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A Scholastic List of Philosophical Axioms

In Latin (For precision and clarity)

Logica

1.1 Impossibile est idem secundem idem simul esse et non esse (principle of non-contradiction).1.2 Omnis comparatio claudicat nisi in puncto comparationis.1.3 Contra factum non fit argumentum.1.4 ui nimis probat ni!il probat.

1." Cum negante principia ne#uit disputari.1.$ %efinitio declarat essentiam& 'erbum significat definitionem.1. uad gratis affirmatur gratis negatur.1.* +ar'us error in principiis magnus in conclusionibus.1., %e singularibus non est scientia.1.1 b esse ad posse 'alet illatio.

Cosmologia/

2.1 Corruptio unius generatio alterius.2.2 ccidens non migrat de sub0ecto in sub0ectum.2.3 ctiones sunt suppositorum (of t!e substance itself).

2.4 Indi'iduum est incommunicabile (ineffabile).2." atura ab!orret a 'acua.2.$ atura ni!il facit inane. I/"/$ III/,/4 I/1"/"2. ctio in distans simpliciter repugnat.2.* i!il 'iolentum perpetuum.

Psychologia/

3.1 i!il in intellectu #uod non prius in sensu.3.2 Omnem formam se#uitur inclinatio (toards its perfection).3.3 i!il appetitur nisi #uod appre!enditur.3.4 i!il 'olitum nisi praecognitum (ignoti nulla cupido).

3." Intellectus est uni'ersalium& sensus est particularium. I/"/$/ad33.$ uod potest cognoscere ali#ua oportet ut ni!il eorum !abeat in sua natura. I/"/23. uid#uid recipitur modo recipientis recipitur. I/"/"3.* Intellectus in actu est intelligibile in actu I/*"/2/ad1 (cognitum et cognoscens sunt unum

intentionalter).3., nima est #uodammodo omnia.

3.1 5onum est diffusi'um sui. I/2/"/ad23.11 li#uid cognoscibile est in#uantum est actu. I/12/13.12 bstra!entium non est mendacium. I/*"/1/ad13.13 6oluntas se !abet ad finem sicut intellectus ad prima principia.3.14 7icut principium in speculati'is ita finis in operati'is.3.1" Cognitum est proprie in cognoscente amans in amato. I/*2/3& II.II/23/$/ad1

3.1$ Intellectus in principio est sicut tabula rasa. I/,/2

Metaphysica/

Actus-potentia:

4.1 gere se#uitur esse. I/"/2-"4.2 8ertium non datur (on est medium inter esse et non esse - foundation of all distinctions).4.3 +otentia dicitur ad actum et specificatur ab ob0ecto.4.4 uod est in potentia non reducitur ad actum nisi per ens actu.4." 9st de natura actus communicare se in#uantum potest. I/2/14.$ uantum distat potentia ab actu tantum potentior debet esse agens. I/4"/"/ad2& II.II/141//ad1

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Essentia-existentia:

".1 Forma dat esse.".2 Omne agens agit per formam.

".3 Omne agens agit sibi simile.

".4 ulla substantia creata est per se operans (substances need accidents to act). I/,/1& I/"4/1-2& I//1"." uod est per accidens accidit ei #uod est per se. I/11$& I/44/2

Causalitas:

$.1 Omne #uod mo'etur ab alia mo'etur. I/2/3/ad1$.2 9: ni!ilo ni!il. I/44/1-2$.3 Omne agens agit propter finem. I.II/1/$$.4 Causa potior est effectu. I/1$/1/ad3& I/,"/1& I/**/3/ad2$." i!il est causa suiipsius (i!il sui causa). I/3/4/ad1$.$ Causae sunt ad in'icem causae (sed aliter et aliter).

$. Causa causae est causa causati. I/13/$$.* 7ublata causay tollitur effectus. I/2/3

$., +osito effectus ponitur causa.$.1 Finis est causa causarum. I.II/1/$$.11 Finis est primus in intentione ultimus in e:ecutione. I.II/1/3/ad2$.12 ui 'ult finem 'ult media ad finem.

$.13 9st proprium causae perfectissimae dare dignitatem causae secundariae effectibus imperfectis.I/13/$

$.14 ;ultitudo non reddit rationem unitatis suae. %e +ot. 3/"$.1" Compositio non reddit rationem unitatis suae. I/3/$.1$ i!il agit nisi secundum #uod est actu. I/2/3/ad1$.1 7ecundum ordinem agentium est ordo finium.

$.1* Corruptio optimi pessima (Corruptio principis et principii.) II.II/1"4/12$.1, +er se prius est eo #uod est per accidens.$.2 uod est per participationem causatur ab eo #uod est per essentiam. I/2/3/ad 4

$.21 emo dat #uod non !abet. I/2/3$.22 uanto altior est natura tanto id #uod e: ea emanat magis est intimum. I/2/1$.23 Optimi est optima facere. I/13/1

$.24 ualis unus#uis#ue est talis finis 'idetur ei con'eniens. I.II/,/2 apud

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In English

Logic:

1.1 It is impossible t!at t!e same t!ing be and not be at t!e same time and in t!e same respect.1.2 9ac! comparison limps e:cept in t!e point of comparison.1.3 gainst a fact you can?t argue.1.4 @e !o pro'es too muc! pro'es not!ing.1." Ait! someone denying t!e principles donBt dispute.

1.$ 8!e definition declares t!e essence t!e ord signifies t!e definition.1. A!at is freely affirmed can be freely denied.1.* small error in t!e principles is large in t!e conclusions.1., 8!ere is no science of singulars.1.1 8!e argument is 'alid only from being to t!e possibility of being.

Cosmology

2.1 Corruption of one t!ing is t!e generation of anot!er t!ing.2.2 8!e accidents do not migrate from sub0ect to sub0ect.2.3 8!e actions are of t!e supposit.2.4 8!e indi'idual is incommunicable (and t!erefore ineffable).

2." ature ab!ors t!e 'oid.2.$ ature does not!ing in 'ain.2. 8!e action (act) at some distance is totally repugnant. (ct if far from potency canBt reduce it to act.)2.* o 'iolent state lasts fore'er.

Psychology:

3.1 ot!ing is in t!e intellect !ic! is not first in t!e senses.3.2 n inclination follos e'ery form.3.3 ot!ing is desired e:cept !at is appre!ended.

3.4 ot!ing is desired unless it is pre-non. 8!e ignorant !as no desire.3." 8!e intellect is of uni'ersals t!e senses are of particulars.

3.$ 8o be apt to no somet!ing one must not !a'e t!e form of it in its on nature.3. A!ate'er is recei'ed is recei'ed in t!e mode of t!e recei'er.3.* 8!e intellect in act is t!e intelligible ob0ect in act.3., 8!e soul is in a certain ay all t!ings.3.1

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".3 9ac! agent produces an effect similar.".4 o created substance is operating per se (by itself)."." A!at is per accidensE is accidental to t!at !ic! is per se.E (i.e. accidental presupposes essential

see $.1,).

Causality:

$.1 A!ate'er is mo'ed is mo'ed by anot!er.$.2 ot!ing comes from not!ing.$.3 9'ery agent acts on account of an end.$.4 8!e cause is greater t!an t!e effect.

$." ot!ing is t!e cause of itself.$.$ Causes are t!e causes of one anot!er (in different lines of causality).$. 8!e cause of t!e cause) is t!e cause of t!e t!ing caused.$.* 8ae aay t!e cause and you tae aay t!e effect.$., If you !a'e an effects you !a'e necessarily a cause.$.1 8!e end is t!e cause of causes.

$.11 8!e end is first in intention and last in e:ecution.$.12 A!oe'er desires t!e ends desires t!e means to t!at end.

$.13 It is t!e proper of t!e most perfect cause to gi'e t!e dignity of secondary cause to imperfect effects.$.14 multitude does not !a'e in itself t!e reason of its unity.$.1" A!at is composed does not !a'e in itself t!e reason of its unity.$.1$ ot!ing acts unless insofar as it is in act.

$.1 8!e order of ends corresponds to t!e order of agents.$.1* 8!e corruption of t!e best is t!e orst (e.g. corruption of t!e prince or of t!e principles).$.1, A!at is essential is prior to t!at !ic! is accidental.$.2 A!at is by participation is caused by t!at !ic! is by essence.$.21 o one can gi'e !at !e does not !a'e.$.22 8!e !ig!er t!e natures t!e more intimate is !at flos from it.

$.23 It is t!e proper of t!e best to mae t!e best.$.24 8!e ay someone is is t!e ay !e determines !at end is con'enient for !im.$.2" A!at can not be sometimes is not.

$.2$ A!at can be deficient sometimes is deficient.$.2 5eing (and miracles) must not be multiplied.$.2* A!at is supreme in a genus is cause of e'eryt!ing in t!e genus.

$.2, A!at can be done by fe principles is not done by many.$.3 8!e part and t!e !ole are t!e same regarding t!e end.$.31 @e !o can do more can do less.

First Principles of Reason:

.1 7ufficient reason/ 9'eryt!ing !as sufficient reason of being eit!er in itself or in anot!er..2 Identity/ 9'ery being is by itself constituted in its on specific nature..3 on-contradiction/ One and t!e same being cannot be and not be !at it is..4 Contraries/ One and t!e same being cannot be and not be at t!e same time and in t!e same sense

determined in to different ays.." Causality/ 9'ery being !ic! can not-be needs an efficient cause to be.

.$ Finality/ 9'ery agent acts for an end.. 8!e same causes in t!e same circumstances produce alays t!e same effects.