A Science Paper Is
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Publisher: Richard S . Nicholson Editor-in-Chief: Floyd E. Bloom Editor: Ellis Rubinstein Managing Editor: Monica M. Bradford Deputy Editors: Philip H. Abelson (Engineering a n d A p- plied Sciences); John I. Brauman (Physical Sciences); Thomas R . Cech Biological Sciences) Editorial Staff Managing Editor: Dawn Bennett Senior Editors: Eleanore R . BrooksHanson, Pamela J . Hines, BarbaraJasny, Katrina L Kelner, Paula A . Kiberstis, ind J Miller L Bryan Ray, Phillip D . Szuromi, David F . Voss Associate Editors: Gilbert J Chin, Suki Parks, Linda R . Rowan Letters: Christine Gilbert, Editor; Steven S . Lapham Book Reviews: Katherine Livingston, Editor Jeffrey Hearn, Editorial Assistant Editing: Valerie Jablow, Supervisor; Cara Tate, Senior Copy Editor; Jeffrey E . Cook, Harry Jach, Erik G . Morris, Christine M . Pearce Copy Desk: Ellen . Murphy, Supervisor; Sherri Byrand, J o i S . Granger, Daniel T . Helgerman, Beverly Shields, Kameaka Williams, Assistant Editorial Support: Sherryf Supervisor; Brent Gendleman, Carolyn Kyle, Michele Listisard, Diane Long, Patricia M . Moore, T e d Smith Administrative Support: Sylvia Kihara, Charlene King Computer Specialist: Roman Frillarte Telephone: 202-326-6501; FAX: 202-289-7562; TDD: 202- 408-7770 News Staff News Editor: Colin Norman Deputy News Editors: T i m Appenzeller, Joshua Fischman, Jean Marx, Jeffrey Mervis News CommenVResearch News Writers: Linda B. Felaco copy), Constance Holden, Jocelyn Kaiser, Richard A . Kerr, Andrew Lawler, Eliot Marshall, Kimberly Peterson intern), Robert F. Service Bureaus: Marcia Barinaga Berkeley), Jon Cohen (San Diego), James Glanz Chicago), Dennis Normile (Tokyo), Wade Roush Boston) Contributing Correspondents: Barry A . Cipra, Elizabeth Culotta, A n n Gibbons, Charles C . Mann, Anne Moffat, Virginia Morell, Robert Pool, Gary Taubes Administrative Support: Scherraine Mack, Fannie Groom Telephone: 202-326-6500; FAX: 202-371-9227; Internet Address: [email protected] A r t Production Staff Production: James Landry, Director; Wendy K . Shank, Manager; Lizabeth A . Harman, Assistant Manager; Laura A . Creveling, Associate; Leslie Blizard, Assistant Art: Amy Decker Henry, Director; C . Faber Smith, Asso- ciate Director; Katharine Sutliff Scientific Illustrator; Holly Bishop, Graphics Associate; Elizabeth Carroll, Preston Morrighan, Graphics Assistants Europe Office Editorial: Richard B . Gallagher, Office Head a n d Senior Editor; Stella M. Hurtley, Julia Uppenbrink, Associate Edi- tors; Belinda Holden, Editorial Associate News: Daniel Clery, Editor; Nigel Williams, Correspondent; Michael Baiter Paris), Patricia Kahn Heidelberg), Richard Stone Russia), Correspondents Administrative Support: Janet Mumford; Anna Sewell Address: 1 4 George I V Street, Cambridge, UK C B 2 H H Telephone: 4 4 ) 1223-302067; FAX: 4 4 ) 1223-302068 Internet address: [email protected] Science Editorial Board Charles J Arntzen F. Clark Howell David Baltimore Paul A . Marks J Michael Bishop Yasutomi Nishizuka William F . Brinkman Helen M . Ranney E . Margaret Burbidge Bengt Pierre-Gilles d e Gennes Robert M . Solow Joseph L Goldstein Edward C . Stone Mary L Good James D . Watson Harry B . Gray Richard N . Zare John J Hopfield E ITORI L A Science Paper I s . . . Aspiring authors o f Science papers successfully run t h e gauntlet o f our reviewers a n d editors only a small fraction o f t he time. In some o f t h e more competitive fields only about 1 0 o f submitted p p rs a r e published. A s a result, m ny a s k u s what distinguishes an accepted paper from the often excellent work we feel we cannot publish. Ou r Information fo r Contributors s e e Science, 5 January 1996; on t h e World Wide Web, t h e address i s http://science- mag.aaas.org/science/) describes t h e review process generally, but authors seeking more d e - tails about t h e characteristics o f desirable papers may find novel concepts o f interdiscipli- nary interest a n d novelty a n d general significance to b e ambiguous criteria. Inevitably, given t he keen competition f r o u r pages a n d t h e generally excellent quality o f submittals, some elements influence the acceptance o f manuscripts. Those elements reflect t h e opinions o f t h e reviewers, o f members o f t h e Board o Reviewing Editors, a n d o f Science editors. A s we begin t h e new year, a f e w guidelines taken from t he views o f reviewers a n d editors may illuminate some o f t he fuzzy logic behind our decisions. A Science paper should b e exciting a n d thought-provoking. Risk-taking must b e bal- anced against technical perfection, as pioneering work cannot always b e t h e most complete. Rather than being a nail i n th e coffin o f a well-researched a rea , a Science paper preferably opens up new avenues of research. Some papers r e chosen because they present innovative ideas i n a field that h a s been quiet; others, because they merge previously divergent fields Perhaps th e majority make t h e grade n o t b y being groundbreakers, but by presenting solid progress made near t he cutting edge o f research i n a field that i s currently very active. Th e latter papers a r e tricky because i f we a r e to maintain a balance o f topics i n t h e joumal, o ur standards f o r theevaluation o f such papers must evolve as rapidly as t h e fields themselves. We a r e essentially greedy-we want t o publish t h e best research i n a l l fields b u t i n a w y that will make t h e achievements understandable to our general readership. T h e best Science papers capture t h e interest o f a wide audience with observations that provide new insight into t h e natural or theoretical world. Given our strict space limitations, Science Re - ports must b e explicit a nd concise o r have sufficient breadth anddepth t o qualify as Research Articles. Ideally, a Science paper challenges experts i n a field b y questioning current theories. I n more slowly moving fields a landmark paper might overtum existing concepts o r achieve a long-sought theoreticalgoal such as validationofthe Bose-Einstein condensation state) o r a particularly complex synthesis. T h e best Science papers have such broad interdisciplinary impact that they merit attention b y th e entire scientifically minded community f o r ex - ample, t h e discovery o f master control genes such a s t h e Drosophila eyeless mutation). Papers that combine tw o previously unrelated areas o f science, thus changing t h e way a problem i s seen, a r e especially interesting. Often t he most appealing papers, regardless o f their field f i t into no neat category. Health-related issues, f r instance, raise m ny different kinds of questions: H o w important t o t h e general public i s the discovery o f a disease-causing gene or a treatment f o r that disease? I s th e approach novel o r t h e problem extremely serious? Will t h e treatment change medical practice or public policy? Obviously, a Science paper must also meet the usual requirements f o r publication o f any scientific paper. Results should clearly justify conclusions, a n d th e research should b e con- ducted with a ll controls that a r e necessary to establish t h e technical validity o f the findings. I n som fields i n which our editors have professional experience, an early inquiry might help shape a paper o r avoid misdirected effort I n almost a l l cases, o u r intemational Board o f Reviewing Editors us choose the most expert reviewers to judge f o r technical a n d inter- pretive excellence. Consequently, Science reserves th e right to refuse reconsideration o f un - modified manuscripts, unless t h e reviews a r e technically inaccurate. From Moliere, w leam that There i s no reward so delightful, no pleasure so exquisite, a s having one's work known a n d acclaimed b y those whose applauseconfers honor. Authors w h o recognize that Science provides such an audience m y now have a better appreciation of what w think w want. We look forward to receiving t h e papers you consider to b e your best. Floyd E . Bloom SCIENCE VOL. 2 7 1 1 2 JANUARY 1996 S d ENCE http://www.aaas.org mm 1 2 7 o n S e p t e m b e r 2 5 , 2 0 1 5 w w w . s c i e n c e m a g . o r g D o w n l o a d e d f r o m
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P u b l i s h e r :
R i c h a r d
S .
N i c h o l s o n
E d i t o r - i n - C h i e f :
F l o y d
E .
B l o o m
E d i t o r :
E l l i s
R u b i n s t e i n
M a n a g i n g
E d i t o r :
M o n i c a
M . B r a d fo r d
D e p u t y
E d i t o r s : P h i l i p H . A b e l s o n
( E n g i n e e r i n g
and
A p -
p l i e d
S c i e n c e s ) ;
J o h n
I. Brauman
( P h y s i c a l
S c i e n c e s ) ;
T h o m a s
R .
C e c h B i o l o g i c a l S c i e n c e s )
E d i t o r i a l
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A s s i s t a n t M a n a g i n g
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Dawn B e n n e t t
S e n i o r E d i t o r s :
E l e a n o r e
B u t z , R . B r o o k s H a n s o n , P a m e l a
J .
H i n e s , B a r b a r a J a s n y ,
K a t r i n a
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K e l n e r , P a u l a
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K i b e r s t i s ,
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S z u r o mi , D a v i d F . V o s s
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L e t t e r s :
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G i l b e r t , E d i t o r ;
S t e v e n
S . Lapham
Book R e v i e w s :
K a t h e r i n e
L i v i n g s t o n ,
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J e f f r e y
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E d i t o r i a l
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V a l e r i e J a b l o w ,
S u p e r v i s o r ; C a r a
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J e f f r e y
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M o r r i s ,
C h r i s t i n e
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J o i S .
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H e l g e r m a n , B e v e r l y S h i e l d s ,
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F a r m e r , S u p e r v i s o r ;
B r e n t
G e n d l e m a n ,
C a r o l y n
K y l e ,
M i c h e l e L i s t i s a r d ,
D i a n e L o n g ,
P a t r i c i a
M . M o o r e ,
T e d S m i t h
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J o n
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G r a p h i c s
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E l i z a b e t h
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UK C B 2
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FAX:
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1223-302068
I n t e r n e t
a d d r e s s :
s c i e n c e @ s c i e n c e - i n t . c o . u k
S c i e n c e
E d i t o r i a l
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C h a r l e s J
A r n t z e n
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C l a r k H o w e l l
D a v i d B a l t i m o r e
P a u l A .
M a r k s
J
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B i s h o p
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N i s h i z u k a
W i l l i a m
F . B r i n k m a n H e l e n
M . Ranney
E .
M a r g a r e t
B u r b i d g e
B e n g t
S a m u e l s s o n
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d e G e n n e s
R o b e r t
M . S o l o w
J o s e p h
L G o l d s t e i n
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E ITORI L
A
S c i e n c e
P a p e r
I s .
. .
A s p i r i n g a u t h o r s o f S c i e n c e
papers
s u c c e s s f u l l y run t h e
g a u n t l e t
o f our r e v i e w e r s a n d e d i t o r
o n l y a s m a l l f r a c t i o n
o f
t h e
t i m e . I n
some o f
t h e
more
c o m p e t i t i v e f i e l d s o n l y a b o u t 1 0 o
s u b m i t t e d
p p rs
a r e p u b l i s h e d . A s
a r e s u l t , m ny a s k u s w h a t d i s t i n g u i s h e s an
a c c e p t e d p a p e
f r o m
t h e o f t e n e x c e l l e n t w o r k we f e e l we c a n n o t p u b l i s h . O u r I n f o r m a t i o n
f o r
C o n t r i b u t o r s
s e e
S c i e n c e ,
5
January
1 9 9 6 ;
on
t h e W o r l d W i d e
W e b ,
t h e
a d d r e s s i s
h t t p : / / s c i e n c e
m a g . a a a s . o r g / s c i e n c e / )
d e s c r i b e s t h e r e v i e w
p r o c e s s
g e n e r a l l y ,
b u t a u t h o r s s e e k i n g
more d e
t a i l s
a b o u t t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f d e s i r a b l e p a p e r s may f i n d
n o v e l concepts
o f
i n t e r d i s c i p l i
nary i n t e r e s t a n d n o v e l t y
a n d
g e n e r a l s i g n i f i c a n c e to b e a m b i g u o u s c r i t e r i a . I n e v i t a b l y
g i v e n
t h e
k e e n
c o m p e t i t i o n f o r
o u r
p a g e s a n d t h e
g e n e r a l l y
e x c e l l e n t
q u a l i t y o f s u b m i t t a l s
some
s u b j e c t i v e e l e m e n t s
i n f l u e n c e t h e
a c c e p t a n c e
o f
m a n u s c r i p t s . T h o s e
e l e m e n t s r e f l e c
t h e o p i n i o n s o f
t h e
r e v i e w e r s ,
o f m e m b e r s
o f
t h e B o a r d o f
R e v i e w i n g
E d i t o r s ,
a n d
o f S c i e n c
e d i t o r s . A s we b e g i n t h e
new
year,
a f e w
g u i d e l i n e s
t a k e n f r o m t h e v i e w s o f r e v i e w e r s
a n
e d i t o r s
may i l l u m i n a t e some
o f
t h e f u z z y
l o g i c b e h i n d
our
d e c i s i o n s .
A
S c i e n c e
paper
s h o u l d b e
e x c i t i n g
a n d
t h o u g h t - p r o v o k i n g .
R i s k - t a k i n g
m u s t
b e
b a l
a n c e d a g a i n s t t e c h n i c a l
p e r f e c t i o n ,
as p i o n e e r i n g w o r k c a n n o t a l w a y s b e t h e m o s t c o m p l e t e
R a t h e r t h a n b e i n g a
n a i l
i n t h e
c o f f i n
o f a w e l l - r e s e a r c h e d a rea , a
S c i e n c e
paper
p r e f e r a b l
opens
up new avenues
o f
r e s e a r c h .
S o m e
p a p e r s
a r e
c h o s e n
b e c a u s e t h e y
present i n n o v a t i v
i d e a s i n
a
f i e l d t h a t h a s
b e e n q u i e t ;
o t h e r s ,
b e c a u s e
t h e y
merge p r e v i o u s l y
d i v e r g e n t
f i e l d s
P e r h a p s t h e m a j o r i t y m a k e
t h e
g r a d e n o t
b y
b e i n g g r o u n d b r e a k e r s , b u t b y p r e s e n t i n g
s o l i
progress m a d e
near
t h e
c u t t i n g
e d g e o f r e s e a r c h i n a f i e l d t h a t i s c u r r e n t l y very a c t i v e . T h
l a t t e r papers a r e t r i c k y b e c a u s e i f we a r e
to
m a i n t a i n
a b a l a n c e
o f
t o p i c s
i n t h e j o u m a l ,
o u
s t a n d a r d s f o r t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f s u c h papers
m u s t e v o l v e
as r a p i d l y
as
t h e f i e l d s t h e m s e l v e s .
We
a r e e s s e n t i a l l y g r e e d y - w e
want
t o p u b l i s h
t h e
b e s t r e s e a r c h i n
a l l f i e l d s
b u t i n
w y t h a t
w i l l
m a k e
t h e
a c h i e v e m e n t s u n d e r s t a n d a b l e to
our g e n e r a l
r e a d e r s h i p . T h e
b e s
S c i e n c e
papers
c a p tu re t h e
i n t e r e s t
o f a
w i d e a u d i e n c e
w i t h
o b s e r v a t i o n s t h a t
p r o v i d e ne
i n s i g h t
i n t o
t h e
n a t u r a l
or
t h e o r e t i c a l w o r l d . G i v e n our s t r i c t space l i m i t a t i o n s , S c i e n c e
R e
ports must
b e
e x p l i c i t
a n d c o n c i s e o r
h a v e
s u f f i c i e n t b r e a d t h a n d d e p t h t o q u a l i f y as
R e s e a r c
A r t i c l e s . I d e a l l y ,
a
S c i e n c e
paper
c h a l l e n g e s
experts
i n
a
f i e l d
b y
q u e s t i o n i n g
current
t h e o r i e s
I n more
s l o w l y
movi ng
f i e l d s
a l a n d m a r k paper m i g h t
o v e r t u m e x i s t i n g
c o n ce pts o r
a c h i e v
a
l o n g - s o u g h t t h e o r e t i c a l g o a l s u c h as
v a l i d a t i o n o f t h e
B o s e - E i n s t e i n c o n d e n s a t i o n
s t a t e ) o
a p a r t i c u l a r l y
c o m p l e x s y n t h e s i s . T h e b e s t S c i e n c e p a p e r s h a v e s u c h b r o a d i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r
i m p a c t
t h a t
t h e y
m e r i t
a t t e n t i o n
b y
t h e
e n t i r e
s c i e n t i f i c a l l y
m i n d e d
community f o r ex
a m p l e ,
t h e d i s c o v e r y
o f m aste r c o n t r o l genes s u c h
a s
t h e
D r o s o p h i l a
e y e l e s s m u t a t i o n ) . P a p e r
t h a t
c o m b i n e
tw o p r e v i o u s l y
u n r e l a t e d
a reas o f s c i e n c e , t h u s
c h a n g i n g
t h e way
a p r o b l e m
see n ,
a r e e s p e c i a l l y i n t e r e s t i n g .
O f t e n
t h e
most
a p p e a l i n g p a p e r s , r e g a r d l e s s
o f
t h e i r f i e l d f i t i n t o
no
n eat category
H e a l t h - r e l a t e d
i s s u e s ,
f o r i n s t a n c e , r a i s e m ny d i f f e r e n t k i n d s
o f
q u e s t i o n s : Ho w i m p o r t a n t t
t h e
g e n e r a l
p u b l i c
i s
t h e d i s c o v e r y o f
a
d i s e a s e - c a u s i n g gene or a
treat ment
f o r t h a t d i s e a s e ?
t h e a p p r o a c h
n o v e l o r t h e p r o b l e m e x t r e m e l y s e r i o u s ? W i l l t h e treatment c h a n g e
m e d i c a
p r a c t i c e
or
p u b l i c p o l i c y ?
O b v i o u s l y ,
a S c i e n c e paper must a l s o meet t h e u s u a l
r e q u i r e m e n t s
f o r p u b l i c a t i o n o f an
s c i e n t i f i c
paper. R e s u l t s s h o u l d
c l e a r l y
j u s t i f y c o n c l u s i o n s , a n d t h e
r e s e a r c h
s h o u l d
b e
c o n
d u c t e d
w i t h
a l l
c o n t r o l s
t h a t
a r e necessary to
e s t a b l i s h
t h e t e c h n i c a l
v a l i d i t y
o f t h e
f i n d i n g s
I n
som
f i e l d s i n w h i c h our
e d i t o r s h a v e
p r o f e s s i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e ,
an
e a r l y
i n q u i r y m i g h t h e l
s h a p e
a paper o r
a v o i d
m i s d i r e c t e d e f f o r t I n a l m o s t a l l cases, o u r i n t e m a t i o n a l B o a r d o
R e v i e w i n g E d i t o r s h e l p s u s c h o o s e t h e m o s t expert r e v i e w e r s to j u d g e f o r t e c h n i c a l a n d i n t e r
p r e t i v e
e x c e l l e n c e . C o n s e q u e n t l y , S c i e n c e rese rv es t h e r i g h t to
r e f u s e r e c o n s i d e r a t i o n
o f u n
m o d i f i e d m a n u s c r i p t s , u n l e s s t h e
r e v i e w s
a r e
t e c h n i c a l l y i n a c c u r a t e .
From
M o l i e r e ,
w
l e a m
t h a t
T h e r e
i s no r e w a r d so
d e l i g h t f u l ,
no p l e a s u r e
so
e x q u i s i t e
a s h a v i n g
o n e ' s w o r k k n o w n a n d a c c l a i m e d
b y
t h o s e w h o s e a p p l a u s e c o n f e r s h o n o r .
A u t h o r
who r e c o g n i z e
t h a t S c i e n c e p r o v i d e s s u c h an a u d i e n c e m y
now
h a v e
a b e t t e r
a p p r e c i a t i o n o
w h a t
w t h i n k
w
w a n t . We
l o o k
f o r w a r d to r e c e i v i n g t h e p a p e r s
you
c o n s i d e r to
b e
y o u r
b e s t
F l o y d
E . B l o o
SCIENCE
VOL.
2 7 1
1 2 JANUARY 1 9 9 6
Sd
ENCE
h t t p : / / w w w . a a a s . o r g
mm
1 2
