pp . 532-

537. Two doub lecompounds are formed by heating l ime and ox ideof iron togeth er.

VVeiser

,H . B . Hydrous oxides , I . Hydrous ferr i c

ox ide . Jou r . Phys . Chem .,vol . 24, 1 92 0 ,

pp . 2 77

3 28. Discusses hydration and s izes of part icl es .

Weyman,G . Relation between molecular structure

and activity toward hydrogen su lphide of ox ide o f

i ron . Jour . Soc . Chem . Indus , vol . 37 , 1 9 1 8, pp .

333T-

336T. Results of heating and coo l ing oxi deson th ei r activity toward H

2S . Reviews previous

work on constitution o f ferri c hydrates .

Metho d s of manufacture and description o f ox ides fo r

puri ficatio n .

42 .

43

44

45

46.

47 .

48 .

49 .

50 .

‘

5 1 .

A b-der-halden,M . C . E ffici ency of purifying oxide .

Gas Wor ld,vo l . 58, 1 9 1 3 , p . 2 5 1 . A l lows H2S to

act on oxide and absorbs water in CaC1 2 . Ca lcu

lates HzS , absorp t ion from water .

Anderson,G

.Purification of coa l gas . Jour . Gas

Lighting,vo l . 1 2 3 , 1 9 1 3 , p . 36 1 . Fine divis ion in

creases effic iency but hydrat ion has no effect .

Farmer,C . F . Preparat ion o f puri fying materia l

and purificat ion of gas . Amer. Gas Light . Jour . ,vo l . 9 1 , 1 90 9 , pp . 383

-

384. Oxide made from i ron

borings .

American Gas Association— Gas Purificat ion Comm ittee Report . Am er . Gas Ass ’n . Proc .

,1 92 0 . De

scrib es a practica l box m ethod for test ing oxides .

Humphreys, N . H . Unnoticed action of bog- i ron

’

ore . Jour . Gas L ight , vo l . 1 36, 1 9 1 6,p . 435.

Jones,E . S . Oxide of i ron purification in Ca l i fo r

nia . Jour . Gas Light ,vo l . 1 36, 1 9 1 6, pp . 398

-

399 .

Method of making oxide .

Kunberger , A . F . A short method to determine thee ffici ency of oxide for gas purification . Gas Wor ld ,vo l . 59 ,

1 9 1 3 , pp . 1 0 4- 1 0 5. Same , Jour . Indu s . E ng .

Chem .,vo l . 5 , 1 9 1 3 , pp . 580

-

58 1 . The Kunberger

method for oxide e fficiency .

Meyers , V . O . Spent oxide . Jour . Gas Lighting ,

vo l . 1 3 1 , 1 9 1 5 , pp . 1 89— 1 90 . E ffect of hydrat ion of

oxide .

Scott , A . H . Gas purifying oxides . Gas Jour .,vo l .

1 38, 1 9 1 7 , p . 1 0 1 . Description of various oxides .

Standard m ethod for sampl i ng and testing spentoxid e . Gas Jour . , vo l . 1 50 ,

1 92 0 , p . 1 4 1 .

Terneden,L . J . N atural and artificial puri fying

materia l s . Amer. Gas Light . Jour . , vo l . 88, 1 90 8 ,

pp . 759-

760 . Descr iption of Lux” puri fy ing mater ial . See a lso Jour . Gas Light ,

vol . 1 0 5 , 1 90 9 ,

p . 1 0 5 .

Tracy, L . D . Mine water neutral izat ion plant at

Ca lumet mine . Min . Met ,N o . 1 6 1 , 1 92 0 ,

pp . 2 9

30 . Manufacture of oxide from mine water .

P atents .

54. Heckmann, J . C . Process and substance for puri

fying gas . U . S . Patent Sept .

2 8,1 9 1 5 , S lag and iron oxide .

55. Granjon , P . J . Composit ion for purifying gases .

U . S . Patent Sept . 30 ,1 9 1 3 . Sam e

,Ca

nadian Patent Sept . 1, 1 9 1 4. Oxides and

ch lorides of i ron,mercuric chloride

,porous carri er

and smal l amounts o f M11 0 and CuSO4 .

56. Marris , H . C. ,Wa lker

,W . Purifyi ng material .

Briti sh Patent A ugust 1,1 9 1 9 . Materia l

made from spent vegetab le matter from tanneri es

so lubl e c ompound of iron,and spent l ime from

tanneries .

57. Ramsay, J . H. ,

Lowe , F . R . Puri fying materia l .

Brit ish Patent July 3 , 1 9 1 5. Material made

after removing aluminum oxide from bauxite .

Reaction and products .

58. Allen,

i

E . J . L . ,Johnston

,John

,

Larsen,E . S . The mineral sulph ides of iron . Amer .

Jour . Sci . , vol . 33 , 1 9 1 2 ,pp . 1 69

-2 36. Experiments

on th e formation of the iron su lphides .

59 . Anderson,G . Beitrage zur Re inigung des Leuch t

gases von Schwefel . (The removal of sulphur from

i l l uminating gas . ) Jour . Gasbel . , Jahrg . 57 , 1 9 1 4,

pp . 547-

552 , 569-

575 .Same

,Jour . Gas Light , vo l .

1 2 3 , 1 9 1 3 , p . 36 1 . Discusses the sulph id ing reac

tio ns .

Bunte,H . N otes on gas purificat ion . Jour . Gas

Lighting,vo l . 83 , 1 90 3 , p . 676. Thermal changes

during purification and reviv ificat ion .

Curphey ,W . S . Souring of oxide . Gas World , vol .

57, 1 9 1 2 ,pp . 1 1 0 - 1 1 6. Discusses formation of FeSO,

and HzSO4

.

c el,L . (I ron su lphides and the purification of

coal gas from hydrogen su lph ide ) . Jo u r. Gasbel.,

Jahrg. 48, 1 90 5 , pp . 40 0-40 7 . A complete discussion

of the reactions occuring in gas purificat ion .

Linder,S . E . The action o f hydrogen su lphide on

hydrated iron oxid e . Jour . Gas Light ing, vol . 1 2 7,

1 9 1 4, pp . 50 9-

5 1 3 . Study of the influence of various

factors on the su lph id ing reactions .

Mechlenburg ,W . , 81. Rodt , V . (I ron tri sulphide . )

Zeit . ano rg . a llgem . Chem . , Bd . 1 0 2 , 1 9 1 8, pp . 1 30

1 48. Abstract Jour . Chem . Soc . , vo l . 1 1 4,pt . i i , 1 9 1 8 ,

p . 1 67 . Experiments on iron tri sulphide .

Rodt,V . (Iron sesquisu lphide . ) Zeit . angew .

Chem . , Bd . 2 9 , 1 9 1 6, pp . 42 2-

42 3 . Abstract , Chem .

A bs .

,vol . 1 1

, 1 9 1 7 , p . 764. Experiments~

o n forma

tion of Fes .

Stokes,H . N . On ferrous and ferric sulphides ,

Amer. Chem . Soc . Jour . , vol . 2 9 ,1 90 7, pp . 30 4

-

30 7 .

Format ion and properti es of i ron sulph i des .

Stone,C . H . A lka l in ity tests in purification . Gas

Age,vol . 46, 1 92 0 ,

pp . 2 99-

30 1 . Effect of alkal ini ty

on the reactions .

Tindale,H . N otes on oxide purification . Gas

Jour. , vo l . 1 42 ,1 9 1 8, pp . 554

-

555. Eff ect of am

monia on su lph id ing .

69 . Weyman,G . Determ ination of su lphides of i ron in

purify ing materia ls . Gas Jour.,vo l . 1 49 , 1 92 0 ,

p . 30 1 .

Mo lecu lar structure and activity toward hydrogen su lphide of i ron oxide . Jour. Soc . Chem .

Ind .

,vol . 37, 1 9 1 8, pp . 333T

-

336T ,Discusses sul

ph id ing ,reactions and eff ect of hydration .

Practice and contro l of oxide purification .

Gas Jour .,vo l . 1 50 , 1 92 0 ,

pp . 489-

490 . Discuss ion

of su lph id ing reactions .

Oxide purification . Gas Jour . , vol . 1 50 , 1 92 0 ,

pp . 2 56-2 57 . Theory of purification .

Secondary reactions of iron oxide pur ifica

tion . Gas Jour . , vol . 1 45 , 1 9 1 9 , pp . 3 2 2-

32 3 . E ff ect

o f h igh temperatures .

iv . Reviv ifi cat ion .

74. Evan s, O . B . Rev iv ificat ion of oxide in s itu . Gas

Jour .,vo l . 1 48, 1 9 1 9 , p . 72 6.

P a tents

75 . Doherty,H . L . Revivi fying purifying materia ls .

U . S . Patent Feb . 2 5 , 1 90 7. Regu latedamount of a i r sent in with the gas .

76. G lover, S .

,Glover

,T . Revivi fying iron oxide .

British P atent N o v . 1 7 , 1 90 6 . Iron oxide

passed through drum and exposed to a i r and steam .

v . Spent oxide .

a . E xtract ion o f sulphur .

77 . Ke i lpfiug , J . (Use of o -dich lorobenzene for extracting su lphur from oxide . ) Chem . Zeit ,

Bd . 33 ,

78.

79

80 .

8 1 .

82 .

83 .

84.

86.

1 90 9 ,p . 30 1 . N o t suitab le because boi l ing point i s

too high for eff ect ive steam disti l lation .

Murphy , E . J . Removal of sulphur from spent

ox ide . Jour . Gas Ligh tf

,vol . 1 36, 1 9 1 6, pp . 396

-397.

Sulphur d isso lved by water gas tar d i sti l lates . N o t

commerc ial,laboratory scal e on ly .

Potsdamer,L . S . N otes on sod ium pruss iate . Jour .

Indus . Eng. Chem . , vol . 1 1 , 1 9 1 9 , pp . 769-

770 . Spent

oxide extracted with carbon bisulphide .

Recovery of sulphur from spent oxide . Gas Worl d ,vo l . 57 , 1 9 1 2 ,

p . 497. Us e of o -d ich lorobenzene assu lphur solvent .

Technisch es Ortho-D ich lo rben z o l , e in E xtrakt ions

mittel zur Entschwefelung der Leuchtga srein igungsmasse. (O-Dich lorobenzene for removal ofsulphur from puri fying material . ) Jour . Gasbel . ,

Jahrg . 52 , 1 9 1 0 ,pp . 1 37

- 1 39 . Data on so lvent powero i th i s material .

Extraction of su lphur from spent oxide by l ight taroi ls . Gas Worl d , vol . 59 , 1 9 1 3 , p . 333 .

P atents .

A nderson , W . British P atent June 1 5,

1 9 1 8. Su lphur from spent oxide by carbon bisu l

phide w i th or without benzene .

Bec igneu l , J . J . M . Sulphur from gas purifying material . U . S . Patent Oct . 1 6

,1 90 6. Ex

tracted with toluene fol lowed by purification “ of

sulphur.

Same,Briti sh Patent Apri l 26

,1 90 6.

Su lphur extracted by carbon tetrachloride .

Bonneau,L . C Hasenfratz , V . E . Briti sh Patent

May 1 , 1 9 1 4. Su lphur extracted w i th

CQHCls .

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95

96.

97

98.

D ibd in,W . J . Revivi fying spent oxide . Briti sh

Patent March 1 5 , 1 9 1 9 . Heated in superheated steam and then in a i r .

K inz,E . B . , Wesco tf, . E . C . U . s . Patent

7 1 3 , Jan . 9 , 1 9 1 7 . Spent oxide mixed with l ime and

hot water to make l ime su lphur spray .

McDona ld . U. S . Patent May 1 3 , 1 9 1 3 .

Su lphur burned out of oxide .

Wil l iams,P . E . Briti sh Patent Feb .

Sulphur burned out so oxide can be used overagain .

Wyld , W . Brit ish Paten t Oct . 4,1 90 9 . Su l

phur burned out and oxide immediate ly“

carri ed tocoo ler atmosphere to prevent decomposi t ion of

hydrate .

Cons truction of P urifi ers .

1 0 0 .

1 0 1 .

1 0 2 .

1 0 3 .

1 0 4.

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476. Description of iron oxide

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Seventy per cent . of purificat ion cost saved by

wash ing gas w i th weak ammonia l i quor .

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,Gas Worl d ,

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Davidson , W . B . Briti sh Patent Apri l 2 1

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Steam separates ammon ia and ac id gases,and am

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Frit z sch e,P . German Pa tent October 1 8

,

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Ge'werkschaft,Messe l . German Patent

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hydroxy carboxy l ic ac ids and i ron oxide used .

Rambush , N E . Purifying gas . P rit ish Patent

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e. Ga seous pur ification .

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Gas World, vol . 54, 1 9 1 1 , p . 866. Laboratory ex

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Evans,E . V . Removal of carbon bisu lphide from

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9- 1 4. Abstract 'Engineering

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,espec ia l ly the nickel cata lyst

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purified by heating to 450 deg. F . and then passedover very active oxide .

Gui l l et, O. El imination of carbon bisu lphid e fromgas . Geni e Civi l , vol . 6 1 , p . 1 84. Moisture in gas

decomposes carbon bisulphide to form carbon

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of the holder form s hydrogen sulphide . Zinc su l

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Prog. A ge, vo l .‘

z 7, 1 90 9 , p . 390 . Descrip t ion ofsystem used at Port land

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Matw in , J . E in weiterer B eitrag zur S chwefelkoh lensto ffwasche. (Removing carbon b isu lphide

from gas . ) Jour . Gasbel . , Jahrg. 52 , 1 9 1 1 , pp . 60 2

60 4. By passing gas over finely d ivided n icke l at

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Papst,H . M . Removal of organic sulphur from

gas . GasWorld , vo l . 58, 1 9 1 3 , p . 2 1 0 Hot checker

system removes from 62 to 70 per cent . i n the form

of hydrogen sulphide.

Removal of organic su lphur from gas .

Amer . Gas Light Jour. , vo l . 94,1 9 1 1 , pp . 40 7

-41 0 .

Process i n use at Portland . Gas heated to 1 2 0 0°

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vo l . 1 1 3 , 1 9 1 1 ,

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Prob lem s of complete purification . Gas Jour . , vol .

1 52 ,1 92 0 , p ; 1 43 . Review of the Carpenter-Evans

and Rideal-Tay lor processes .

Puri fying gas by heat. Jour . Gas Lighting, vol .1 2 3 , 1 9 1 3 , pp . 49 1

-493 . Brief review o i -the n ickel

cata lyst method for removal of carbon b isulphide .

P atents .

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,1 9 1 9 . Organic sulphur removed by

passing over hot a luminum oxide,beaux i te

,or

ignited magnes ia .

Ri deal , E . K . , Taylor,H . S . Briti sh Pa tent 1 30 ,

654, March 2 , 1 9 1 8. Organic sulphur converted tohydrogen sulphide by passing over iro n ox ide

mixed w i th certain metal l ic oxides as catalysts .

Puri fying mass h eated to 30 0 -650°

C .

b . A lka l i cel lu lose.

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760 .

After the carbon d ioxide has been removed from

the gas , the carbon bisu lphide i s absorbed in al

kal ine cel lu lose . This fo rms cel lulose xan tho

genate wh i ch may b e used to prepare art ificial s i lk .

Kuckuk , T . Extract ion of carbon bisulphide from

gas by the A th ion” process . Jour. Gas

,

Light ing ,vo l . 1 2 3 , 1 9 1 3 , p . 34. Description o f the alkal i cel

lu lo se o r“A th ion

” process . Ten tons of“A th ion

”

wil l absorb tons of carbon bisulph ide .

c . M iscel laneous pro cesses .

Hamilton,E . R . Su lphur troub les at Hal i fax (N .

Gas Record,vol . 1 8, 1 92 0 , p . 1 1 . Same , Amer .

Gas Eng . Jour . , vo l . 1 1 3 , 1 92 0 ,pp . 2 0 2 -2 0 4. Com

pari son o f various methods for remova l of carbon ‘

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Teune, H . Removal of carbon b isu lph ide from gas .Jour. Gas Lighting, vol . 1 30 ,

1 9 1 5 , pp . 334-335.

Very l itt le carbon bisulph ide dissolved in free su l

phur of spent oxide .

Wanner , H . (Carbon bisu lphide from il luminating

gas . ) Jour . Gasbel . , Jahrg . 58, 1 9 1 5, pp . 456-

457 .

Absorptive eff ect of coke , charcoal , pitch ,etc .

,for

carbon bisu lphide .

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A dams , W . G . Briti sh Patent June 2 1,

1 9 1 8. Charcoal used to remove sulphur com

pounds

Bury , E .,Ol lander , O . ,

Bury,A . F . Briti sh

Patent October 4, 1 9 1 8. Peat coke made

at 70 0 -

90 0°

C. , used for absorption of su lphur compounds in gas .

Hal l , E . L . Purification of gases . U . S . Patent

Dec . 8, 1 9 1 4. Organic sulphur convertedto hydrogen sulphid e by si l ent el ectric d i scharges .

Meyer,M Feh lmann , A . U . S . P atent

June 2 9 , 1 90 9 . Carbon bisu lphide removed by treatment w i th mixture of anil ine and ferrous oxide .

Remova l o f o th er Organic Sulphur Compound s .

Since noth ing definite i s known about oth er su l

phur compounds in gas than hydrogen sulph ide

and carbon b isulphide , no specific method has beendevised for their removal . Severa l of theprocesses

for the removal o f carbon bisulphide,however ,

c laim the removal o f o rganic sulphur in general .

P amph letB ind er

Gaylord Bros .

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