A rticles and Connecting Words
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Transcript of A rticles and Connecting Words
AArticles and Connecting Wordsrticles and Connecting Words
Intensive Course in Research WritingTexas A&M University July 11-15, 2011
Susan E. Aiello, DVM, [email protected]
WordsWorld Consultingwww.words-world.net
ESL Short SubjectESL Short Subject
ArticlesArticles
An article is a special type of modifier An article is a special type of modifier called a determiner.called a determiner.
a, ana, an indefinite articlesindefinite articlesthethe definite articledefinite articleno articleno article indefiniteindefinite
Guidelines for Article UseGuidelines for Article Use
Every time you use a common noun Every time you use a common noun or noun phrase (the noun plus its or noun phrase (the noun plus its modifiers), you must decide between:modifiers), you must decide between:
aaan an (used before a vowel sound)(used before a vowel sound)thetheno articleno article
Guidelines for Article UseGuidelines for Article Use
First determine whether the noun is countable First determine whether the noun is countable or uncountable.or uncountable.
If classifying a countable noun, use “If classifying a countable noun, use “aa” or “” or “anan.”.” If classifying an uncountable or plural noun, do If classifying an uncountable or plural noun, do
not use an article.not use an article. To identify a noun, countable or uncountable, To identify a noun, countable or uncountable,
singular or plural, use “singular or plural, use “thethe.”.”
Guidelines for Article UseGuidelines for Article Use
““thethe” identifies the noun” identifies the noun
Example:Example: I ate I ate thethe apple in my lunch. apple in my lunch.
““aa, ” “, ” “anan,” or no article does not identify the ,” or no article does not identify the specific noun but shows to what class or specific noun but shows to what class or group the noun belongs.group the noun belongs.
Examples:Examples: I eat I eat anan apple every day. apple every day.
I like police movies.I like police movies.
Guidelines for Article UseGuidelines for Article Use
If the noun is a singular countable noun, use “If the noun is a singular countable noun, use “aa” ” or “or “anan.”.”
Example:Example: Last week, I bought ___ chemistry book at Last week, I bought ___ chemistry book at the University Book Store. the University Book Store.
If the noun is uncountable or plural, do not use If the noun is uncountable or plural, do not use an article.an article.Note:Note: The determiner “some” can be used with uncountable The determiner “some” can be used with uncountable and plural nouns but only when an amount can be indicated.and plural nouns but only when an amount can be indicated.
Example: Example: Many people drink ___ bottled water.Many people drink ___ bottled water.
Example:Example: Before I go to the office, I had better buy ___ Before I go to the office, I had better buy ___ printer paper. printer paper.
Guidelines for Article UseGuidelines for Article Use
To identify a common noun, use “To identify a common noun, use “thethe.”.”
After you have classified a noun with “After you have classified a noun with “aa,” ,” use “use “thethe” when you use the noun again.” when you use the noun again.
Example:Example: I found ___ used car that I I found ___ used car that I liked yesterday and bought it. Now I have liked yesterday and bought it. Now I have to buy insurance for ___ car.to buy insurance for ___ car.
Guidelines for Article UseGuidelines for Article Use
– The noun is identified by a ranking adjective that identifies The noun is identified by a ranking adjective that identifies it as one of a kind (the best, the next, the only, etc)it as one of a kind (the best, the next, the only, etc)
– The noun is identifiable to the reader and the writer The noun is identifiable to the reader and the writer through shared knowledge.through shared knowledge.
TheThe sun is going to rise at 6:00 am tomorrow. sun is going to rise at 6:00 am tomorrow. I left my papers in I left my papers in thethe break room. break room.
In the following circumstances, use “In the following circumstances, use “thethe.”.”The noun can be singular or plural, countable The noun can be singular or plural, countable or uncountable.or uncountable.
cont
Guidelines for Article UseGuidelines for Article Use
– The noun phrase is identified by the modification that The noun phrase is identified by the modification that follows it.follows it.
Last week I finally read ___ article that Dr. GastelLast week I finally read ___ article that Dr. Gastelrecommended.recommended.
– The noun is part of an “of” phrase showing quantity.The noun is part of an “of” phrase showing quantity.Susan noticed that half of ___ chicken had been Susan noticed that half of ___ chicken had been eaten already.eaten already.Some of ___ horses will be moved to a larger Some of ___ horses will be moved to a larger
paddock.paddock.
In the following circumstances, use “In the following circumstances, use “thethe.”.”The noun can be singular or plural, countable The noun can be singular or plural, countable or uncountable.or uncountable.
Connecting WordsConnecting Words
A connector is a word or phrase A connector is a word or phrase used to link paragraphs, sentences, used to link paragraphs, sentences, clauses, or words.clauses, or words.
Types of ConnectorsTypes of Connectors
Coordinating conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions connect words, connect words, phrases, or independent clauses.phrases, or independent clauses.– The dog ran out of the house The dog ran out of the house andand barked at the car. barked at the car.– Vincent wanted to study philosophy, Vincent wanted to study philosophy, butbut his father his father
convinced him to study veterinary medicine.convinced him to study veterinary medicine.
Correlative conjunctions Correlative conjunctions connect similar connect similar grammatical structures.grammatical structures.
– You will have to You will have to eithereither get a higher-paying job get a higher-paying job oror cut cut down on your expenses to pay your bills.down on your expenses to pay your bills.
Connecting WordsConnecting Words
Transitional words and phrases Transitional words and phrases link link sentences and paragraphs.sentences and paragraphs.
I dislike working at night; I dislike working at night; howeverhowever, I , I cannot cannot find a day job.find a day job.
Subordinating conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions connect a connect a dependent (or subordinate) clause with dependent (or subordinate) clause with an independent clause.an independent clause.
WhenWhen we have finished the training we have finished the training course, course, we will have a test.we will have a test.
Connecting WordsConnecting Words
Used to link items together (eg, two sentences) Used to link items together (eg, two sentences) or to lead the reader to a new pointor to lead the reader to a new point
Help make writing clear and easy to follow by Help make writing clear and easy to follow by providing smooth links between ideasproviding smooth links between ideas
Be certain of the meaning of connectors!Be certain of the meaning of connectors!
Connecting WordsConnecting Words
andandnot only…but alsonot only…but alsoboth…andboth…andalsoalsobesidebeside
Connecting words that add information:
moreovermoreoverfurthermorefurthermorein additionin additionadditionallyadditionally
Connecting WordsConnecting Words
for examplefor example
for instancefor instance
to illustrateto illustrate
specificallyspecifically
in particularin particular
Connecting words that give an example or illustrate a point:
Connecting WordsConnecting Words
butbuthoweverhoweverin contrastin contrastconverselyconverselyon the contraryon the contrary
Connecting words that show a contrast:
on the other handon the other handotherwiseotherwisestillstillinsteadinstead
Connecting WordsConnecting Words
likewiselikewise
similarlysimilarly
in the same wayin the same way
Connecting words that show a similarity:
Connecting WordsConnecting Words
yetyet
neverthelessnevertheless
even soeven so
admittedlyadmittedly
Connecting words that show a concession:
Connecting WordsConnecting Words
sosoaccordinglyaccordinglyas a resultas a resultconsequentlyconsequentlyas a consequenceas a consequencethereforethereforethusthus
Connecting words that show a result:
Connecting WordsConnecting Words
forfor
becausebecause
Connecting words that give a reason or cause:
Connecting WordsConnecting Words
firstfirstsecondsecondafterwardafterwardfinallyfinallyin conclusionin conclusion
Connecting words that establish a time relationship or order:
meanwhilemeanwhilepreviouslypreviouslynextnextsubsequentlysubsequently
Connecting WordsConnecting Words
or (or (or elseor else can also be used) can also be used)
whether…orwhether…or
Connecting words that show a condition:
Connecting WordsConnecting Words
in factin fact
namelynamely
that isthat is
actuallyactually
in other wordsin other words
Connecting words that explain or emphasize:
Connecting WordsConnecting Words
oror
either…oreither…or
Connecting words that give a choice or alternative:
Connecting WordsConnecting Words
Pets play an important role in societies throughout the world. They are important companions in many households, contributing to the physical, social, and emotional development of children and the well-being of their owners, especially senior citizens. Although pets make important contributions, however, pet ownership may also be associated with potential hazards. For example, more and more exotic animals are being invited into homes as pets. Unfortunately, though, pet owners, and often physicians, do not know as much as they should about the potential of many of these unusual animals to transmit zoonotic diseases.
Connecting WordsConnecting Words
Transitional words and phrases lead your reader from one idea to another.
Connectors can introduce an example, indicate the order of ideas, show a contrast, etc.
Remember
Preposition UsePreposition Use
In a phraseIn a phrase (eg, during the daytime) (eg, during the daytime)
With a two- or three-word verbWith a two- or three-word verb(eg, turn in, check up on)(eg, turn in, check up on)
After a noun or an adjective After a noun or an adjective (eg, to be happy about)(eg, to be happy about)
Correct use of prepositions is learned Correct use of prepositions is learned mainly through listening and reading.mainly through listening and reading.
Prepositions of TimePrepositions of Time
inin:: month, yearmonth, year in February, in 1999in February, in 1999
onon:: day of the week, dateday of the week, date on Monday, on June on Monday, on June 11
inin:: time of daytime of day in the morning, in the morning, in the afternoon, in the afternoon, in the evening in the evening (but at night)(but at night)
atat:: specific time of dayspecific time of day at 8:00 am, at 8:00 am, at 3:30 pm sharpat 3:30 pm sharp
Prepositions of PlacePrepositions of Place
inin:: city, countrycity, country in Dallas, in Mexicoin Dallas, in Mexico
onon:: streetstreet on First Streeton First Street
atat:: addressaddress at 119 Royfield Dr.at 119 Royfield Dr.
inin:: inside of a placeinside of a place in the lab, in the libraryin the lab, in the library
atat:: a specific placea specific place at work, at home, at the store, at work, at home, at the store, at the airport, at the moviesat the airport, at the movies
Prepositions of PositionPrepositions of Position
onon:: on top ofon top of on the desk, on the chairon the desk, on the chair
inin:: insideinside in my office, in my car, in my deskin my office, in my car, in my desk